Unit 5

UNIT - V SETTLEMENT SYSTEM IN A CHANGING WORLD 25th HOUR
r e
Criteria Global city:
ctu
Global city status is considered to be beneficial and desired, and because it e
of this many groups have tried to classify and rank which cities are seen r c h
as world cities or non-world cities.
f A
l o
o
Although there is a consensus upon leading world cities, the criteria
o
h
upon which a classification is made can affect which other cities are
c
included. , S
S )
( S
The criteria for identification tend f either to be based on a yardstick
osector is the largest sector then city X is
value (e.g., if the producer-service
P r
a world city) or on an imminent s t . determination (if the producer-service
sector of city X is greater A s
than the combined producer-service sectors of N
other cities then citynX, is a world city.)
y a
i g
General criterias
e are
rt h
K a
.
.r D
M AR 1316 HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND PLANNING
r e
ctu
Economic characteristics
it e
Serve as the corporate headquarter sites for multinational corporations,
r c h
A
international financial institutions, law firms, conglomerates, and stock
f
exchanges that influence the world economy
l o
o
Contribute significant financial capacity/output to the city's, region's, or
o
even nation's, Gross domestic product (GDP) c h
, S
House the major stock market indices/market capitalisation.
S )
Provide a variety of international financial services, notably in the FIRE
( S
f
industries, banking, accountancy, and marketing
o
r
Appear near the top of cost of living.
P
s t .
world cities are the headquarterss of transnational companies. They are key
A and producer services such as banking,
,
centres for financial institutions
an
insurance, marketing,yaccounting, advertising, and legal matters.
World cities are i g e
also transportation and communications centres, with
rt h
efficient intraurban movement and various interregional and international
links. K a
.
.r D
r e
ctu
Political characteristics
it e
Active influence on, and participation in, international events and world
r c h
A
affairs; for example, Beijing, Berlin, London, Moscow, New Delhi, Paris,
f
Tokyo, and Washington are capitals of influential nations.
l o
o
Hosting headquarters for international organizations such as the United
o
c h
Nations (New York City), the World Bank (Washington, D.C), or NATO
(Brussels). , S
S )
A large city proper, population of the municipality (the centre of a
( S
f
metropolitan area, typically several million) or agglomeration
o
r
Diverse demographic constituencies based on various indicators:
P
population, s t .
habitat, As
mobility, and n ,
y a
i ge
urbanisation
Quality of life standards or city development
t h
ar
Expatriate (emigrant) communities
K
.
.r D
r e
ctu
Political characteristics
it e
Typically, world cities are home to national and/or subnational governments.
r c h
An example is The Hague, in the Netherlands. Although not the official
f A
o
capital city of the country, this city is a political centre and has achieved
l
o
significant stature as home to several international organizations.
o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
Criteria Global city: ctu
Cultural characteristics it e
Renowned cultural institutions (often with high endowments), such as r c h
notable museums and galleries, notable opera companies, major ballet f A
l o
companies, orchestras, notable film centres, and theatre centres. A lively
o o
cultural scene, including film festivals (such as the Toronto International
c h
Film Festival), premieres, a thriving music scene, nightlife, an opera
, S
)
company, art galleries, street performers, and annual parades.
S
S
Several influential media organisations with an international reach,
(
of
including Thomson Reuters, Bloomberg, The New York Times, International
P r
Herald Tribune, Agence France-Presse, or Associated Press.
s t .
A strong sporting community, including major sports facilities, home
As
teams in major league sports, and the ability and historical experience to
n ,
a
host international sporting events such as the Olympic Games, FIFA World
y
i ge
Cup, or Grand Slam tennis events.
t h
Educational institutions; e.g., renowned universities, international
ar
student attendance, research facilities
K
.
.r D
r e
Cultural characteristics it e
Sites of pilgrimage for world religions (for example, Mecca, Jerusalem r c h
or Rome) f A
l
Cities containing World Heritage Sites of historical and cultural o
significance o o
Tourism throughout c h
, S
)
City as site or subject in arts and media, television, film, video games,
S
S
music, literature, magazines, articles, documentary
(
of
City as an often repeated historic reference, showcase, or symbolic
actions P r
s t .
As
World cities are usually culturally heterogeneous, serving as home to
n ,
a
diverse ethnic identities and likely sites of various spectacles and
y
i ge
international events.
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
Infrastructural characteristics it e
An advanced transportation system that includes several highways r c h
and/or a large mass transit network offering multiple modes of f A
l o
transportation (rapid transit, light rail, regional rail, ferry, or bus).
o o
Extensive and popular mass transit systems, prominent rail usage, road
vehicle usage, major seaports c h
, S
)
A major international airport that serves as an established hub for
S
S
several international airlines. Airports with significant passenger traffic and
(
of
international passengers traffic or cargo movements.
P r
An advanced communications infrastructure on which modern trans-
s t .
As
national corporations rely, such as fiberoptics, Wi-Fi networks, cellular
phone services, and other high-speed lines of communications.
n ,
a
For example, Seoul and Tokyo are known as the digital and technology
y
i ge
capitals of the world.
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
Infrastructural characteristics it e
Health facilities; e.g., hospitals, medical laboratories r c h
Prominent skylines/skyscrapers (for example, Hong Kong, New York City,
f A
Shanghai, Tokyo, Dubai, Chicago, Guangzhou, Bangkok, Shenzhen, l o
Singapore). o o
c h
Cities' telephone and mail services, airport flights-range, traffic
, S
)
congestion, availability of water, train facilities, nearby parks, hospitals,
S
libraries, police stations, etc. ( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
The Hierarchy of World Cities
ctu
There are three or four principal world citiesLondon, New York,
it e
Tokyo, and, in some listings, Paris.
r c h
f A
Are all cities world cities?
l o
o
All cities are world cities and are connected with other cities. Some
o
c h
cities are more powerful than otherseconomically, culturally, politically,
, S
and technologically but this fact does not dispute the importance of
linkages for all cities. S )
( S
of
From Hierarchies to Networks P r
t .
World cities form a network, with cities as nodes linked through
s
As
transnational flows of capital, knowledge, information, commodities,
n ,
economic activities, and people.
y a
i ge
World cities are often tied to experiences elsewhere.
Connectivity between world cities retains a significant regional
t h
ar
dimension, with European, North American, and Pacific Asian networks
K
.
being evident.
.r D
r e
More and More World Cities - effects?
ctu
Many scholars argue that the new geography of centrality is evident in
it e
the emergence of a limited number of key world cities that, among them,
r c h
effectively manage the global economy.
f A
However, many corporations may choose to locate their headquarters
l o
in suburban peripheral areas or perhaps even in smaller cities.
o o
c h
, S
The rising number of telecommuters in many parts of the world is also
part of this larger trend. S )
( S
f
There may be an optimal size of city; bigger is better may not always
o
hold true. P r
t .
locating in less densely populated areas and the social benefits of more
s
As
family-friendly settings, with the advantages of telecommunications, may
n ,
help explain the shift away from the centres of large cities.
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
Type of classification of global cities:
ctu
One example is AT Kearneys list, developed in conjunction with the Chicago it e
Council on Global Affairs. Their most recent version is the 2012 Global Cities
r c h
Index. This study uses criteria across five dimensions:
f A
o
1. Business Activity (headquarters, services firms, capital markets value,
l
o o
number of international conferences, value of goods through ports
and airports) c h
, S
)
2. Human Capital (size of foreign born population, quality of universities,
S
S
number of international schools, international student population,
(
f
number of residents with college degrees)
o
P r
3. Information Exchange (accessibility of major TV news channels,
s t .
Internet presence (basically number of search hits), number of
As
international news bureaus, censorship, and broadband subscriber
n ,
rate)
y a
i ge
4. Cultural Experience (number of sporting event, museums, performing
h
arts venues, culinary establishments, international visitors, and sister
t
K ar
city relationships).
.
5. Political Engagement (number of embassies and consulates, think
.r D tanks, international organizations, political conferences)
r e
New York, London, Paris, and Tokyo Come Out on Top in 2012 -- A.T. Kearney
c t u
Global Cities Index
i t e
New York and London remain the world's most global cities,cwhile
r h major
emerging-market cities strengthened their ability to challenge Aglobal leaders
f Global Cities
in the next 10 to 20 years, according to the 2012 A.T. Kearney
l o
Index.
o o
c h
The Global Cities Index, conducted every two S
, years since 2008, provides a
unique measure of global engagement forS66
)
S cities across five dimensions
business activity, human capital, information f ( exchange, cultural experience,
and political engagement. The 2012 r oGlobal Cities Index was developed by
A.T. Kearney and The Chicago Council t . P on Global Affairs.
s s
, A
Rachel Bronson, Chicago
a n Council on Global Affairs Vice President of Studies
y city rankings limit their focus to business or quality
noted, "While most eother
of life measures,h i g
the Global Cities Index provides a holistic look at what
t in generating, attracting and retaining global capital,
differentiatesarcities
.
people, andKideas.
.r D
r e
Mike Hales, A.T. Kearney partner and study co-leader commented, t"The
c u
Global Cities Index is a tool that business executives can use toteidentify
locations for regional headquarters that have the potential toch
i
attract and
retain top talent. Many cities are also using the Global A r Index to
Cities
benchmark their development initiatives." o f
ol
h o
Findings from the 2012 Global Cities Index:c
Despite the financial turmoil of the past few ,) Syears, New York and London
have consistently led the rankings in all S S editions of the Global Cities
three
Index. f (
r o positions this year, are always far
P
Paris and Tokyo, although they alternate
.
above the rest of the top ten. st
The top four cities demonstrate
s
A that having a balanced portfolio of strengths
,
n of globalization allows these cities to hold their
across several dimensions a
ythe Index despite the recent global financial turmoil.
positions at the top of
i g e
rt h
K a
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
Indian cities are showing potential, but they have a more balanced ctu
positioning of strengths and vulnerabilities. it e
Kolkata, New Delhi, Bangalore, and Mumbai are grouped near the center of r c h
f A
the ranking because the trends in their economic indicators still lag those of
Chinese cities. l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
Human settlement in space:
ctu
spreading life throughout the solar system
it e
r c h
"I know that humans will colonize the solar system and one day
f A go beyond." -
Mike Griffin, former NASA Administrator.
l o
o
o In a phenomenal
A billion years ago there was no life on c hland.
S
development, by 400 million years ago land,life was well established.
We are at the very beginning of Sa
) similar, perhaps even more
( S
important, development.
o f
Today Earth teems with life, but P r as far as we know, in the vast reaches of
space there are only a handfuls t . of astronauts, a few plants and animals, and
s on the International Space Station.
some bacteria and fungi;Amostly
We can change that. n ,
y a
i g e
rt h
K a
.
.r D
r e
ctu
spreading life throughout the solar system
it e
r c h
In the 1970's Princeton physicist Gerard O'Neill, with the A help of NASA
f that we can
Ames Research Center and Stanford University, discovered o
build gigantic spaceships, big enough to live in. ol
h o places to live; about
These free-space settlements could be wonderful
S c
the size of a California beach town and
) , endowed with weightless
recreation, fantastic views, freedom, Selbow-room S in spades, and great
wealth. f (
In time, we may see millions r oof free-space settlements in our solar
system alone. t . P
s s
Building them, particularly
, A the first one, is a monumental challenge.
a n
e y
h i g
a rt
. K
.r D
r e
ctu
Who?
it e
You. Or at least people a lot like you. Space settlements will be a place for
r c h
ordinary people. A
o f
ol
Presently, with few exceptions, only highly trained and carefully
selected astronauts go to space. ho
S c
,
Space settlement needs inexpensive, safe launch systems to deliver
)
S
thousands, perhaps millions, of people into orbit.
S
f (
If this seems unrealistic, note that a hundred and fifty years ago nobody
r o
had ever flown in an airplane, but today nearly 500 million people fly each
year. t . P
s s
Some special groups might find space settlement particularly attractive:
, A
n
The handicapped could keep a settlement at zero-g to make
a
y
wheelchairs and walkers unnecessary.
e
i g
Penal colonies might be created in orbit as they should be fairly escape
h
proof. art
K
People who wish to experiment with very different social and political
.
.r D
forms could get away from restrictive social norms.
r e
ctu
Who?
it e
Although some colonies may follow this model, it's reasonable to expect
r c h
that the vast majority of space colonists will be ordinary people. A
o f
Indeed, eventually most people in space settlements will be born there,
and some day they may vastly exceed Earth's population. ol
ho
Based on the materials available, the human population in orbit could
S c
,
one day exceed ten trillion living in millions of space colonies with a
)
S
combined living space hundreds of times the surface of the Earth.
S
f (
r o
t . P
s s
, A
an
e y
h i g
art
. K
.r D
r e
ctu
What?
it e
A space settlement is a home in orbit. Rather than live on the outside of
r c h
a planet, settlers will live on the inside of gigantic spacecraft.
f A
Typical space settlement designs are roughly one half to a few
l o
kilometers across. A few designs are much larger.
o o
c h
, S
Settlements must be air tight to hold a breathable atmosphere, and
S )
must rotate to provide pseudo-gravity. Thus, people stand on the inide of
( S
the hull.
of
P r
t .
Enormous amounts of matter, probably lunar soil at first, must cover
s
As
the settlements to protect inhabitants from radiation. On Earth our
n ,
atmosphere does this job, but space settlements need about five tons of
y a
i ge
matter covering every square meter of a colony's hull to protect space
settlers from cosmic rays and solar flares.
t h
K ar
Each settlement must be an independent biosphere. All oxygen, water,
.
.r D
wastes, and other materials must be recycled endlessly.
r e
ctu
What?
it e
Eg: Pictures of space settlements.
r c h
Pictures of Kalpana One.
f A
Lewis One space settlement design.
l o
o o
Pictures of Kalpana One: c h
, S
Free space settlements are man-made, hollow planetoids in orbit. The
colonists live permanently on the interior. S )
( S
f
Kalpana One is intended to improve on the free space settlement
o
r
designs of the mid-1970s: the Bernal Sphere, Stanford Torus, and O'Neill
P
t .
cylinders, as well as on Lewis One, designed at NASA Ames Research
s
Center in the early 1990s. As
n ,
These systems are intended to provide permanent homes for
y a
communities of thousands of people.
i ge
The Kalpana One structure is a cylinder with a radius of 250m and a
t h
K ar
length of 325m.
The population target is 3,000 residents.
.
.r D
r e
ctu
What? it e
Pictures of Kalpana One: r c h
The Kalpana One design is named after NASA astronaut Kalpana
f A
Chawla. l o
o o
Born in India, she was one of the seven crew members killed in the
Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. c h
, S
)
The name "Kalpana-1" was first coined by an entry to the NASA Ames
S
S
Student Space Settlement Design Contest in 2005 by a team from New
(
Delhi, India. of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
Pictures of Kalpana One:
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
D. Exterior view
r.
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D Closer view of exterior
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
D. Cutaway view of interior
r.
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D Interior view from near the hub of the settlement
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
D. closer interior views
r.
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
D. Automated robotic farming
r.
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
r.
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
r.
r e
ctu
Where?
it e
In orbit, not on a planet or moon. Why should we live in orbit rather than on a
r c h
planet or moon? Because orbit is far superior to the Moon and Mars for
f A
o
colonization, and other planets and moons are too hot, too far away, and/or
l
have no solid surface.
o o
c h
, S
For an alternate view, see Robert Zubrin's powerful case for Mars
exploration and colonization. S )
( S
f
Mars' biggest advantage is that all the materials necessary for life may be
o
r
found on Mars. While materials for orbital colonies must be imported from the
P
t .
Moon or Near Earth Objects (NEO's -- asteroids and comets), there are many
s
As
advantages to orbital colonies. Advantages include:
Earth-normal 'gravity: n ,
y a
i ge
The Moon and Mars have a surface gravity much less than Earth normal
(which called 1g - the g stands for 'gravity'). The lunar surface is at
t h
ar
roughly 1/6g and Mars is a 1/3g planet. Children raised in low-g cannot be
K
.
expected to develop bones and muscles strong enough to visit Earth
.r D
except in desperation -- it will be too painful and exhausting.
r e
ctu
Where?
it e
For example, this author weighs 73kg (160 pounds). If I went to a 3g
r c h
A
planet, the equivalent of moving from Mars to Earth, I would weigh 225
f
o
kg (almost 500 pounds) and would have great difficulty getting out of bed.
l
o
For children raised on the Moon or Mars, attending college on Earth will be
o
out of the question. c h
S ,
By contrast, orbital colonies can rotate
)
S to provide any g level desired,
S
( the colony creates a force called
although it's not true gravity. Spinning f
pseudo-gravity, that feels a lotP rogravity.
like
Pseudo-gravity is much like s t .what you feel when a car takes a sharp turn
at high speed. Your body A sis pressed up against the door. Simillarly, as an
orbital space colony n , turns, the inside of the colony pushes on the
y athem to go around. The amount of this force can be
inhabitants forcing
controlled and i g e
for reasonable colony sizes and rotation rates the force
rt h
K a
can be about 1g.
.
.r D
r e
ctu
Where?
it e
For example, a colony with an 895 meter (a bit less than 1000 yards) radius
r c h
rotating at one rpm (rotations per minute) provides 1g at the hull. Children
A
raised on orbital colonies should have no trouble visiting Earth foro f
extended periods. ol
ho
Rapid resupply from Earth: S c
) ,
S
The Moon is a few days away from Earth, and trips to Mars take many
S
(
months. Early colonies in Earth orbit will be only hours away. This is a
f
r o
huge logistical advantage for a large project like building space
settlements. t . P
s s
, A
Continuous, ample, reliable solar energy:
an
y
In orbit there is no night. Solar power is available 24/7. Most places on
e
i g
the Moon or Mars are in darkness half of the time (the only exception is
h
art
the lunar poles).
. K
Mars, in addition, is much farther from the Sun and so receives about
.r D half the solar power available at Earth orbit. Mars also has dust
storms which interfere with solar power.
r e
ctu
Where?
it e
Great views from Earth (and eventually other planets):
r c h
A
Space colonization is, at its core, a real estate business. The value of real
f
estate is determined by many things, including "the view."
l o
o
Any space settlement will have a magnificient view of the stars at night.
o
c h
Any settlement on the Moon or Mars will also have a view of unchanging,
, S
starkly beautiful, dead-as-a-doornail, rock strewn surface.
S )
However, settlements in earth orbit will have one of the most stunning
( S
f
views in our solar system - the living, ever-changing Earth.
o
P r
Weightless recreation: s t .
As
Although space colonies will have 1g at the hull, in the center you will
n ,
experience weightlessness. If you've ever jumped off a diving board,
y a
i
you hit the water. ge
you've been weightless. It's the feeling you have after jumping and before
t h
ar
The difference in a space colony is that the feeling will last for as long as
K
.
you like. Acrobatics, sports and dance go to a new level when constraints
.r D
of gravity are removed.
r e
ctu
Where?
it e
Zero-g construction means bigger colonies:
r c h
Space colonists will spend almost all of their time indoors.
f A
o
It is impossible for an unprotected human to survive outside for more
l
o
than few seconds. In this situation, obviously bigger colonies are better.
o
c h
Colonies on the Moon or Mars won't be much bigger than buildings on
Earth, especially at first. , S
S )
However, in orbit astronauts can easily move spacecraft weighing many
( S
f
tons by hand. Everything is weightless and this makes large scale
o
construction much easier. P r
t .
Colonies can be made so large that, even though you are really inside,
s
As
it feels like the out-of-doors.
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
Where?
it e
Much greater growth potential:
r c h
The Moon and Mars together have a surface area roughly the size of
f A
o
Earth. But if the single largest asteroid (Ceres) were to be used to build
l
orbital space colonies, the total living area created would be
o o
approximately 150 times the surface area of the Earth. c h
, S
Since much of the Earth is ocean or sparsely inhabited, settlements built
S )
from Ceres alone could provide uncrowded homes for more than a trillion
( S
people.
of
P r
Economics. s t .
As
Near-Earth orbital colonies can service Earth's tourist, energy, and
n ,
materials markets more easily than the Moon.
y a
i ge
Mars is too far away to easily trade with Earth. Space colonies, wherever
they are built, will be very expensive.
t h
ar
Supplying Earth with valuable goods and services will be critical to
K
.
paying for colonization.
.r D
r e
ctu
Why?
it e
Growth
r c h
Why build space settlements?
f A
Why do weeds grow through cracks in sidewalks?
l o
Why did life crawl out of the oceans and colonize land?
o o
c h
Because living things want to grow and expand. We have the ability to live
, S
in space therefore we will -- but not this fiscal year.
S )
( S
The key advantage of space settlements f
oelse. is the ability to build new land,
rather than take it from someone P r
This allows a huge expansion s t . of humanity without war or destruction of
Earth's biosphere. A s
The asteroids alone ,
n provide enough material to make new orbital land
a
y greater than the surface of the Earth, divided into
hundreds of times
i g e
millions of colonies.
t h
r can easily support trillions of people.
a
This land
K
.
.r D
r e
ctu
A Nice Place to Live
it e
A few features of orbital real estate are worth mentioning:
r c h
Great Views: A
Many astronauts have returned singing the praises of their view of o f
Earth from orbit. ol
ho
Low earth orbit settlements, and eventually settlements near Jupiter
S c
,
and Saturn, will have some of the most spectacular views in the solar
)
system.
SS
f (
Of course, all space settlements will have unmatched views of the stars,
r o
unhindered by clouds, air pollution, or (with some care) bright city lights.
Low-g recreation: t . P
s s
Consider circular swimming pools around and near the axis of rotation.
, A
n
You should be able to dive up into the water! Sports and dance at low or
a
y
zero-g will be fantastic.
e
i g
For dancers, note that in sufficiently low gravity, always available near
h
art
the axis of rotation, anyone can jump ten times higher than Baryshnikov
K
ever dreamed.
.
.r D
r e
ctu
A Nice Place to Live
it e
A few features of orbital real estate are worth mentioning:
r c h
Environmental Independence: A
On Earth we all share a single biosphere. o f
ol
We breathe the same air, drink the same water, and the misdeeds of
some are visited on the bodies of all. ho
S c
,
Each space settlement is completely sealed and does no share
)
S
atmosphere or water with other settlements or with Earth. Thus if one
S
f (
settlement pollutes their air, no one else need breathe it.
r o
Custom living: t . P
s s
Since the entire environment is man-made, you can really get what you
, A
want.
an
y
Like lake front property? Make lots of lakes.
e
i g
Like sunsets? Program sunset simulations into wether system every
h
hour. art
. K
Like to go barefoot? Make the entire environment foot-friendly.
.r D
r e
ctu
When?
it e
How long did it take to build New York? California? France? Even given
r c h
ample funds the first settlement will take decades to construct.
f A
No one is building a space settlement today, and there are no
l o
o
immediate prospects for large amounts of money, so the first settlement
o
will be awhile. c h
, S
If Burt Rutan's prediction of affordable orbital tourism in 25 years is
S )
correct, however, it's reasonable to expect the first orbital colony to be
( S
built within about 50 years.
of
r
If the first settlement is designed to build additional settlements,
P
t .
colonization could proceed quite rapidly.
s
As
The transportation systems will already be in place and a large,
n ,
experienced workforce will be in orbit.
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
When?
it e
Unless...
r c h
Space settlement is extraordinarily expensive because launch vehicles
f A
are difficult to manufacture and operate.
l o
o
For example, the current (2004) cost to put an individual into orbit for a
o
short time is about $30 million. c h
, S
To enable large scale space tourism by the middle class, this cost must
S )
be reduced to about $1,000-$10,000, a factor of 3 to 4 orders of
( S
magnitude.
of
r
Space tourism has launch requirements similar to space settlement
P
t .
suggesting that a radical improvement in manufacturing technology may
s
As
be necessary to enable space settlement.
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
Utopian concepts: tu
c
The concept of Utopia was devised by the philosopher Sir Thomas i t e More
h
in a book published in 1516. In the book, Utopia is the namercof a fictional
island in the Atlantic which supports an ideal community f A with a
seemingly perfect social, political and legal system. l o
o o
c h
It is significant that Utopia was conceived S as an island; the perfect
, of the world to avoid being
society had to be isolated from the rest S )
corrupted by it. ( S
o f
P r
Crucially, More did not believe
t . that such an ideal society was possible -
s concept.
s
it was a purely philosophical
A
,
n Utopia comes from the Greek term no place,
In fact, the word a
y More Utopia was an impossible dream.
indicating that i g e
for
rt h
K a
.
.r D
r e
Utopian concepts:
tu c
However, many architects and town planners have been preoccupied i t e
with the idea of the perfect society and devised hugely r c h ambitious
schemes, believing that a rationally planned environment
f Acould create a
l o
more rational, more efficient society. In particular, Modernism was fueled
by utopian optimism for the future. However, history o o has proved that it is
misguided, even dangerous, to build such grandiose c h schemes.
,) S
Modernist architects of the 20thSS century devised ideal cities
completely new environments based
(
f on new social theories.
r o
t . P
They tried to create thesenvironment of the future. An example is Le
Corbusiers Ville Radieuse
s
A the Radiant City (1927). This was Le
,
ndream.
Corbusiers Utopian
y a
i g e
It consists
t h of identical monolithic blocks located in vast greenbelts. The
r linked up by high speed expressways. This is a supremely
a
blocks are
K environment, but the anonymous blocks are repetitive; they deny
.
rational
D
.r individuality.
r e
Utopian concepts:
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D Ville Radieuse the Radiant City
r e
Utopian concepts:
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
h
Ville Radieuse the Radiant City
t
K ar
.
.r D
r e
Utopian concepts:
ctu
it e
The Ville Radieuse was
r c h
never fully implemented,
but Le Corbusier did manage f A
l o
to construct the Unit
o o
dhabitation in Marseilles,
c h
which embodies his concept , S
of communal living. S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
This is a monolithic block raised off the ground on stilts and elevated
As
above the decay and disorder of the city.
n ,
a
The block houses an indoor market, a school and communal recreation
y
i ge
areas all in one building.
h
Again, this seems ultra-efficient, but it is overly rational. It is
t
ar
dangerous for an architect to think he can anticipate the needs of all
K
.
users. Even the name habitation unit is dehumanising.
.r D
r e
Utopian concepts:
ctu
Utopian schemes were an attempt to it e
improve on the conventional city. r c h
Modernists disliked like real cities
f A
they thought they were chaotic and l o
uncoordinated. o o
Modernists were obsessed with c h
, S
order and rationality, so they devised
S )
schemes to simplify the city. In
( S
particular, they separated it out of
according to function. P r
s t
For example, they believed that
.
As
people should live in residential
n ,
a
areas that were separate from the
y
i ge
business areas. The blocks were to
h
be linked up by a road network. It
t
ar
was believed that this would
K
.
make society more rational.
.r D
r e
Utopian concepts:
ctu
The problem is that a space designed for only one purpose can
it e
become sterile.
r c h
Cities need variety, diversity and interaction. In the 1960s and 70s
f A
o
there was a crticial backlash against Modernism. The American writer
l
o
Jane Jacobs published a book called The Death and Life of Great
o
c h
American Cities (1961), which was a brilliant critique of Modernist
architecture. , S
S )
S
Jacobs examined Modernist planning schemes and argued that they
(
f
were dehumanising because they denied individuality.
o
P r
People cant relate to the environment, and that leads to alienation.
s t .
In contrast, she cited her own neighbourhood of Greenwich Village in
A
New York as a better model.s
n ,
Greenwich Village is a space of varied use. It has social and ethnic
y a
i ge
diversity and its characterised by vigorous life. It was part of a real,
h
organic city, not an artificial Modernist one.
t
K ar
.
.r D
r e
Utopian concepts:
ctu
Brasilia it e
Few of the utopian cities were fully realised, but Brasilia in South r c h
A
America is a rare example of Modernist utopia that actually was built.
f
The original capital of Brazil was Rio de Janeiro, but in 1956 the
l o
o o
government decided to build a new capital in the centre of the country.
c h
The site was a wasteland; so they built an artificial city in the middle of
, S
nowhere. It was completed in only 41 months.
S )
S
This is the closest thing we have to a Modernist Utopia, although the
(
of
art critic Robert Hughes calls it a utopian horror.
P r
s t .
Much of it was designed by Oscar Neimeyer, a Modernist architect who
As
was born in South America but studied under Le Corbusier.
n ,
a
Like the Ville Radieuse it consists of monolithic housing buildings
y
i ge
located in the suburbs and separated from the city by huge distances.
h
The road network links up the separate areas, but as you can see it
t
ar
also acts as a barrier unless you have a car.
K
.
.r D
r e
Utopian concepts:
ctu
Brasilia it e
Like Paris, Brasilia was designed to prevent revolution. It has been r c h
described as a city without crowds because the planners abolished allf A
the spaces where people could gather. l o
o o
The streets were replaced by high speed expressways, so there is no
real public space in the entire city. c h
, S
)
Public space is important; it is the arena in which we represent
S
ourselves as a public. ( S
of
Public space can be used as a platform for political action. In fact,
P r
revolutions are often referred to as a taking to the streets.
s t .
Public space is crucial for democracy. The Brazilian government tried
As
to abolish public space. Without it, people had nowhere to congregate,
n ,
a
nowhere to express their views.
y
i ge
The design has been interpreted as a counter-revolutionary strategy.
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
Utopian concepts:
ctu
Carbon-Neutral Island it e
Carbon-Neutral Island is a carbon emission free island ruled by women. r c h
A
Analogous to Atlantis, this city is located on a mystical island, where
f
o
society is self-sustaining, carbon-neutral and where there is no place for
l
religion. o o
c h
Women and men live apart and can only meet in the middle, in a
, S
place called the Garden of Eden.
S )
( S
Plutopia of
P r
The city Plutopia consists of several worlds in which work, religion,
s t .
entertainment and living are separated in different spheres, much like
As
the idea of Le Corbusier in the twentieth century.
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
Utopian concepts:
ctu
Brain City it e
The population of this Utopian city is bound together by ties sustained r c h
through a strong participation of its members in civil society.
f A
o
In Brain City, characterized by a culture of tolerance, a plethora of
l
religious, ethnic and cultural differences exists. o o
c h
This is part and parcel of the vision of Utopia of its architects.
, S
)
Such differences are overcome through continuous debate, being at the
S
S
root of a lively, yet ultimately harmonious society.
(
of
Wireless-Water-World P r
s t .
Anticipating global warming, the Wireless-Water-World Group
As
envisioned a city floating on water, thriving on state-of-the-art
n ,
a
technology, but still with a sense of old-worldly charm, combining living,
y
i ge
working and entertainment in one compact city.
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
Utopian concepts:
ctu
Sense City: it e
Sense City appealed to our senses. r c h
Its a place of pleasure and relaxation and Buddha, in case its
f A
inhabitants crave for some Zen. l o
o o
Sensibility is a central characteristic of Sense Citys society.
c h
The creators of Sense City applaud creativity and diversity: its a lot
, S
)
better to have a city which favors homosexuality and crazy geniuses
S
than mediocrity.
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
Utopian concepts Examples:
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D Utopia City
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D Smog
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar Cross Fate City Concept
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D Future City
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D City Of The Future 2
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D Future City Too
r e
Utopian concepts: tu c
The central problem is that an ideal society is a logical impossibility,i t e
societies are made up of millions of individuals and individuals r c h will never
agree on what constitutes an ideal society.
f A
To try to create an ideal society wouldl omean suppressing
individuality. o o
For that reason, one persons utopia inevitably c h becomes a dystopia.
, S
The utopian cities of the 20th century )are megalomanical nightmares
for everyone but their creators. S S
f (
r o
Conclusion
t . P
There have been many sattempts to create the ideal environment for
the ideal society. A s
,
n devised ideal cities and some of these were
Modernist architects
y a
partially realised.
i g e
However, t hthe concept of a planned city is dangerous because no single
r anticipate the needs of millions. Real cities have grown
plan cana
K they reflect the variety and complexity of society.
.
organically;
.r D
r e
Information Technology & Communication future of the cities:
ctu
The term Information Technology (IT) includes in general every
it e
technology which is capable to provide and/or transmit or exchange
r c h
information.
f A
l o
o
To be able to discuss the impacts of recent or current developments in
o
c h
information technologies on the spatial development in certain countries
or even globally one needs to be more specific. , S
S )
IT can be divided into old IT which is usually a synonym for traditional
( S
f
telecommunication devices and new IT which includes computers,
o
r
cellular phones and in general, wireless technological devices such as
P
t .
laptops, palm computers etc. as well as the World Wide Web.
s
sA
These technologies ,
n are more and more combined with media and
a
yestablishing new digitalised technologies and services.
Internet services
i g
These combinations
e of old and new IT with media services is called
rt h
a
Telematics or Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) (de
Kand Jensen-Butler 2000).
.
Castro
.r D
r e
ctu
Applications and Growth of ICT
it e
Telematics provide three main improvements in information technology.
r c h
Telematics provide
f A
(1) faster access to information,
l o
(2) access to higher quantities of information, and
o o
(3) access to higher quality of information. c h
S ,
Almost the only communication technology S ) available until the 1970s
S
( facsimile and telex.
was the telephone and its close allies, f
oand internet connections were added
To this the mobile telephony P r
throughout the 1980s and 1990s.s t .
Information technology A s
was dominated by the television until the 1980s
when the World Wide n ,Web was established.
y athese techniques are combined offering several new
Since the 1990s
g e
services andhidevices, e.g. videoconferencing, global positioning systems,
a
cable and r t
satellite television.
. K
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
Moreover, many single devices were connectable to networks, e.g. Local
r c h
Area Networks (LAN) or Wireless Area Networks (WAN).
f A
Information and media devices became connectable to digital,
l o
broadband or satellite networks.
o o
c h
Already these networks are not separated anymore but highly
connectable. , S
S )
They offer flexible and fast access from almost anywhere in the world to
( S
f
a high quantity of information of good quality.
o
P r
s t .
A s
Perhaps both the Agricultural and the Industrial Revolution do not
n
deserve this name. The, former unfolded over more than 5000 the latter
over more thaney
a
200 years. Since then the pace of change accelerated
i g
enormouslyh(Gardner 2001).
a rt
. K
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
According to Gardner it took the US 46 years to endow a quarter of the
US population with electricity.
f A
o
This time horizon reduced to 35, 26, 16, 13 and 7 years for the
l
o
telephone, the television, the computer, the cellular phone and the
o
internet, respectively. c h
S,
Although, the density of cellular phones,
)
S PCs and Internet connections
is high in 2002 their estimatedf growth( S rates of 7%, 5%, and 8%,
respectively, for 2005 remain much r o higher than average real growth rates
of GDP. t . P
This means that A
s
s techniques will become relative more
these
important. The growthn , rate of DSL-connection was extremely high in
2000 with moreethanya 1000%.
h i g
a rt
. K
.r D
r e
ctu
The Impact of ICT on Spatial developments
it e
Interactions Between ICT and Cities
r c h
A
There is a wide range of literature on the relation of technology and spatial
f
development in general and the future of cities especially.
l o
o
Technological innovations occur for some reason and will directly cause
o
a change in urban development. c h
S ,
ICT have two contrary effects on urban development. S )
S
( and make information available
First, they remove urban barriers
o f
anywhere anytime. P r
Due to this effect physical s t .
appearance for certain interactions between
individuals become lessA s
important.
Individuals are able n , to organise there daily life with remote
relationships. ey
a
Urban centresh i g will tend to decentralize.
a rt
. K
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
ICT have two contrary effects on urban development.
f A
o
The second effect operates in the opposite direction, i.e. urban centres
l
will tend to centralize even more than today.
o o
c h
Due to ICT the number of relationships may increase and thus generate
a desire for more face-to-face (FtF) contacts. , S
S )
Moreover, ICT networks create some economies of scale and scope.
( S
f
The existence of one network makes it more likely that a new one which
o
r
is more efficient will be installed, i.e. companies and therefore labour
P
t .
supply centralizes within established networks.
s
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
The two effects
f A
(1) decentralization and
l o
(2) centralization depend on ICT themselves.
o o
c h
, S
If ICT are substitutes for FtF contacts decentralization takes place but if
they are complements centralization takes place. S )
( S
f
FtF contacts in this context should be understood in a broader sense as the
o
need for proximity in relationships. P r
t .
What are substitutes and what are complementary technologies?
s
As
Technologies which may substitute FtF contacts are telecommuting,
n ,
teleconferencing, tele-marketing, tele-shopping, tele-banking, tele-
y a
i ge
medicine, and tele-education. Whereas complementary usage occurs in
management practices, advanced logistical systems, and Intelligent
t h
ar
Transportation Systems (ITS) (Haynes et al. 1999).
K
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
The examples for substitutes are well known and need not be explained
f A
any further, all make proximity obsolete.
l o
o
ICT make just-in-time production possible and may reduce inventory
o
investments even further than today. c h
, S
The roots of just-in-time management strategies go back to the 1960s in
S )
Japan. Today even more complex management strategies, e.g. supply-
( S
f
chain strategies, are implemented by many international corporations
o
(Keuper 2001). P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
These supply-chains often require physical proximity at least in the
f A
production and the management section of a corporation. Those
l o
o
management strategies also include advanced logistical systems.
o
c h
ITS can be regarded as a part of ICT which may well be a panacea for the
ills of urban transport systems. , S
S )
They will reduce pollution, noise, accidents and thus make cities again
( S
more worth living.
of
r
What are possible interactions between these new technologies, substitutes or
P
complements, and urban development?
s t .
As
There are four main effects to mention:
(1) time, n ,
y a
(2) social needs,
i ge
(3) efficiency, and
t h
ar
(4) specialisation.
K
.
(1), (2), and (3) more or less affect substitution technologies and (4) affects
.r D
complementary technologies.
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
The use of telecommuting, tele-banking and tele-shopping will reduce
f A
the time for many daily tasks.
l o
o
If a worker can work at home his physical commuting time is in fact
o
close to zero. c h
, S
Assuming that the average commuting time in a city with more than 1
S )
million inhabitants is 1.5 hours per day this saves 7.5 hours in a week
( S
f
with five working days. This is almost one complete working day.
o
r
The same applies to the usual shopping activities, i.e. buying food and
P
drinks for the daily living. s t .
As
Everything else being the same it is no exaggeration to assume that
n ,
everything an individual has done in seven days without ICT can be done
y a
i ge
in five days with ICT.
The increased amount of leisure will be spend in social and cultural life,
t h
ar
e.g. traditional shopping in a city centre, cinema or theatre visits. This
K
.
argument is also used by Pannetier (1995) for the Lille metropolitan
.r D
region.
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
Substitution technologies will probably increase the desire for social
f A
contacts. This is indirectly implied by the above time argument.
l o
o
Other arguments for that are a lag of social proximity at work and in the
o
daily social life. c h
, S
If an average individual may spend a large amount of time only together
S )
with some close family members and with non-FtF contacts the desire to
( S
f
establish FtF contacts in the leisure time will increase.
o
P r
t .
The efficiency effect is also an argument against decentralisation.
s
As
ICT is first installed in huge metropolitan areas which then operate as
n ,
information hubs and reinforce the functions of the principal cities (Fox-
y a
i ge
Przeworski 1991, p 365).
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
This argument revives the original theoretical argument o of agglomeration
l their growth.
economies as the main reason for the existence of citiesoand
h o
Cities with an extended ICT network seems to be c seedbeds of innovations.
Harris (1988) found that large enterprises located ,) S in core regions in the UK
experience higher rates of innovation. S S
f (
Another example where clearly positive r o network externalities are at work is
Silicon Valley in the US. t . P
s s
It is only fair to assume that A this cluster of high-tech corporations have the
, available but the businesses are nevertheless
most advanced technologies
a n
clustered. e y
On the one hand h i g substitution technologies may cause decentralization but
a rt
there is a counter effect which will at least dampen the decentralization effect
.
it may even Kturn it into a centralization effect.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
Furthermore, ICT networks may reduce the costs to obtain information
f A
o
but they also generate positive network externalities and these tend to
l
o
have a strong local element as de Castro and Jensen-Butler (2000) show.
o
c h
New management strategies may lead to more specialisation which in
turn may lead to decentralisation. , S
S )
Global supply-chains, e.g. modern car manufacturers, may develop sub-
( S
supply-chains.
of
P r
t .
These sub-chains will individually look for their optimal location.
s
sA
,
There are two effectsnthen included, first a centralisation effect, because a
a
single sub-chaineisy a cluster of corporations and second a decentralisation
effect becauseh i gevery sub-chain may operate at a different location.
a rt
. K
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
Note that in the case of a multinational supply chain the
f A
o
decentralisation effect is of global importance whereas the centralisation
l
effect is only of regional or local importance.
o o
c h
, S
Due to these interactions in the ICT-city relationship there is no ready-
made blueprint for urban development. S )
( S
of
r
The role of cities depends on the adoption of new technologies and on
P
t .
the adoption of new technologies of competing cities (Hepworth 1991).
s
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
The Use of New Technologies some examples
r c h
A
To evaluate if the centralisation or the decentralisation effect of new
f
o
technologies is greater it is important to understand how individuals and
l
o
corporations use new technologies. Are they used as substitutes or
o
complements for FtF contacts? c h
S ,
Gaspar and Glaeser (1998) found
)
Sclear evidence for a positive
S
relationship between businessf ( travel and telecommunication
improvements. r o
They also argue that most t . P
telephone calls are made between people
s s
who are close physically.
, A
Communication traffic
a n over a distance of more than 500 miles is less
than 10% of total e y communication traffic, in fact, 60% of the traffic
typically occurs
h i g within an office building or a local complex (Fox-
a
Przeworski rt1991).
K carriers generated 50% of their turnover in the mid 1990s with
Telecom
.
.r D 3% of their customers (Floeting 1999).
only
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
Floeting adds that E-Commerce is growing fast in Germany but the
f A
o
turnover in general is still small compared to traditional retailers and
l
wholesailers.
o o
c h
He argues that in 1998 only online-banking was revolutionary and was
, S
supposed to lead to a major reorganisation of traditional banking
businesses. S )
( S
f
As a matter of fact this is in part history already. Today, the revolution in
o
German retail banking is yet to come. P r
t .
It is argued in section one that ICT are growing rapidly even when they
s
As
are on a high level already. However, that does not necessarily imply that
n ,
these technologies are used as substitutes even if substitution is possible.
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
One example are daily newspapers. Literally every daily and also other
f A
o
newspapers and magazines in Germany and in other industrial countries
l
o
provide online access to their print editions and to their archives. Figure
o
c h
2.1 shows daily webpage-visits and print runs for six major daily
newspapers in Germany. , S
S )
In January 1998 the number of webpage-visits per day was non-
( S
f
significant for all papers compared to their daily print runs.
o
P r
t .
Visits increased considerably until February 2003 but they are still small
s
As
for all papers but the Financial Times Deutschland (the paper remains a
n ,
special case as a relatively young newspaper in Germany; it is the only
y a
i ge
major newspaper with a complete free access to the whole print edition
and a valuable archive).
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
Although the number of readers who used the online editions of these
f A
newspapers increased considerably every paper but the Bild Zeitung,
l o
o
Germanys main tabloid, managed it to keep the print runs stable or even
o
c h
increased the number of prints sold from 1998 to the turn of the year
2002/2003. , S
S )
Although, these figures neither provide decent empirical evidence for
( S
f
print medias nor for the whole range of products available on the World
o
r
Wide Web, it provides some insight into the current development of
P
online services. s t .
As
Online services are not necessarily perfect substitutes for traditional
n ,
services. But they may well be.
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
A
The music industry seems to suffer from online file-sharing and illegal
f
o
private copies. However, if the current state of the world in the music
l
o
industry is only due to new technologies should not be discussed in this
o
c h
essay but other reasons such as high prices can be observed.
, S
Finally, Robert Cohen (1992) provides an examples of the impact that a
S )
broadband network had on Johnson & Johnsons strategic development.
( S
f
On the one hand the company decentralised conferences using video
o
r
transmitting devices, on the other hand broadband technology is used to
P
t .
centralize the companies accounting department.
s
A s
Empirical evidence and examples of how new technologies are used in
n ,
the real world support the fact that a general conclusion about how ICT
y a
e
will change urban economies cannot be drawn.
i g
If ICT a t h
r to a more centralized or a more decentralized urban world
lead
. K from country to country and even from region to region.
will differ
.r D
r e
ctu
Conclusions
it e
ICT generate two opposing trends on the urban economy, a
r c h
decentralising and a centralising.
f A
o
This essay has provided theoretical an empirical arguments for these
l
two trends.
o o
c h
Neither theoretical nor empirical arguments lead to a clear conclusion
, S
which of these two trends dominate. In stead the development depends
S )
on the degree of implementation of new technologies and on their usage.
( S
of
r
However, this essay showed that future urban development cannot be
P
t .
assumed to follow a simple path in one direction but that it will cause a
s
As
complex change in more than one direction.
n ,
Specifically, it will cause decentralization in inner cities and on the other
y a
i ge
hand centralization in broader metropolitan areas thus creating
metropolitans which may affect urban economies beyond national
t h
borders.
K ar
.
.r D
r e
Future of the cities:
ctu
Have you ever heard the phrase the person that thinks the world revolves
it e
around them? If that person lived in the City of the Future, that statement
r c h
might not be far from the truth.
f A
l o
o
A smarter energy grid could cut energy costs in half. More personal
o
c h
retail experiences could use location-based technology. More efficient
health care could be available. , S
S )
For example, innovation will change public transportation and the
( S
f
residents experience. Thanks to next-generation internet routing
o
r
technology enabling internet everywhere and near field communication
P
t .
(NFC) technology, public transportation will become more personal.
s
s
A
,
Smart devices willnbe able to load your personal profile onto the bus
y a for physical objects like seat height or populating
a public screen i e
and make specifications
gwith your personal workspace for productivity on the go.
rt h
K a
.
.r D
r e
ctu
Transit systems in the City of the Future could also serve as a depot for
it e
mail delivery, food pick up or even dropping off dry-cleaning.
r c h
Improvements will be made by embedding technology into city
f A
development.
l o
o o
c h
The City of the Future will revolve around the needs of its inhabitants,
, S
effectively building a living and breathing human network.
S )
How close are we to living in a city of the future?
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i g e
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i g e
t h
r South Korea, a city built from
NewK a
Songdo,
.
scratch next to Incheon airport.
D
r.
r e
ctu
In the 21st century, efficient, large, well-connected airports matter to
it e
prosperity above everything else.
r c h
A
"The fastest, best-connected places will win", and the future belongs to
f
o
the "city that can see the writing on the wall before the competition can
l
even see the wall".
o o
c h
While China is roaring away with $250bn of investment in airports.
S ,
So, almost, says John Kasarda, travelling
)
S preacher for the concept of
S
aerotropolis, the idea that a new typef (of city will and must appear, where
"the airport is not at its periphery but r oat its core".
t . P
There is, Kasarda says, A
s
a s"new metric based on time and cost", and
"location, location, location n , has been replaced by accessibility, accessibility,
y a
accessibility".
Kasarda supports i g e
his arguments with batteries of statistics and predictions
rt h
a
that in 2030 there will be 13bn passenger journeys a year, compared with
K or that an iPhone 5 is assembled from parts flown in from
4.9bn in. 2010,
.r Dcountries
several
r e
ctu
As airports grow, argues it e
Kasarda, they become more city- r c h
like. The shopping zone of
f A
Indianapolis International, he l o
says, "really gives the feeling" of o o
a town square. There are 6,000 c h
, S
weddings a year at Stockholm
S )
Arlanda, the Rijksmuseum
( S
exhibits art in Amsterdam's f
oArlanda airport in Sweden, a
Schiphol, and the London P r
Philharmonic is performing at s t . popular wedding venue.
Heathrow. As
n ,
a
"If you want to see the future,"
y
i g e
he says, "look at the Squaire" a
h
sleek, glassy slug in Frankfurt
t
ar
where KPMG has moved some of
K
.
its operations, on the basis that it
.r D
is only a few minutes' walk from
M
workplace to check-in.
AR 1316 HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND PLANNING
r e
ctu
Kasarda's favourite examples of an aerotropolis are Las Colinas, Texas,
it e
which is handily placed for Dallas Fort Worth and "hosts four Global
r c h
A
Fortune 500 headquarters", and New Songdo, a development built (with
f
advice from Kasarda) near Incheon airport in South Korea.
l o
o
Also, Dubai, "an airport with an emirate attached", and Singapore,
o
c h
whose growth has been assisted by its impressive airport.
S ,
He shows a plan of an ideal city, with
)
S runways at its dead centre and
S
( as "E-fulfilment facilities" and a
"aerolanes" connecting such things
o f
"medical and wellness cluster".Pr
This city is shown as being s t .built on virgin greensward, a site very unlike
London, which already A s a large number of buildings and services, and
has
people who might resist n , relocation.
Kasarda calls ethe ya existing fabric "sunk cost", which roughly means
"money down h i g the drain", before acknowledging that they might have
a
some value:rt "You can't get rid of it, so you have to leverage it as best you
can.". K
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
The Squaire, an office building inside
r c h
Frankfurt airport: 'minutes' walk
f A
from workplace to check-in'.
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i g e
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
Future of the cities: tu
c
Kasarda is right that international air travel is a growing force,itand that e
London will suffer if it fails to find an intelligent response. But, r c h
as currently
described, aerotropolis is chilling: a model of a city driven by aAcombination of
business imperatives and state control, with the high levels o f of security and
ol
control that go with airports.
h o
Under the dictatorship of speed, individual cmemory and identity are
, S
abolished.
S )
An airport shopping mall is, actually, notSlike a town square, for the reason
that everything there is programmed f (
and managed, and spontaneity and
r o
initiative are abolished.
t . P
s s
, A
a n
e y
h i g
Dubai rtInternational, 'an
a
K with an emirate
airport
D .
.r attached'.
r e
ctu
There may be palliatives. According to Kasarda's 10 points for planning
it e
aerotropolises, "thematic architectural features, public art and iconic
r c h
structures should make aerotropolis developments interpretable,
f A
navigable and welcoming".
l o
o o
c h
New Songdo includes a Jack Nicklaus golf course and areas modelled on
, S
Venetian canals and Central Park. But, according to sociologist Richard
S )
Sennett, it's a "stupefying" place where "there is nothing to be learned
( S
from walking the streets".
of
r
Nor are airport cities precisely pure expressions of the market, as some
P
t
19th-century railway towns were.
s .
A s
,
The South Koreanngovernment has invested heavily in New Songdo,
ya that it will be the humming metropolis promised by
which has yet toeprove
its makers. hig
a rt
. K
.r D
r e
ctu
Of the plan to build a new airport in the Thames estuary, Kasarda tells
it e
me that "most airport transportation connectivity will need to be based
r c h
on public funding, and this will be expensive. I know of no significant
f A
o
commercial airport that has been privately built that had not received
l
substantial public funding support, at least indirectly."
o o
c h
The deal, in other words, is this: taxpayers would be expected to pay
, S
handsomely for an environment created almost entirely to serve the
needs of business. S )
( S
f
If they don't, as Kasarda says of a Britain without enhanced airports in
o
r
London, "the city and nation will become markedly weakened in the
P
coming decades". s t .
As
And if the public does foot the bill, the bet might not pay off. "The
n ,
Thames estuary airport is a high-risk but potentially very high-return
y a
i ge
option," says Kasarda. In other words, the taxpayer might be asked to
stake billions upon billions on something that may not work.
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
When London meets aerotropolis, it is quite a face-off. If the game is
it e
simply to see who can build airports (and everything that goes with them)
r c h
biggest, fastest and most efficiently, then London, which carries the
f A
baggage of history and democracy, cannot beat Asian cities.
l o
o o
c h
On the other hand, London has qualities to which the aerotropolis idea
, S
adds little value, like an existing fabric that works and gives pleasure and
S )
affords space for the accidental (including the colossal and largely
( S
f
unplanned success, over the decades, of Heathrow).
o
r
The evidence of property prices, and of international investment, is that
P
t .
these things are worth quite a lot.
s
As
London can never afford to be complacent not least about the current
n ,
state of its airports but the aerotropolis idea offers a too simplistic view
y a
of cities.
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
24 million investment will make Glasgow a city of the future
it e
Glasgow has been given a boost today after it was chosen to receive
r c h
24 million of government investment to demonstrate how a city of the
f A
future will work.
l o
o
Glasgow beat off competition from 30 other UK cities to host the
o
Technology Strategy Boards Future Cities Demonstrator. c h
, S
The city will demonstrate how providing new integrated services across
S )
health, transport, energy and public safety can improve the local
( S
f
economy and increase the quality of life of Glasgows citizens, and will
o
r
allow UK businesses to test new solutions that can be exported around
P
the globe. s t .
As
Announcing the investment during a visit to Glasgow, Minister for
n ,
Universities and Science David Willetts said:
y a
i ge
With more people than ever before living in our cities, they need to
be able to provide people with a better quality of life and a thriving
t h
K ar
economy. This 24 million investment will make Glasgow a city of
. tomorrow, demonstrating how cities can work more efficiently with a
.r D reduced environmental impact.
r e
ctu
24 million investment will make Glasgow a city of the future
it e
We are in a global race and Glasgow can keep the UK at the forefront
r c h
A
of innovative technology ideas. From transport systems to energy use and
f
o
health, this demonstrator will play a key part in the governments
l
o
industrial strategy and give real insight into how our cities can be shaped
o
in the future. c h
, S
The Glasgow Future Cities Demonstrator aims to address some of the
S )
citys most pressing energy and health needs.
( S
f
For example, developing systems to help tackle fuel poverty and to
o
r
look at long-standing health issues such as low life expectancy.
P
s t .
The demonstrator willAalsos show how innovative use of technology can
improve the Councils n , service provision, while additional potential
a
benefits includeeyimproved crime prevention, a reduction in anti-social
behaviour andh i gimprovements in travel infrastructure.
a rt
. K
.r D
r e
Cities of the future:
ctu
LILYPAD: Floating City for Climate Change Refugees
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
There are very few urban design r c h
solutions that address housing the
f A
inevitable tide of displaced people l o
that could arise as oceans swell o o
under global warming. c h
, S
Certainly none are as
S )
spectacular as this one. The ( S
Lilypad, by Vincent Callebaut, is a of
concept for a completely self- P r
s t
sufficient floating city intended to
.
As
provide shelter for future climate
n ,
change refugees.
y a
i ge
The intent of the concept itself is
t h
laudable, but it is Callebauts
ar
phenomenal design that has
K
.
captured our imagination.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
Biomimicry was clearly the
inspiration behind the design. f A
l o
The Lilypad, which was designed
o o
to look like a waterlily, is
c h
intended to be a zero emission , S
city afloat in the ocean. S )
Through a number of ( S
of
technologies (solar, wind, tidal,
P r
biomass), it is envisioned that
s t .
s
the project would be able to not
A
,
only produce its own energy, but
n
y a
be able to process CO2 in the
i ge
atmosphere and absorb it into
t h
ar
its titanium dioxide skin.
K
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
Each of these floating cities are r c h
designed to hold approximately
f A
around 50,000 people. A mixed terrain l o
man-made landscape, provided by an o o
artificial lagoon and three ridges, c h
, S
create a diverse environment for the
S )
inhabitants.
( S
Each Lilypad is intended to be either of
near a coast, or floating around in the P r
s t
ocean, traveling from the equator to
.
As
the northern seas, according to where
n ,
the gulf stream takes it.
y a
i ge
The project isnt even close to
h
happening anytime soon, but there is
t
ar
value in future forward designs like the
K
.
Lilypad.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
They inspire creative solutions, which at some point, may actually
.
.r D provide a real solution to the climate change problem.

Unit 5

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit 5

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

UNIT - V SETTLEMENT SYSTEM IN A CHANGING WORLD 25th HOUR

You might also like