RESONANZ TG Inc.

CENTERINFOR PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

making innovative solutions...
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLGY

Illumination Engineering
Lecture 1 Fundamentals of Lighting
Gener G. Restubog, REE, M.Eng.EE, IIEE
About the Speaker: Gener G. Restubog
Registered Electrical Engineer
2009 President IIEE Northern Laguna Chapter

Education
M. of Engg Elect Engg Adamson University, Manila
M.Sci in Elect Engg (Units Earned), University of the Phils Diliman QC
B.Sci in Elect Engg, Central Colleges of the Phils, QC

Current Job/Affiliations
Sr Partner & Head, Training & Consulting Resonanz TG Inc
Consultant - Tricore Solutions, Inc
Engineering Faculty De Lasalle University Dasmarinas
Engineering Faculty Technological Inst of the Phils - Quezon City
Engineering Faculty University of Perpetual Help System Laguna

Former Electrical Design Manager GHD Pty Limited

Former Facility Design Manager Intel Technology Phils
Former Designer Proj Manager Trans-Asia Phils. Framegroup Mgt System
Former Electrical Design Engineer Trans-Asia Phils, Kinhill-Tan Spore, TCGI Engrs
Former Engineering Faculty Member Lyceum Univ-Laguna, PLM, MFI, CCP

Experience
Over 24 years experience in engineering design, consultancy, construction, and
teaching of electrical engineering

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Authors Note and Disclaimer

This resource material is a compilation of relevant

information directly and/or indirectly extracted from various
articles, standards, books and other relevant publications in
power quality as enumerated in the references. As such, the
presentor claims no credit for most of the wording, content,
substance, and depth of the technical information presented
herein, except for the appropriate selection, logical
arrangement, comments and interpretations to make this
paper practically useful/valuable and understandable to the
seminar participants.

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design [13]

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design [13]

Light plays a central role in the design of a visual environment.

The architecture, people and objects are all made visible by the
lighting.
Light influences our well-being, the aesthetic effect and the
mood of a room or area.
It is light that first enables what you see.
Our perception of architecture will be influenced by light:
Light defines zones and boundaries,
Light expands and accentuates rooms,
Light creates links and delineates one area from another.

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design [13]
The basis for every lighting concept is an
analysis of the project
the tasks the lighting is expecte to fulfill,
the conditions and special features of a
space or work surface.
When it comes to qualitative planning, it is
necessary to gain as much information as
possible about the environment to be
illuminated, how it is used, who will use it and
the style of the architecture.
A quantitative design concept can to a large
extent follow the standards laid down for a
specific task.
standards will dictate how much light is
needed,
the degree of glare limitation,
the source color and color rendering.

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design [13]

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design [13]

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
Vision: We See Brightness [13]

The fact that a medium grey area will

appear light grey if it is bordered in black,
or dark grey if it is bordered in white.
This can be explained by the fact that the
stimuli perceived are processed directly
brightness is perceived as a result of the
lightness contrast between the grey area
and the immediate surroundings.
What we are considering here is a visual
impression that is based exclusively
on sensory input which is not influenced by
any criteria of order linked with our
intellectual processing of this information.

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
Lighting Effects: Shadows and Gradient [13]

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
Lighting Effects: Shadows and Gradient [13]

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
Psychological Impressions Of Color [13]

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
Psychological Impressions Of Color [13]

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
Types of Lighting [13]

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
Types of Lighting [13]

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
Types of Lighting [13]

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
What is Light [11]
Light is a form of energy manifesting itself as electromagnetic
radiation and is closely related to other forms of electromagnetic
radiation such as radio waves, radar, microwaves, infrared and
ultraviolet radiation and X-rays.
The only difference between the several forms of radiation is in their
wavelength.
Radiation with a wavelength between 380 and 780 nanometres*
forms the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum, and is
therefore referred to as light.
The eye interprets the different wavelengths within this range as
colours moving from red, through orange, green, blue to violet as
wavelength decreases. Beyond red is infrared radiation, which is
invisible to the eye but detected as heat.

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
What is Light [11]

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
What is Light [11]
The visible spectrum is only a small part of the full
electromagnetic spectrum.

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
Light & The Human Eye[10]
The human eye has evolved over millennia under the influence of
natural light. The figure shows the sensitivity of the eye to different
frequencies.

This can be seen to follow closely the wave energy profile previously
shown
The eye therefore, is most sensitive to colours at the centre of the
visible spectrum.
RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...
Lighting Design
Behavior of Light[10] [11]

Light radiates and can travel unlimited distances through

space.

Whenever light strikes a surface, three possibilities are

open: it is reflected, absorbed or transmitted. Often a
combination of two or even all three effects occurs.
.

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
Behavior of Light[11]
Reflection
The amount of reflected light depends on the type of surface, angle of
incidence and spectral composition of the light. Reflection ranges from
less than a few percent for very dark surfaces like black velvet, to
over 90% for bright surfaces such as white paint.

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
Behavior of Light[11]

Absorption

If the materials surface is not entirely reflecting or the material is not a

perfect transmitter, part of the light will be absorbed. It disappears
and is basically converted into heat.

The percentage of light absorbed by a surface (i.e. absorbance)

depends on both the angle of incidence, and on the wavelength.

The absorption of light makes an object dark to the wavelength

of the incoming radiation.

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
Behavior of Light[11]

Transmission

Transparent materials transmit some of the light striking its surface,

and the percentage of light that is transmitted is known as its
transmittance.

High transmittance materials such as clear water and glass transmit

nearly all the light thats not reflected.

Low transmittance materials, such as paper, transmit only a small

percentage of this light.

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
Behavior of Light[10]

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
Behavior of Light[11]

Refraction

If a light ray passes from one medium into another of different optical
density (and at an angle other than perpendicular to the surface
between the two media), the ray will be broken.

This behaviour is called refraction, and is caused by the change of

speed of the light as it passes between transparent media of different
optical densities.

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
Behavior of Light[11]
Interference
The wave nature of light also leads to the interesting property of
interference.
A familiar example of this is when there is a thin film of oil floating on
the surface of a pool. Sometimes the oil will display a brilliant pattern
of colours or rainbows, even when illuminated by white light.

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
Color of Light[11]
Colour is the way we distinguish different wavelengths of light.

The subject of colour is a rather complicated one, as it involves both

the spectral characteristics of the light itself, the spectral reflectance of
the illuminated surface as well as the perception of the observer.
The colour of a light source depends on the spectral composition of the
light emitted by it.
The apparent colour of a light reflecting surface, on the other hand, is
determined by two characteristics: the spectral composition of the light
by which it is illuminated, and the spectral reflectance characteristics of
the surface.
A coloured surface is coloured because it reflects wavelengths
selectively.

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
Color of Light[11[10]
Colour Matching Lamps
Necessary if exact colour tasks are to be performed.
These lamps have much lower efficacies and provide a
characteristically cool colour similar to the natural light of an
overcast day in the northern hemisphere.

The northern sky is

best because there is
less variation of colour
and no direct sunlight.

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
Color of Light[11]

Mixing light of different colours

When coloured light beams are mixed, the result will always be brighter
than the individual colours, and if the right colours are mixed in the
right intensities, the result will be white light.

This is known as additive colour mixing. The three basic light colours
are red, green and violet-blue. These are called the primary colours
and additive mixing of these colours will produce all other light colours,
including white.

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
Color of Light[11]

Mixing light of different colours

So:
red + green = yellow
red + violet-blue = magenta (purplish red)
green + violet-blue = cyan (sky blue)
red + green + violet-blue = white

The colours yellow, magenta and cyan are called secondary or

complementary colours as they are made up of combinations of
primary colours.

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
Color of Light[11]
Colour rendering

Although light sources may have the same colour appearance, this
doesnt necessarily mean that coloured surfaces will look the same
under them.

Two lights that appear the same white, may be the result of different
blends of wavelengths. And since the surface may not reflect the
constituent wavelengths by the same extent, its colour appearance will
change when it is exposed to one or other light.

A piece of red cloth will appear true red when seen illuminated by
white light produced by a continuous spectrum, but in an equally white
looking mixture of yellow and blue light it will look greyish brown.
Because of the absence of red wavelengths, there is no red for the
cloth to reflect into the eye to notice.

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
Color of Light[11]
Colour rendering

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
Color of Light[11[10]
Color Rendering
It should be noted that exact colour rendering is not always
possible under daylight conditions because of the natural light
colour variation with time of day, season and weather conditions.

Colour rendering is also related to the illuminance on the task. A

high illuminance (1000 Lux +) is recommended where exact
colour rendering is necessary.

Color Rendering Index (CRI) A measure of the degree of color

shift which an object undergoes when illuminated by a light
source as compared with the color of those same object when
illuminated by a reference source of complete color temperature
(CRI = 100)

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
Color of Light[11]
Colour Rendering Index (CRI)
To classify light sources on their colour rendering properties the so
called colour rendering index (CRI or also denoted as Ra) has been
introduced.
The scale of the Ra ranges from 50-100. The following table shows the
meaning of the Ra values:

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
Color of Light [12]

Source: PELMAT

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
Color Temperature[11]
Although white light is a mixture of colours, not all whites are the same
since they depend on their constituent colours.
So a white with a higher proportion of red will appear warmer and a
white with a higher proportion of blue will appear cooler.
In order to classify the different types of white light, the concept of
colour temperature is applied which is described as the colour
impression of a perfect black-body radiator at certain temperatures.
This concept can be best explained with the help of familiar thermal
radiators like the filament of an incandescent lamp or an iron bar.
When these materials are heated to a temperature of 1000 K their
colour appearance will be red, at 2000-3000 K they will look yellow
white, at 4000 K neutral white, and at 5000-7000 K cool white.
In other words: the higher the colour temperature, the cooler the
impression of the white light becomes.

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
Color Temperature[11]
Colour temperature is an important aspect in lighting applications the
choice of colour temperature being determined by the following
factors:

Ambience, Climate, Level of illumination, Colour scheme in an interior

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

Lighting Design
Color Temperature[11]

RESONANZ TG Inc. making innovative solutions...

References:

1. IEEE Std 241-1990 Recommended Practice for Electric Power

System in Commercial Buildings
2. IEEE Std 141-1993 IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric
Power Distribution for Industrial Plants
3. Philippine Electrical Code 2009
4. Eaton Cuttler-Hammer Catalogue
5. Designing Electrical System, James Stallcup
6. NEC Handbook, McPartland
7. NEC Handbook, W.M Earley
8. Cutler-Hammer Consulting Guide
9. Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, 2006, Fink & Beatty
10. Interior Lighting Design, A Student's Guide, Kevin Kelly M.A.
B.Sc.(Eng) C.Eng. Mcibse. Miei., Kevin O'connell M.A. B.Sc.(Eng)
C.Eng. Mcibse. Miei.
11. Basics of Light & Lighting, Philips Lighting Academy, 2008
Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V.
12. UNDP-PELMAT
13. www.IESNYC.org