Pavan Kumar - S IAS Coaching Ethics Aptitude & Integrity Material PDF

I
!
I
\
I
.
!
PAVAN KUMAR'S I

(,\ ca d l' 11 1y o f ( ; c n c r a I S t u d i c s a n d P u hI i c A d 111 in is t r a t i o )

11
:
ETHICS, INTEG"IRTY
AND
APTITUDE
8/4, First Floor,

._.._. . pp. Agar\\af S\\'Cct, 624, Third Floo1:~
M ul<herjec Na gar,
Jd Rajinder Nagar,
Near Agaawal S\\'Cet,
e" Delhi - I J0060
Delhi - 110009.
1
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS .

r
\\'h:H is (' (hi('S'?

,
I' I h il'$ is a S)'SI""' 0 r mo ra I pri nci pks and a branch 0 r Phi losop hy !hat de fines what is good
I~)J indi' iduals and society.
1\t its simplest, ethics is a sysrem of moral principles. They affec( how people make decisions
nnd lead their li ves.
Ethics is concerned with what is good for individuals and society and is also described as
moral philosophy.
The term is deri veo from the Greek \\'Ord ethos whi ch can mean custom, habit, character or
disposition.
Ethics covers the following dilemmas:

;.;
ho'v to li ve a good life

our righ ts and responsibilities
rhe language of right and wrong
moral decisions - what is good and bad? . .
Our concepts of e thics have been derived from re ligions, philosophies and cultures. They
, inft1se debates on topics like abortion. human ri ghts and professional conduct.
-: Approaches to ethics
Philosophers nowadays tend to divide ethica l theories into three areas: metaethics, normative
ethics and applied ethics.
Meta-ethics deals with the nature of moral judgement lt looks at the origins and meaning
of ethical principles.
Normative ethics !s concerned with the content of moral judgements and the criteria for
what is righ(or wrong.
Applied ethics looks at controversial topics like war, animal ri ghts and capital punishment
\\'hat use is ethics?
Ethics needs to provide answers. ~a5Geafte J rf;fif!Qii= .~~ .

If ethical rheories are to be useful in pract ice~ they need to affect the way human beings
if a person realises that it

that persoa1 not to do it.
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
Hut hutnau ht.inp:-;
, . o tkn hd~av irrntio nall ,v - th <:>y follow Ll<.:
I i r ' - c t' cv( n w he n tiH.' Ir
p ut .111!, 1111
I 1~\('\ c t ..c.. t.lu c.s dot:s provtck good tool <.; fo r. tlun
. . . k r. ng a l )O t ll rn ora I .asst
. IC S
Er h ic.s c.' :ln fH 'O\' idc :l lll<>ral map
~l,>st 111<\ral issues get us prcuy worked up - think of aborti.on a nd do ethe na <; ia forwhile
uthaarguing. startca~;.
our
lke ause th ese arc s uch e m o ti o na l iss ue s we o ft e n le t o ur hea rts
hrains jwa go with the n ow .
But
I th~re' s 3nothcr way of tackli11g these issues, a11d that,s w 1 crc .phila ocoo
,. us c th.cal rul es and prmc
t ley ofkr . .tp Ies tI1at e n ab le u s to t ake
sophers can come
ler view in -
of moral
1
problem '.
So
' cth 1cs pro vrd . a m oral map, a fram ework that we
. es us With can use to fi nd o ur way through
di Cficuh i ssues. :\
E thic - ca n pinpoi nt a dis ag r eem ent
lls 111g thl.! trame\\ Ork o f eth1 cs. two people w ho are argUing a
I I moral issue can often lind that
" 1at t1cy d rsagree a out rs JUSt one parllcu ar pan o 1 > u , .
t' tl e ; -s..-e and that they broadly agree on
e \ ery thing e.lse. b 1
That can take a lot of heat

- rcsoh'e their probl em .
out of the argument. and sometime~ even hin( at a way for them to
But Stllll~times ethics doesn't provide peopl e with the son of help that they rea ll y Wa!l
E thics doesn't ai\'c

b
riab ht answcrs
Ethics doesn't always show the right answer to moral problems.
Indeed more and more people think that for many ethica l issues there isn't a single righl
answer -just a set of principles that can be applied to particular cases to give those involved
some clear choices.
Some philosophers go further and say that all ethi cs can do is eliminate con fusion and clarif)
the issues. After that it's up to each individual to come to thei r own co nclusions.
l~rhics can gi\'e Se\'cral answers
Man) peopk '-ant there to be a single right answer to ethical questions. Thev fi n
ambigui~y
hard to fi ve with be~ause t~ey
genuinely want to do tht> 'ri ght' thing: and ,
tbry cant "Ork out what that nglu
riptanswer duna is. they like the idea that 'sorncwltere' th re 1!1 one
veral righl an \'t 1 or iu l

,..IWIII!t!n thenL
3
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
F\w others mo r:tl ambiguity is difticult because it fo rces them to l k ...
. . . a e responstbtbty fo~ the
ownd101CCS and actiOnS. rather tha n fallm g back. on convenient r 1 tr
u es and eustoms.
Ethics a nd peo ple

:
thic is a bo ut the 'other '
Ethics is concerned with other people
At the heart of ethics is a concern about something or someone other than ourselves and our
own desires and self-interest.
Ethics is co nc~ rn~d with other people's interests. with the interests or society. with God's
interests. \\'ith "ultimate goods", and so on .
So when a person 'thinks ethically' the y are givi ng at least some th<?_~g.ht to something beyond
. themselves. .i
E thics a so urce of group st re ngth

One problem with ethics is the way it's often -used as a "veapon.
I f a group be li~ves that a particular acti vity is "wro)g" it can then use morality as the
j ustificat ion for attacki ng those who practice that acti vity.
When people do this. they often see those who they regard as immoral as in some way less
human or deserving of respect than themselves: sometimes with tragic consequences.
Good peo ple as well as good actions

Ethics is no t o nl y abo ut the morality of particular courses of action, but it's also about the
good ness o f indi viduals and what it means to li ve a good li fe.
Virtue Ethics is particularly concerned with the moral character o f human beings .
.
Searching for the source of right and wrong
At times in the past some people thought t~at ethical problems could be solved in one of two
ways:
by discovering what God

.....
right conclusion.
possible to devise a satisfactory and
conclusions.
conclusions but to 'decisions'.

PAVAN KUMAR~S lAS
111 f>i iii H 11lar <'ll11c:t1
1.s <11 sw kc
In '"'' '1 (.'\\, 1~1\' ,,,k nf ~rhit'S 1'\
lrrtlll t'l 1 lc) ,.
' l.
trif ylll'
t.t 'w I 1a
.. .
I Sd 11<
)ll' . and v{tltw )y'.II'Jll
II I I
l tl ,b.,)p \\ 1.',\ll help .
I . CO il \'C
td\'11(1.,.)' I I l<.' .!:fl!l gl ( )f \ thi<."tl ll H.!I I tO<. s, .
'
. I ' l V<.: b <.:C ll 111:1( I . l l 1 1 I I
th.H \'.Ill b\. .tppl .rtd to a p.truc . ul.tr pr(.)bk' rn. But <'1rtu. tiles<.: tlun gs , l <d he n reac t appr op11<11d '
y
P~'''')ll lllll st m.lhl..' th~. .rr own .llldl\'tdual
. . d cc, ... n 41'>. l 0 w ha t to co,
rs to 1 ct n 1
An t thic~f s t :t ( (' II H'u( ~ o bjcc ti vd y tntc:)
()l) ethica l s t nt~ment s provide information about (' lll)' tlll. ng other .than human optnJOrts and
~Htitudcs?
Eth icnl r~alists think thar human beings discover e thica l truth~. that

already have an
indcp~nd~nt e\istencc. '
Ethica l non-realists think that human beings invent ethical truth s.

The pn..)bfem for e thical realists is that people follow many diffe rent ethical codt::s aod moral
I eliefs. "'o if there are real ethica l truths ou t there (where\'er!) rh en human beings don't seem
w be ,er) good at discovering them .
.
One form or ~thical reali sm teaches that ethical propertit;s ex ist independently o f human
he111gs. and that et hica l statements give "nowlcdge abou t t h~ objecti ve "o rl d.
ro pul it ~Hl<.Hher way~ the ethica l propcrtie~ of the world and th e things in it ex ist and n.::ill.Hl .
lhe s:1me. regardless of what people think or feel - or wh~ther people hink or feel about the m
a1 all.
our ethical ' isms
When a person says "rnurdcr is had" whar arc lhty doing?
lhe son of que~tion that on Iy a phi losopher would .1sk. hut j 's actu.ll h u , Cl\ ust: ul
1
11n a clc;u tdca of \\hat's f'O ino on \\hen J>c' J)l l I' tl l J "
t: (;:: ' t c. } lU In I a I Sll
.
' re , 'd the pcrwn uII ., Ill I he ldl m nt a duuw d' lll!t cnt t hIll
10
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS 5 I
s
\\ 1..' !'1\\)\\ ~O ill<.' o f the different things ( mi g ht be do

c.. ',\ll
tng whe n 1 s
l 1..'\\ltt1u ~~ th.\t ~ 1 .\tt'ml"nt to s how 'vhat I rea ll y mean : ay murder is bad' by
I
.. . .
\ I
l
I mu ~ht bl" ma!.-ttlg_ a statc m <: ~ t about an e thi cal fac t ,
"It is '' rong to murde-r"
This i. moral aeal ism
:
l might be making a statement about my own feelings
"I disapprove of murder"
This is subje ti,ism
I mi ght be ex press ing my feelings
"Down wilh n1urder"
This is e moti vism

----
I mi ght be gi,ing a n instruction or a prohibition
"Don't murde r people"
This is prescriptivi sm
!\1oral rca lis m
.
- t-.1oral rea lism is based on the idea that the re a re real objecti ve moral facts or truths in the
I
universe. _Moral state me nts provide factua l informati on about those truths.
Subjccti,ism
Subjectivis m teaches that moral judgments are nothing more than statements of a person's
feelings or a ni tudes. and that ethical statements do not contain factual truths about goodness
or bad ness.
In more deta il : subjectivists say that moral stateme nts arestatemenls about the f eelings.
allitudes and emolions that that particular person or group has about .a_particular issue.
If a person ~ays something is good or bad they are telling us about the positive or negative
feelings that they ha\e about that something.
telling us that they disapprove of murder.

the appropriate -attitude or have the
.... .
or
than expressions of approval
stal(!lllc!lll do~sn't P1 ol'id

s those feeling.\ .
PAVAN
KU MAR'S
. t.AS.
w rth 11
..
lUrdcr <II
"mu;c~c._

\\'hc..' n :lll c..'mnr "''~'
says " murl fe r is wron oo .. .,s
I li ke fi e d "dov.m
saying
horri
. g - thumb; d own
face, or maklll '"1
,\..<.'t'h!'' or ttrsr say111g cr " ' vhile pullmg
.. rnun f, : . a n" ,1
~rder "''on~
-- -
.
!!<' . " ""'' I unc
"' c' :u I he . .
as sa ymg " mt IS . . feelings abou t s o m <.! t " " g
./ } ! I
So ,, hl..'n S\.>llli..'OIH.' m akes a m ora. I .l u duc . .\how

-=- mc nt . they th e ir g ives ::an instructinn
tl e person I ()
thl..'orists also suggest thar 111 . expressing . , a fec l1n g 1
~lbout how to act towards the s ubj ec t matte r.
Pn'scripti\'ism me ndation s .
. e instruct 10 11 s or rec 0111
Prcscriptivists think that eth1cal s tateme nts ar r sav somethin g is bad.
So if I say something is good. I'm recommend 111 eo You to do 1t and 1 1 ,
J'm te lling you not to do it. . e nt : a n v ethica l

. . e lement m any rea l-world ethtca . l statein
: a n o u g 111 ~
There is almos t a lways a prescnpt1ve , vitli 1 1 1 111
tl. or
r.
statemen t can be reworked (wtth. a bH . o f e ff;ort) in0 a statemen
t to 1te ll 1ics " .
. . a.s .. p~..;"Ople OW':= 1l t no
C'\ample: "lying is wrong" can be rewnuen
\\'here docs eth ics come from'?
Philosophers have severitl answers to this question: ,
God and religion

Human conscience and intuition

a rarionallllo ral cost-beneti analysi s of actions and their effects
rhe example of good human beings

adesire tor the best for pe<?ple in each unique situation
political power
God-based ethics -supernaturalism
,. moral rules is God.makes ethics inseparable. froni religion. It teaches that the only so urce of
Supern31uralism
So. something
God wants. is good because God says it is, and the way to lead a good life is to do \\hat
Ills chink that l!ood and bad are real objective propen tl
parts. -Somethmg
. IS. good because

b l k ., . .
it's no dtes. lat can 1 c 'ro en l!O,vn
..a. t I
~
~~~v~ ~
. ~ o . ats l!oodncss doesn t ftt;l <

dial goodneSs or badiJCss can be detected b d
J
mora sense lltat enables lhen1 d
10 Y 8 uhs - they sa\.J rh u I
ececr real rnoral truth
'
I
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
~
11 . , tllt.f\t1\. ll.tt
\
t,,,,,c rmH.\1 t tUl h'\ of w hat is t~oo d and l) <'t<.l .,u l "-.. SC
(
.'I r d C l1(
- CV I ( 0 (I p erSO n who
\
\til ~ l' tlh.'H 11\llld {\)\\,\IdS ll\l)l id . k'\S UC< I
'
~, ~~\ \' i thin!}S ;.u~ ~ht' thin ~s that a s~n sih lc pe rson reali ses are good if th ey spend some time
1 \'ihl 'lllh~ till' ~ubj~..rt.
P\ n't ...~t't c(.)Jlll.rscd . For the intuitioni st:
nh.'J.ll tnllh::> arc not disco ,cred by rationa l argument
mor~l truths arc not discovered by havin g a hunch

mornl truth ' arc no t di co cred by havi ng a fee li ng
It's nwre a sort or m ral 'aha' moment- a reali sation o f the truth .
on ' C<.lucnlialis m
This is th~
et hical theory that most non-reli gious people think the_y use every day . It bases
mt,ralit~ on the conseque nces of human actions and not on the actio.ns themselves.
Con ~equcntialism teaches that people shou ld do what~\er produces the greatest amount of
good consequences.
One famous way of pulling this is 'the grea test good for . t~e greatest number of peopl~'.
I
The most common te rms of con seq ucntialism are the various versions of utilitarianism,
'' hich fa\'our actions tha t produce the grea test amount o f happiness.
Despite its obvious common-sense appeal, conseq uential ism turns out to be a complicated
theory. and doesn't provide a complete so luti on to all e thical probleins.
r,,o problems with consequential ism are:
it can lead to the conclusion that some quite dre~dful acts are good.
predicting and evaluating the consequences of actions is often very difficult
'on-consequentialism or dcontological ethics
Non-consequentialism is concerned with the actions themselves and not with the
consequences. It's the theory that people are using when they refer to "the principle of the
lhing".
11 le8Ches that some acts are right or wrong in themselves, whatever the consequences, and
people should act accordingly. 1 ~-
Yll._ ~ta looks virtue or moral character. rather than a~ ethical duties and rules, or the
indeed some philosop~rs ot this school deny that tlvn can be
~.,.... ct-.ell rules
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
. d "v idua Js live
the ir li ves. and less
Vi r tuc.. erhics is parti_c ularly concerned w ir h the wa Y rn 1
<'O IIC<' I'Il<'d in asscssiug particular ac1ions. cx prc~s tlwir inn. r
1
h d~_-, c. ~ lops I he idea o_f good ac tions by look .mg nt t I1e , va)' v .trtuOus pcor c -.
goodness i n the things that thev do. f t .,. a
- . is n.gh t d.' f .?!that
nd 011 1y 1 1 b < n actiOn
fo pu1 i1 very simph, virlue c1hics leaches 1ha1 an aellon a v1rtuou~ person is
.
that a vrnuous - wou ld do in the same c .trcu rn stances. a n
person
someone who has a panicularl y good character.
Sit uation ethics
Situation ethics rejects prescripti ve rules and argues that .10d .1\ ,dua
1 , l eth ica l decis ions should
be made accordi.ng t.o the unique situation.
Rather than followmg

. rules the decson
. . maker should foli o w a d esire t9
. .seek thed best
d for the
people irn-olved. The~ re are no mora l ru les or n.g1Hs - e ach case is umque an eserves a
unique so lution.
Ethics and ideology
Some philosophers teach that ethics is the cod ification of po litical id eo logy, and that the
fun ction of eth ics is to state. enforce and preserve partic ul ar politica l be li efs.
? .
They usual! y go on to say that ethics is used by the dominant poIit ica I elite as a too I to eon trol
everyo ne e lse.
More cynical writers suggest that power elites enforce an ethi ca l code on other peopte that
helps them control those people, but do not apply thi s code to their own behaviour.
Are lhcre uni\'crsal moral rules?
One of the big ~uestions

in moral philosophy is whether or not the re are unc hanging moral
rules that apply in all cultures and at all times.
Moral absolutism
Some people think there are such uni.versal rules that appl t , . .
is called moral absolutism. Y 0 everyone. 1 hts sort of th inkmg
Moral absolutism argues that there are some moral rule th ;,

5
an be discovered and that these rules apply 10 e . at are always true, that these ni+es
veryone.
n~ aas- acts that break these moral rules_ are wron .
oc dJe consequences of those act~. g 111 themselves, regardless of the
R universal vie" of humanil) _ there . .

as one set of I .
lllliversat rules - such as the Decta . ru es for evel) one
rataon of Human Righls
14
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS 9 I
..
Pdi11.i()ll" ,. j~,, s of et hi cs tend to be absolutist. I
[\ lany or us kc l th at the conseque nces of an ac( or the eire , -
umstances surroundino it are
tde,am to w he ther that act is good or bad ~
Absolu tism doesn't fit w ith respect for dive rsity and tradition
:
Differen t cu ltures have had diffe re nt attit udes to issues li ke war
t\1onll tcJati vism
l'd orn l re lati\'i sts say tha t if you look a t different c ultures or different.pert.ods h. 'll
~ . tn 1ston you
ttnd tha t they have different moral rules.
Therefore it makes sense to say that "good" refers to the things that a particular group of
people approve of.
t\1oral relati,ists think tha t tha t's just fin e, a nd disp ute the idea thaFthhe are some objective
and discoverable 'super-ru les' that a ll c ultures oug ht to obey. They believe that rel ~t i vism
respects the diversity of huma n socie ties and respo nds to the different circumstances
surrounding hUJna n acts.
.
\Vhy people disagree with moral relativism:
Many of us fee l that moral rules h ave more to them than the general agreement of a group
of people- that morality is more tha n a super-charged form of etiquette
Many of us think we can be good w ithout conforming to all the rules of socie ty
Moral relativism has a problem with arguing against the majority view: if most people in a
society agree with particular rules, that's the end of the matter. Many of the impro,ements
in the world have come about because people opposed the prevailing ethical vie"v - moral
relativists are forced to regard such people as behaving .. badly"
Any choice of soc ial grouping as the foundation of ethics is bound to be arbitrary
Moral relativis m doesn't provide any way to deal with moral differences between societies
Moral somewhere-ilt-bet\\'CCn-ism
Most non-philosophers think that both of the above theories have some good points and think
rhat
there are a few absolute ethical rules

-
. .
but a lot of erhical rules depend on the culture

10
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
Ahour s upcrnaturalis m ,
.Strpl'rnatu ralis m (God- ba sed e thics )
I'his theory makes ethics depend on Gocf . I t teeach c.. s tha t:

:
the on ly source of moral rul es is God

someth ing is good because God says it is
the way to lead a good life is to do wha t God wan ts
- .. c~l n God be the ultimate so urce of good ?
Supernatural is m re l.ies on revelatio ns from God . God .
Throughout history one puzzle has made rt . drrfi1c u 1l to baseeth1cson .
ls a thing good because God desires it? .-~
or
Does God desire a thing because it is good?
The Ancient Greek philosopher Plato concluded tha t Go~ des ires a <hingbec<:use it is good.
God's desire does n't make a thing good :. the thing \VOuld be good regardless of God.
If Plato is right then the supernatural ism theory is pre tty unhelpful~ becau se "it doesn't reveal
\\hat makes something good or bad.
God's des ire would be at best a useful way of di scovering what is good and what is bad. b~t
wouldn't tell us anything more than that.
And here's another problem:
If God desired something that everyone thinks is bad - would that make it good')
Athei~ts and supernaturalism
Ethical atheists and supernaturalism
How do atheis~s de:ive their moral s? Photo: Mare~ I, P"1[;

111
If supernaturalism as true, how can atheists behave i . -
n a consistently nloral \Vay?
If religion is lhe only basis of ethics, it would seem th .'
basis for lheir moral judgements, and nowhere to turn ~opeo~le who have no faith can ha\"e no
r gurdance on how ro Ii ve. ..
tdleiscs do behave in a consistent moral wa)' s h
0
' w ere do 11
. nloa ahty
sue people ger their
..
16
11
.l
\
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS r
\
And ance ath~ist s and believers totally disagree on the foundaf d . . ~
s surd~ strange that they so often agree on matters of right and
1t IOns un erpannmg
.. moral rules ' \
u, . llHl"h.lll basts
. for moral Judgements,
. any agreement on moral rule wrong b- smce. they:~ have no
s must e co..!.n.c1dence.
Ont n:spt)nsc the supernaturalist might offer is that the atheist docs d . .
,trt)fll 10d, even though they are unaware of it. The supernaturalist en ve 1HS
h or herh ethacs
b . . , . . . . mtg l say t at not
t te\ mg 111 God docs not mean the athetst wou ld have no aware-ness of a G d b d h.
. . . o -
and hence t he1r agreement can be ex pia t ned despt te the atheist's different belie rs. ase e t 1cs,
Constr-uctionism de\'alues God - based et hics
So me who are observant followers of a re ligion accept that God is a human construction and
not a supernatural being.
If this is so, tlien bod-based e thics a re no different from human Iy constructed et hies based on
cultural tradi tions and rituals.
~
Different Gods leads to moral disagreeinent
Since there are many different religions, with different understand ings of God and di ffe rent
moral codes, God-based ethics is bound to produce moral di sagreement.
. -.
God-based ethics provides no way of dea ling wi th ,eth ical conflicts bet\Veen different
I
religions.
Fearing God a_s a basis for good behaviour
People may follow the rules of God-based ethics because they are fearful of being punished
by God in thi s fife or in some afterl ife.
Many theologians teach that a fear- and power-based relationship with God ts an
inappropriate relationship to have with a loving God and leads to a bad spirit~allife.
Many theologians .and ethicists argu~ that such a relationship with God provides a bad model
for human power and family relationships.
People n1ay . foilow the rules of God-based ethics simpl y because they '"'ish to behave in a
way that pleases God.
This is a more helpful mode l for human power and family relationships.
Discovering what is good

......
Diseoverin& what is good
Ho do we know? !2 . ,hem
they still face the
~w if people accept that lhings are good because Gpd .desare~ t count apinst
( d erina what God desires. Strictly speakang thas does no
12
. R'S lAS
PAVAN KUMA
ted that m oral truth~ <11 c
. s t be accep .
.. . ay be JU
S(Jpernaturalism as an inte llectual poS111o n - It m . .
hard 10 di scover- but it docs hi uhlioht the di tliculues.
- 0
Dbco ,erin g God's will . thi cal matter s :

- God's wtl 1 tn e
There are s~veral ways in whic h believers try 10 ltnd out - -
ant -exan tpk~
d to find relev
reading scripture - both to see what God says. an
listening to religious teac hers
prayer and meditation
. . d . how to li ve
sce1ng \vhat rs consistent with God's ge neral a vtce on
listening to the inner. God-d ri ven. voice
wrth
d .rscussron : teachers
and followers o f the re 1rgton
concerned
Many re lt.grous
. people usc a combi nation of. these rn. t he rr ap proach to
_: moral
problems.
1 G 0 d' will set out ab1 , . ' '

It JS

accepted bv mam bd ie,ers that the '' tiYS of d1scovenng

~
give direc1 acce~s to -God's \\'ill. but irwol~c ,, 0 rking throu gh inte rme diaries. H ence the
information is passed through social. cultural. religious and psychological filters tha t can
distort iL
Many hold that God's wil l is o nl y di rectl y known ' through revelation: God actua ll y
communicating hi s/he r \\'ill to the person concerned. However. revela tion as a source of
ethics st ill presen ts a prob le m for ce rtai nt y: h(nv is the pe rso n to knO\\ th a t th e revelation the\
ha,c recei,cd has actua ll y con1c tlorn God? ~
About co nsequentialism
Conseq uen tialism: results-based ethics
The fnte rnet Encyclopedia of Philoso phy gives a plain a nd

consequentiali.sm : s imple d e finition of
nr~il!f&~!~~~~~~:~r~~~r~~~~~~,~~~~r!)#''!:'
~rfili '!J~ir#!~~~~.~~!J~~'"!fft!;jrr.:~:s? ':' :':)_;r_~-~:~::~: i ;, r, ~. . ' .. .
J~ ,1,,,
eto t!l.im;~ :Ji:Ii.:> ' ill'J1ifl . I ~ ' 1il!l I . a lilt( ;;;L:.~,.:;i~~.; : . ..
Conseque ntialism is based o n lvvo principles :
Whe the r an act is right or wron< de ., d

... ::- pc.;n s onl v on the res 1
The more good consequences an act I . u ls of that act
pro< uccs, the bett
.
It gaves us this guidance when faced tl
\\a l a mortl d.l
er or rnore rigtlt that act ..
1 ' . emma.
A pea son should choose th~ action tl . . . . ..
. . tal llla.xuu~~s
And u g 1\'es dus general guidance 011 h . SOod con:)~u~n
O\\ 10 Ia \'e:
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
13 l
\
'I
1\'"\pk ~ lhlt lld '" t' so :ls t l.) maxi m i s~.. good co us(.!quc nccs t
l
Dt()~'l 'Ill rtHill" of ~0 1\St'q ll~l llt ~l l ism di ffer over w hat the good th ing IS that shou ld be
Ill,! IIlli "<.'d
tl tilit:lri:wism states that peo ple should maxi mise huma n welfare or we ll-being (which
lht') used to call 'uti li ty'- hence the name).
lf r doni m sta tes that people s ho uiJ max imise human pleas ure.
O rhcr for ms o f conscqucntia lis m ta ke a mo re subt le approach; fo r example sta ting that
pt>ople sho ul d max imise the sati sfact ion o f their fu ll y informed and rati o na l pre fere nces.
In practice peop le don't assess the e thi cal consequences of e ve ry s ing le act (that's called 'act
con~ eq ucnt ia li s m') because they do n't have the time.
Instead they usc e th ica l rul es that are deri ved fro m cons ide ring the ge neral conseq ue nces of
particular ty pes of acts. Tha t is called 'rule conseq uent iali s m'.
So. fo r example, acco rding to rule consequentia l ism we conside r lying to be \\TO ng because
" e kno'' that in gene ral lying produces bad consequences.
Resul ts-based ethics produces this important conclusion .f~r e thical thinking:
No type of act is inherently wrong - not even murder - )t de pends on the result of the act
This far-fe tc hed e xample may make thi ngs clea re r:
Suppose th at by ki lling X. an entire ly innocent perso n, we can save the li ves of l 0 olher
innocent pe ople
A consequentia lis t wo uld say that ki lling X is jus tified because it would result in o nl y
person-dying, rather than I 0 people dying
A non-conseq ue ntialis t would say it is inherently wrong to murder people and re fuse to kill
X. even though not killing X leads to the death of9 more people than killing X
Utilitarianism
Evaluating each decis ion would take too long. P-llflh::l r i z E '@1!1t
The classic form of results-based ethics is called uti litarianism .-
This says that the ethically righ t choice in a given situatio n is the one that. prod uces the most
happiness and the least unhappiness for the largest number of people .
The appeal or results-based eth ics ~~
Rauks.tJesed ethics plays a very large part in everyday life because it is simple and apJteals
N~~asense:
111e to base ethics 'Oh producing happiness and redueina unhappiness

eahics on the contequences or wllaa do. . 1
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
II sc't'ms ea~y to understa nd and to be based on common sense ..
At f <.' Onsequcntia lis na
,\:t consequential ism looks at -~very s ing le moral choice a new. lt teaches:
/\. particular ac tion is morall y good O r1 1y , f , , prod uces more overall good than any
alternati ve action.
(.ood poiuts of act conscqu cn(ialis m
A flexible system
Act conseque nria lis m is nexible and can take. accou nt of a ny set _o f c ircums tances, howe\'er
exceptiona l.
Bad points o f act con sequcnti:-1lis m
lmpn1 ctica l for real life us~
wh iJe it sounds attract ive in theory, it 's a very difficuIt system to app! y to real I ire moral
decisions because:
e\ery moral decis ion is acomple tely separa te case that mus t be full y evaluated
individuals must research the conseque nces of their acts be fore they can make a n
e thically sound c hoice
doing s uch research is often imprac ticable, and too costly
the time taken by s uch research leads to slo\v dec ision-m aki ng \vhich may itsdl" r 1-...; h.n_
conseq uences. and the bad consequences of de lay may outweigh the good consequences
of making a perfect decision
bur where a very serious moral choice has 10 be made, or in unusual circumstances.
individuals may well think hard about the consequences of particular mor-al choices in this
way
Bad for society
some people argue that if everyone adopted act conseque ntiali sm it would have bad
consequences for society in general
this is because it would be difficul! to predict the moral decisions that other people would
make, and this would lead to great uncertainty about how they would behave
some philosophers also think that it would lead to a collapse of mutual trust in socicr~!as
many would fear that prejudice or bias towards family or other groups would more strqpgly
inOuence moral decisions than if people used general moral rules ba-red on
consequeniali~m

fOnUtlllefy the impracticality of act consequential ism as a general moral PI'OCf;s,$ ~-
..... a.ve co worry mueh about this
l
15 l
~
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS ~

l
The s lippery s l ope

'\
The slippery slope argum ent v1ews deCISIOns not on their own, but as the potential beginning ~
of a t rend.
In general form, th1s argu m ent says tha t if we allow something relatively harmless today, w e
\ may start a trend that results 10 somethmg currently unthinkable q.ecoming accepted.
Th e s lippery s l ope argument i s u sed in di sc u ss ing e uthan asia and similar topics. For
example, people w o rry that if vo luntary euthanasia were to be made legal, it would not be
tong before involuntary euthanasia would start to happen.
T
Rule conscqu c ntiali m
Rul e conscqucntiali m
Rule consequentialism bases moral rules on their consequences. :fhls removes many of the
of
problems act consequentia lism.
Rule consequentialisrn teaches:
\\'hether ac ts arc good or bad depends o n moral rules

. .
Moral rules are chosen solely on the basis o f their consequences
So when an individual has a mora l choice to make they can ask themse lves if there's an
appropriate rule to app ly and the n appl y it.
The rul es that sho uld be adopted are the rules that ,,-ould produ~e the best results if they were
adopted by most people.
Philosophers express this with greater precision :
an act is right if and only if it results from the intemalisation of a set of rules that would
maximize good if the overwhelming majority of agents internalised this set of rule's
And here's arfother version:
~~-i0-~~-:rJ:.-.r-~wm~rF._1ii~t:1f~~1mtfittf!tcJ~ :~t~r~~~~~1i-:.1~--fri.:~B_i_~-~~-ft~i~r1F~i5~tri~~fc)ii:~:tL5),~~,
~~:fhh:~-r~~q~:;;~_l~~- /.:_~~ ~p~-- r:.:u~i~~11),!._; ~.~;~-~1)~~ 'l~>f':f~~~;: ~6~~:! '4H~~~i}J.~+~1n~<~-~:r~~r -\~.;~it~;.'!-1~<~'
~~:.0 ~~.:-:; ~;_r;: -A<fiir :::0~ ~~->i,.li~-~, -~'::u~.-~;;-H~Y~~l~II: . - _:. ... - "'--
)ni~rrn?~ -~~m i;,~~iD-Di.irb: ij}_})Jilfi~i-Bh~~-~- r~Jji-1~~ _Gn.tt)Jtrffi.-
Goodpoints of rule consequentialism
Practical and efficient
Rule consequential ism gets round the practical problems of act consequentialism because
ttae hard wort has been done in deriving the rules; individuals don't generally have to~
OUI ditracult research before they can take action
21
16
ll
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS

. cy :trc muc h' mo re
. oral decision-makmg 11 I Choosing di!Tc rcn11imc pe riods may produce different co nsequences
I
And because individuals can shor1cu1 IICir m
likely to m:tkc decisions in a quic.~ ::tnd 1imcly way lo r example. using cheap cncrgv may produce oood sh ...
., Ort-1cm1 econom1c resuhs but tn
ll:1d p o ints of rule con~tji~C nti:J!Ism 1he lo r.1g-1er111 1t may produce bad results for global climate '
11 i' ca1>y to bia " in favour o f parti c ular gr:_ou p s
Less Oc>.iule
- . . . a lways produce 1he besl r<::s uh
Because rule conscqucrllinlisrn uses genera l rules rl dpesn 1 c hoosing diffe rent groups of people may produce differe nt consef!uences
rn individual cases a n act that produces a good result for group X may at the same time produce a bad result
, oJ rcsulls considered ovc1 a for g roup Y. or for socie ty in general
HO\\CVCr , those in favour or il :~rgue !hal il produces mor~.: go
long period 1han ac1 consequcn1ialism so 1hc ethical c_hoiccs people make are likely to be different according to which group
1, sc all the lime in everyday life they use for 1he1r moral calculations
One way of dealing wi1h 1his probkm - and one that pcop c u .
to apply basrc
- tS rules. 1ogcthcr \\'lth a SCI o f vana11on
. cover a w1de range or
s that
the mos~ co~nm~n solution to this problem is to look at the ~onscqucnccs for a large group

SttuatiOIIS. 1hcse
vanat10ns
are 1hcmsclvcs denve d 111 t11<;" sane
. way
' as the general rules suc h as so c1ety m general'
Other forms of<onscqueu li:l lis rn a lternatively. ethicists can try to look a t things from the stanc)P9int of an 'ideal', fully
informed and totall) neutral observer
i\'cg;H h e Conseq uc n I i:llism
It ignores things we rega rd a s ethically r elevant
Nega1ive consequentialism is 1he in\'crse or ordinary consequentia lism. Good actions arc the I
ones that produce 1he least harm. results-based ethics is only interested in the consequences of an act
I
the intentions of the person doing the act are irrelevant-

A person should choose the act that docs the least amount of harm to the greatest number of
people. so an act with good results done by someone who intended harm is as good as if it "a-;
done b) someone who intended to do good
.--\gainst consequcntialism
the past ac tions or the person doing the act are irrele\'ant
Consequenualism has both practical anJ philosophical pro blems:
the character of tht: person doing the act is irrele ' ant
Future consequences arc difficult to p1cdict the fairness of the consequences are not directly relevant
ir's hard to predict the future consequences of an act And these are things that m any think are relevant to ethical judgements.
in almost C\'ery case the m ost we can do is predic t the probability of certain
I lowever. in s upport of consequential ism it might be argued that m~ny of the things hsted
consequences following an act above do inl1uence the good or bad consequences of an act, particularly when li.H mu\.lling
and since my b~haviour is based on my a ssessment of the consequences, should the ethical rules. and so .they become incorporated in consequenlialisl ethica\ thinking: but ,ml)
rightness or wrongness of an act be assessed on what I thought was going to happen o r through the back door, not directly.
"hal actually happened?
It doesn't take account of the 'fairness' of the rcsu\t
Me~suring and comparing the 'goodness' of consequences is very difficult
We cannot predict every outcome of an event
people don'r agree on what should be assessed in calc ulating good consequences Simple fo rms of consequential ism say that the best action is the one that produces the \af8e$l
IS ir happiness, pleasure, satisfaction of desire or something e lse? total of happiness.

.....
lr's ard lO mca-;ure and compare the 'goodness' of those consequences This ignores the way in which that happiness is shared out and so ~:ou\d seem lO IPIW01
how. for example. do you measure happiness'! acts that make most people happy. and a few people very unhappy. or \hal raako a few UCI'I&-.
ecstatically happy and leave the majority at best neutral.
how do you compare a large quantity of happiness that lasts for a few minutes wtlh a
endc ati faction rhar lasts for years'> It also d\!tra~b \'alue of indi\'iduals and thear 0\\'1\ tntefCStS IIIII --~
f10m the
Ito~ do )OU rneawreany 'subjecri vc' quality'.' when those are in line with the interests of the group
18
S how ~ that mora l jud gem e nts co mmunicate dis/approva l
II c-an he .mc-onsr rcnl "
1111 1 un1 tn

r i<>hls
"'
11 1eOccts the commun1ca1io n of approval an<i disapproval lh'a 1 seems
. .
to go along w11h the
Consider this SIIUtti iOil
. .
. Ia
I
11 lie sa)'S r:u 1
. : '-1 . oro 11 h .
I . 11CX l Stlll,lll
' fTii" s gr,c.:n I IC.: ,
c.:
1 ll

01
- .-
c vc1yday makinl! o f moral state me nls.
May clarify '.''h a t people a r c arguing ::tb o ut
'
4 billron:lrrc n~~ds an org<lll uansp 1 "- -

- : 1 1hc nCXI avat a ) l. L' 1
(i 10 years (Jt'-'tng 111 11 . I
''Ill fund 1000 hlp-replacements a year or .' . . 111'11 !housands of people wll
.
means Ml X. who was lOP of the list. wt
' lid , bulllalsolllcans '
tc- .
subJCCII\
. is m ma y enable
. people disagreeing over the rihtness
o" 0 r wrongness.
o f some .tssuc
to sec tha t !he cal dtsputc IS no1 about objcc1ive 1ru1h but aboul the'tr own prercrcnc\!S
r
be '<."r) happ) wtlh thcu nc\\ Iup<;. . . .
. 1 ts (tnd his and IllS f<um Iy s l ~cllccls the pe r su asive inte ntio ns h ehind ethical discussio ns
1 Mr X's human ng'
Conscqucnllalism might he uscd to argue 1131 II r hurnan well -being.
~ 1he ovcra amoun 1 0 1 subjcc1i ~i sm ma) also e nable people engaging in moral argument to realise that the\ arc
happmcss) should he ignored, 111 order to tncn;ase
not. argumg
. about Clbjectivc 1ru1hs
. but 1rying to persuade their opponent 10 ado pt th etr
pom!

0 ( \'I C W
Su hjcel i\'iSm
I disapprove: but surely ethics is aboul more than feelings
!l ad points of s ubj ectivis m
-~he. p10blcm with subjectivism is !hat it seems to imply that moral statements arc less
Stgmficalll !han most people think they arc - this may of course be true without rendering
Subjccti' ism !caches !hal rhctc arc no objective moral trulhs out there. moral statements ins ignificant.
T r d s o ne' can'! he objecJi vely true
There are no obJCCII\'C moral fac1s. here1ore mur er '' r eo " If I arpro\'e of so methin g, it mus t b e good"
r 1 d 1 1 al stalements describe how the
!\fan) fo ms o l subJCCII\ tsm go a btt urt 1er an teac 1 t 1a1 mor.
srx:aker teels about a p.tr!lcular e1hical issue.
' Subjecti' ism seems to tell us that moral statements gi've information only about wlut ,,e
feel about moral issues.
Moral statements .trc jus! factua l stalements aboul the altitude Jhe speaker ho lds on a
I f the simplest form of s ubjectivism is 1rue then " hen a person who genuinely ap vi
particular issut telling lies says "telling lies is good" that moral s tatement is unarguabl) true. \t \\Ould onh
So if I say "L~ ing is wrong". all I'm doing is telling you thai I disapprove of tclli ;:.) :. be Ulllf'UC if the Speaker didn't approve Of telling lies. -
Some forms ol :>ubjcc!ivis m generalise this idea to come up with : So under this theory it seems that all the speaker has to do to prove that tying is good is to
show lotS Of evidence that !hey do indeed apprO\.'e o_{ lying perhaps that they lda 1:\ o f
Moral s tatements arc just factual statemenlS about the att itude normal human beings hold
l ies and feel good about it, indeed are surprised if anyone c riticises- them for being a liar,
o n a particular issue
and that they often praise other people for telling lies.
And this may ultimately lead us to this conclusion about moral truths:
Most people ~ould find this way of approaching ethics somewhat unhelpful, and wouldn't
Moral judgements are de pe nde nt on the feelings and attitudes of the persons who think think it reOccted the way in which most people ta lk about ethicat issues .
about such things Mora l statem ents seem more tha n state me nts a bout feelings
(;ood points of subjecCi\'iSm By a nd large if a pe rson says something is wrong we usually get the message that the\
fteneces the subj ccti\o"c elements of morality disapprove of that something, but most of us probably think that the other person i doina
more than just telling u s about their feelings.
it reflects the close relationship between morality and people's feelin gs and opittio~Js -
indeed u can copt with the contradictor y moral views we often find oursel ves wr.;::.tfwg How can we bla me p eo ple if moral truths a re always subjecti\e?
.. If' moral statements have no objective truth. then how can weblame reoPc for beha dl
"ida
a \\ay that 'is wrong'. i.e. if "murder is wrong" has no objective truth. theft laow WI
Rdlls Clle e' aluathe elements of moral statements
justi fY punis hing p~opk fo1 murder?
moral scatef1lent sn ever} day life make j udgements ("l ying is wrong''), fac tua l stall'nH.'IliS
rcatS:baVe fur.. ) don't
2S
20 21
\
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS PAVAN KU MAR'S lAS
. lnsis of the ohJclltVC truth
. 'f I I lor murdtr on I II , I he rea 11 "h) ,;o>rn pllilciS<lphcr lhnu ht chic; arc tccl
One a nswer is tint we: ca n J USI I Y pums lm<'n d 111 1 ,~, houl I nor mtca 1 - they th< h I
vc of """dcr II \\C . ' 1 t I m Ill oull 1101 I - l:OII\t.:ltccl tntl t.rtCIIICrt:o> that C( ld .... . mg t l lat ethtcal
rlm r m os1 normal ptnple 111 soC tCI). ' 1, o;,ippro . '
, '
I I I "' u..: cmpmcall . td
,I ' 1Ill th rill the ll t .tJOrl t ) \ l l \\ " th ' rtlt rlwlll) crucrann of ~~~~ttin \ '.Ill< h mcarntl . I I . . ~ tc~t and thus
prch:nd lha t 0111 fll lt ftC<I IICIII IS fl,tscd 1)11 ,tU~ I lllll_; til I IC~ ~CIC II\C:l0t14glt.-so;
A hou t l'lll ll f iv i\ nt I flo til\' 111 I' t) do :;c .uc. rtiHm lit the Wo l } 111 \'.IHc..h "''<lplc , . I
II 1' 1I ~ u ,c .mguav.c <md ~c 1lO I d
' 1 lll!ll,l I fll I)'.CIItCIII ('X J>rc sc lite '1 lllt1tl t . 11" '1 a person ""' 111 ;., n o lun!!,CI ,, \ ' ll'W o l ctlucs th:tt I t,J 'S 111111>' 5 '
,n,.r. on.:rs Lilc
' ~ s ohjec tl\t
, 111
. tt
I r I we 'nwrd'r IS '' mng c.ttt I 1C I ha1' ''hY 1111 chell) t.. t;:;.~llcd I mo:tvt "' I
l C:cd on the emotive effect of OtQral
o i!JC<'I iHI) rr u c
lnlltt l'll <c
M01 ,1l s l.tl c lllc:n t\ .trc: lllc:.lfl illgh.'ss M ~t r :d ),t;t i (' IIH' III '> alle:rttpl to in0u <'n~1 h.tlt or lh t s l.llt'II Wn t ' II \\, 1 \\ l Oll!' ( II murJc: r Fred' add'i llothllll' (O
I :JI<'I tlu:o111.:. of htHJtlvism t<tu(ht that it .., ,, ., esbnut mo re than J. U!II an expr s f
the IH11Hiltlr.ll info rtnal it>ll th. ll r rccf has been Ol lln. fl' l c:d II 1 c s1on o emotao n
1c .pea .t1 1s ., 1,t, try me 1o h.,, c n cllcct Clrt the pcr-.on the~ 'rc talhng '"
M or.tl Sl llcmc nt :> onl) l'\ JII cSs the spc.t ~<'r'<; lccllllgs .thou t tilt: 1 sue. I he AlllCIIC.IIl pl11losophcr C 1.. S tc.;\Cfl S( IIl said that the major usc of ctl uc 6 t judgem..:nts...
l ater CIIIOir\ ISis added llu s 1dc..1 In h uoll\ ism
B~ n prt-.sstng rhc spcnJ cr's k cling.... about a mur<tl issul' mor.tl statements may inlluc:ncc
rmothc r 1 r;;o n's t ho ug ht .111d cunduc l.
\1on tl '> l:tl l m c nf <, a r c m ca n i u ~ lc\'..
~fl, r,t/ .l> l :ll ~o:tlll.' II IS ll} lei pu~ u , IJl' p eop le 10 J u. or 1101 to d1l \\hal lhC spcakc1 l'li
d1 S3 p(H U\C:!i c,f' )
In EnoOII\'i sm u moral !)l<tlc ii H.' nl statement <.~ bout the speaker's feelings
isn't lih.:l<ill} a on the
topic. bul cxprt:sst.--s thos~..: fcl'lin gs with cmoti\'e force.
So .., hen people disagree about an ethical issue. Emotivism ma~es it clear that each is tr\ in"
Wht:n an cmotivist says 'murder is \Hong' it's like sa)ing 'down with murder' or 'murder, to persuade the o1her to adopt thc1r altitude and folio ..... their recommendauons as to ho~\ t~
yecch!' or j ust saying 'murder' \\hilt: pull ing a horrifi ed face. or {llaking a thum bs-down behave. rather than giving information that might be true or false.
gesture at the same time as saying 'murder is "ronf
motivism \'Crsus S u bjectivism
At fi rst sight' this seems such a biz.<me idea that you might wonder if anyone had ever This version ol emotivism gets round one of subjectivism's biggest p oblems. Consider this
seriously thought it One of the great philosopheFS of the 20th century certainl y did example
When one subjectivist says lying is bad , they're giving the infonnation that they disapprO\e
o f lying If another subjectivist says lying is good, they're giving the infonnation that the~
approve of lying.
Since, according 10 the subjectivist view , both are reporting their own personal feelings. th~re
isn't actuall y anything that they disagree about.
But since people do sincerely disagree about moral issue<;, there mu:.t b.: more g~ol ing. lln th;m
pure subtcctivis;n allov..'s. and this is incl uded in Emotivism:
27
26
2'3
22
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS PAVAN KU MAR'S lAS
. . . d I , c giving th~! instrucuon
. "do 't tell lies", ":lu k an
' . , tl . t
\
\
When an EmotiYist says lytng IS b:t I ICY r .. 1 II lies" . and we c:tn sc~..: 1' 1
. the i n s liUCII O il Ul tC
I rnotl\ ist "ho sars ly1ng 1S good 1S gtvlng.
then.: is a clear disagtecment between them.
Or to put it at its simplest: 'Good' means 'good' and that's all there is to say about it.
B:ul p oints of Emotivis 111
. rss our fee lin gs~
~ moti' ism s:.ys that moral statementSJ USt cxp ~..: - the theory that kd the Moore objected to something called 'thl.! naturalistic fallacy'. which states that moral truths
'tl philosOilhcrs because
Emoti\ISIII has become unpopu I:lr WI 1 r from favo ur. can be analysed in terms of physical or p'>ycho logical things which exist in the natural world
n in"lesl 11:1S
Fmoti' ists to thin!.. that moral s t:uements were me 11 "
.a 11 ~.: 0
' Moraltnllhs were moral truths , and that was that.
. . . n."tlh no mo re than expressing one's
1 <:ss tcchn1cally, if expressing moral JUdgements IS ' oral Jud ncmc nts. Moon: was a university professor, and his 1dea o f what things were good, such as friendship
r 1b s for an!tung a1lOUt 111 ' "'
personal opinion there doesn't seem any usc.u a 1s ' ~ and the appreciation o f beauty, was limited by his quiet and academic life. His writings didn't
. . .t vc'ry satisfyin g. Even (most) demonstrate ~hat his theory was likely to he lp deal with serious ethical dilemmas.
In practical terms. Emotivisrn fa lls down because 11 lSI1 . . .
e. rcssions ol lecl 1ng.
phiksophers think moral statements nrc more t1lt\11 JU S 1 " I1 Other lcad in ~ intuitionis ts were II A Pritchard ( 1871 - 1947) and W DRoss (1877-1971}.
b , I11cl1 ndtlicr party has an e mo tio n
\nd it's pc:rfectly possible to imag mc an eth1cal de a t~.: 111 "
10 c\prcss Ba d points of intuitionis m

Non-philosophers a lso lhtnk there 1s more to ct h.1Cs t11an JUS xpression of an aui tude or
t th c, c. Ba d p o ints o f intuitionism
- b
311 auempl 10 mtluence behaviOur. 1 he) want a elter e~p ana t I
1 t'o1 and foundation fo r shart.:d
Philosophers object to intuitionism because:
!otandards of morality !han Emoti' ism can provide.
they don't think that objective moral truths exist
Abou t intuitionism
they don't think that tl~e re is a process of moral intuition
lnruitionis m there's no way for a person to disting,uish between something acw:llly being r\<?,1\l :hi 11
fn1UHion1sm leaches tluee main things: merely seeming right to that pe rson
if intuitionism worked properly, everyone would come to the same moral conc\usivns. hut
There are real objecl i ve moral truths that are independent of human beings.
they don't
These are fundamental truths that can't be broken down into parts or d e fined b y refere nce to
Objective moral truths don't exist
anything except other moral truths.
Many philosophers don't think that there are such things as objecti, e moral truths. For them,
Human beings can disco ver these truths by using their minds in a pa rticular, intuiti ve way.
moral statements are not factual state me nts about how the world is.
Intuitionism does not mean that all moral decisions a re reached by relying on intuition .
lntuiion enabies the discovery o fth ebasic moral truths, and everyday moral deci s io n-m aking l?urthe rmore . it might be claimed that we could ne'er knoll' the truth. cvc:n if it l'"sll:\1
then im.olves thinking about the choices available and making moral judgements in an objective ly, because knowledge requires testing in a properly scie ntific fashion. an,\ th.11 ' '
ordmary sort of way. no t available for moral statements.
A letsdmg UK intu iti (>ni~t was the Cambridge philosopher G E Moore ( 1873- 1954) who set Mora l intuition doesn' t exist
out his ide;:ss in rhe 1902 book Principia Ethica. Intuitionis m says humans can find m oral truths for thcmselvc.s. Phol\.Y Jl'nathan Ht\lts
T he idea that human beings h ave something called moral intuiti\)n is superticialh ttlf'~t''
but does n't easily stand up to ins pection.
.
Is it another sense like s ight 01 . ') ,, ro b<l~l)
I1canng. 'I not. . the .,,,,rnl truth-:> th '
smc~:
m I I
intuit ton should detect don't seem to he out in.thc physical world
29
18
24 2S

. . .. nist'i usuall)' tUic that out_. 100 .
Nor is it a process of rt11sonu1g, L><:cause nlliiiiO .
. . "I ? 13 I although human l>l' lll l'.'
Perhaps 11 shows IIscH. 111 mnral t, mOl lOlls, J"k
1 ( kdiii!'S
' of g lllf I. . llk g internal'
mental 1nlc,
. . . r,,l , . ld lw thl' ll'SUII 0 1liC:l 111
ccn<llnly have such lcdtngs. the l lC tngs cou . , , . 1 or<ll rules.
. I . I- i"hreakln t: ohjcCII\ C n
of conduct or brc:achtng culwraltu lc<>. raltl;r I Mil o . .
ccming righl m ~.r nol be lhc sa me as being d ghl Vi ,tuc c1il ics teaches
work ,.,;ith <H l' tlwi r
\\'hen an inlllitioniSI ponders 3 p1 00IC111 I Ilc;, 011 I ), tl Ill. I"LS they have to /\11 action is onl:t nght ir it is an acuon that a virtuous person would carry out in the sam.;
feelings, 1houghts and nllitudcs c 11 cumstanccs
at moral lllluition<;,
\ r \\"Ill
'Of"lflg 1 I 1l eSe ClliiiC)
1 Sll 1lJC ct1\ C. 1t11 , , _,.... the ullulliontSI arnvcs
,1.,. 1\ vi11 uous person IS a person who acts \ inuously
wh1ch lw then puts forwnrd as objective 11111hs. 1\ pc1son ac ts vittuously if they "possess and li ve the virtues"
I)
But how docs the inwitionist gel from rhc subjective to tht: ObJCCttVe 1\ virtue is n mora l characteristic that a person needs to live well.
Most vit tuc theorists would al so insist that the virtuous person is Or)e who acts in a vinuous
Pcuplc rc:tch diffe rcnt cthicH I cn ncJusions , way as the result of rational thought (rather than. say, instinct).
presumably th.:: same for everyone. Yet
If th~rc <trc.: rc:tl objc:ctiw moral truths. then they Ml'
The lhc(' questions
diffl'rent people come to dt fli!rcnt conclusions laced "ith the same ethical problems.
The modct II philosopher Alasdair Macintyre proposed three questions as being at the hean or
Some people say that these moral truths arc 'sci f-e' idenJ'. but this just leaves the problem of moral thinking:
dfti:rcnt things being self-e,idcnt to different sch es !
Who am I?
\ 'irluc e thic~
Who ought I ro become?
Ch:trnctcr-based et hic<; I low ought I to get there?
A nglu acr is the action a vinuous person would do 111 the same circumstances. Lists o f th e virtu es
Virtue ethics is person rather than action based: it looks ar the virtue or moral character of the What ..vould a vinuous person do? ~
person carrying out an action. rather than at ethical duties and rules. or the consequences of Most virtue theorists say that there is a common set of virtues that all human beings would
particular actions. benefit from, rather than different sets for different sorts of people, and that these virtues arc
natural to mature human beings- even if they are hard to acquire.
Virtue ethics not only deals with the rightness or wrongness of individual actions, it provides
guidance as to the s~rr of characteristics and behaviours a good person will seek to achieve. This poses a p_roblem. since lists of virtues from different times in history and different
societies show signi licant differences.
In that v.ay. virtue ethics is concerned with the whole of a person's life. rather than particular
episodes or actions.
The traditional list of cardinal virtues was:
A g()()($ person is someone who lives virtuously- who possesses and li ves the virtu<'<;. Prudence
ll's a useful theory since human beings are often more interested in assessing the char~ctcr or Justice
.
~
another pcrl>Cm than they arc in assessing rhe goodness or badness or a panicular actio11. -~: fonitude / 13ravery
11us subP-e i.lS rllat the ,.. ay to build a good socie ty ic; to help its members to be good p~lplc . Temperance
rad.cr rtaau lfJ usc l<tw~ and puni$hrncuts to prc\'Cnt or deter bad actions. The modern theologian James r: Keenan su ggest~:
Uur ''wouldn't he helpful if a penon had to be a :-;ainr to cotuit as \'irtuous. for virt11<.: thcorv J usticc
tv be re II) useful '' necdc. tcJ suggeo;t only a minimum set of characteristics that a ,,.,:;on
Justice r~quires us to treat all human heings equally and impartiall~
f)(' :d 10 po 111 order fO be rCf?rdcd <t'> virtu(,us.
31
21

I hi'> r<ll,t :rpplrc'> to u , too We shouldn't treat ou rsel , . , _
1 J vc:; <lS a means to 11
\\ e 'i louie re.,twtt our rnhcrcnt '"orth
. 11 us
. can
be u\cd .1 our ov.. <'n<l'i. rno;tcao
lrddlt'
. I . lostr to us \Vith speer<~
'IC'IIC
, u tl nrn :l\ra .,,,<ick and uthe r be ha,r<urs rhat damage . ' ~ an argu'!!.t!.!.L :)J!.:ti n ~t
OU"<;1VC'i.
1 ,,kl rt\ r'JIIIfl'S rhnt "c tr eat 1wup c c
.... . ' It I he rdca al '>o <,lrnw<; up in <.lr;cu<>sro ns of animal ril-.
Sdfcurc ~ oursel vcs . .1lt'.:-.
tr vch rrghts 1 6 "ls, with the
:.!.!.!!!.!!.!.,l rrru ' t h e t na l ed a\ cndo; in lh <: rn!.cl\'cs.
1clca that f 1
I t lc~ have
\\'c l.rch IMVt' a unique responsibility to c.u c <11
phy<,rc.lll}, .and sprnllr.tll)' Dot ! rinc uf duuhl t effec t
Pr mk-n cl'
. J tice ridclity and Sell -care.
. I hrs doctrrne sayo., that rf doinv som ethin~ morally good I . .
lhcprudcntpl'r-.onmusta lwnysconsrder us ,cs to require lliOre olthc
. .
1 . t1lrec c tlu c all) OK to on II provrding the bad side effect wasn't ~as adn:rall} bad Sldc cffccl, it'~
otl~.:r
foreso:tw that tire h;rd <ffec t wou ld prohab;y happen. rntcn e 'I Ius is true even rf you
1he pr~~tknl pcrs<m nrus t ahwry::. loot.. for opportun r
1

\ ' lrlllt'S l"his rnipht seem coun ter-intuitive, but the principle is used .111 .
rmpor H1111 rssues ;,, ethics. scrrous <II gumcnt about :,()me
Good poirrts of virtu r ethics
I t c.:cntrcs cthi e-. o n th e person and w lu11 it m ean s to he human Eut hana!> ia
...
It rndudL''i the whok tll'a person's lili:
H ;ld pt1i11h of' irlttC tthi<'l>
. I d'l tn ' IS
11 ciiii.'Sn't pmvrdt dear g w dancc 011 what to do an mora ' em '
.rlthough rt docs pro' ide general g uidance on how to be a good pe rson
b common ly r efcr'rcd to in cases of c uthan<1 s1 ~ It ISU SCd tOjll">tl(\ tlcCasc
pn:sumabl)' a llltall) vrrtuou~ person wo uld know whm to do and we could consrdcr them This printiplc
\\ I1ere 3
.r
ullCIOI 1.'1\CS drugs 10 a . I' d' . .
1
. . , ~ p.Hrcnt to rc te\ c cstressmg symptom<> C\ en thmtgh he l.nm' s
.J <:tllt.rhlc Hlk mudd to g urdc us domg thrs Ill<I) shorten the patrent's lit~
1hcn: r:-. no !!crh:ral agreement <HI "llill the virtues are
1 1 in,,hk!,;tl l'hi.o; is. becaus~ the d octor is not aimi ng directly at killing the pallent - the b.td tcsult ul the
,JnJ it 111:1) be that all) list o( \ iriUCS \\ill be rcfatr VC tO t1C CU (lll ~;
pat rent s death rs a :;1(/e-c>ffect of the good result of reducing the patient's pain
dra\\ 11 up
Man~ doctors use _'h i~ doctrine to justify th e use of high doses of drugs such as morphrnl.' for
the ~u rpos...~ of relrcvtng suffering in terminally-ill patients even thou~h thl!) 1-.no" the d tugs
Some I threat ( onccpt<; arc likely to cause the patient to die sooner.
An t.nd-in -ihclf Thi s is not a blanket. justilication. The doctor's action must still be appropri,nc: morr on
what factors arc needed to usc the doctrine of double effect as a defence for euth:u\otsia
l he word "c11.d" in rhis phrase has the same meaning as in the phrase "means to an end".
War and l"ivilian deaths
rhe phih>soplwr Immanuel Kant said that rational human beings shou ld be treated ns an cr~d
111 In motkrn "'arl'arc it's diflicuh to ensure that only soldiers get hun. Despite the dfccti,enc:~s
in lhc111selvc, and not as a means to something else. The fact that we arc human has valul!
of precision weapons. civilians arc often hurt and killed.
ll~lf
If a J.e1son i :w cnd-inthemsclf it means their inherent value doesn't depend on anything -~l o;c The doctrine of double effect is sometimes put forward as a defence. out it doe5 not alwa)
n doc n't d<:pcud on whether the person is enjoying their life, or making other peopk'\~'lv< appl) . "'
betrer \\e cxi~t so v.e have value. 1
l'or exampk. if' an arm~ bast' in th<.' middle of a cit) is oombeti and a le" \1\ihan li\l
Mo r of u a cc w1th alt;,t - though we don't put it so formally. We say that we <: .11'1 th;
1
ncarh~ a te "llcd.as ''ell. nothing unethical has \x-en done. ~ausc the anm ~ ~
1nuld u~ other people. "hich i~ a plain l.nglrsh way of sayi n~~ that we shouldn't k git imalt' t~\1 ~ct and tlu: J~ath uf civihans was not the intention of the bombins. (e\cn thou h
their d<.ath could lw prrdictcd).
J>C Jp1 a a lll<:CJI,, to c,u, (J\\11 end,.
' .
28
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
\
vcnpon s of nwss destruction,
. . . b d I defend the usc o f ' ' .
1 he doc11me of double effect can I c usc 0 . .. or hiolog1cal wen pons
,. bomblllfi or c 1crlll<.: .11
such ns n on-prl'ci.,ion nuc lear weapons, arc<~ . . ' . . c fil l ' " II a r ~cy wn rr ld r i .. k
1 11
u s~d
.
,Jg:tlllsl a IX)Jllllatron 1 a b or( wn " h en co utrc1 u.rn ~ . .
gcn.:rn.
111 ... cavllnn t"l 11 I' l>ul\ lta,,,l "' l huulu l u~tr:tl dhil''
. d 111 lllfl:JIC Ill e 11l'( 1 111' 11 '
l, ill i n~ t h e rtffi1 1rt r- some s1ncc these nrc so rn IS<
I) \ hU h\ IH ~h. olI {(I'll ' I I clt ..:lhtv oil<. nH\1;-:11\I.:d \\llh \\h:J.t 1)\:tph: """"' \\ilh th,
''
c:lll'l ht rcgaukd ns a sc:condary resu lt.
..:nlt-..-:qu<'lll <''> nl llll:rr ''-'""'
A hort io u ' w h r u th e m ot hc r's li fe i.; in d a n ger
. 1 1llh of hc 1 u11bt;rn child f'or l)u lh<' ll"hl t\1111!'
In t':t'\l''> whe n sa ving the life of a p1 cgn~n 1 wornnn causes llc '"'' 'f,
exampk', pcrfo;rning.nn people :ugue tlwt this is a case of the doctrine of double cl cct.
t>o ll h,cauo.,c 11'-, th..: ''I'll\ thing H h
llunt cln \\ 1 """ thalli,!"

By th'' .1rgwlwnt. the dcn th of the "oettiS
" ,s rl1crc ly tile sidc-cllec t of medi ca l treatment to
\\lltd lh<lll th..;\
h l'li iiiO.,l' ;11..; \\ (IIII C
save chc mother's lif'c.
l mk '"' ' 1111111 ,, 1 cthu;o., , 11u um't\lt stif~ an action b~ '>hll\\ing t!1at it produced go(1d
Other people tllkc .the more traditional vic;w that this is a case ofsc lf-dclcnce agains t a threat l'&III SC llll\.: 111
.. ,,I, tell j.,. \\h) it's .., 11n..:ti mcs callt:d 'non-Conscqtu.:ntialist'.
<' 1
(nlh~ 1 1 a tluear that is innocent and unao,varc that it is u threat).

1 h..: \\(lid 'dc<lnll>l(\~icu l ' come~ froan thc <.in.:d. \\(>td c/('1>11 . \\'hich 1~1~an-; 'dut)'.
C rit id \ 111., CJ fth (' cl mtiu c o f doub le c ffccl
Dut~ b:~ ~,d cthu ' ar-: 1'' ''"II ~ \\h<lt rcor\k ;an.: talk in~ ab<>llt \\h\.!1\ th-:~ al;i'cr l\1 'th..: \'11111..1pk
We M~ csponsibk for a li the anticipated consequences of' our actions nl the thule
If''" can fo~e!Scl' the t\\O cfT.::cts of our action we !1ave to take thl! 1110raf responsibility . , ., tint ,, 11 n..: ach ar..: right ,,r \\f\11\!! h..:ci.lu..;c nl lhc son~ 111' thmg'
Dut\ . I'<hClI 0.:1 1lll:' I c,,~,.1 ' ' ~ . J h 1
for both effect~ - \\e c:ul't get out of trouble by deciding to inwnd only the effect that th..:, :uc. ,11\d pcllplc haH! a dut~ tu act ~t<:C<rding.~~. rcgan.lk-." tilth-: g_lH\ llr '''
SUIIS US
c,,j~..,cqu..:m:c..; thai m.t~ he pt(ldu~:cd
lr11cntHH1 IS irrelevant
Some people t:lke rht: \ 'lt:W that it's s loppy mora lit) to decide the righrnc-;s
of an .tct b~ looking at the intention ofrhe person \\hO carries it out. They thwk tlr.lt son a<.:
acl5 :uc ohJCCtl\ el~ righ1 or \Hong, and 1hat rhe intenlion of the person who doc!> thcn 1:0.
irrele\ ant.
Out most legal systems regard 1he intention o f a person as a vi tal element in deciding
whether rhey have commiued a cri me, and how serious a crime, especially in cases of
causing death.
he slippery s lope
The sl1ppery slope a rgument views decisions not on their own, but as the potential beginning
o f a trend.
In general form, this argument says that if we allow something relati vely harmless today. we
may s tart a rrend that resulrs in something currentl y unrh i n ~abl c becoming accepted.
'Jhe .slippery slop e a rgumcn l is used in discussing cu lha nasia and simi lar topic~ For
example, people worry that if voluntary euthanasia were to be made legal. it wouH not k
long before in\'Oiuntary euthanasia would start to happen.
1
34
...
31 .\
30 PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
f...,tnl a~l..:d tlth,l,. \\;1', .111\tlllll(' 111.11 C\O:t\. bud\. <.l. >UIu' ratwllalh
i l"rc . .1 I

" 11 I' tI 1111)' 1h,11 ,.,. lluHttht -.all ltnl tilt' l'sl ,, ., . . ' '' " 01 ' s "tH<I I h~
. ~ u" a gout '"" .. . "' <:
1 '' '

(,lltlfl :11111 h ad fHIIIIh
..:mph;t't'.:' th.: 'alu..- oi"L'\'L'r~ human httn:_

1l c-.11 ct to all hwnan b.:in"'
Dur' ha-;cd ..tlll(':li :.' ..;1\: ms tend to locu-. C'll !'"til}' cqu. 1 '- "'
. I oo ultohc
1 "t' <.' lll<llht: tnta<.:shll
'I u -. pt<' hk-. ,, "''" lllt hlllll<lll 11:;Ilh tt Iore.:-. c ltoc ''"
a ,,n~k p ..t..,< 111 .:' tn "h~.n t hosL' an.: at mkb "i th the ll)tLrcs!' <'I' a 1arg~.t ):! lllllp.
~,1\' 'I>IIH,; ill' I' di'C Hi\\ a~ S \\ lllllg C.)tht t .'""':C'' Ithat \\.: nltghtthink of"" gotd nrc 1101 ah"l\- ' ,."'111\11. ..._ I1.... (1liS'. I-11
) ,.

h\ 111\<t"llll' ' I
L<llll' " 111 " 1td1 th,., llll f hl ~, ...m It b, mnr:lll~ uttd...-... ira\-11..: :.:
1-:.tnt~oul dut\ hn-.o:d <.' thics ""' s that sPtllL' thin!.!.' should n.:\ 1.:1 h~. < 1c n~c . no tllallcl' "hat
g<liHil'tlthL'lJtH.:no:c.:' rh..:~ pro<;u.:.:. Thi ..; !\l..'<.'lll' ~~~ rclkct th.: ""~ ~llllH' human h.: ings J"-<1111 th.:n
pull<ktL'd "h,tl till'-. tn..:unl liu h111nan t.1111d u..:t 11 \;I;
..,ltll:Ilfl 1.~~1 \ 11.1\
. I ll\ I\ ,111 , 11.\ t llll
thlllk \Ill ~ llH a go<ld " Ill' " .ts a t t ~ ht m:tHn. n:g.artllc~s ott h..: t.:ons.:qu..:m:t.:s
l<""'u dur' h.1 .....:d ..:tlw.. ... muddied tim. I<' :.til<"' \iltHILI' 1.h1ttl'' II h..: h <ti <lllL'l'd '' i It 1
Uut "ha~ S<lll nl a..:lt<lll \\ l>uiJ tht \ he'! Kantwught that an actmn c ould onh .: 1, 1101 ;" th,
.:ould h ..: atcutd . j, .111 ... , en hcllct lit to th.. ""~ \\C thllll.. m:tu nol :t ~ood '~tlltltl ' <tllsliccl th.: test nl th..: Catq;.nn,,111mp.:ralt\ L .
:'"" tdl, \ ..: 11.11111~ .
C'Clll'>O:<Jlll'lltiali-.ll.'tluc.tlth.:urics l't ing a degree.: or uncettallll~ 10 .:ihic al J .:c t<;illll mak ing.
111 tlt<tt noon .. can he ccrtain about \\hat C<nscqul.'nccs '"" r.:sulll <tn a purtic ul ~u
r he { a t c~u ri l a t lmpcrath c
;u: 111111 b ...Lau-..t th .. lutur.: j, unprcdicwhk
I )uJ_:. i.l'.: ,;t lu ... -. dnn'i -.uth.:t r'ro lll till-.. p~thh:m hsau-..c th...:' arL ~.onccm...:d " tilt 1:1 ~ant \ \ Cts ton o f duty-based ethic., "as based on something that he c.1lkd 'th.: .:.ttl'~lllh.~l
tmp..:lati, ..:' \\htch he tnt..:ndcd In he the basis of<tll.othcr rul.::' (a 'calcgo11 c.tl 11np...;.lll\t.:' 1, a
;s...lflll tl .ttl ttLti<lll i~ < right action. then a pci'<Hl shtuiJ dll 11 Jl' t'"' a \\Pl'
ta-..,:11
ruk th<1t1' tnt~.. 111 .til t..tll. llll\SiallL<:' 1
.tl'ltl>llth.:-~ -.huuldn't tll it- and pnn iding there I!\ a clear :o;cl <11 nwralt uk!'> to l(llltn\ then
.t p..:r-.on 1:1..:.:-d " 1th u lll<Hc.ll choic.: should hc abh: 10 tak~ dccisi<lllS "ith n.:as(lnahk I h.: c.H.:gnncal 11llp.:ratl\..: comes 111 l\\o '..:~i~.1ns "hich ..:ach ~;mpha~rs..: dd lcr.:lll ~1:-tfl\.'~" l'l
c.; cllaint) the ..:t~ll.:),!lri c<t l unp..:rati' ~. Kant is ckar that each of th..:s..: '.:-r'>lon-. is mc1.:h a ,111 tccnt ":"
of.:>.pr..ssing the sam..: uh:: thcv arc not ditli!rcnl ruks .
Of <.<>ur-.....: 1hi "h!' aren't that clear I..' ttl. Slmll.:li nH:s l.'<IIISl:4U<.:tll ial ist 1hclHi.::-; can pn" i<.k a <o-
Hur lkg cl; o( <x'rt1111ll) . i (the wnscqucnccs arc casil) prcdicwbk. Mural r ul es ruu ~ l hl' unint!'>alisahlc
Ju,lh.:f'lll<lll.' IUit.:-bao.;cd CtlllSt:qliCOI iaf is111 pnnidcs pcopk \\ ilfl :.1 o;c l of' f\1 k s II WI .:nabk
tftt..:tll hi tal c lllnr:tf J..:ci.,ion:. hascJ Onlh.: sort of ac ttht:) art: C<llllCillpl:llillg.
ckals 'dtlt intentions and moti' cs

<. ofJSCI.JUCIIti.tli :-;t rhcoril!o.; don't pay direct allcntion to v. hcthcr an Ul..'l is c an i.:-d oul with
'lhid ur h.ulllltcntilln'>. most people think thc\t: arc hi11hh rc lc' Htll to moral iltd"<' llt~trf,.,
Ih 1 l.cll L.:llttco; <'an indmk intt:ntion 111 at kct:-.1 2 \\<I) S...
If 111 drdn'l flll.:'ltt ll< Jo a paniculc.tt " 11111~ all it \\:t\ an <tcnd...:nt pt:rhap-. . ,i,Lil
fu f llJIIortc.JI putnl u( \ ic\\ \\C mi;.;ln think that thn hadn't dulll' all\ thin"
1.1 u( 'till; I m I hi:. ~..:Ill .. to lit \\t ilt utJiu;H\ lhntl,tiiJ' <thnttl dhtl'<:l is-. 11 ~.
ul -.:<111 he hamcd n:m1l\\l~ !V> :1" 111 indudl' t1 th:utin11
.3
32
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
PAVAN KU MAR'S lAS
tl ~nu <Jtell't "illing l~1r th~: cthical1uk ~ou daimw b..: foll~'"ing to~ applied ..:qu~lh hl
Bad puin ts cf clul) -hascd crhirs c.. \ 1:1\IHW tiH.:Iudtnc- \llU th..:tl'that
. ruk '"nell a qsltd motll
( r11 1
"c 1.
an't C.:<lllllllat
1 1
"l 'llll" thln " ' '<sliJ tnltral__tuk and m;.sk-: .111 l"'\CCI)tiltn to it l(>r 111 , '"II an <1 nc.., 1anu1' and
!_-' ''it h. <;(1~:::--"lh.u d< n'l
absolutist . '
,..., 1he.: <lnh "a~ (,,.. ''lp<din
'
t"ru.:ncb -
Out' -h..-.c~l 1.:1lu~:-. I III te ru'"
sch ,t>SO
-Itt It~'"' l<l budd . jj,, or c,nptwns to till' tuk. So fell o..:xampk Ir I \\<Indo..! I ~\hclht:r I should brca\.. 3 promise. I Cclll lest \\ ht:thCI this is ri~h
h~ ao.;king tnyscll ''hcthc 1 I ''nuld want thcrl.! to be auni,crsalrulc:: that SH)s 'it\ OK 10 br;ak
alit", " h 1h.tt ma"e the.: "culd ;t lc:-' g<1<ld pl:lcc . . prom ~'>..:s'
. . . It . it can lead to como.;~s of act1on
B..:cau:-.l' c.Jur' -ha,.:d crhK" i:. nor 111lcn:~tl'd 111 l1u: n::;u :>
. .
thm produce <1 1cduclt<>n 111 1110: O\ c1a I11 h )r
1 n,~s
..... nf th~ "orld I dn111 \\,tnt tho.:re to hl' a rule that kh people.: bro.:a" pmmi:;c~ thc:y lll<lko..: H' nn. 1 can
Still.<.."
. . . - nil jJ '-'"I ol"c.: rhic-..:

1 . , t,;' tlllscludc th.n :I \\C>uld h..:'' mng. fc11 n1o..: t< brlak th..: pron\1~0: 1 h;l\..: made
!l.hht p-:opk \\Ollld l111d thi:>UtJnl 1II 1 h,;ll ll
\\till
1I'tho..: cth1cal r"ule )<tu claim to hc li.>IIO\\ ing cannot logic all } be mao..: a uni' crsal ruh:. th..:n
tl i" not,, , .~1li<.lmora l rule.
So. t"m~.:xa111plc . 1f I "crc thin"ing philo-.ophicall~ lm1g.h1 1o..:alt::-~: thata lllll\l.:f'<JI 1 uk th,1t
'it'-.. C>!.... 1o h1 -..1!.. prom.-...:-.. 111 orck1 t<' !!O..:I <>nc, "" n ''a~. '' 1uld mta;1 th;.~t m> .. ,no.: "uulu ,;\ '\."r
Dut~-1-la.scJ o:thics doesn't deal \\l.ll ''"ith the cases "llo:rc duties arc in C(ln lli ct. h..:ltC.:\t: anllthc pn::-on'-.. pr<ttni"..: and -..o all pn>mi'l."!> \\ould lets~: thc.:ir '"luo.:. ~ 111 ..:.; th..:
C'l'lo..:nc..: ul pr.lmisc-. Ill :--ltt:IO..:t~ require' thl' acco..:ptancc ,,l'tho..:ir ,,tluc. tho..: pr<l<:\I<.."O..: nl
prom1~ing \\otsld eflcctivcl~ ccasl! to cxisl. lt \\Ould 110 l0ngcr be possitslc w brca\.: a
prom1sc. let alone gd ones tmn "'a) b) doing so.
Montl tulc:-. muo;l r cspcc! human hcin:,!s

lmm.lllu\.'1 f-..:1111 tl 72-1-f ~W-ll \\a:-. ill guahl~ 1Hh.: of the gra:.lk''>l phi ltl.:>tlphcrs of all time.
J(al\l tiHllll;htlh:ll all human ncing~ SIHlttld \lo: trt:tll\."d <t'> J'tcc ollld equaftll<.."nlh<."l':- nr .I -.har..,d
h,ull thought th.ll it \\aS f1t1S'>thk t<' dc' dopa cclllsistcnt moral s~ stem b) usi11g rcas<lll . Ollll al o..:omnHII11\~. anJ tho..: so..:conJ 'crsHHl nf tho..: GllC~<,rical 1mpc.:rati\ . . : rdko..:t-.. th I
~.:mph.t:>i'll't:- th~. irnptlf\anc.:o..: ~~r lrl'ating. p..:opk pwpo..:rl~ . It aho ucl...nm\ kdg.c-. tho..: 1..-l ., a
ffreurk "~~In thin!.. .:.rl1out thi:. -..aiousl~ and 111 a phtlo~llphicall~ rigltlllll::- w. !llh.' " :,.
wu~111. the~ ,,,,uJd n..rl"c th..tt thctl" \\CIT somc.: mont! ht\\'S tha t all rati<ttWI beings had to
or intclllion in mor..tlit \ .
l 1"-~ "mpl~ h..:cau:;e th..:~ \\l"tl' rauunal !ll:ings. and thi-. \\Ould appl y 10 any rati(.)na l being:; in
1 ~~: ...
~""-~ .., --~- -~ .. ... _,- _
t.t.....,.~-- ............ _.. ,:- ... -- .. . -- . --_ ..... __.
.._~-:_ -. . ..... -,: .-- -.- _.. .
~~,_ - . -~. . . . ~
~~(s~~tlj~t'f~; !>.-~ ...

- ..... "ttl:, .... .: ......... ..,
tt~ h\{manitY, both in
~ .. - . '.
youroWQ: persO,ri arid iri that of anotherral-ways as an -
any uni' cr-...- that might c' c:r l''< ist eiid~and1ieverrnere1y .asa1neans:
t- ' .
-:- ': . :- - . ,.. . -_.-:-.

.
.. --
.
~::::.::~ ~-~~--;: ~:"f~<,.':~ .. ' . ~ . . . . . .. ' . ._. . .. . . .

Tli'( ;... ~ #i~':ppnc:fJ)fe'otinoiajity :\voiiiCi haf~-in:.extremetfWid~sio_iie: o~~ ih'#~~ii.~eta~~~%: ~=-Ill~--~~- ~i.f&~!l~ral, e'!'ery rational being exists as an end in hi~lf and not merely as a
not only to'au rational human beings to but any
'other rational beings
-~vhomlibt._eXist (forcd rP~~ i9 .~ jf~itrarily wed by this' or that \\ilt lri aU his actions, V:hether -they are directed to
example~ G~angels, andintelligent ~xtrilterrestrials.- : . :. .- :<.-:~ :. -' ~- .- .:-;: :~>>":::/:.{; -~.- ~if.o~'j99~ei rati9riai ~.eings, he must ahvays be-regarded at the same time as end ...
;.".:-: . . ":- _(
~. !>_-_:- _-;_- .- :_
-~--_.,::_-~~\-:--~
'.. . . - . :__..' . ~h
. . . ' . ' . . . ~ --~~
an
samuel J. Ketste , _KaritsSear(h io~ihis~ re~e ~fm~{. !i;iMor~ti ::iofi~};-~::J.:~;:. tiH liiimanuetl{iui ,T he Cat orical 1m erative'.: '-~ L .. _ -~ -~ :..>,.
t,; , ICJUgJll t,stl.;! tpllllli<>li<..dlJ~) that 0...:\CI ~ rational hUil1JO lxing COU ld \\Ofk this OUt for Kalll is saying that pl.!{lpk should a.t"a~ s he trcm<:d as ,atuablc -<I' an cn,i "' thc:nh..:h ..,
Llh.:IIJ"'-h~.:, ml '(t did not fll't:d t(l Jcp..:ml on (iod or their conlmunit~ 11 1 <lfl\'lhine t:i">L' Ill and shtHtld Jltlt JUSt be us~d in orda to ach1cn: somo..:thing cis<: IlK'\ "hlluld lli.ll lx lt h. t
nwn i put :1tl.!d 11r hull ied i ntn doing thing-..
dJ \r..:r \ ~~.s \\<.~s ~ight :snd ''hat \~a' \Hong. Nor did the~ need h> lo<1k at ~he c<~;bcqucnc<:'>
(IJ .Ul:JCL 0 .IJ(l \\,iS dotng the at:lton .
Thi-. rc:-.,,natcs -..tn,n g l~ \\ ith disapprm ing- 1.:\'tnmcnh "m:h a-. "h~., tt~'t u""'~ h..:s .. nnd It
undnpu.-.. 1h-.: 11k.t that "tho..: ~,.nd l "<lll nc' 0..:1 _lll slil~ th~. llll';tn-.
..
-.cd ltimsdl'in Cl philosophic:ll and quite diflic.:ult \\<t) . Kwu hdin~d th~it
rd Ctmcrhmg th;u \\ nuld hdp p~OJlk deal \\ t'ttlI II1\:. 11101 .<1 I ( I I I1.'1lHll<h p f
,,. ldl.' ,tllul ll'i \\ itil a u-.clul ~ukk lo acting I ightl~

l"l iL'Il lll t! .I fll."l''>llll hi g_l'\ \\hat ~(Ill \\all\
ar.: u
1
Uilll) s pqh:u of in term<; or (I
111
~
'. .
" 11 <1 dmn the rt l!hl th i rt~ ~ktt:t\ tiH.:" 111.' 1'\'lllo ~o...'l "'"II ynu \\ant
1 1
" aa a ~ovd \\.s~ ;Ill c~~;l;OI i<JI JMI I of ct hrr~ '
5
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
l . . . I J l til II OJ<II h~ lill~ . f<l II SI.' ll Jll' l SO li , J<, lou,.
"-<~~ll Jt,~sn'r 11a111 1o1 sa_> th:H p.:op I1: c:ut I 1l: II:>'-'
N A~I ~ UT.tE AND SCOPE OF ETlll C
;" th,, ,fl' .tf,o !>.:itt 1n:.n~d " ' an end rh, :H ,~II ,.,
111
----
~
() ( )( ,, , . .... , 1 '1.'"
.
" J 1 It th 1n 11 . , .., h , ' L' Ill ''-' 1.11 drrl' tl 'n11 l lltiiHI\1 , IH\11
''""" :law~hr lh<. ,,nf~ t!<IOd t.:awn lor c1111~ tIt' 11!' t
1h.11 ,. '
h.td ,cm, o11hcr , ,;r:.on fp,rhllfl:. ~<HI J rdn'l. .;,ulllt!JIIlllrrdn h..:cau ~"" 11 '-.,.._. toto :.eartd 11111 I ..,
lxc..'.ll,,t' ll 11,1.., loltll d1111 11111 hi) lh~ll th;tl \IIUIIIIUfd 11111 ho11.: ;r( ll'd Ill , lllllltotfl) r <lnd l\,1 ~ I .J II 11tn :111 l'c 1 ~~011 1n Sca t e ll c,)f IIII Hsc l f/ ll c r~c ll
I . -1 I "' c :nd th ~.: Mota l P tcc cp t~

I!,. I 11.1\ Ill" :111n1h, , ., , 1 , ,
1 1 1 1 11 1 11 l'fl :t' dill~ dol-.n'! ' I If' an ,I t !Hill Inun !I,'IIH' 1 i!,!hl ' '' lll lll~ "'
.dUll 1' I\ til, IIJ'l'l.lllllllod IC:t,tll fPI' IIIII ;t('lltlll

I ."' 1111: l >y n:llntc:-nfMon"i t y
I ,(, ' I " "'' ( ~>n s latH :111d th ~ Va t i ~tblo..: tn M<wn l tty
1r ''"do '>~lltll'lhutc b~.c:w~,. II\.' "11011 il'-, Cltll du11. and tl dull' i-; th~ k<.:1 ..:k 1ll<.:ll l 111 Plll' I I ,. , Lh, ~-," n L;p
J~,c 1 '"'11 w <~<:1. lh,:n 11.: h.t\c a..:1cd rigfllh. l'\CII i1 '"' ll<lllh.:j 10 do th,: .:.tc t or "~'L' h Ht ....c:tn.;d I( 1..' y \\ I l l lJ ..,
not hl du 11. ur "hlll~ll.'r. - ,
\lttiH: t R .: .tdin ~:-. a nd Rcf~, cllcc:-.
"fllis llllll ; 1111 1:-. ul 11'\li'Oductng the Stud c n.ls to th ~ phi l osophtc~l llt:c d f\11 l : tllll.':-,
:-\,J t' \111 _;!. funl :t b l tl.: r <.h :s~ u SS tOII
lii'Moi:JIIa\\ ~1110 ht..l\\' lh<.: h u lll<tll f\1.:1':-.oll tiiiii,..OI
h L ('II'< H. ..::-.:-. l>f' g nnvth ll lltllt S thc cth t ..:;.ll \''ll' lll C tplt: ~. Ot sc u s~ i ons p clt ..t l l ) l l l to th.:
dyn:ullii..'S '" "H'' ni tt y s und cnakcn to s hov..- 11ov. )II t he one hand n ew sttLI<Ilt"ns
<.:~til f6t n ..:,.,. r .:s pon :-.:s f't'(>tn nHH:tl po11H of VtC\'1.' a11d o n thc other han<l cc "'
fu n dat n.'ll t ;d -.. ,,1 <.! t iii C:-o I Cfl'l:tll\ Lh<: s arne in SO n11 aS thcr<: t ;-. SOlllCthlllg or t
cutn i\Hll t hull l<lll ll <tun: ac..kyu :Jt..: l y unt.l.:.s toou .
1.1 l NT R O D UCTl O N
l.t" t 'u s b..:g.in ou s 1udy o( N;,ttu e ~nd Scope o f F.thi cs by unden:>tandint~ what \\'c..'
mean hy rno n tl ' "'" But t\Vo t hings n~ed tn he clati fit"d bc l(wc we nti sc tilt' C)th 11 Hl
wtth whi<..: lt \VI..' are <:Li llt.:cn H:d h ..:rc . F trst. the tnoca l la w is called 'l<l\v onl)
nH: ta phon..: :tl l y. ,)r i r one p r.:::f~.:rs. ana logic31l y. T h .:: p aim3ry mcan ang, l)r 1~1 "' ts ,,
ruk <'~' ~<..:t i~ '" pqunul gat c d b y h i tn i h cr \vh o i::; in .. h aq~c o f a conlll\ltnaty in' tc..v
o f rh c .... ,,,nnhH~ gO\)d". T h is is called pusi tivc law. lfthc lcg.as la t o t ts l'OilStdctcd
to bt (lod , it i s di v in e p osi t ive law: i f the lcg.as la to r is hurn an pct::.l'" and It ' '
h u nH t n pos iti' c I H\v. 't l un'la n pos at iv..: law ~..:an futthcr be suh<.\ a\. ide<.\ C\l'\70t dang'''
" h al t h t.: cu tntno n gl.H)d :.ai n 'll!d <tl . (e .g. . ~..: i v il \a'l.v. c ricnin<tl h l\v. conlllll'l ~.~:d I"'
c..:tt.: . ) In a <..:a:'<.:. a po ~ tt ivc b t \v l ay~ O l)v,n r\llc~ to h e u b sc r vcd hy h uan.ut P' a:-.1Hl
It t!'- p rL~ c. 1t pt 10 t\. Th..: n th ..:r~..: is an u thcr sen se o f taw w hi c h as qu ilt.: dtl'f,., 11t In
th1s ... ..; ""'-' tl tS a 1\ u nH tl :t cxp r..:ssi n g :1 c.' ) ll ~ lant o f h e h nv au ur o f th"' l'" .tnd 1
p.: r s(ltl:-o . S11 ".._. h :l\ 'l.' ph ys 1ca l ' '"" t incl udin g linvs s tudt t.:d in phyMcs . du: n11 ~ 11'
-. h u lo gv. L' l <.: l . p:-yc h u h.,g.i ~..:al ' """ sociol<)g.ical l ~t w, e tc . t $nwc the ntl\:-t.ll\t ''
h ch a v to u r .crn (lll J:!. huanan p e 1so n s is h!ss li ':t:ll m u .t f( 1resc\!ahlc t h .a n ll&al ' n '"tl
) than g.~ at i s m o t ..: u f a statistica l con s ta nt). As dis tinc t fro m p usi ti vt.l,aw. tltt \..and
o l'l aw as ..:a lkd n u luta l lav.' . It ~ s d csc ripli'IIC. 1\. c u n olso b\! called au cs' ''I" ~
to lh<: I..' X I\..' Ill i r ll i:-. l'On ::.idc r cd ~!'.wi ll ed h y God and ind u dc~ t he da v m ,,, 1\1
Ia\\', <t ll d c.k s ..: npti vc tc.1 IIH: cx l t: ll l 1ha\ &h i~ di\'inc will is lh c uh unUl l ,,t ll
c., .. a:-.t:ll\1 ul h .. ha 'l. co ur 111 t hin ~' a nd huan:.an pcn'''" ~ l " ' "'c' "'' nu.ll at l
l ' l ut l.' -.. ptl t H b ._.,,, l' tl ) th.: tth ...r to ~ ht. pus lli\'C law '" " ' u th\! n al\u.al l.a )t\ ' '
36
fttCt ~~~~"'' '"" tt I Cl..,~
. ~ 1110 , ,11 la w 11H Ilick ' ll<l t Cln h

, 1M 1nl rl"' ' ' ' np I" ' " " '"Lor ly lt uun. 1\qtn n.l-. <lt .llfl"lll.ht" hc tw ocn rhc ' lir~l prul t:plcs' (l( lh c
rh ~ lan;-:11fl: 0
J
Sc nndly. 111 ' . no d ,1ntl , I\ 111d ._., d I " ' n n,,,
l t lc u(: ~ on(~: '1'' ' . I """''"'I' \d11d1 ,.,,. " " t ' ul.111 llll\11 11\..:l} knllw n h y all . and \llu ch c anno t
f <!ll~, .d :uHJ ' 1:, 11 .11; I 11 " I I I but "' '' Jl" tllul.n . 1111 1 " " ' t II:
.
1,111 ~'11 '!!~' lh<! 'il,' ll :.~ tl
I th . lh'lllllh: :- Hill I.
" ' tl 1 11 .,. lu: t1ullth d du ll<l t l. dlrh.; h .t.kwol ""'" th, h 11111.m lw.n t .and tlw "-t:UHHI.ny ill\0 m w .: !-(lc..: i li~ prm~ 1 ptc ~
I
I I I r o lo . , lv tltll l .tl ~ "' '" w h 11.h IIC ck ' "''" ll o111 lhl lcu 111n .,, 11 hy way nf' t.:um:lu o;ion frnm prcm 1 sc~
fli<I.<' Pl'(<.:!! 1.; f)llt: JICI <I' " . l llllflll \. tlll l:lt..: t\." (ll t:t:q H:- \\<: <t t .;
llllluc.:nt . :ul uhc.: y " ' \ \' I till g . .; I I. I I h t:, l' l'''''~ u w h :n "nnplr t:d h c:1.: 1\ rh at 1111 , 'e'-OIHbry prnlC I(lk ~ rc qu1rc re llcc \l on . lhoma..
h .: I' ,all Ill !! ah.: s p.:..:d i c.:a iHHI' I 1h.: 1110" 1,1\\ !-JlCIk So l the (\ If fiUJfr y lllVHIVcC(IIl appl y lll" ~ C I I\:1 :11 principles IO COI\e iCIC C:ISO:S.
I. vt: n 1h <H ~II flii iii.. IJ IIc::. " l11; 1he th <:111 <: II <: a I or practic al c an b e evident in
. I ' l d ch l'l o f the llll)t ,d C.: Clll ~C.: i OII SIH:ss
1lc lll.'l.' 011 1 quc:-liC'IIl' I l<l\\' .n .: 1Ilt: gll ~ ' ' lh~' ll ht:h I.'S. th,v lll:ty II()( he ;Clt'VIIklll (Co II ' And thi:- i-: due. <JCCClrt.ltn g tl' rhoma~.
f ccplo.: ;Ill(1 \\' 11:1 1 IS the.: C :tii ~C ll f lh 1:-,
p:ull c ul.n1 .1ed and co nc re t i.IO:d 111 :.p..:c " I11 ~ U \\ 11111<' pc :-.tiOI'oiUih 1011 th o; P" 1 111 htlll l:lll p c M ill
1 1 . ( ,11 11 ' :d u e. \\ ..: ca n 1:t 1:-<.: !111:- qu.:... lHin ,.,
d ll k rc lll' C wnong m en n tc m'" 111
Io 1111\\' '- I I ' 11IC.: m ora 1 va 111 ..: p ' tl "v, 111t.:II
~
CC "lnnn :111 p c.: r:-.u n :. :;cll - n :all /a loon a~ :-,,Hil t:/ 1:-. Jll'lh,lp._ t:\l'll m ,ne c'pl1o. 11 111 Ill '> lhlCllllle that ..:vcn th o.: st:Ct11lday
hwm 111. ho w ~: an this m tHill vnh rt.: d c.: tc.: 1n u n c s p c.:c rli <: 1110 1a l va l11c:;'! A nd why rs (JIIIICIJ) k:-. \ dli Lh l1ke lhc f11 11ll:tf)' III C ~dfe\'H}C nt Ill lhCm scl \'CS- fC(\llin.: a
th ere d is:tg c.: n rc lll ns 111 w hc lh t: s uc h and .;u c h :r11 nc ti o n is a 'good ' (m u ra l cc tanl all H i ll Ill u l thu 11 :_~1 11 and cx p t:c n<:c T l11:- i::. t ucr o f th..: tcniary principk:,
v:1luc.: ) 111 n cll' 1 \\. h 11.:h r t-qlltll~ !-ludy and d"ctu -.vc thought Bur a ll m oral principles can be d erived
Irum scl t-cvl kllt pn11upks 011c n owblc d lll 'clcncc hc lwo.:cll Thomas a nd Saure/
---~------------------ IS th:(tthC.: f'(l t lllCI cl t:II VC~ th O.: C()IICICIC p111\e 1plcs Ill :J way COfrC!:pOndm g. tU' hUill:lll
1. 2 MORAL I NTU lTION I S !\'l pcl'~()ll ':-. n ;ttur;tl IIH' flll:t ll \111'>, ' lh..: I.H I<.: > d c:1iva:-.. lhem 111 a \\':ly Cl.)l fCSflOild ll\g_ lt'
,\II ' d t:t> lltolog u: al' .th i.'IIIIC.:' ,lg tl.'t.: lll:tl lhc.: .: m u"t .:x r-. t :-urn c.: nd <: l lt law \\hrc h a l..: ~: d '):-I e ll> I ' " ~:1111 .: .1 lit ~-...: p r..: < o.; J)I !S ha \ t.: rh .:n 1111tn..:d1at.: 11111'111 I he: !:!'''""
0 ( IHIIIl:lll ll:tllll t: l h.; llCt:d olf C'J)I:I ICil \.C .llld tC0..:CllOil 1:. Sllllllad y indeed
c: u fo rc..-s m o r:t l v:t ltr l' :~ nd t h :lt its n:l iUI:l l tt) h u rn a n pcn.o n . iut tll tr\ dy '
t: \ t: n mcu a: IIIS I ~ t l'<l upon h y .:untc.: mpun 11 y c t tu c i ~J s . \V hy this g rca t.:r II ISI!Stc n..:e''
T h.;IC I S the n an c leme nt oi' llllli!IIOII . IIl ii II o rth <!lll ll(l lll:lllt;l how th ..:y <.:tlll< <'olfC
o f 11 ancl th c: w~Y th c:y apr 111at: h 11. who:t hc r a!S ' <.:1111\<: te rH: c' ( Oc.:khamJ. ' I u gos '
(S rcuc:-;J. moral scns..:: ( S ha lk-.h u ry). th l! :,: ru rr c a tq !orrc.;<ll impcrill i\'C (Ka nt). 1.3 H U M AN PE R S ON I N SEARC H pF HIMSELF/
' rcg ht e;l,, lll tTh o llla :- \q w n. r:- a nd \u. tro.:/ ) 11 11' ..:km<: n l tl r'rrwr:tl ' llllurlllm' rs II E R S E LF
.tbof() und 111 th o.: r,h:oh<;K.tl th t'III K., wh t..: th ~ llllfl l ~t:rrl y 111 o: n :-n ._..._ phclll ) It -----------------------------------------
" 1111plrn l" lilllnd Ill lht C.:IIIICI:pt ol . IIIII tii \ /(/ : ( I lli 0.: \1111 ' l. Ill I ha t ,, r . t'll.il ' lllf 11//U. \A' hat w e art: d c:t llll t! \\l t h h c.:rc 1s w :.ec \\hcth .:: a !;Cnc ral pn nc1pl..: su..:h a'
(AIISIOt fc.: ). a u cf t: xp lit:ll ly Ill tho.: COIICt:p l o r ' 11 g h1 l t..::t ~O il . ( fl obhes). Ill the l.cnou:. p ron11:-..::- ~ho u l d nN he logh tl y hrt,kc n i:. ~cl f-.:vidcm ' and thc re f<lfc IJe
' c lm :..::u: ntio us !(!cl ings of m.a nk ind ' (l'vf rll) C0t111lt: ll :un ong the ' fi r :.t p1111t: 1p h:s ' 11\l ~IIII Vcly kuown b y .:vcrybody l fyc:.. how
r:. 11 d c 11'..:d fHH1l th o:: \cry li r !>t ~dt'-cv 1dc nt pnn ciplc.: th at ' good r:. to be d o ne .
A nd 111 fa c t the m o re th e id e a o fm o a l o b lrgati on is p rorn ncn t i n a u c ll u cal
l
t:\ il w h ..: a\ t utkd ''' t .. it m c1 d~ b y a l.111ll o f' ln gi~tl dcduc.:timf! And if it i!S ,ct f-
theory. th e more e xp lic it b ecom es th.: r.:cou rsc to thrs cl e m e nt or n lu !Iro n (or C.:\'Id c nt ' t O lbt..:l J' h ut llllt k nown by a fl . 1:; it b Ct:aUSC o f S\l rnC aCCI.it:n tal rt:a:.llO
dn~.ct p ..:rc tp tion J. T h is cl..:m c ll t or ' 11 11 11r1 itlll rs s tron g ly c mp hasi 7C d h y m c t,1-
~ uo:h :rs i gnc.~ran <:c w ' bad habit'! Fina ll y. irit is not 'scl r-cvid c nt ' how i:; 11 th;n
/
~ th~ c r s r_!> \\' ~~o maiurarr~ t hn t nwral r_~ n g tra !,!<: rs .' <lhj cC II \:e ~ ~h~ thc.:r..:fore h uman p erson h J s todn y com.:: to a g ree tha t s uc h a g,..:n c.:ral principle is co rr.:c t
lllf O tln .III V~: 8ut ht:rl' clg:uu. th.:y drfl o:r a ~ It , \\'h:l th t: ' vbj t: t: t o f tht!> mor;d
( that it is :tm orn l value r ?
ntttitltln ~. T his dr lfcn:nc c 1:; ..:xpli11 nahlc by rh.; cJi f'l'c rc n ..:c in their m c t a - c <hical
th~:o ri .:s n;g ... r d in g. th e m.:ani11g or nw r;.tl good. I knt: c for s o m .: . this ubj.-rt i:: To ~pea k nwrc s p ec dic t~ll y nf' th inke rs lik e Thomas A quinas. Sut~rcz and Ross
the 'rig ht11 css o f' specific a<:ts ' ( C anit l. Prit: lwrcl) lor o th ers it is a l.:ind o l:ntu a l ;tre \\' t: Ill sa\' th;1t the.: e'(<tmp lcs they gi ve 1.11' lirs t pr inciplcs (or uf p inna {uci<
prope rty. -simp)c a nd in d efina ble in no n -m o ra l lcrm s (M oo rl:), for o th~ rs . it i~ a duti es 1 :re ,;lt:illll l<) s er\'.: 'm e n : ly a.;; c x:tmpks or ~1rc w..: tl) say th at th.:y :lre
ge_n c 1_a l p r inc iple(<. g . th e rh t p r i n~ip l e o f u ti lity' tt :-.<:1 1' - S idg \\'id: l <lf a ~:r t,,f m c.::11H ' ~'be u ld tt<kd :unon ~ th o.: t't r~t pnnc iplcs the m :;c l\ e !S'! In the lir<:t cas..: w e
..
r nll t: l pk~ c~ : th '-'. . ,.,.,. ,.,.,( ,..... .. . I , . I" I ,. . .
lUt; ull lll' ;o. <) It 1.! II } . l l'fl:ll :l llllll. l!l':l lt iUd t:. Jll ~il l \' <'. co uld p ;.;rhap:. dt:.ag r ..:c tha~ the c.:xam pks they g. a\'0.:: arc g.\lOd e x ample:. but ~till
h ..:n dkcn c.:c. ~c l f'.- i mpr(lvcm .:nt an d llO n - ma ldic.: n c c R os-, 1. In c t hc~. the ill!rt:.: \\'ith thc 11 d o c tnn c;: th a t th l!l l! ..:xbt fi rst painc iplcs intuitiv ely known by
plu lo.;op~y w hi c h Jlls is l:- o n the ncnss ity of mora l int u it ion i!> c.:;rl h::d l,..:titi..:al c~c::ry llH\11 . T h ..: que:-.t11m w ould h e th e n w hich a rc lh.:~c li~t ptinciplcs. In th e
fnluiiHJnl "lll.
.. ~ ~ct:oml c.:usc.: to que ~ lio n the uptncss u f the e x a mples wmrlc.l be to qucs tilm thc it
d oct ri n t: rtscl ( lrr.::;p ..:ct i'\C u f'wh a t s u c h thinkers ac l\mlly mean we have goi\U
But e ven 1hc m os1 in~i~tcnt (lf<a llmnr:11 plll l~"oph.;r, o n tills de m e nt ol~nruiti 1 ,1t ~tu d~ t h e pmh k m 111 u ,-: lf
'." he m v ra l c_lll.l!"Cio u s n <.ss. 11.u ndy Ka n1. no t 11111y due:-. 1101 deny, bn r. on 1.
t;Our~t}. t:~pltcllly s_t <II\.'S lha t the lllo>ral .rud.gn ll'llt 111dudc:-. d .:m c nb ckrl\<~1 I r I h~ I' : Ill \ Jllllll l p k th.tt Colllllll t ,,e llt: llle d .H j,. tht: 11\Ullt:c.l~h: ll;tl;l ur mo'
l~um cxp c n c n cc ( w_luc h arc therefore ' 11 1,0 , feJ 111 r 1 as 'op pos e d H71h e a 11,.,11n C.:l>ll:O\. Il'U'Il.;-... I r th t::.t: d,lt:t l.: il llll\11 b..: d c nt t:ll the~ al..: sclf-c\ ilk,n l They oUC
t: e rnc nt) K <mt d c n rcs thc pu ':-hrltt v uf d e '' " 111c., f1J rtrul :.ell - ' 11k11t 111>t ;t' pr iut. apk -;. that ~ ~ :~:-. l'ot~uula.: hut ''" dala wlk:th~r lh.:y. :u \'
. '- II :Ill(1 t: Uih'l'((l I
p~cccpl' lmmthc nmccpl uf fll:Jl:ll c al reason alo ne hll tlu:-. the s t u dy oflnu thc.: mat,.:allv fo nnul:ll t:d N not Th.: immc.:<liatc ont\log.ical loundauon ol tlk:
nwral "'bli g<~l'-'" b hunH\1\ illlcr-rc l:u cdncss and that the nonu tor mor.ll ~o.>d
(
na ture 1<; n ccc: ,;~:t ry
tas c.Jis ttll l'l fro m th e motal 11~ht) i~ human pcl'! '(\n as 3 :.oci<ll hcil\g.. W.:: ha\ c
-
alsCl rc.: ll.:etc.:d how tho.: unl ): mura 1 I'' cc.:c pt w 1m ;I' 1:.
11\111
. , \;\ a,.,,..
... lv uin:n th~l ""
. to
........ . . . .
I . th:ll h t tlll:lll p-.' I~O il
.,1 1 l e v ~; ts
. 1-1 d CHI 11 nto.:..: 1110 1' nee : 111 oth ...:r p...:~..-<: pt~ , '" t~ch ics
n tn<ll be Jlll'll '-'. . d ~uca I t)t.;l . ,u~) 11 c 1.5 TI-IE DYNAI\1I CS OF MORALITY
....... 1 ....... , ~df- o.:, H.Icnt nn d l: 1 ~ . . u ,;t ~oln c iH) \\' n 1
1ll ttH.ll V l t 1ll.l 1 ' 111
111
()I II l.t" 1 ,
-.h cHtld bt.: hun'<ll 1 ( "~ ' . .. 1- n ti nn!' o f tho..: 111 ' IJ n ; a l i 7..: h i t ll'-.clt t
..,tltn< ,pc<et 1'- 1un " 110U Ite r\: \Vt.: t.:Xill11111 t.: l\\o qu ~: .;tion :- 1.vhic.:h :.arc int 1n ntcly ltn' .1 1 1
(" h.Jt " 'C ~IIC I1..: 1 C <;. "'. ' Ill tl lll l a )l\.: " < o.Cu,. II .tO '-'\ ~ li\IUI I. II )
. . ,. huncnta l P1 ~;1.:'- v t.;IOil S n f hunan p ..:::-on I \) 1.vha1 ..::-. 1..:nt c;u '"C "a) tl-.1 1 lllt)IOI 1II Y ( I 1\,1\
. .... l 1I .
othl: tl tn\' ll lHH tills un< . - . .
hcrs dfliS human. . - f . n ' rSlll\ is h.::o.: on1ing !'< pt:CI ca ti C'III o t th <: tnC'II:ll Ia''') ::\lc uni\'cr~t ll v. val'1 d 1r..
....- a 11 11un"1" p c t-.\lll" 1o
. . . 1rt1ccs" o l hCl:
. . c)ming . I uman .'-':
.
. . '.
1 h11n,d l dt.:, dv p ..
. 'vha t cxtc nt c an 'vc s<ty t h al they a rc unchangeable'! 1f (11\C n 1:untmns th~:i 1 u 111 "c 1-..al
Hun1'lll con~ettll t ~nc:--.. ' " Ill '' I hi" uwan; IH;:-:-- o . II v:~lidity one;: i::, c ha ~gc::t.l with ~~b~oh~u s m Wtth hohhng lhe 0 p mion of J Slattc 1 ~o~tu 1 .:
ll1ur.J~ .JIIll mun: him :a; lfand in th~ prolc_c~~ cl t: the q uc~tion w hat h e ts . \llll<llt <1 1 hutTHtn J?CISon m con1 p:H ~blc \VIth present da y thcoric::- a ho _uttnan's llyn.11 llu.:
' '~ h "~"0" " the
I ' c '1,, . ._ hccn C<.,ltHtnU<Itls I Y "
''"' 11 1.
., k tn "". un'"I f
I ,., 1\) SC 1\<.; ~
r.;l( The 1non; 11<.:. = '-'
I
and evolu tionary natun.:. II on the other hand one were to 111 aint;u n 41 rd.Jtt\ c
pcl..;on ;, in a nc,c r-..:ndin g :;..::~ C o . u . l li' h rsclf :s hun"' ~ ll person I ~ c lliOic va l1d ity one '-''tluld f;tll into a philosorhic.:ally untcn:..hlc 1nnral tdat l\' l~m Can
, b . c-.. con ~a; ious of htntl'C '-' . . rt t)r . 111 aspect ol hum <n
n1orc 110.: " 1I t: c.:-.<1111 . . c1 usllcSS IS " P1 ' the dilcmlllCI be OVet COilH: '?
hc '-..hc j..,. hun:.d fhcscll. l\1 or;d c0n sc , . nes h i ln::.d li'h erscll th L' m ot\: h\:
1 rstlll 1t:~o:OI
t.on!-citnt!- n~::-s . Tht tnttrc; 1Hll1tan I '-' . . I I b This l ead~ tel th t:: ctn.:rgcn~c u 1 fhc E.,\I IUl iOnar) natur..: ofhum:111 person a nd ll fht l' human ..:onM: IOlt~nc-.-. h ;,,
. f I th '~ hc,.hO ll l c; .
"he: hcl:ntnc~ co n~cHH I S o \V " ' " . I I , conduct of h uman p erson . _l un_g . bccn rct.:o g n i?'.cd on..: way tll a no thct. C hade;:s D ... r"in g<~'t.: tht: thcoa-y "'
., "'- ' nnorc dc:r Y 1 lc
n 1 ur~t l precepts spec 1Y111 o ~.: c.: ..:v o luti on a biolo!,;ical h a:'i!';. /\ n Evulutio nary vit.:\\. or the wurlt.l and ot'hum.tn
Hence th e mon ll pn.:ccpts ( mor '

a l ,alucs) o w t o n ,
f m the firs t fund a m e nta l m ora l
.
, . lt/ 1 "., se lf (th..: mora l va lu e.: p ar
J'I C I ~ O il is today <II the l>Hsis Of H g t c at deal of seicnttfic pllllll-.oplllei\1 au (\
,hou ld b e hun sc.; 1..:: . '
thco logi c alt htnkin g . Thc . th111k in g of s u c h human p ersons ::1:-. l' it:nc 1etlhard de
precept that human pcr ::._on . . lf n H:rc lne tlatc tll k t el c c. C hard in and of AtHobindo comes of cour:..c s p ontan CO\ISiy \ll mmd
.1 ' , ., ltH!ic<~ l deducuon ol t
excellence;: not hy '" ) o t tnc.:lc..: ~ . . 1 .. jed conc l u::-tons lll as
1 . I ll r no t Stlllp 1) .t::- 1.1 ::: '
rf 1t f(lllllt:r :u..: td ll t ClI Ill t 1'- ~ ~.: I th idc1, wtl ll r ... , c 1~ i s p c haps the. b c::-1 knU\.'- 11 F\ol utinnary cthic"t I k ~till ls by
, ., 1 t.)" c ha:; !.!Ot to l. o ' " ' .
llnpltcitl ycl: rd ;lt cd t tll h <etrpr... mtl'<e .. -. "'
. ' I
.
t tl . 'rch tH.'tll o r t l<.: cxp II.
I:- .
(' itt ~ th e im plil t tl : u.;
l
obscr.ing that both human ;md nnuna l conduc t t:o n s is ts in act::> adju,.t..:d to Clltb
td ca". It c:ulllOI l 1C <I cnH:u I w li S , . I ~ l: t n ' I is h c..:rc pre ' t: l The hi gher we proceed Ill the scnlc or Evolution the C:lS I C I It bccom~:s fl)r u~ {\)
. I .. ( fthc concrete to 11 ~.: :l ) $ 1 ' t.:
clc:u to the unck<u to t Il t.: unc t:.tr 1 h conscious ness Obt:li n ev ide nce of purposd'ttl :lC.: II OI\S directed l OWil iU the g_OC'Id Ctthcr Oft~)<.:
( o I tv dc v c i Op ln'~ lllna n
But it is prcs..:nl in th e scn s<: t h :H a con IIl l i l:..- ~ . - ~ s more t h<.ttl in divid ual or of the species. This p'ttrpo!>cful activity lo ms p:.tr l oi the ~truggk
, l" ts kvelopmcnt. cxtstc n<.:c..: 1
1s tel~ltcd to its swgcs p:l!it an <I tiu tun.: o I \: f(u existence wag ell het ween indi ,itlual m c rnhcrs .,f
the ~nc ~IXL' t o:s Cll hct'~ c lll
lug..:. ddli.:rcnt " p ct.:ic:--. Butlhts ty pe ol c onduct is ;.H.:<:<Htlng to Spent:<: n ~tnp.:rkcth
. tl I )lncnt (lrh llln<~n <.:l>ll'-c iou<..n c:-s .::voh cd con d u~o: l. In :.a p crli.:ctly CVlth c d ,l:<llld u..:t whit:h ,, cth l l:. tl t.:untlul t 111 tlh.'
If wh<t I " ~~ rc sa vi~~~ eth< lU I t h L' pt Ll1 c:o;-.t>.: .;vc o t
"C . . tl . . . ' tl ' J"' l'~) pcr Sei\SC 0fthc WOrd th i~ Stru ggle J'l)f' l'XI~tl:llCC \\ t\1 yidd pl:lCC ltl cnupCt.llll'll
. . , 111 c c 1n cl<.; dV un c t:..l l llu 11:
ntl lht.:l..:forc u( I)IOI.JI C(lll:'l.' lllUSill:'S!:- 1:- II P'-' l , . - fi . . and mutual h elp. Eg.o s m and clftru ism will be both tran ~ccntlcd Tht:- k.1lb
J 1 nn pr~on I (HH.U li... IC''
tll.'vdopnlL'Ill tt f murab frotn th~ C<I\'C- nl:tll t O llHit l::l n. llll a ~ ~ . . . . . tJ Spen cer t o tl istmguish bct\,Ccn absolute and rd~llivc ethiC~. Ab::.olutc L'lht..;s '"
:- lan;rv the;;_ Llni\'crsal Oc:daration of Humun Rights "'hl ~h "' :~ ctpl ~)t<:.\ c
10 an ide al code of conduc t formulati ng. the behaviour o f th.:: co1npktcl~ ;~uaptt.d
~ u . 4 N :iltun~
without a Jis~~.:nt111g voi<;c 10 the ntCu
(j n c ra l A!';'t; lll bl) tn
,~..;
... o .
hun1an pcrson in the compktd y cvnheu !'lX:Idy. Rci:Jtivc e tht.:s ''the ncal\:-..t
app1~)X imat 1011 tu thi s ideal an;ordi11g to th~o: murc tr less Jll'l feel I) t:' tlh ct.l-."ct-.t'
1gnoran ec of1he moral precept s is th erefore not necessarily Lh: result of perverse
\ in wluch hunnut p e rstlll happens to li nd him her
c~lslOrns as if this result wer e ctccidcnwl. I t is a faci of cxpcn e ncc that pel' ~sc
c;;ustoms not tHlly weaken the ...vi ii w p~rsue the tnor<~ l good hu_t dark L' IlS t h e 111 111~ Spe~ccr adopts the utilitarian e thic al principle. In f<tC t he takes h;,ppmc::.s lo h e
. m o c cas
w rcco!!ni7.c wh:Jt the tn<.lral goo d t S. r->J UL t IHs. 1s ' d ,v po, ,-. blc nn al
- . . the ultimate t!nd of li fe and measures l h e rightness m w.nl~lt!ne":- nf ,,cli~U\:-. h-.
andivid~~~l Jc\d . Here we arc plac ing oursclvc~ on the lev el of m ankllld _'"'' ~ 1 their conduciveness to this end. from a nascent s t ate whcnth1s ullltlan.m p an pk
hr~H.,rical progn;ss. Thi s ignorance and the \aricty of mura ls can be cxpla'!'cul [ -..vas dl!p cmknl on non-eth ical (e.g . <tuthoritanan) bcltcfs tl g.t.u.luall) Jcvd~ ()Cd
human histot ici1v itself. that is, by the hiswri ca l progressi ve dcvcl opn1 c nt ofh to b<!t:omc independent and as sugg.cst~d by the theory l'fCH'lulltln. 11 '"" conumh.
hum;m mcwa l r..:onst: iou snt::!-~ . Ill cvn h c :1nd rc<H:h an H.k;d '"'"'-
H~>wcvcr. we mu~tnot cas tly takr..: it lor g rante d that thi s dcvdopmcntl w~ Jl v.:; llapp1nc ~s however tllpcnd' (Ill the fulftlmcnt uf :--nme \:undiiHuls An~l th\:
;Ji td ~Vci:W hC I C bccu a llllcar rrog r.:ss. It lll;JY ha ve ~u ffcn:d ~etb<.H.~: 1\'\.l'l cond1 t ion s arc the observances ur ccrt~un pnm: tplc~ and ruk' "''"cl' " "" '"'
and rc;;rco;!'. V/c;; nee d nol go into that. \V Iwt I f; nwrc pctttn c nt h~rc to ,tsk determine hum3n wdfatc. S tlcnccr ackno\\'kdg~s the cxa~tcnc<! ol nl\-w\11 mN"'<>t'
wf~hi!r ~\c ::.hould n.:asunably suppu~c that human p c ason has 110\.'li .tt t.nncl ,-.. hi ch h owever arc the s lowly oa~ani1cd 1es.uh:;. ofcxpcnc ncc 1 c.t'wed b ''
sc;.mc o f lti:. lt.:r :.clf-{.:onsc ious H!S:. aud ofhis/h c 1 moral c0n $Ci0thll1' . .. ';'/It tacc. In othr..:r wo1ds .m tnducli<.'n from cxp~rt~th:c h.m<kd ''''''" tlnm"
fC.c ~n.shlc In s upp.o~c a.:1.urdtng to Ul- ts th~_t h cish c lws not . A pall II 0111 tl l!C n t.:r:tti\Hl to the othc. 1 t.'lltb. "I' hy h<!Clunn~ an "'"'"'\;h\~ noe.al ' " '
d c.cltUh."4:11ltut l" (..di..:tlhc futur e. t~ullentpur.uy morulptohlcin <"lftli, 111 ll
f ,.tlx tun lun g~; 111 :t ~ta;,Jt c" l ~llt ,,II \\'hcthcr one .-..h ou ld Utll!-1<1 1 Jill' t,ua
UJ .J huna;.ua p " r ).Oit . , lu; ,.o <.:clll<:d \\ll llh.: ll':- ltb~.-ralitHI lllll \'<-'11h'lll 111d t
rj 'ohltllll\1::- IHU\' tll!.! tow,tul-.th~ ..-mca gc.nc.~.. ulth~..luuhl:'"' &nun"' ht t l I'C n
:,r
;' " th.: :--up tl' tllt.: l: nd hu1n;u\ ll\:' ,,,n ,, the "un.. '"'"''"' ;.an,l 'nu... ' '' ~ .. '"
1\>t tl~ <llt .umucnl lnth.. ptcfa~c ,,fthc litth ,\nd ~'"''" 1'-""\' ''' '" " ''Mtt 'I
1\0 Il l lfCI wh:t t II r m~.il s cll\d d~ tllcrit s 6.11(' th:ll Wllllll'll ha ve liCit Ill 'II ll t.:ll t1fc:tht l.~ ..;uh-.l.4 u ,m ly " '''"" ""'" ~ll\:1\C'-'' cunh.'l'>" loo. that"" th " ' ' I
lulf I tun~n 1 rW11' C\c rywhcrt.: 111 th.: wcrltl One could thtul; of tl\illl Y
Wh:ll I' jll' lll ll olll y
... lit h .11f hnpl'cl
h '' 11111 filii\ 1tl1cl.1, 111111 h p1.11IWOI I ' '""11111 c n' I ,, tl111 1 II d
II , ._VI ' VC I , a ' l t.l ll ''' Ill I I " II J,I\V "(lVI 1111111' IJII 1111111 , 11( 1111 Ill f op\ ll tlt " , IIIII
1
1111111 ,.. , ., .. , ... ,. 11 , "" '" ,, l ( t.III J'' IIIIOtlor .illl y W I,. ,. 1 I " ' oll: t \V <I tc l.ou . tlac '"'" ''""l'
\J" tH t I .., h Ju 'l l l l h 'IH C- Ltlhlfl tl I I \ 0 IlllffH1 I ' t I h ..... 1.., ... 1
ru w.~ l , rlw ,.,,,1hl1 'l"" ~ 111 u l .1 I "I' I w1 .1111 I I1I1ht'l 111111" 01111'1 o. I I' J'" ol d 11 , IIIII lll o . til 111 .1', 111 .11 II I' llltlf,d ( IVd l:ow ft Ill lo filii , I H JI p .l !1
'' ''" " pd,., .. . '" 1 ;.d '"' '" .11\t~ v' .. d ' . L- ' . t\u o~.u t ,. , .,.,.
' J'H t\ It
1
.. .,,
(.(, Ill~ C O NSTA N T A N D 'fIll<: V /\HJABLI~ I N

'I li n lt u Il l -.t II" . 1, tt tu It lftttt;IH Cth l 1H tn(H ! \1 \ -,tlh 1
ql ., ..... ( \Hu ,.1
11

MOH A LITY J tt pu l. tltctl\

""' ' " 11
it' . . . . . 1111 , 1
"'"":1 1 " " " ' ' " , I"'"''"" the, ,. .,,
1111 11:1 1 llll',l y plll t .il1 ',111
tlu, ,t ttl IIUd iH I 1 \u , t . ""IHfl !ttH \H H ntt tttltt t lttt\,t\'
l vr ' ' '' , ,. ,( <;.11l :11 ''''"' 'I w ht 11 ' " 11' 1:1 ,.,
I "IIII I f(u II' Ill lkl Hfr '
\\'l1' '"' , 01 norm.111 " " CVt ll vnl 1111111 ~11h l uunan I' 1' 111 1;' 1 II .
11'1'
lluf 1\'l' 1.111 \. l,d \. ,Ill ,pr IIH' lht'lll y rlt,11 1111' I1(1111:11 1 U lll 'ol I CH I\ Il l'\',
11' 1'
l l ~t : V: 11 1!ol> lc Ill lleor.drl y li ll '.l . 1111' t111J H>r l: ont qu c lll>ll ct ;.:114\ 111 1' tht Y 1nd ol
I Wll\ 11 (11 II CI (',,: 11 d )' 111111!11 WI'< :11 1l1oo V' llllll<< l :tfiiiOi fl< l' o f 1>p111 II \,Jilnt l y ll w h, 1t l' , \!1\ll Vt t\ lt \ ,
ll,lfllfl d .111rf lk \'\'lnp1 d 1\f fl11 h l'J' IIIIIIIIJ ' 11111111111 lh..'"OI f I I
1 1
IIIII" IIIII' ol hlllh{'i l/ lwr ,t'f l ;,, l111111an a' WC Ill( I.1y III C. ()II ''Il l Hldt VIIIII:tf lt\ 't' 11 1Ill :II I y r t " ' ' ' II rl ;oy 1 .o II I p II \ 1 I It I I 11 Ill <" :0 II y \V I C11 ' I' l0111 111 oh \ V :oil tl \ 11 o 'I 1 :.
1111, j1141"1 1' Ill hlllll . llll' flll '(' lflll'.,lll':,\ "al,l(:' l ll l C''<fll'rlfiH.
l l'ftl' dul ol 1'' a l11n11all '' "" '""' f, ,. ,dt ,ll l lfl< ' l y 1 l' ll.lltlttl \V Ie . ol . 111! Ha ll y ll l" l11 111 ll1111 ;1 ll y \V t CI1II' 1 ! 11 1'''"'
h c rnv hill :... rl :row... rl bi 'CIIIIIl'' 11101(' :md 111m e c: onM 1011/'0 ol , II a!..
11 ' a l u1111:111
. pl11lt l'. <opl11 u l 11 ' 111 1. d 1111111. 111 1'' 1 .1111 1~. l ocl1111111l' d h y h1 II H r o'V.I'. I<; nllal 1111.tllltto
h i' In) ' W.t Co lli ,fl 1 \'jll I h I' l ht'OI V o' VI'Il 0 11 I ftc Il'\ C' I () 1 liM II"
1.'Ill rf 'l'>'
' ' ll t' h lo tx p la lll :111d 1f 1111111 :111 (HIII f lll(ll,d\ 1' 1111 '1' 1!1\1'.11 1''' 1 ' ; tl way:. Ill H 1'1111 1; ,, " I ll : d ( 11 11\rr:.l , ',IH; i;d , p .yi'IHtlo otll':l l CI1 V I IIIIIf l lf 111.t\
and ullu: r I: H 1.,1 . :111 lu /:.l w 1 Vl' l loo: c.r; t l l 1111 ttl IHI VIII)' 11':H. Ih d <h it 1 11 11< 111Pt.11
I IIIIII. I II 1111 I 11 '""II' , . Ill \ 111 VI ' IIIII' \ 1 1111" IIIIIS II l'!'O!'o II(' (fill' " I/' ''' 111 rncfr \'ld ll.d 1111111 d 111 1 I t ' , ., ' 1111 : o '"""' :.. IIIIHal ll ulh ' '
11111 .r .r '" 1.r l ' " ""' Mtr.d l'l""" '"lhlll'"' "arr n11 1.1' 1d o1l httllt:lll I'"'
on11 ' '"" .111' 1'11111111\ 1 /rwrr ,ut (hi < .111 hn11 .n) 11111 ~ 1 h ,l\'0.: lw~ nrnlr,llh. lOll "' '''" ' /\ til t." ' ' \ 0111 ,, 1. \\ c " " '" d l111 ) '111 . 11 .C H lnll y 1111\v 11111111 ,1111 l.111\ 11 1 . u11l
IIH I\\ I" \\'C oiH ll(>f I ll ll tl n J f(l l '' " '"'" h l'f 1111111:111 H I :rll ~0 II Ill (I f a I 1 rl 111 a l "1.1\t V I ' '" Mnt.d 1' l.111 \. rl " 1 . llll('ly t lu VII v. 111 .11 dll " 111 1 'PI
l rtll ~l lltfC ' ll c'o.,
Ill filii)' , I.!''C II Italf v I (I 1111111.111 C!ll"e lllll 'll\: 0, , :r:, \lll h a11d Ill a ,;;, p t.'\ 1l t\f y 111 drlf , I (' 111 I I Vd1/:III C1 11 ' H llcl \, \II1111 C , h:S V 1' Ill fi .I V\ h old chi\ I' Ill 1111 11,!1
UnC\ m ,I I ,ond IIIII 111 oil I oll t.!logr t a l ,cw.c v i C(l ll 'il<r lll Il l <til th e
II h a\ b ee n a krncJ h 1; l11.: l '-o H 11d "'- h:ll 1' h e 111 '\'l' d In lt l llllllilll y 11 g \lt : 1\ :t 1',1 '\.'1 11 111111 Ill p\.11 1 11 : ,,,.
IHICI Slll'l'' uluwll.. c:volul t(lll I lowcvtr. 1111 I h e a~:ccplcd th cor y tl t:ttlh c liurnall
(
I H.:I , , . , I d I ll , ,.. 11ll>l oiii V W illi I!''' a ddt,.,, Ill 111111' Ill """.'-' l in . I Ill 11111\!,! lll , lblo
,; n i ( Hi t <.:a l l ; u 1 1 {\l l' ~.: tlll t ; d t <! l;'" " I ' 1111 '' t h e plnlw.opl u o,;: d th ct u v ' ' "" '"' ' '"'' "1'"' "1
.mel flurdmt 11101 , 11 l ruu . n c,. lr. ucc 11 dc vclop111Jj. the dtfkr c ul s l ll !;l'!'o o l
' " "'
I'X 1'. t :, !IH ' 1 (' l'o 110 Ill II \ I r .;cl 111111 :t\ 1\CH 111 (OI lla.i'- 111111.tl 1)1111 1pl<) IIlii \O.'I., tl to,;
rlu ~ I, dupor11ur t .111 lw cc, r111:rhly r onf, rd-. h : d a. t he v :u :rhlc 111 hum. III cvo lultnrl
III <H : tl l y 1 '".h i , . 11 l ; tli V\' 10 l i n tndl v tdual no f'11lllp (I I 1111 11 111 (\Ill o.,(111rt II "' h ,1
II \\~ "'I'O.::rl. nl ' nw.tl ' '"' I 1111'.11<'',-, .rl ,til
"hetlrc n f the pr 1111111\ ..: hnm.u1 ur
I I lC( ll y l'llll ! f\' 1' II ;1'.()11 1)1
., 'Ill It :1 fHI:.tlll>ll 1oa . S~utn: tlo ..... ) 11 1'111 11 t~lll l.tti VI' I II
uur o, \\ t' 11111 '.1 " llL'olf ol rl Ill l \ 1111'> til l lw lflllllt.:dt:JI C' d a ta o f Cllll ol llllr..llt:,o., <l !> ~ 1 C'''
I I II .~ ' ' ''llll ''I "
Ill l h t :,I I r< I '(' ll 'tl ' <' " ~~ h tll !-. rt ll"
t ' l y :1d 1111 t '. t h a t 11 , ., ' ' " 1lv
l,cuccJ.Jiftm om I Itt hw11a u 1111lr 1111 ' ' c p 1ct r.cly 011 h um ;m Inter r e latc dn c" and in 1 p clo..,,1h h; IP -.ay \V I ta l ' " n 1or:dl y " l' h t a n <\ III (Ha II y '"' ' ''Ill' 1' ~a rt h ,. 1 ' ' '''~ ''''
lh .( tf,JI,I 10 h e Ill CWII Ofllllly h i lr uman f eil!ot) ll :tnd Ill he COII d lll'IVC 10 th e ,cf f
c:d lcd ct h ~;d ,l, , ptt <. l' "'
r~,;;,fr7.<ciHHI ol hu n w ! 1 pc1:.cm a ... h urua11 . llur hum a nrn 01 al cclllsciou:.llcss ha~ h ccn
In :. 11 ..: ,olul H >II <II y ' 1,;w o l h11 1ll lll l b ...: cng th a t 1 ~. O il th <. ;t <.:<.:t.: p H- <1 th~' 111 V 1" 11
t:\lllvmt I l11 s <. h .1nrc l a kl<, drl krc rll f<> II IIS S(l llt C o l w hr \'1 1 an ca ~ i l y
lt u n n n t; 1111 .,l. " ~ 11 ., 11 c-.:. tl f 1 111 n so..: l t'l h e ~e l r 1:.0 lll Cre a s " ':.~ l y t k v ...:luplllj',. '" ,.
ur11k t hlilftdilh lc ;11uJ :dl tud 110 re:tl pr rr lll c m w e tltics !>ClfllC :u I.' 11 0 1 :<O ca..,i ly
n r t : IIU I ll <..,:ty th e l :t.t Wl) l (\ Oil w hat hu1 n all p e 1 S (ll'l p ,' ' ( ) h V IUII-.I y nnt 11 11 ' 11111
uld lii,Hld.l l k .111tl tl ll rdtiiC :tll tlld '"'"e drfli l. ull y . ,. "' ( \ 11 ':; l< n < 1 \.v kc..l t~c o l hi ~/ lt c l s df' 1s a p1 ogrc:o,;:> 1 V~ ""' 1 t 1Y11 " 1 n. ' c l< ll ti\VI~I ~
, cn;
tl \v 1 y l o..: ndin 1, row:11d s a belle unc..l h c \l c r unuc ' "~' " ' 1"'""111
~, t .lll l.!111 ~ In 1h1:.
, , ,. ltuurarl f ll'l'.nn 11,1 W il t. m oro ;111d tlhlfC l'Oil:l'lllu o.; ol h iru:-;d l a s l uun:w as ' h .: r!-.u
' 11''s k.11 o\v lc ' d t t; o l hin1 :.<.: 11 / h c 1s d J'. ~ 1c I au. vc 1\ 1I 1 I tl tht 1:-. tnl\'- h t,/ 11 I llt(ll ol 1
"" 11rdn ttlll;" :n tl J. :1 'I>C ral h 1'"'L' h c/<., h c be~.~mc~. mn,. ronr. c to\1', o l 111'./h c r l
llllll\1 1 ll
t< 1111. wf<.:<ll!,<
' j -. ; 11 ~. 11 n : l : tti Vl' 111 M> 1 .~11 a s c\ ~~
I VC.' ' IIIII I II
pcug t:sS 111111\
IHIIIWII 111f~ r 11 l:ff'dlle., :t lld ctl h r, ' ft\.r t 1 ~111 \ ami d ltl ic;-; a. a human per'<Jfl I h i.,
.: fr.:,u ~; r x: ll c 1m ' '''"'"'"' 1 , o iJ\.rou.ly 1 o n c r c t i / cd and p a r 11r ulaci / Cd in .p et rli~ I' ( ' "''''' . . 1 111 1 :1\11..' 1111 \'r.: .111d v n l 11tv ,vohllllntll I uul\ : 111 Pl' 1 " 1 " I ....\. If 1'1111 1\\11 11
IJJtr.ll pH:-.: pi I \ 't " " ' ' "'c :r vtn <;~:J;_~c; o f ltulll<JO rnum l c<m .~HIIr \ nt<.., d1f l\:1c nl "- - II I Ill\ pH II'Il' , 11111 1h ll
; lltd I) ( 11111 1 :d kill I\\ k d j' l' h l lps \ lll l..' \ll l-oi,.I\VC I ;t ~\.'11 :;:1~,',.'1''.('~; lll' ' :.Ohl' l' \tt \I I
p upl ~,; lrv,,g 111 tfr ll o 1 ~;11 1 lt u rn.tn o.,r l wct run .. ( Miua lr un<. a lkc.tng tltc u tlll l' r ' " ltuii H III 1''' 1 ' 1111 ' " h t< O lllll ll ' llltlll' and lncu < hull :-.1 I I I
r larcdnc . ,J wr ll lc.~. tlrl h: t l' fll fll o tal l 1fc S u d tlu uua u ' lil t:! l ion~. 11
rnOi l' a nd IIH >t<' U) rh\Hlll' o f 'v h a t :cs. '~ r e l th :~ '"'" c;uhlnulrt' ,.,.,,,
lr\ I ' ;, " " ''c or 1 .. ll y 1 1 lt ,/ h c r """ ' ""'"
i'IIJ OJI 1".: (;IJ( l1f :(II':J:lf'Jif(..;J J, Cflfll:JI It illld ('((JIHI IIIJC ((lllffii iCtll<.,,
help~; him / lw r tOI <'C 0 1'.111'l<: hlln~.dfllh r $e ~t m_ 'd o .. ~.= "' ckbllt C '"'" ttrn,
I d(( in ;Ill ~. phl tt:~. l ) f kuow kd 1' l! a tunc <If qu~l'tmn ~ s ' l \~ n\, d. Ill
ot\ .,,, "'' mur.1f l: fll C."'" t it' !>' r.;,., l u~,. 111 f<w1 fll lt ll lilld y liul n l 1u ancl dt !-.;t g lt.'l' IIH' II\ ~ ~. lll' t ' l'~ , . ar y Ill 1\101 . 11 kno
.
w l c d ~ c rf P"l~
'
l cs-. 1
I the 'nf(' '11\11 I
, mdtlum by ''"'"u c.u11 ;.(; luU llt'.).s, t lrllcr c tll rdt:'I()U -. lldu b ha vt JII W hHT d .. 1 pt i! I C l\Ui l' IH: ,1111.
~,,, , m lfJt.)fod\.rlu.
1
Atwf lldt:m"' llll ':_ l l" illll!'\! l)l b( IIJ11'\ f h',~ 'l::I '.(J fl cfl W IIIII J'"'
a , lat e (ll lll l l' l ttlud t Oil
I 1
~Oillt'
. I .
, ...... u c:. ' " '
hl' t' ll ill' hiC \' l'l , .. 1 '
I I''"""' ,.1'\.:''" Ill "' 1\
~' 1 1 v I" "''',..... I \111 ' '- ' " ' ' 1 1 ' 1 "
f'Wlluflfl" t h;~ll" '" llllt;JIIIy I It IJi j;IHt ; ,,J lr1u ou :rllurd 11 . w rlh lll illl \' t f't\11 . , ;( I
1 1'
q t ll , 1\11111 11 ' 11 1. 1111 . \I II ll\ll' ll \ \1 I \II lhI., ;uh "" ,. '"' I' ' 1,\; 1 u n l 1 1 11 II
111 It; ltum.m "~" ''"''' '"""'"!) "' ~ II f1<o;, ,;rlurualr; l l' lc ) 1111\ lhlllf'l '
p4 In ;~II f) ;,ud illi te.: 11\ I ll t d l '1(111 COli .< IHU 'fl<..", :mel uuf y \ l't'fllltlallf )' 1111<1
.., 11 11 moral tun IOU' ,.,. lr r <~> a (; haiiJ;t' 111 lh "~ '' l 'lfll h l y t..llrulrtlllftc.'cl
UNJT 3 ETT-TTC S TN T-TTS TO RY Of.' I N DIAN
and wh all."'-..: r n, :~v b e thc rcli!.!.i<'ll , it c o ntains w ithin itsct r , . , .
.-H l C SVSh!lll (I 1 rnur;1IH\.
P TTT LOSOPTJy
f c1r
. .. -
the g ur d.n rcl.: <.l l li S fo ll ow.:es. A nd th u.s lndi:m e th i c~ ,
. tl ..
' "' lll u t:.p..;ns a
hl c rn \
o l' l lind u ec lt g.eo n ;,md other . re lic.ions
.- or Indian orici - n ln-
u 1au ~ ~ l.' a'n d
ct 1H<: a I 1u..:a
C nut c nt s p renc ep k::-. . 11 c \'.;ey muc h lou nd 111 the
V c J <I S a nd in o thc 1 Inti . 1
IC\ 11 II CnltUI CS cll\l 1 I ll
oth c 1 tca c lungs o t the lnd ra n r cl rg 1ons . . .
30 O bjcc t l\'c s
3 I I lit I <.ld lii: I I OII L rk c rcl1
g 1<ln a nd aet. m o eal ity tt ls o i ~ <m in!'litu tion
o fli lc f.<>r ..myun.: A.u a t 1o pt 1n
IH:il. d c B y th ls m s ll tu tron of m ora llly on..: 's a c tions frumth ~ n l or<.~ 1 po mt u r V I C\V
1.2 Sot.p c c s of Moral l c.k:~rl s i n Ind ia
m eg ht b .::_ hi ciiHkd a ~ go <>d o r h ad . ri g ht o r ~vron g , praisC\'- Orth y 0 1 b lam..: rul e tc
3.3 Et hics. l1s Mc:tn lll! in l11d ia n T r <tdi t io n ' ' .n d a g a 111 l~y llHHa l11 y o n.: m ay be c n ~ i t l cd to j ud ge <u h~rs a<.:tion :~s g.oud 01
3 .4 Eth i.;;s 1n Vcd rc Pe r iod h.1d. 1e g.h t oe WH'ng . In th1s sen s e m o rality ca n b e rc gard cu a:- a partic ular wa y ~.1 r
35 l ook m ~ HI 1ssu c:. of c iHu actc r and conduc t. lt is in this sense llf m o r.111\y. that w e
[;till cs rn l ) ltor masa <:: /ras <md lti ltu.' os
ta lk o l h llllHln bcmgs a s ll'l(lra l a ge nts but not of an imals. we e~ l so lalk <.lf m lna l
J .6 Way o f R rg htcous nc ss in the G it<1 <.:onc e p ls , la w s and p1 ine iplcs e tc for a m ora ll y good or mora ll y 1 i gl~t ti f~ .
3. 7 E th ic :t l Co n c clll .~ <> I. I I fi
. ll Iu 1 -ra u11r.o n
3.X M _o ra l1ty m c<Hls c o nsc ious liv ing " ith in th e fra m e or cc n a rq princ 1pk:- ,,f conduc t
Eth rc:- Ill . O u ~ld hi :- m
la td clown b y-tho,.: rcga rckd a ~ a u th <lrit i<.:s. So iil gcncralnllua ii\ V ;,:-; ;m m ~ titut 1 ," 1
J .Y .l:11n<1 l: th ic s t'f l ifc c o ns is ts 111 the.: awan;ncs~ o f a t) impo 11ant dis u nc tion bc.:t~vc<.:n w h ;1t is an d
3. 10 Le t u., S un1 up ..' .
~)
\.Vh <t l o u g h t to h e . Su m e n ~ h o ul d li ve not m e rely in the li ght lf w ha t is h \ll abo
3 . I I K ey Vv'ord s w h ~ll ou g h t Ill bc . S pcc d i c;1ll y ~pect ki n g morality is thcr .~~van:ncss o f a liv tn g
bo scd 0 11 a di s tinc tro n be tw een o u r a niina l d e mands and the de m a nds ~'lf the
3. I 2 F unhe r Rer<
J"rngs
, an d Refe ren ces hi ~ h c 1 f<tt: u lti c s ~) f' h u man life . 'l.vh id l m a ke th..: huma n dis unc t from the annn :1ls
3.0 OBJ E C T TVES S in ~.:c th e.: a nces to 1s n t'llind u s in India w e re s pir itual in nature lh c y lixcd thc 11
anc n te ntl on a Ide b~.:yo nd d e alh . Thc,;y r~gardc.:d th..: hunlan s oul tmn...: r lh.lllgl ''"
To ~I\ t I 1I L ' ' l lltftllt-. o ( pflilti:-, CI I>h ~ a n e tern a l c n uty <.:<.>-e xi sti n g \.\ith th.:: S upre m ..: B e ing . T hey b.::t.cvcd lh a t cv...:ry
lr<Hill l<lll . !;;<=IH:nd .:: 1i 11 11" <= t,- c th rcs 1 11 l nd iun
human sou l goes l\) th e roun d o fbi.-ths , re births a nd reaps the fru its of act tons .
TI> c rwhlc thc n l u nder~t lll I I . . . Whe n a sou l c o m es to be a:<so c iatc d ""ith the g ro:;s m a te 1ia l body. it i=- h o und to
< ( I l e c t f ll t:a f t:(lll SC I OU S il eSs O J' fnd . . d perform e..:rt:\ln deeds a nd in e011fOnllity with laws d ivine , rc<l(l:. thc ft lilts the re of.
To c::n u m . . lct. clll
' . . C:l cll <: van n us e thica l <.:o nc e Hs ofd "f.. . . T ht: b c lic.;f ts that. 1f g ood d c <."'<.b a n; p e rt(mncd . happiness c :;uhs and 1f c '\ il
rd lg ro us tra ditio n s . I . I ft> IC::Il l fn diUn r hdos orh ic a l unci
d eed s a rc p e r forme d . mis e r y fa lls f<.l the l(lt of th e:: d oer. The.: h uman :-out "-' c e
dies: it c~t n n ..:v...:1 rc 1n mn w ithout d o in g action:: mlll <.:~1 11 11<.:\ 1..:1' daun <.:>-. cnlpltuns
3 .1 I N TR O D UCTI ON from re a ping t h ~ fru its of ils dee d s . It reaps a s it sow~ . Any mall u ll111Httd y loo k:-
for ha p p ine s s wh ic h is ttle fruit or Ku rmu a nd s o h<.: s hould ncccssat dy "-1ww
M o l-al con sc iou .. ' . .
. . . . ~ llc ~s I ~ clll untle n i:tble fa - . w hat is g o o d nnd what .is b ad. Every law 'giver <md cn. 1y thinker o f lndta 111
:--cn s lh tl l!y IS S(lfl1e lh in!..! c s scnti<t l fc . h c_l o r h uma n cxp e lit!n ce. T h e m ontl
a n c ie n t p e rio d fe lt , the s upre m e necessity of fr.1ming. q;rta in m les or <. (mduet
god s <*lc bdle n :d to . :-_ . . Ol I e reace ful s o c ie t v and til. ' E '
~n cur ll cll<: lo res tor~.: ,. " ' . c v. Ol "- :. ven a n d of present ing th e ultiti,a te e nd to w hic h all the life o f a huma n being. 1::. t o ~
~own throug h t h e c~n r uri<.:s manv . , ,. . ~ ::: 'lteou~ n <.::-;~ etnd pc;~cc in th e soc ic ry di r c c t<xl in th is l<::;so n on fndi a n ethi cs we w ill be d eal in g. wi th the Himlu cth t<.:s.
llll~r~e~rcd ~~~ the r~u io n a I gr~und ~ /,~l ~~~~l-u s lc~c hcrs , t~ nd ph i los oph crs wcr~ s ome <.: th i~., ;d noti<.lllS t.l f B t1ddhis m a nd J a inis m .
:Jrc_sCJrb l cd " ' the Dhur,,asastros arc \.Vei l ~ ~t ~ty.l l h t: cas te dut ies or
t he Hindus
o l t!u ate the life oftl ' I rc u ale d CO tl ll n- d I. ,
th (; d . l C c o mmun ity. Eth c. . . . ' ll . s, w llc h on: m e ant
e OIUil allons of t h e mora l bc havio t 0; ::; ciS a_Sp ec u i<Hivc sc ie nce is b a sed On
3 .2 S OURC ES OF IV10RAL IDEALS IN IND I ~.--
m o r a c odes are b d nan but., s b . .
. . . . ase on rel ig ious b e lie n _: u s t<IIHi a l ponion th or Any huma n b e in g in the socie t y_is calle d to live <ind lead a llloral lifc . To I td u
\q; te:~kc lhc fndl<ur clhi<.:( too . . _s. s o c l<tl c u s toms and tr . . e
Cll ~;tom :-. <tlltllra di . . . . tht: mora la y is VC I'V mu I l .. , .ld JII On s . \ Vh e n m o ral Iii~. he need s certa in guid el ines a nd pr inc iples or
m orulit y to d tl ,. ' U\ 11\
..-.
.
lt o n s o f Ind ia n rc lig ron s . . c 1 )ctsc.:d on c<.:rt<t in bclic ts, dee d s a n<.l to abs ta in fro m cenain d eed s. Wha t is the prim a1-y ~t.''urcc of m Qa <~li t)'
I I 1:. IHI C lit ttl II . ,. . in ln d ia '? T he ;m ::;w c.:r could be the a utho ritv ( l f the Slripturc~ c~pc.."\:H\11\' Th t o l
h.: ound:ltl<.llb of In,-. . . the V0d a s . aftct the \'cda~, the a lnho r itv ~f the Sm,.,is '~ :tcc-:ptcd ,(t \ t s

a nd lhe lheolcwi -..J ,, . . l II l . 1"11 1 c.: th l<.:!-> c an h. ".... ,,,
c 1IC 1.s Il ,.,,lll! 1l( I I
( SI'Iili' ) ond the S m rtrs (1 )/wrmasastra.~ o f M anu) t&~ken \(\~~the' "" I
C' '-U
de-.ls :.fnd pri ru.: inf . I . . ~ to n n of w ol s hiJ; . - II l lc ll1 c,;taphy !;r, :.1
. , . cs I a.u <lu cctcd . . .. pr.tycls ~n<.l . I . rc.;ua rdc <.l <I S lhe s o u ret! m (\ra litv . Of the~e (WU (Vella:. and Snull \ ) th .
or
n d 1an elh cs we c d man s l1 1i.; in tJ 1,. : . , n t1c fonn o f

c' rlucs and lfindu 0 ,
<JOIIOI c ny tl
c tnlt ma lc re i aLi
... SOCie ty \V I
w n w e s p t.:ak o f ar~ rcgnd c d a !' ~upcriur. In lhc cv~nl of a conllic t bet w~cn the hHl, th
'a"> orher dig iOn . l:lh 1c ons 1l ip lllar rwcvri ls I , the Ved as prevail$. Ocsidc..c;. S n1ti,,. Sm rtis an<favactic.:.c;. of ~:oood p:opl
s an<J rcilg io . ' >c t w een
nell<: :-:.o ~..:1o St.: I Y rd a tc <.l a nd rca~on a l::;o pl ay a role in the mauc~ c.l fmorality n,~ um ct cons
44 . ' tltr.t <..:Vl'll rh t.: d ..:~ i.-~ ari:- ing- Oltt Of'
is the SO lii 'CC ;t lld
.. rII ~,. 1 . Iu.s
t~S( o(mOiol nt ~an :-o
. .
.. r
II "llldC.: l(llllOI ,d lt }. 'lght W ift
:::. . _
.
1 1,1ht \Viii ordc tc nttlll<ltl<n

1. . rvc as rl :-Olll \:c.: t
(}
1... Ill h .; u.Jcntdtc d ~111<1 UCl; t '" 1

" ) ::.t:
1 n 1

c.:ccn t

1111\C!-.
1 t: h s h ccn tl t:l u

c.:.
c:-

1
., ,.- ~ w ll v: 111 th e t Htught:s ll('
1
.. r<l . 1 1 \ '<.:rV 1111potl:1nt plac~.: . .
c.:l

1s
;
1110
UI\'C'!,!.I.:IH nc atl tngs . but generally it ls ki\Own as duly. The CtlnCq)t Kwrnu
s ig111 lies rhat the c 1'> a uni I o n n moral la\.v, governing the a c u o n s o f Ill an und the
\
\

C<ndlu .. and 1\wohutdt.. ~ o n sLrc r c 1C\V3 t d~ and th e p unis hrncnts c.tppropriatc lo their <tction!'. R /(I ~ the fclundat<.m
. . .
"IVIn " th(.' final vc.:rdt<.:l n;g<u<1111 c:- q ,.,
' .
UC"'I011 <;
l) 1
..
II H
, tlt v u d tllllllnra lll y .
ol t ., ' 1 ..
o l llt.;:~c 1wo concepts The tno1c i tnport.ant and cs~~nlial clcm ..:nt 1n the Vc ...lic
1
=- .... "" I 1 111 11101 - 1JII}'
. I'. h<lll1 ..rlll(ltlll 1 1, , - h~')l.'d
; 11 HI. o,;cl: 1:d r ca'-c111 i 11 ,1
-
<:th 1.:s 1.' that o l lnve and ''-'Orshtp oll"ctcd lO t!lc H.l.'>d~ i 11 c umpi<.:L...: ~ubnH s-. "
10
T1tc Vt.:I\"C.:<Hll'c.:pl ol 1 11 < ~ ' - ; ,. ,. . fH <.:-.t tolh Jll 1., ,. IV1o~;tl cdu c\1 law" t c lh :ctc d in the right pcrfc>nnan~.: ol s:1cr 111 and '-\ll>t l~.: cc-..
1 h 1,.; 1lt.:Cil ' ~ 11 ' 1
Both 111 BuddiiiSill :wd Jauusm rc;a~o tl c" ' , .. ewcl~ One is <.1d 1 ~~ J1 ''-h\> p<.: lh>l lll ~lll c"c s...: rificcs.<ttHI t h e; ceremon ia l dut 1 c~ 1;11 <.1 dw..'-n , thc
<:-
'
1 , - t "> lace a m o ll" I 111 ~-- 1 11
Jams m nght (;lith IS.1VCI1 1_'<::_ 11 .:. I , 'd ' c~ld V.:(ll lfl of' the pn;ccpl$ b cf(\1(.' ,..,u,ptlii C-.. wou ld .1c ht cvc the l:;Oa l tlf ctcn1al happin c:.~ 111 h cav...:n Sc the ..:tlu c-..
to us~ l11 s rca!WII "' <Jsc.:crt:lllllltg the 'all _n y C" S" '' is n e ithe r d is allowe- ul the V~.: <111.. I ltndus ts pnmarily a god-orientcu ethi C!>.
fo llowmo lhc nt In l3u ddl H!itn 100 Ll1 c u sc , of "n c rson a 1 r .. " I f3 ld hu
"'
nor d espised Th.: four noble lruths :.re to >C o 1 f, flowe d but C\'clt t te ll U<. <\ The h igh est goal o r ltl c for the Upanishads is n o longer happiness as in thc Rtg
. .
:WyS whe t C.:VCI thCI t: is d iSHg_rc;c;mc n(. QUC:S(I()n. <.:< . ~ " lllUCil,.; kc;d ftlrlt::lllOVIn!!uOll'lL<;
. .. ~ . .. 1. . r Ve d a , hut l1herat 1011 from bond<tgc lO the transitory existence <~nd Lhc rc-auammcm
I n nodc111 I ltndu thoucht . c::.~son ts . gtvcn
. l >Ct(CI'Ili:J <.:C l.''fl CI..' I(dl\ . Ill tft<.: t<.k<J:-. 0{ or the; innct CS!>cncc o f lite soul. The Upan ishauic ethics is pritn;llil y atman-
Vrvc:ka n:tnde~ and ( -rilndl - u lor l1..:111
I .
rt::t:-llll 1.:-o. I\Ot tltt: '-(IU I'CC ~ll 11101:11 t dC<I~. . httl ccntric and mtc ll cctuali s ti c. The Upanishads declare that the Vedic :-u..:ificc:; arc
vet they hdrc;vc nth.: role uln :a:'<.ln ntttc;
1 - rnatt c 1:-o of lllo n litv . .l kncc.. llt .:. p nnt:Hv t O ! a ll y 111 ck,a ntlul the IC.:'-l ltt.:aliOn o f nrnks o . And ~ll lll:lll is <.:uns lall\ly c"hliiiCll
;.ole i:-; g"cn 10 Vedas and S mrtis a s the l'und:~mental :-o\.1u1'eC {l l nHtral ll y tn ln d a;,_n tn ~cck hts tndi v HJuallibcrallon.and 110 1 wony about ulh~r Stl~t~1l. mora\l)b\tg,i\tton.
cr;tdirwn. but b es ides the m . a ll th e ahovc m c.:nuon cc1 S\lUrcc. " S '' l -~o p h _ ved
. . tlt c tr Thi s k ind o r philosophical . indi v idualis m definitely tindc rmincs the value~ or
mles in deciding rhc quc:s rion of m ondity a n d immoralit ~. in lnd ia 11 rradtltOn . s ocial mo.ra l ity. P()t' the Upanis hads. lht.: idct}tilic~Hiun and Lhc rc<.~lizatitm of the
- :, . sci f with Brahm:lll is very impo rtant. In thi s nH; taphy:sic.:al realm only we can
~pc<~k or U pani s h <dic c.:thi t.:s . T h e oldest Upanis hads S<1y ~h<ll the pcrl\:c~ sag.:_ is"'.
3.3 ETJ H CS: rrf S MEANTNG TN INDIAN TRADITION sai nt who btun~ e vil uway and ht: is fret: from c.:vit. S(, I! is 10 thc ""'Hdam:~ ut
ev il. we can :;cc th ~ dear noral tcac h inc;. in the Upan1~h~"-'' KathJ l:pa1H:-.hall
ThL lndt:tn 11:1 m l(lr tll<lr<al IIV <tnd eth ics is ttfwrmu /)flttrlllu t:C'Iltl'S 1'1'\)11 i I
dcclat~o:s 111 1.2.24 ch ~ll h e who is ~1hvays impure i:- born again <md al:;ain that ht:
l"<.lClt 'dhr. \\lllt:h lltlans tol;<, ld to~~..thc:r . /\n~l thu, the lunc.: tt i..H I tt',/ltu n ua t:-.tc l rai ls to r each the h ig_h c:-t goal. Good conduct i~ very much llCCC:"."ary ror the
hold the furman ~o<..:1<.:1v lol!cLhc:r few its Sl<thi lil\ ;utd gn n\ tit ({ ~ht l.:OIH.luc.:t s a tta inme nt ~r man $ ~1l!l<.1physical good tidcntitic;Hion <., f th c.: :;el f with Hrahman)
cssentHtl f the human-so ciety is to s ul'vive _, "fnc,; dharma in Hinduis m i;:; l.:O- A'nd m a n w h o is w 1se ,:,. morall y " g<.lOd tnan whose nature :rpruxunatcs to the
ex tc n s ivt: wrth moiality. Olu{rnta in lhe- Vcdas ,c fc rs to the h i gh c~l truth <~n d ( I 1\.'
. ll) l.: Ill() cJ t:' I { K <.1 l U t) 1 - ...,4 : ch Ut) X <l 1 ) So
'> - th~.: U 1''"":;\wu:- <~rc cka n
power a nd it i::; vcrv much undersrood as the pcrforma ne~ ofVcd ic sac ifi ecs a nd sa::?ing. thm thl: m an w h o has wi~t~um uocs llllt si n . ~ ~~ t.:C<l:-oc' w do C\ tl llld
other tual~ in rite ~Jcdas and Dharmasastrus. So Dharma is unde rs tood in Ve das th 1ough his wi"dom h e annul" the ev il of his formct \li e
;ts duty p;tt'-C.X<..:ell c n ce Dharma is ctlso genera ll y und c scood s lh~ duti .:~ or
hunwn s a ecotdllll! to (lnc~ 0\\' 11 cast e and !'-l<t!!t: tf I IIi.: C1{" -" '"ru,,u /)ftunll (f) ETHICS lN DHARMASASTRAS AND ITTHA SAS
And thu ... rn~n,
. f;tndu thinkers sa\ ifone - doe~-. ..
his dut,: h e \\I ll ac.:hi t:vc t:tl h cr
heaven or a bt.:llcr brrth in the next lite or even prosperit y h ere an d n ow. T h us the The ins titutes ur tvb nu and otht::t J)hcu:muS(IS/r(IS an; th~ m~un 'uurcc b~)~\~:0.,\)~
Hindu <:onccpl of'dlwnn(, ha~<: been rccogni~cd b y its very c lo se assoc iation o,;vllh l) lllh Hindu ntuali s m <md ... socta . l llH1r3 1.tty. -1-1~ ~, l.l p::mt:-. lnd' . '--- mrh~,s. r ~:~J I ' \(;
rirualistic and casrc- oricnred duties . A nd th e ptircly m ora l sens e o f duty is . Ii b era ti<.'" of th t: individual, but the Alanusm r lt :-u . b <~ t.1111.1
l '-<
1 mdtvtdun
. :. tu
..' ..tl\' d
overshadowed. Uutyet the Hindu thi~kers advoca te and rcc~)rnmcnd th e pracr i cc ,. . . .d t I
S r.. ial Slruclun;s Thouc.h llldl\' 1 ua 1. one 1<.: t.'ng:- ~:: . t 1 a tanllh and a :-ub-1..
. \ M.tc <~~''
..
-~1... .. .. ,1 I s anu so the HuH. Ul>Ot.:t.l 1
of mornl virtues a rHJ moral no nns. w l)ich mak e cl man as man . Th ese m o ral h e i s al ways take n c m c by the huntl y Ill wht~.-' ~~I.. .a ...... rdati ve
vrrrucs ~e ca ilcJ SmlltaratJ(f /)hanna ot uni v~rsa l uwies. I kt~ Lc th t: tc: nn dhon11a .
morality-is relativistic I
o n severa counts .. an . t
l'v{ ~ lutt<:s arc act:cph!u lll'-""
: . . .. I uictlv l'<:lati \t.:
/) ) Tl tuuc.:s ol a pc~un at~' ~ 0 ~
to time (>~tgn) and plat.:e ( C.'W ~~ l .. h" ~kt:at:t.:ll ~,;c at~un

in Hinduism lut s two connotat io ns I) pertonnancc or r iLu<tl S<H.:rifi <.;cs ;..tnd dtttr' ) M
1 1 h ta"C ol La k lrl "HIIII(I at1 u f.
<u.:cCJrding lo one's own casLe and the s.;cund is th e prac tice uf' tnora l v irtues ;mel- ln hi ~ l'ai'IW ( c <t~$) anl t c ~ c:: ( / ./ ., lor"IV~t\css(hlrwuu). sd -
lhXIIl $t So when we s peak of dh arma a s morality, 11 indud cs " " the dut ic-; or~r
1 1'1 , 3 1 cont c ntanc nt l " ' "
vinuesa s untvcrs:t . ll:Y c .
'u ::-
. l ' t.ll:a"\:tnu,,fthc .-en ...l.--s
ougltf L( pert(), m and all th e virtues he oughL to prac ti ce t(l :main 11/(1/, w1 or
r .. ( ' [("\ a) dcanhnc"s
con rro l (_ll/uiiTJa), non- s tca tn.,. us . .
( \(Ill((/ t.:
,. \ c n,
me :\tman \ vtcllnu).
fibc <Hion . . d 1111) kn owkd~c o t lt.: "' 0 \:
( 11
; drivet n t<.!.ralw l. \A. ,t:- om '' - ( ,_ l (VI Ql -9~\. Thcs~
..-
t r uthfuii\C$S (sathya ) and abste nllon lO
f " ml!Cr <111.11( 11"
St //< ':' / )lwmwl. \\ hid1.:~n heuallled

------------------------------------------------------~--~~----. . ._a\ dlwrnw (. m Wt ,,w . 1

3.4 E'TfJJ CS IN VEDfC PERIOD . v i rtuc~ a rc ..:nmmon. liiH' cr. . \ . . \hcu "" n 'l~ \:t '"'
.
mor:.t I it y T h u!' the J)/w,mwwsrros. - p~~..:~ '
uoal but they seem \o s hare mo.c ot 1~--
E .... mlth<.: Punma... '" ._
'"s a common ( "
. tl 1\: r""" \h~ al 'lQ"''
o
Whcu we speak (Jf lndan ethics. its early beginnings have to be traced f 1 Cllll rite e thics
Ve das. r~arrtculady the l{rJ' Veda . One of the central ct hic:ll c oncept s of rl u: J{ ig ,
V~da I S ' Ia (.;Ouc..:cpricm of uui f yi n g onlc r or tHo.-;11 1a w. pe 1, :tdtt 11, :t 11 1h 1"I''
J h t..fml" pt 1111 h<J "i\: C II ri~f: (() 1\\'() Olhct illlpCIII;.JO( I.:OIIc-c pt s. lftc- l'CIIlf''ld 0{"
Oluo 11111 and the 4..0IIt.;Cp l uf Konn11. The con c.:cpl /)/1(11111 (1 h ;h ~ut ~" d il (n ~Ill
--~-----------~~ 41
~-----~~~Tm~ -----
TH ~ (; I TA
........ /!""
3 .6 \1\'i\Y OF R I G HTEOUS NESS I N !....__
-- - . .. i h~<.:ou s a \." tll>ll:-. 1s lit e 3 -2_ E THI C AL C ONCEPTS OF l.ll NDU TRAD l T l ON
. R J,tv tll rcH"' " ~~ 11 1l.: 0 1 1 e-
Tht: 1 o..: ali ~a uon o l the S u p rc tll t: <.: . 1 - . ,- <: C 1ca . /\ ~ IHlJl ~~~ , . tu l>t~ D ot. I i n t.:
, ' lf c l 1rc i dli CC ildli!fl i C I ~O 11 1 .J o l Karuur ...
c~. nrra l wdl- kn 11 ch c n1 c l)l 1 c:
>( [Judllnoi ntllta . 0 ace .
r .
1 11 1 chc f/ 1 0 /onttf"t" " ' "'''
p c1 fo1111Cd w1th the 1c .1 I 17-'111 0 0 t

. 111111 , l . tci tlll an d . !I I h t. d .. ~ llo .,,. n I K fll' l l/11 ~~<t i t:~ I h ; 11 ,._ h<ti C' c::r a llli111 " 'tl'(',, 1.. 1 ,,. . 1 -
-- . ~.- t.: 0 .ll' ~''" ( lC::f\11111
1 1
, ' 1' cl IIH l)ll"h l 1C \ lH 1(111 . I L '" '' o\\ n h..:d . a IJ<tn. C:-l :;prun!! ll t.Hil " "' O\\ 11 at:t 1o 11 ,., ,;.,,,. 1 , 1
1 \:lHHilll {lt;v
; ~ ; td \ , ~cd en t11 :1kc a <' 1gcnt ~C "
I'c- m u. I <.:S II'C \\1.,til '. 11 . 1 ~.,~. :-. r1<. Ill ,, 1, 111. .1 ....
- ::"
Ill V ' I p,l(
.
~liii C IItlc r 1'10111 a u nc hmc nt tks n c Sf)rtll !;~ 10

1 . J fi n a ll)' I lOI II hi S I)I CV I O II S li re. Karma 1$ or
f'o lll c a tegori es: I) Sou lhitu Karnw .. ,.;hl c h m.:an c;
. . . . I .. ,1 f n1c tntli'Y an<1 l1111lt ,I ll
cc11 ne,; n lfallw tion lrom l fll <tlliHIIOII o:-.s ' .1 1 1 tl.' c ~ccurn~la tcd pa~ t acuon$. 2 ) p,.u,ubdlw ~u mu . whic h means the p:nt of
r 11 I..111U '- ul b o nu..tg<.:s 1::- flc.l""' > c
los" ur IIIIOd h e fH.:ris ltcs. S o llhc nlfl()ll (() Ill cl ~ d . . ' .. s~'.' <.'"'U. /.:(lr11f(~, .thi S I'<!~U I~ Ill the pr~::;c nt btrlh itsel f. T h is is 41 1So t.:alh;d pr..:-
.. . . . . d c r llllHI till.: l.u ld an ' I C~,; \C.:I !'.t.
only hv th e rctli z-at o l ol th t.: ll1 :rh t H <H I 01 :.un e n . dcs t lli:IIIOI\ 3) A rtytiiiiCIItfl 1\:(lrmo. ~ ht eh 111Ci1 n s present wi llful a c t 1 C>n ~ o r frt.:<:
' 1 1 1 lih.;nlli<HI IH1111 a ll k rill1s n l \V III 4) A grtnu Kormo . w hic h n1cans the imn1cdi:11c n ;sult!- ..::n 1 s~d h v ou 1 pl e:-.cl\l
th<. 1Cal1 z<t 1ion o( t he Brnhma n 1'> o nly I 1roug 1 1 I t,; .
d 1 1 ' lll' l t: hnH.:III t <'l t lt c I ru1t o 1 I 11c a<. t inns Kat""' :-.i1nply lllC<In:-. <:tt:tton . .'\ nu this Kor11u1 IHu:-.t :-..: 11111 \!:'> th;-11 w hat \ll
blllld:I"C!'. A c ti<.ms :uc l(l b e p c r l o n 11c ,,.,, H lll .tn ~ ' _
"" .. ' I' lJ 1
i!CIHlllS. 11 11 ~ IS OIIC O f lh C lli C:tll$ 0 :11C:IIIllll1! I fl 11111(/11
ana Thu" ( Jiti\ C1 ll plw!-17t.'" 1:. .l;il llc d th e ..:u n s..::qu <.:llt:t. of an <~ <.: ti u n i~ rea lly 1\ t.l l " scpar; 1 t~ tllln~ hul 11 1s a p <1rt
,,
t)Ot I1 on r..fii'J11tt v-
rOI!H : tn <.
1 Gtlllllfl y uga ,.or t l' l; 'ltttllltllH
_, tl l' th ~,; S ur) r ..:n 1c n t . ...! . o l t.h ~ a c uun a nd it c annot b~ d ivided from 11. The con :-t.: 4 u c 11cc is 1hc part of the
v y - G " ., 1 , .. ,... , .(tl'tll ( t Yo a si n1 r., l v m c<.~n s acton. w h1e h belongs to rhc future but yet the pat 1 '=" <lnnc in the p 1c scnt. \1,/halc,er
b ut yet "arnut ooa s s u pcn or 10 nana 1 og... ... . . " c: -
<t m o d e ofrea l i zir~ the Orah rnan through d evot iona l m e dita t io n un the ~~<-11 ~ 1 <..: o f <t nwn sows h e s hall reap.
God. :tnd the pntc t icc o f one 's ow n du ties wi rhout a ny a q ,{lc.hm c nl. One w tll be
Tea ll \ m ig ration of So u l
hlc~sed \Virh Brohma)ogo. whic h will lead h im n ot on I/ I t'~ m o ral s u cc..:ss bnt
:tl:.o u1 chc rnfi n it c s pirtt11<tlj0y :tnd p eace '1 h e doe h iuc <lf' Karma and t nJn~n1i gt'<H i on <>fsou l ac :;~1 clusdy bound up together.
A ftc 1 th t: c.lc ath of the body the life of the iiH..Iivit.lual I S cont i uu..:d "' :-1nnthcr body
rh t.: l <.: is ;IIHH ft c l Wll}' J"'I <Jillt>l t'd by t h e Clt :t l(l (111 : 1111 till.: llltiiii;Jte rc.dr :llln:l ' " and :;.O on 111 indc liniu.: scric$. Accordrn~ lo tht s theory. the s oul thou gh pu" '"'t\
lite and l1bc rauon t'rorn the cycle o t'b nl h ~ nnd dc;11hs . w l11d1 1"
kno"'' " :.1:' /'\'(Irma bksscd "' its d( geL<> entang.leu in th e Sa111.wro t cyc k c,f.billh and rcbrth ) ll ts
H>ga (f>a lh of act ivi ty). T h e Giw h a s d escribcd th is \.\'<lY :!S rhc lll Cth od nr bceaus..: (lfthc J\urma 11 passes rhrou g h mnumcrablc births (tr:msnu g.r:~ttOn) hefole
di$ inlc rcstc d ac t ion (;Vi.\llkarnaKarma ). To illIa ill 'lrl()k.W o n e h as l(l b e ecd rrQm r. 11 r ega ins its ori ~i na l s tate .
t he bo n tl;tge . to one 's O\\;n ac ti ons. So r hc Gi ta sugg~,;:. r:. the gol dt:ll r u le thu l
<~ c l iun .s s hou ld b e d <mc w llh t he ~ ri rir (lf n <lll - <t ll<tchmc nt to rht.: ir fru i t ~. Roth t h e S up 1c m c Gutls (PIIrllshnrth as)
epit:~. uiha~as h ave a l>undll! of t: thi ca l anu m o r al t:mk~ and iniliiKtion:-- . The The dominant intc re::a of' the Indian t hou g h 1 is in the h igh t:sl value ofhu man lili.:.
f" 't.' llt:. rl gurdd111C:0: v t' t lu: t::'~cnli ~d ~1 1 11ca l itlt:als a nd :Jwu g lu :-- Pt' l-'l inuutr;.~di.t iun. T h e re arc rour valu es. wh ic! give me a ni n ~ to h u m:lll \ 11'..:_ They arc calle d
Pt~rushartlws . They are as foll ow in ~ I ) Diu trill(( 2) Artlw ~) Kama 4 )u~t,J. q, _
Dhurmu is u s u ally dislin gu ishcd inlo s udharc11W dlurrmu ~md , urnu.,hnllrlfl
dharma . sadlwr(mo dlwrn w rcfen ; lO the d u ties o f the u lli,ct-s=tl :;c<.pc and ,ulidll)"
There: are- ten e<1rd in a l virtu es k n<wn a::; .wu/lwrc1n a d lrantl cl ~CC<lrdi ng. H.> M<.IIIU.
c nduran<.:e. p a tience: sc lf-~u~ lr<ll. integrity. plirity, and c ~train t u f scn:;.cs. wist.lmn.
learn in 1;, a nd truth , a bscnc:x o f anger o r non-vio lence. ThO:: l'Ctru asrcm w d h a rma
re fer~ to the dutic's of p ersons acc ording to the caste;s and the stages o f life. T h us
d h arm d is c~nsidercd to be a m eans value fo r a uainin g pcr!'Nl ality in tcg.nttion
in t he spiritual level ur libe ration .
Th e le n n arl htt gen e t-idly indic a tes t he a tta inment a nd '' otldly l l f idl <:S
prusp c rit y. adv~1nt~~c. pro fit <md v.:ealth. Kwu<.~ is a t.:nmlu~h\.7n:-.i\c term," hich
incl udes ''" d esires: d esi res rdn~ii'g. from the c nn:ings ,,r tlu: 1\csh an,\ t h e
y ea rnin gs of the s pirit. Jn Hindu tho u g h t the re is always a clca cmpha~is th..:. ?"
_,' e njoy ment of scculcu pleas ure $ along '":ith the cmphas.is o n the. rcahzau~ ol
":
s pi ritual vnlucs. The unique n ess o f the con cept o f kamCI and e nJoym ent 1" th~
Hindu ethi cs is that a ll of the m w c l'e to b e aclat~d to th.: S(\iaitmal ~oal ol hunMn
ex is te n ce <md ~o tht! l ndinn eth ic::; insist~d on ~~ rc uulatc'l cn.iuymcnt In C'l: cl"\
sc ho ol uf philoslphy in India the tir$l thn:~o: {~,-~.~j,.,,.,hu' ;,u c trc.th.d ""' 'h'
in :; Lrutn c nl a l v ah.1 cs. w hich lliH:\: lly nr indirct'll) 1uunm h.: the ""' CINUf
Puruslwrtl~as - tile highest values of hun\a.n lltc namdy nual.;~tl "",Uu ~ Dlto
kno wn ns by ,)thc r names s ud\ as: mukti. (lpm 'tlyh . k"i-nl' u ;md "'' '""'" Tb

l .I ll C nlliOI\ I S 11\tlll\CilC
1y b 0\llll1 Uf' Wll "" ~
tl th\:, "1' a 1,.. .. u a ' th.: "''K:'"'~ ot
... n, ""'
..-
lransmi g nllion. I
\
49
Sltulltunnfl
l , ,d, v , du ~. 1 1,as 10 nr<w" 10 Iu s best accotdttl ~ to hts
By thts t erm \VC m C<lll c:tc Il

1
.. C' II ds
,- lJ "vidu31 "t (l\.Vth IS t:a c vttt lrtt "'t'
II . llindu Rite.; - Som .\ l.aros
0\\ n dharmn. t hat is to s:~ y the pn ne t P co 11 1 t ~ .. <->. t.: t olin::. 1(.\om the c .:: tllral them.: of the B _._ .
1 1 I ' 1 11 11 -:r~nl..:nt ;u1u s l a 0 ~ ,1111 1 1 1ltttt , tt I h r; . r.mlll:lntcat tel"1 , '
S 1 adlunmo t ~ 111 t c l :lt ton to an tn < t Vtl lll s C t . . . . t c.: '-- tc: ' t H.e:; not only ph:;es c god s htu . 1 . fi. !;JQn and phtiOM"'Iph y .
. t ll'- u l thn; c f''"'o.\ . I 111. -. ,,. , .1 . . I '' ::;o t:<;cJ thc.:nl I I I
til(.: b t ~Cd ~>n 'Wtrn a a nd asramo. I I S llHH 1C ttl \.:It ~ f" ''
' d 1an105 ) 1 h c"t:
' (t 1.11 k n cs~:-- thr..:c qua tltcs at~ 111\tn
1\ ' :-.co <lt<Hh.: d I It<.' ""I"" t;ltll Vc.:l . . . . . . 1roug
' I \; !<o.tc.: t I 1oc.:c.:s ar . th . !:> . . l th ..c nl the:""'"
(puntv). ruiu.\ (vtrtllly) . a n . . . 11 ( " chy.t ntu,t( , Bc.:,.. oclcs all th.:::-.\: ri t t I . I c.; ~.: tol\1\a sac.: ro~o c.;c.:",.. .tnd thc:
. '- , t :-< l lcrc: arc: tll"tt 1 -
in cnc""h Individual in varying prOplllli On !' a nti thu S tim, va rytng p~l~pOttl v ll o J" '- ~ C ~llll C.: nt s known a s S atn s ka , -1
1lCsc Samsk ' Y p c.: :-:una l lll l.ono.!v
. ' t .t:-. . .
l . f - ' "11'
qu:~llucs IS rc~arded :IS tl\c l:lStS o ..,, Ctc n
ll YP c :> o f nctionS:\Ild O (I O lll ~~I sles pur tf rc auon and the y arc lhc eerc mo . r ~ras arc religious <l ~ l:. () f
- 1 . . . 1 on t l l C'_., C tl1rcc c h_' ssrfi II . . tiles Or sancttfyinu tl b d
Th.: concept ofSvadlturma s very tnuc 1 (l,tsct . c:tt to n s.,,,
l1 tnt c e e l ol the llldtvldual. so that the person ma be o lC o y. mt nd and
it is wdl promotctl by l mJian ethical code that il"the ~oc i ~'.Y i s ' ~' lunCtt <.ln s ~' l 'Olitly o f I h e communtt y for lhe pet fo t m<~nc. of th y come a full-pledge d member
thcre should certainly b e a hicran.: hi..::d anan gc mcnt nl l unt: tton !' <tntl dutt cs 111 t . m c.:nlal <lilt. tude i s the mo~ t itnpnt!O.IIll '
cc; r .esc s .acra rnents .. ..sam.-u
' 1
pa"' 01 I he
. . I) C . 011<. ltt~n . The most tmnon S ....
,11 c.; (II f>/,afl/,o 11 (flll Ol I.:< IIIC.:entillll [> I' ,111( ' llll::;l"ll <IS
< ,. um.t ul uuu, ((~ nslllin '. ' I I)" .
f'a rn tulIt tt nu 11 . HIItOrllho,,tJ_I'ttlltll/1 (P:.~nill"ol"lh c lnir) /,I ,, . . . ga" a co sprtng l.
:.
k llf "U IIOn1 Or ll ~lllllrt" C.:C I"Cil101lV 1\'t ffo .. u u - r.urmam (1"3tnh Cc.:r. ) ':'1/
1
. - <.:lllOcly Cl/11(1-
In llindu Clh ics. we lind I"Cif"I)/ISI"(}f1111 dharma as a soc ia l stra tifica tion. base d Oil :::o ' unwnum : tak m (; the.: child out of 1 ' 1
above s:ud gunas. pro fession and bitth. A ll houg h thcorcticn ll y it is jus tifi e d to ~o tl_l<ll ~~ _ma?' sec the sun . AllllltfJ/"(1.\IIUm: the first fccdin" of the child~~\; lO u se
food (ttcc) in the s i x th month, Clllldakaranam: the ..-~ f .. llh solid
he1vc s u c h a t:l ~rssili c.ltionQfpcopk in 1h c n amcofthcir propcn~ity :111d quality K d' f> 1 o l Onsurc ccr ctnony
arn 0 1 'E.' nmn : rcrcm g of ea rlo bes. Vidhvaramham (be fk
they p<.)~~cs in 1cnns <' I thei <ttticudc. cash:! sy~ tem in lt~di<tll ethics r~m<11ns ; 111 U . . . ~llltH ng o 110\\"lc.:dl'e )
pan(l_l'.onam ( l tHtt<Jtt<m hy a l cachcr) . S ftma varthmvtn. v;,7tthn 1\1 ''
ssuc It has been v.;ry muc h pnu.: ticcd and all e thica l print..:i p lcs and t..:odcs ,llt: .. ,, ~ an"'!:;.~ 1.
/ rntv<\lt or I un c r~tl Ri g hl ~
based on t l. By way ofproli.:ssion on e~ c asH: is dct.; r mill\:~1 in some \vays , b oth
in thco,-y and in p ract ice. T h is looks somehow line a nd rationally justif'tld Y<'l
social mobility in lhc lndder of catcgt)rics of l?copl.:: is n o r vc-y mu ch, pr<tLir..... !
and ir is not ensured . Even if n person develops .<wllva g una nnd bcconcs a
reacher of seipn1rcs. he I s he can not bceom<! ;1 Bmhmin for the v e ry rea so~ ' that
he wa~ n~.11 hon1 a Brcthmin . .-\!thoug h ~hc;orc ti c; dl y II in du clh ics pre a c h ...:~ i~.
~o~.: ra I nobility
in ,o;uc.h pnt~..:ticc remain s only ~Ill utopia . Ont: s bi nh .joti d c: t..:t,11 i n cs
CVC t)thing :n caste systems. A Suura is dc.:nicd or th e ight c.)r um..lcrtaking
put iticatory itc in the fo rm of. i nvcsritu t"C ofsacr...:d thread (Upan:tyana), which
is supposed to give a man his second binh . He is not a ll owed to perform Vedic
sacrifi ces or tead or listen ro the Vedas. Scn:rcs'r punishments were pres c ribed
anu ca t-racd our. if a Sudrn even daaed ro tec ite or lwd a c h ance co h ear th e Vedas.
r\ R a-ahm in unconditionally d eserved th e g.n:!atest honour <tml a ll_k inJs of gi fb.
H e cou ld nut bc_givcn cany corporeal p uni s hment. He was cxcm "p t from th<..: st<.~tc
taxes. n,c severest punis luncnL<; were p aescribed fo r the o ffe nder or a Brahm in.
H ence. Hindu et~liC.<; rcga;ding ' aruadharnw is sti ll a com csted and contmvcrs ial
moral a nd socia l code . .
SUt_!;es of Life (A shramrt Dharm a)

According to Hindu thought the life \.vas divided into four s tages or Ashromas:
that of the Broltmacari(Studenthood). the stud ent who is bound to t..:dibacv. The
second slage is Grilwsthah (the householder), and the third is Vanaprasll;a (!he
forest dweller) and the la st is the Sa11nyasin (the m~ndicant). A m an s h ould pa~ 3.8 . ETHICS IN BUDDHISM
rhrough 1hcsc stages regularly and no mnn s hould e nte r nny .sta ere pre matuJ;:, y. A
man a tical having s rudicd the Vcd:\s or rwo Vedas o r eve n o ne Veda in duo order.
.
The Budd_h a :thoug ht ten meritorious deeds for us to pe rform in ordc1 lo ga_m a
.. .
wtthout t>ca king celibacy mus t e nte inw dlc hot;scholdcr order. ~nd wh e n the happy and peaceful life as wt!ll as to dt!velop knowledge and understand"'l' I he
huusehcJdct ~s wrinkles in his s kin <m d wh itc ne=-.s in his hai 1 and sees his ten m e ritorious d eeds arc: I . C harity 2.Mo-ality ).Mental Culture 4 . lh~' ~~nceo
gretnd son. only rhcn he mus t ctitc to the fo;csl. A-flc1 h:.Jv in g.,p assct.t t h~ rhfrd - Scnnt:e
<W rcsp ed ~.- an 1H! 1pmg.
ot11c~- 6 . St1anng a11c ., ..,.,. .. with uthc:~ 7. I~<'JO" '"
portio~'of ltfc in rhc forests and having abandoned auachmcnts. the m<Jn wa in the mcnts of oth e rs S.Prcacluns and tcac1ung
tl h.: Dhumma 9 - L1stcnm ~
''-'
?san ~~ric. which is the fourth port i_on of lile. This .success io n is regarded a::: Dlwmma I 0 . Stnughtc . . one .s vtews.
nmg I\,.. ora1cood u~t bcnelits all B~nw:-. '' ''"
, \ac\! to \lthc:rs and m ~pu ~s
un~,
:~
lanr for Chc due dcvelot>mcnt o I llv
.... ,,.,.l1
t 1, 1( 1. .."' lld Ll 1cpropcror d c nn"
l,[
""hotn one comes into contact. M e ntal cu nare b nncs I \: .
.'
.
harm''"Y m S\lClcty SCI"- J(\"
:>OC tCly . ::> th c 1~1 to prac tice D lwmma . Reverence gwcs n se t\l
L
50
.
S l1a ring
,
lll C II b
.
""I ' 1l
o thers sh ows th <H nne is
' II Sl
11Hprcwcs the ltvcs o ( ot I1ccs. . cOQI <Il!C!> oth c1 ~ cwe 1 the m I h.: ~ hou l d not eve n expec t othell> to he "r<Hcful Tl
-. .R . . ing i n others 111Ct llS en - . . -=- lC <~et <'f tr~c c h:H icv
conc~n1ed <tbout oth er.> wcllare. CJO IC
. r . "ng to thc !)/1(111/n 111 i ~ ; 111 11 cHW ill f<Kto1 leaves bC\lh the g 1vcr nnd t he rcc1p 1e1H ln ! c . A n:al c h arit
-
.
y lll Ust PI OC<.:Cl\ fiOIH l h
' -
t o perfonn mo1c m e 11l$. Tcadung. I Stem . S . ten in one':- \ ' l l" \V S whole p -:1~no a<. <Ill act o t h 1~ hoc.Jy. h ca 1"l and mi nd It 1 ld "
l ot h apptn<::-:s
'h C l .111 <f til'
hoth the tcac
tor v
l1 <: I C IICI ( l,ll g 11

"'
. .
::;cn c to:-tl y hut 11 !>hould b e a "Dan<" '\.Vh cn a 1~rslm n 1-
s ' OU
. ..
11 01 he 1n ..:t
., ' '
,r
' -tile I> '"lll lY l) ( 1)/zamma . , .._r (.l0\1:-> f><tl1<1 he; "IV.;'-'
enables a person 10 !'how co 0 1Ild"S t.: a s a 111..:a11 s nl <.:llllt vaung chan t y;~ :; a VIrtue . h 1cdt . . . . . . ""
:c;c lli s hncss. ll~.;s ones crav~t1g an~ol Ius
. . I I I ' r~ ld Jhi s t arc adv ised to b ( ' Li
T h c t can: ten d emc1 11 0 1ious d eed s f n1111 w liC 1 I ~ ~ ~ ~ .
1 . . I J I ion and th ey w tl l b t11 1g
<I''
H). Thc:-c d eed:- u1c roo te d 111 g n .:<;d. h a trct. a nu t <.; w ; . .
tl rc'scts I .Actt o n. so
. I ,n vc I ()I A 11i111 a l-;
. . d' d 'd
su ll ~ nn to o rhc 1..; 1 h csc t ~ n d eeds arc 1v 1 (.; 11110 1 c- . l th \...
Th.:: Hudd h i :-a ~ arc ~nco'u rag.ed to extend love f<11 cl 11 1IV I ll" ...
Oody 2.""Verba l Act ions J. Actions o f the M in d. B od ily act ions arc k dllll~ o f
.
n.: I I1"S 'W i lhnll t
1
n :sttl t:llng ()nly Ill \ Iuman b cin"S. Si ne~: cvcrv livi n" b. 1 . "' ""
I I. V IIl b C lll gS , SH::t flll f?. . :'Illd llll 1C\V>lU
1 SCX \1 :1 1 I ll 1Crcou rse

2 F our verba l acti OI IS <:- J c:- Clllg_ )(lS a ll l:;.hl t O \:lUSt SO
:\l'c. Lying. S la n <k. l l:tr.> h S peech. and M eaning l ess T a l k. 3. T~c oth ~r ' '.1 cc
ll 1s I1Ul11 g.h1
. lo1 _ .us lO. take awav .. t h e Ide llfany livin ..:-. h cin"o II . :-. Ull 1.("r 1-t.."\t U ' h \
<.kp11Vc 1hc 1r ltVIIl -!! nghtl'. If we bel ieve th at anima ls. w.,~ 1c c 1ecl 1C d.._ ''Y $\)IHeOI\C
actions of the m ind a ":: Covcwu::;ness 01 bein g dcs irou:> c::;pccmll y u l th mgs
l ot. m e n . 11 would ''-'llow that m en were also c rcntd'- t'or ~u 111n1;1 1S ::-.111CC
$l'\ll)C
belo ng m g to others. ill -wll, w ro n g v iews.
an11na ll> do c~ t human fl esh . B udd his m says th e c.Jestn 11.:tion of C\ny c rcatmc
13 urld hi$c mortlltt ) j udges nn nctio n good or bad bas ing o n the inte n tio n or rcptcSCill S a <ll :>turban ce of the universal o r de. M an's ct-uclty tow;11 us animals is
n$)(1 \';H tOn f.n m w h ich ir o iginn tcs. l f :t p erson p erform:> an ac tio n o ut o r g . ccd ,
anothc 1 cxptcssron of his uncontroll ed g 1ced . Our own existen ce on this e<Hth
may not be gu;:~ranlecd i r w e do n o t t ak<; ste m m easu res for the s urv i val or '-'thcr
h .llll.'d . ddus io n, h i:-. ne t in n i s c o ns id c::rc d t<> be bad . O n Lh ~.
., oJhC:: r h;tnd , i f h e creatures .
pC1 filn n ,-; <I ll :H: t ion $U t o f fn'\c. d l<! l it y :l ll U wisJo m . h i ~ ac tion is good . f . OVC. '
dw IIY <ind \ \ 1sdom ;u <: k n own as the "t h t.: th ree ( io olr R o(.Hs. " I kn.: Lh ....: \V lll d . .. 3 .9 JA I NA ETHI C S
'toot re fe rs lO thl.' 1111 enuo n 1i 01n w h ich thnt act io n o rig inC\tcs.
In Buddhism a pet-son's fi r-st dury is ro cl e anse h im o fthc 'm enw l d cfilcmcn l:.llf Like BudJh is m. J ainis m C\l so reject!' Vedic cere m o nialism a n d ::;acn ficiali s 1 . n tl
;;rr:.::u. h a cn!d <md 1gnorn n cc. Th.:: ea!'on fi.)r d o ing t h is t.: k an$ing is not hct.:aus e also tl t ::~kcs a h imsa to b e the m ost important eth ical v 1nu.:: and com.cq, ttly
uf tl:;1r o r Jr..:sin: to p lease ~um c Oivi n c beings. I f this is so. th<Jt v..'OlJid mcan th;Jt d enou nces the Vedic sacri fices. In the observance o r n hunsa. J a i msm 1 athc1
the p..:t son 1s s ttiii.H: kin!! in w isdom . H e is u nl v act in !! o u t o f l ea r l ikc the l 111k surpasses ever\ B u d d his m . In the o b servance o f a::;cctic r itua ls also. Ja.illiSill g\H.:-.
<:lti lu whll 1s ;l (:ud ofbc~ing punis hed to r b.: 1ng n:.~ ugh~y. / \ 84ddh i!'t :- huu l cl act t'urthcr th a n Buddhis m esp cci;tl ly iu the ca se of m t,nk::. Th..: JICIIH:WIIulwt rlll.\
<HII ofundcrs wnd1ng and w isd o m . H e p c rf(um :-: gOt)d n e t ion s beca use h e t c;dc 7cs and tnrat11 rts fo rm the e th ics of Jainc.t tradition. Ri g ht ko(.lwle d ge. g ht iaith otml
th<ll by so d o cng h ~ d c \c lo ps h is m o ral s tre n g th . whic h provides fo unda ti On fo r r ight c onduc t a re known a s Trirotn(l.<o - o r t h e th;ec gem s .l au\1s1 n Rg htor
.spc ntu:.l _gr owth , leading lO l ibe ration. knowle d ge is the d e taile d w g nitiOn or
the rcalnatu n:: of eg_o and non-Cg(. ." lm;h
iS free fro m doubt , e rrOr uncertainly e tC . lt can b e Obtamc d On l y .b y ~I' ing_
J'i\t p r ecepts care fu ll y rhc te achings of th e omnisc ie n t 7irthankaru" or te ac h e rs w h~ ha-...~.
a lread y o b ta ine d liberation and therefore a re {i.t t O lead othe rs out o f b on ::g.:
Tell ing c.~ bo u t te n m critor iuu:o:; a nd te n evil actio ns. the Buddhis m in v itcs thl: lav
B udd h ists to ;td o pl fi ve precepts \ 'Oi utHarily co fo ll o w in orde r 10 l ive tO !!C ih c1 t;l Th.cn t hat p relimin ary faith s hould be supporte d b y right k nowledge <~1.~~~~ " tlll
CJviltzcd C\.llllmuniti~ with mutual trus t anc~ respect. Fo lfo , v,ing rhe sc fi vc ~)reccpts having ri gh t fai th b ased on gen eral acquaintan ce (samyog- darsww) m s~tpfK'Ht
hdp:. rhc lay Buddhisr ro make a spirirua l jou rncy rowards li beratio n . These fi ve of righ t k.n owlcqge. Right faith docs n o t imply tha t one must bl rndly folluw the
prcc~pls ~trc r'urcly volun r<try one s . A g ood Budd h is t s h o uld re mind h im sc l r to nrthankaras. B ut on e mus t have the right a uirude o f respec t toward s truth \ J1"1 h c 1
loii<Jw t h e fi ve precepts dai ly t hey are <tS fo ll ows, l takt! th e tntinin g ruk to b y s t udyi t1g. the teachings of the Tirch a u kara.<; o n e can s tren g then h i$ het.d llut
rcfr'OJn f rom Ki ll ing li ving cre a tu res, Taking ~:V h i c h is not g ive n: Sex u a l the~e t W(.) arc rent.kred useless un kss they a rc followed hy rig.ot uus pt :tt' ll l~
m ,s.;,mducl: Fa f~;es!'ec~h. and Taking intoxic:Jting drugs and liquor. T h e p t CcC.:fll" R igh t (;On duct is rhc thi rd indispcn ~at>rc (~amyag-caritnl\ con (.hlu'n nfhht' li Hl '
~rc the b:.src practtcc m Buddhis m. They arc also an indil\pc ns ab k b a-. is for It is th i:; th a t e n a bles o ne to sto p the influx o f new k <rnm:-. and abo lo e~
pco,,fe '"'~ho w!sh _w c u ltivate their miJlds. W ttho ut som e basic m o ra l c ode. the o ld o n es. It consists in the control o f passions. sensc:s. thou ght . spc~~h '-'''
JlOWCI o t m cdHarson can ofrcn be appl tcd for "~ Orn e w rong an<1 sc r t~~ ~ h mn tr vc . con d uct is the re fo re d escribed <lS re fraining fro m w h <ll is h armful "'
1 hr:~ fi\ c rd iains is c alkc.l a s Panca-.:ilu w h a t is g.ood . R ig.hf conduc t c uab ks mcullO libc1<llC h imsel f f1om h'-md
Jama prescription fo r l-ight conduc t . O ne tnUSl foll ow the live!: g~<:al V<."'~
K i11dness and t:h.:~rit y the pnt~ca -molw-vrttlll f(, r the pe rfectio n nf rig.ht \:Undu..:L They all'
.\'ath vo111 . .f., t <' I'CIItt. /Jraluwwn tn am w ul :ft >arigrulu t. 1/um~u ,~cnu&e' ul ,u
n .\: l o nl Huc.ldlt:a J1f Upo:.c!. Universa l l <JVC ()[' " Mel! ,. n I .
0(."
fton~ all injunci lo lilc - eithe r trnsa or

11
Ut\ , , ~ on If'; eulfiV"'f"" -'I . I J y l liS, 1 .0 1 d Hudcl h:t{/ ab"'"'
stlunm "CI _,Sa i \'C lllt ' "' '"
.. " a >oun u c c;; te art rowatd 01 11 1
luutry B uddha ~avr. thar 11 f . >C II tg!'.. S p~ak lll[' ahn11 1 falschoN I. h IS speaking w hat is \& uc, good and (llcO&l'an l 4 "'('' 01 n
~ te c~,_c nce o I rue c h;u,ry - 1
e"X IIOf". :IJJVftHnu in fCCU(I I r. fh ' ti . IS () !~I VC t;Ornelhlll1~ Wt th out abs uncnec Iro m s tcnhng.
/lrt 111nucuy u"' llC rt nu , ~ to ab stm cncc ""'''
" o
.och peo1,Je feel t~tdcbced ,. 0 1110
14 r
0 c g 1 t. A c haru lJJ .
t
..
a t:: pct ~on should n o t m ake and casmt I pleasures. One mus t re frain himselffronl km""' ot any lonu ah 'he'
t or use c l.:truy a c , .
.. a way o f excrci ~in g c.:onuol
\
S2
l JN JT 4
- -- ---- TJIF TIJSTO H.Y OF
ETII TCS IN
\ VESTERN prJJL
"' OS()PliY
----
-- --- .........., ..
, ~ I
\
-- - - -- c ---------
l .:h:oln:,:i~.:al Ethcc~
l k~lonc!-l c-. {Ep::~.~;, 1i:\)hc~ )
l -----
1. 0 Olnn r, v..::-o
l:.lluc:al E!.' llt:-cn P.:rl>o nal Utihtari<~ni!.m \Bcnlh;u\l)
-1 I llltcudu\:IColl
G lldf/IIIIOIIIl/ ( 1\ I :).tutk) Sucial Ulilitrianc).cn \Mtll)
1 2 I pet etc 11 -..
-I 1 !\t c-..h)l k I k~l ll llhl('ica l a ppt n;t~ h ~ltntpttsc-.. a rmhc1 h~o:tcr..lg.cncnu " !;;f,lUf' t' II'Cllf'h: ,, 1\l\).C
~I I htlctl.h ,'\quina' !.11\c lctk 11\ l' lllllllllll\ 1:-. that Ill\.')' lnok \I()CICI ll\\lclll :u,; tCC\Il'o fiiJIH lhc f'OIIlC o( \IC\\
of " d\lly" or ' ohlttatwn" In other word:.. II c). 1hc moc;~llv "nchl" . rathct than
\\'cllt;un nl 0...:1-. lt, u n
~
'
I (, I htllll:c:- llt"> hhl.':-.
the cll~lrally "goocl" wluch i:- tht:ir c:oncem The key que~~""' t~ 11- th~o:m . tlwn 1 ,
why the mn1 :~ II y " n g ht" :-houlc.llx.: M>. in other Wt>r<b. '-'-'IUt m;~kc~ " tlut y'' ;1 "llutv"
I 7 .ko.;ctl~' l kntlt:Hil So.cnc or th~ rominc nt phclo:-.ophcr!o or dcontolog,y arc Ockham. D\11 \...hi.;m . K.tnl
and 1\qucna ~
IS lciiiii.Oillll'l K.1111
I <) John Sru.1n Mcl l

4
_ ._2_ FPICUHUS (C IRC A I V C EN ~f\.JRV B CE)
-1 10 I Ill cl..: De tc k h c rm
1 II I ..:1 I I, Sucn l :p l.pr ucus l'llUg_ht tel ~ l iminatc.. :11\ unplc~~-..anl fcdmg.:-.. l1kc fc.n and '"''-CCIV"'"''
1hc contempo1ary psyc h~ and ponHllt: t:m(ltmns oi ,,.... 11 h~nr. h:umt'"' ,, 1J
.J 12 r:-:~ y \\ 'n ~tl'
I
.. I llltlttc 1-t._,,dcct~'- ;~tul H,: ti.L'II( ~_.....
pkH Slii C Nell ~11rp1c:-.ing.l y. he:: s ummoned hts followc::s 10 me-:1 1n ' hc<tc..l\1\u\
g~u d e n ( Epicuc c::am:-.m i!'o. thus. sometimes ~:tllcd, the Phtlo).nphy ur th.; ( II tl-.:n l
and sc..:k alter pleas ure Tl11). '"'"" mH the baM: 'win~-wocncn-and-song 1-..n~lnl
~ ._0 _ 0 B.l ECT I V ES~-_ . . . . . : . - - - - - - - - - - - - - lhm~ that th e ! .nglhh ''-lllll ' l: pl\:Uh:;m' lit)\\' implies. butlh..: llppcc ... .lliou '''tit,
11l'hJcr i lllc.l hi~!IICt' 1 dinCI\lCIII'- c..lf lt It:, :-.liCh 3$ fncnd!'.htp :Ill . 1\llhiC. 31\d I h..: \t\.:c
.\~ s 11 1),1, td Rch~ ptHilh Ott!. 111 a .dll ~~ c.J I .wc~rk Futoulotiol/s of Fthu .;. ' ' ritt~n - I
M,lr.;cn cr. he ;t, ~s-..cd th..: qul.':-1. not im the lkt:llltg.. 11 athchw~ 1h111::,. hut th;u
.. . . l I IVI' CI rl)fl ) ' l t.:h<:~ (\) c tlll l.' ' - II\,,
I II
'" .;r ' ' ' " , ..._... , _..... 1!.!0. titer ..: ar..:. )IUat v ~p~:.1"11 1::- ' pk<l:>lll c; \\ hlt.'h Clii:;.IH b:-t fc..ll ~I l di:-tcmc . Ill Cllhcr \\'Old).. :lb:-..l'lli:C ui I'"" .Ill c..\

;-.. ht..tt._, klll)\\'11 :1'-- the <fl ..;tfiiCIIOil 1)L'I\\.l:\.11
. l 1<.lll
1t l.1l l Wl'
c " " tl and tckolu:.! ~ tc:!l L' tha.' '-l.'lt:niry ()I mend l Grt:c:k. tlfonictl. ralhcr th;\1\ pleasure- gnlllllcHII('ICI ,,,.,, h1-..
., h.: (j,._.._k \\llld f~)t .Ill end. in th._ ~.;11<..<: lll' a ;.!tlal Ill bl.' <t:hi._- ,l'~t. ,.. ., ,,in. a11n I'll\\' It/at"'' was hl b~o ~ouglu . litsl \lf;lll . hy tctmwal ol all l <tl'l.: k.11-.. '"'h
I h rtl.'~.. ,._.,,__.,tfu:.!~ .d cth''-' Cllltlp~l., ;dl t h o . . . c k ind -.. 111' L' lhlt..' :- '' lliL' h ............ th~o a:- Lhc rca. ell' c..kalh aml the k.cr ul thc goc..b Such IC<IfS. hkl.' all\ 1\:l.'" \\\,'1\,'. 111\l
l. 1 ,,.._., 11 , 11 " ' 111111 ,drt\ 111 t ..: 111 ~.-.. , 1 1 "h..:thL'I .til :ll.'l lllll li.tllill s till.' l ' ' ...-,:dlllll:ll ..: nd ol conduCI\'C.. to (1/(II'XI(I Indeed. h ... ),(1\'1. tht: htgh~t virtue or all\\) he ''''""'n"
htllll<llt (d e. 10 !..!'-'th:;.tl .Jntf of 1\llll al a..: tn 11~ 111 p;~nit" l tl<~r. The word '<.kuntolog_11.:al' di:-c..:nmtc.:IH. the ahiltt\' tc..' . . . II'C.: up a nd estimate the 4uahty .lllc..\ b:-tn1:;.n~:-' lll
,, "'c:o 11 11.:tf tn.-till. Bnt 1 ~1 llh>r:d 1 ~t. J..:-..:my Hl'lllham ( 174~- 1 X32 ) . li on1 til..: ( rnk plc.:a:\ltr~ nnd pain c.:n$h;incd in vanNtf- p('l-.:=;ihk ac:ti.on-... ::;,, ""to m:untam ,1 hh:
'"ord. dttm. l;t..:ralh-. rhm \~tlllch 1' bindng. Dcon~olngit.:al cthit'S views the morally in tl_IC.: b..:~t PUl>Stblc: state.: ot'cii(JI'.\'1(/ . \Vhal is tciC.:\'illlliOtll::-l::.l.pu .: lll\1'- 111'-1~1\11'
~,u)(f lit t .... ,-~,~ ot' ~lo nlg cHlc..s duty O c:outoll>gy would he the st.: ic..nc<.: or' nH>ra l that lh ~ c.:tlt:t ton \,f mm a ht~ 1::- conllut:i,enc:!l-:- "-' l)llr lnu n:tn f1n.1l t'llc..l
c.lut11.:~ \\'l.' shall ~cc th:u th..:~<.: twq :lrpH)achc.::~ differ nH_u~ in c mph;h ts 1ll.u1
.ruyr l llta~ ~~--.~. thc.:y arc.:: rHII m utua ll y ..::-..clusv~ \\':tt c a- ti ghl cornpatlm..: n b 4.3 ARISTOTLE (l\' CENTURY RCE)
4.1
- ------------------------------------------------------
I NT I~() OU CT IC)N
I ..., (1. s larl with l t'kli i<>!,! IL'ilf :t pproad l [ve t )o;lllCC 1\r jqork. pr:tc tical l y Lll~ s.:nrir~
\\c;M\.'IIIIr,,dllllltl Ol pfttlti'-Of)hl/111~1 ha:- .to.:~c:ptcd hh C.:Olll l.'llliOll l hatlht: ulil111.111!
hwuan nd r. happrn~o :- .. Nc\\\ 1111 -.. c ould h~o: LJn<k r,l ctnd . t~ l.' tlh c r 1':\t ltf...J\ ,
111 1\\ llh .1 ~ Iron s ir'-'"' on rlldl\ tdu <J I Ill' J)ll \ ;Ill' h .tpp1nc..-..-.. Tl11:-. 11 1 111111 l :11\
uukr ,.,.,,,,., '"'' l1111hn \\;ry-.. ;,~, pk.t'lll~' (hullltH iutlt~ ll<lll ll\\,11111 k !'-'.;
'''"' th\: c m u u ... ll>')lllph...:-...) 11 1 whtelt c;a ...~.. we h;l\ 1..: cite , du<l h ..:dolll '>lt C..: ~- h
., c.w h'- ~~"n a-. '-<:IIH;all/~t lttll l a nd 1h1:-. ,.., tile t 11dw;11011 i( ;~pprt.H Ia
llfht: ..eh ui.UI\ c: u,.c~. "'flJHrh'-.'-lltor~..- from rh~ ~tantlrouu 01 ochn:. ol
t.UIIliHwut fhu .. th"
ult'""..:rltiv. ntiVCIIlll'
'. 1.. 11 nh\: JI 1II I
: l'l 1 a II I (l ll1 a 1, &.;
. ..
d no h lc:.t of th en
dnrll ( ,nphia), the l u ~h.::. t :w I c h j ,.. ou r l:t:-1
IIIIUrii\'C IO SI '!hl (110 111) ;Ill d WI::. . , f r" JII IIC..,-; W 11 ' I rum t h o.:'~ lu ,t P"" "- ' Pic ~ w hu: h ,, n . . 11
~ II . 111 :rtt:un th e II li t: 1' , . .r ,, 11 t o lr \'o.: . <>" t;l , l y P '"Ill" ., 1111 1 I I
,,If It r::. wrs dom wluc h cna > c:. '" . . . f k u~c t fu: !' '"u'" " '"'l." "'t ' " r ' ' l' tk t r\c -.cund:uv a nd . . " '- ,a " "
l lfc tte.tf e th u.:!. par ~xu.: . 1 In r~th c t m o re '>(ln t lr ~; '""' . \\ lud tl I1 l
l'lld It ' ' l k ;u lh.rl 111 ' " 01 I~ (C < f tO II Ill' ' I; Il l . " ' """ c r!>:rl aud tmd t.ut~ mr '"'I)(" l .acl.:."t th. . . . ' '"'" ' 1 '-' '
J t h II ' ' .:on Ill " '- ' I th . c;;Cifc;;ll l. .rfly "<' " \1'-<:Ct>l rht.; I n \, , ..,.
Ill II ,rll ' ' l h ll 1,1\\ Ill llf>l n. ll llll l . HI \\ 1 lll' Ill )',:till' II \ 111 :u fap l ttlt\ 111 111 flolttr<. u la r l'lnerc;h; t: OJe" "1 I ~ "
.. '' nuP' I h.~,, '' '"',n n c. - h. . I t u ,, I1IC M T III H iory l I 1 1
" ' '"" "'' ' ' " ' l o l k n r. u.ef e r ~l un,.,, '" < . II rl Hiltf h acl ue..,,. ,.., I on ' clu l'l'l' nne tn al wa y, te ll the truth a nd 0 ' I lln t,;rp" w " ' 1
11 eve r llllc l I al.ch()od nra y be 11\av 1\
,.,,,,., .;,,.. ,,,o u, fv onr,ndn 11';rtntIt: hum rn :t c-".:"' "
uly and w rlle ng ly. a s s u~;I '
w I rc n an \ IIIJII St :ll'l' eso.,or ''"""one 10 tell h e111 I .
s r.:l.. ~ cvrl kno w rn , ~ "r c 111 !. ltrthcr ,J\ IHd u w 1111'. r.
I() 1~ 1101 .uh.:C Ill the ' C II \C I 1t.1 1 lllll) II C' I; ' l urth l.' llnw ..: how 1\quenas c xplaen o., how thc r . .. '
t: :-.ppc.oe !- In he va oraut.c u"' "'l' the
11r1ra I pr a t: li e..::- o f p e n p i~.: It is dul. 1o '" ., 1 , . '
' I 1 ll l:' IIIIIC IIt:lh (ll\ fn1111 1111' 111 ~ 1
~A_S.!_A~Q?_!U~J~N~A~S~(~I2~2~4~
4.4 _]_T~H~O~M - 1~2..:_':.1):,__~~-== 74 (1111 \Ctpk' eh u~. u ll kn o \\11 111 c..: rta in p.;nnk t h . .,. .1 e;.
I' " 1: t: (llc. \ 1'IIIIIC: ('k:l"'.(f, l(\1 1 :111.J
l. \ll l llfll JlloiCIIO.:e:. a, e th 11.:a ll y MIUOtl \- inelf v w ' I I f
' .... :t h ollc chc llliddk a~l.'"
"'""":try <tfthe ' ' c,., I II I II \ 111111 lnCil iiCIIlll 1\4Uin ..O'
rath e r tl wrnu~ h ll cat m c n t u f the v enu .::. 3111 0 11, , ..., 1 <.1
l'htllll:l\.\qurll il:. w:r::. .n ~ uah ly t h e !' r ..:.Hcst c. I t.: k (llOl!IC:tl ., -
. . .
1 t we mu.l u raw a lt c n\hlll
1 lu::. l),,nwtr c :rn 111o11k . ha:.en,:: h " nHH :tl phtl <>:.(l ph y o:~ . c 'lll>~l" of 10 p rude nce , w h rdt c;a fcguards 1 hutni!\ti c cth ic; ~.
fron 1 11 tt: rIfa11 ~ o r 1cua 1ll'.lll an11
1 tl ult ll ll ' ll t' end 111 'upr ~o: 111 c 1111l cx eh elny
nu/,,m,,u, ol \ "HIIk ,. , ,._.,.,..;u
1 ( '
<~ a:- 1 ~
'I
r leu h u n
. \1 (Hill '> hll\\ o; \ o,;
.,
h 11111, 111,. t.r,.,lll,kl.'<l. ol .ell h t' lll!!' l I I " ( 111" 11:m c< ut l. .. . wid
. I'
to J\O.:r th:ll only \\. rlh til l' fttlp of ( rot :- g r:u.:..: a rc.:c.:.
. fi . S\lllCIIl:tlll rtl 1 \! 1 1I - C l
\1 l.' au.un 1w r (ull'-"' .::n.::Orllll \.!1 weth titer Ia~ t ..:nt I. 111 IIH.; no,;
.
. -
' \I le lc God h:l~ 1 ran
. I
1 c b u t t a tlu.:t a V t!i Wll

..
4.5 \ VI L Ll /\ 1\1 OF O C KII AM (\290-1349).;,_ ___ ___
I!II ,Ill C I C',IIhlll 1101 a kentf tllf ~e t ,tl e :-IH.!:If l }' j)I C t 1l' IC 1111 111l:l I1I1 . I lt es n tl.'(\rc\a l I 1 ""''' ran It ear. au 111 \ ' Cl c rah: l: llc tll~J \ll 1 hcnu.;.m tl n.
f . . . y h ' lll l! anJ dt l'l.'CIIIll! . 1 It: ,.- 1"\1 1
n l c r c:lll\'l' d..:vd(lprncn l, c n .;l11 11h :d 1111 Iec cI }'ll:tlllt:-lll t l ,; \ 1:1. '-' . - . .. .. . rna 1n ly 1e!P' n -;ehk I o r ha n ng c'tahles h cd :1 d ccp rnoh:d ..:ruprrical 11 e nd 11111,
. II ,., ll hl' '"" " 's m:n ult.: "t
r11 1111 :- cull tltl\\cllng l n o t h ~ ""'d'. ( tilt I ' l't t:lll.e "' c ' ' ::- . He11e ~h plulo ... ophy a lt c nt a~..: tha t wuulcl he callct.hef>c>n and drcv dop.:d h y 1 11d ,t:
. . ' lll l ' ' ' 1111, 11alt11a l 1:"'
I e 11 II\\ II ll.lllll t:~ Ill t:''l
111 lite IIJilll ti i i:J \\ , 111 I1111 II 11111111 Ik eI. d e y and l lum<: some live hunclrcd year~ l:n c 1 , , .,. a l.lluntt;;rhla.c;t 111 th e
,, ...~.~..:"rhk colnun.en' p .lft lv 1I uoug It iC\ \.I<~ t rnll . llll1p .11 11\ the tltr -L:It human r..::es o 11
ent<.:lkt.tualeo;, m I) ( 1\quma s. he c:hampmncd v t>lun ta""" ' Od;ham app~:a 1 ~ 1., h e
1 I ( H 1d " " ' ll.'fll 'n l la \\ c>r ..... t..:rn a l I..Ott..:cen .:cl w et h u p h Cllcleng C od s ft ccdn m ::mel \lllllltputc: nc.: (a-. he u nd ..:e ~hl~<l
l hc iiOIIll flfmor:~lll ) l nel\l]WII :l,, thcn . e,. u t ull:e t~: ~
.. I h 1" Ill \\'ltrk out " '
111 a t al l <.<" ' " l hu' h e ecl u-..;d h> ' \ul <;ll t/t: lhc \\ fCHtnc ..., ol huma n ~'"'" , ,
~~' ''"' b111 lllllt l.! pr cnHn.tto.: l ~ 11 ' ' " h um:rn 11.!' ' ' ) 11 \\ Il l. , . _
~ll' t lllll ll t ~ lr.un .1ny t11hc 11.: nt qu:1lt1y tnt h en hchc..-.. hut wholh .m d .:ullh:h '"'II'
I I 1 I I \\'"c nt,u l.; 1 ha l w h rdr
I h l.' (et:l.! tk l.l..,!lll tl l ( iod . Wllti..C llllllllfl.lleiiCC W ,('> :tlh u lut c h~lll\! 1 C~lt tc. l~ll Ill,
rm;> lr 1 .u rcu h ln l.'t lll l,dh el'lklllll:!ll" \\ ta tt l\.' 11.1 111.1 '
r-. 111, rut!cll lllll\ \\ I l' ll; r l tll. l I I.II\ . '' ' le , l tl\t: r ~..dl' "tl vhv
rth tie ~., d l.' lll.llll I' ell Il '
tl e,
hy '' h ,el \\' t ll tl d hc lu g.e...all y l'l.lntratl t <:ltll~ -
. I I 1 I I It I IIIII . .... . ... ~IJ<J I I y l><ul
1 rlll u ,,; of !June:111 l l.':1" '" ' ' mtu:e \ :,!cHIC. I 1.11 \\ Il l '
()~\ H1H:\ l r. IClr 1\qliHI:lS. chc: norm t) f ;n;ralecy (" n;wr;al lao.\'" ) i~ 1 1111'11 1 ~!<.: 10 lh.:: I ~ul <h:kham ~..:c lll \ tctt'<l nl'll !>-t: lhc wh,tlc: t ssu~ hy :;ev m~ a pia.:..: l\.1 \"loth {;,,,1 c;
h 11111.t11 ii C.I (l llcf 1101 an CX I I IO '- IC (.'llllllll~lnd 0 1 :lllyt lnn g cl!--1.' C
llltSidc of it . urd ctcd (10\\ 1.:1 ;e!'> \\ell as n ghl n:a:;utl. ' l hc ltt t lllCt rclcts t ~ Gld '!-> In:.; dc. ~"'"
\\ h c r..: b~ IH: h :l\ t::-ta hl t, h cd the a c tual Cl$'ltal Ill Jcr (lpl lll!!, \$ m ake \.0:1\ ;I ll\ oll: l"l"'
, \ , (UIIl.l". 10!->p 1n: d by An ~ llltk. Jrs t ingu i~h..:d hclwccn "spcntl a !n..:" and right and ochce " eung I k wou ld har~ll y make a g..:nc t.ll c h :m !;C tn th,, m.tlh' r
prat l ll'll'. n ; a ~111 tht.: loflllt'f '""' In do " 11h th ..:elt l.' lh: a l knowkdgt.:. I h..: 1<111..: 1 ,\ 11 lh"' seem s Lo cu n ll e ~l \\ tlh h i~ ulhc t nuu un w h tch -..1ys th;u " '"'" '" ~ \'Ut"l
\\ll h ' " " '" , ,f :t n h lrl.' pr.a t: lllalunp .Htl :lltll lll. n hl ~ pe ~n:-.dy. mnra l .:ondul'l) a..:t s hou ld i!lsu b .: '" ..:onlo rmity " tlh the " n g.h t rc:l'lll\ .. l nc.lccll , he ~,,.;, 01lun"
l un lu: rmnr..:. ead1 ,,f the-..: ,uhd1 \ 1dn l tn tn '' ll ll >rt d is .:ur:-in.: '"
l't>Uid ht \\' ll h the l'(lll\11\lllli\ICt\ IC\al a!>-Slllll(lliUO th;a(,l p 0.:1!->\lll h t)h\tg..:d h l ll>llu\\ \\h.tl
.u:;u m c ul .tll\ l.. p:111 tr.wo. r:~ cum:alll y ) :end ; 1 lllllh.' llll ttt ll\ t.: a s p e c t (intd/ectw) :tl'l.'\1rtlm g_ In hI :> SIII..:Ci l.' 0:011 \' IC{Il)ll . 1"- Ill 1..'~111 1\li ii\I IY \\ tlh ll . 1.7\'CII t\ h l.' '-' Clc..' Ill
~he i t iiUIII \'t.: p:U1 1ll ~rec u lall \l' 1C.1-.on fume:- hc~ 1:111(1 w uh those has it " lirs t ..: n ''' I h tt tlu s last e1..ka seems to d,l mllr..: .:1cd tt HI ~ kkha m ':-. hl'.lr..l th.m " '' h, :m
p nnt:tple;.;" i1 WJib u pon 10 t:llrry oul 11:- c ct~ ~tlllin~ p 1o r.:c:ss (e.g . 1he prin.:iplc o f I t it tl h..: th ..: t d1~ u p cah.: tl up the po:-,tbtht) to ,, IX.'' ' "'' ''lu ~h'IC' mn ,t., ~;\:1''
uJ IIIHy and t:wtradiuwn J. Thc .;;c 11u llis" arc :-c ll-t.\'itknl and do nol _rcquirt. di Villl.' ICV< Ialml\ ( h ll\\' c bc. C\ CC!)l lhlllllt! h l \ 1\ 11\C CC\d;tt mn l..'~l\lltl W \! CUIII(' h t
' '~ frout" : mtkc d a<; l i rsf p1 11tn p l..:' l ht:~ l'OI II Ilnt (1.: p roved hut a rc t ht: i111pi Kit !...now w h at tS rtg.ht ;tnd \\ h .tt as wwng.. ' U H:t..' ( im.l ln:d y \kt:tl.lt:' ' "'"'- ~\.'\ th\:1\"
pw pct "'''"" ol all ar~u lltl'tll:t l tc lll and p l(lofLht:d ll\ r:t ll o Iti l ht: sa m .: w~~ . llt.:t t.' s~o:t:nb hl he a l.l.: t 1a 111 co nlradtt: lloll h c t c 11 n ~hlll.".htMI .. .:an '"" ~""" " ' '''"''
r . J<;(, ~lfllt: " '=>ell :.~.., dt: nl. li r~l pnlll lpft:o., nl p1 :1dlt'.llr ca -;on. ~a l kd 'a ndcn' t' . !'l)r moral n g.htn..;s" the n 11 ' ' nul QU ite dq~ nlit'nl O.: \du..l\d\ ' '" \Kk l ~ lh.
h 1:\ , ,gutwl ,uuf :l\ott f n tf'' AI.Jlllll.t\ Ct lblh.:m rhl III '>I PIIII <.. c pk~ u f l h .: l'll lll(l.;
n lltr 1f I Th :th.. H lll~'lll lllllrd l'Jo..rmpk 1:-.. o l l'Ollf' l', ll.'k\anl IU lnll t :tb
U l ' " "' ,,. 1 1 'f,;,.. ;,,_ ll<':u ing in otll(;r :-pl11.: r"'' ol :t\'11\' II Y Aq1111W\ ;uld , -L6 TIIO!\L\S HOBBES (1 5KN - 16_7_
9)=---~~'"'"
tiJu r..tttoo . I''' " ' ~ l an~,,. fht: ll ' :11 <: lh .. ~. \'. hwh wr l tunt,ul\ :.hall'\\ Ill I all
h 111 fh pwu; 'f''' o f ~ 1 (-prr.:!.C r\ itflllll c. cu t~.; o.,ud1 'I hen llll'(r,; ac rh o~c \\ ~ In 111, d .a"tl.' blH'" / ,., wtiJCm nam~.,l alt..:1 tlw ~tg,mu~ nu"'"' O.:' "~"""'"'" ut '"'
''" an.nwf J'lfrt<. n:;uiunor ll; pr r)dllt lt u n '' 1111( o l fi ll' n111.1 11 11por1 ; 1111 pf IH'''" ,, , ( i,n~.~ts ami " lu.:h "as lu!' nn3"1! tl l the ,,II l"''" "''ul f-10\U: l ~
rf If u lfK..,(; " &.: rho~ \\ ludt :u: f'Hr.-. I< hum.m, :tlllllt.' l>ntck . lhc 111oral " " lu.., t.k sntpl ttlll nl " man in tht. 1'1 '-"\: ~,,,,,. ul nalue..: thM '" h:t. hum.
t tc: q KJtCd be ' hac :m: :tl!'ft '.ll m l:tr chl tc ;tfi(Jt h :.w h "" rh~ llt: l ' d lfl lrvc 111 haulicll IUl!Clh t: t 1\1 ~~I U Jl :Olll'\31 ~llllCIUH."~ ;,n,llll\tl"."' - ' " wu..t k
Mkl kt d '" L~tH\4 ANtill ( 111d fl,..., . .cs \$' :-l~ttll M:~o:. ;.hmrlcl rmt It(.' ... hccr hd l 111 '"'"'l' tun~ man l~han,t untn n.tn hl.c h:ft~.._. .W
I /rr""" /,. """" II If ill$ lrul\.'.:,1 th.Al ' " \\ " ' ht\IU,IU' '"~"'' tt-: It
...
56.
~tt tckHl ' C:lCh

h "Ill' hli"CI..' 1ltll ll'ttl:-. If(llll ' c: Tl
im "~'-' to pn..vcnl. hy shcc :-U f'ICIIOI I '- ..
' .
h <'thcr {(l :;hi cds. ~c 4.8 IMMANUEL KANT (172 4 _1804 )
. 1 tv ;ultltc:u1ng '- c 1 . . r. .
uthct ~'<PI<)(llt,ttlllC. ..:;u:h othc.;r.. P 10fX: . . kr wt:- the sa ... t 111 n
, . . o.;urc o l pc:.c..: Cllll1 Oil ' . . I h ~ :;:tg.t: 11 f Kunc~sb...:q( \\a:- lu l.nv .. a . . .
prtu: c<..:h hJd lo p :ty tn allallllht:- 1:'.'-!' ..... . , r-vth ing for hnnst:ll. - '- maJo tlll t1at:t 1 _, .
~om of h1s ln:cdom rnlllu:- run l
. 11 .1 1I lc:;n c IO ros:-t::-S C\ t:. J
.

oct\'ating p1'1nt.:tp C
l COnlc..:mp,Hary w..:stcm tiH)U"Ill Th . . . ~~~~ 1 IC u'- ".<.: 1opnct:nl u l
::- c St:\:\)11(1 volu me.: 1 1 h . f
<!d . kasurc wa::. I1lC nl lltiO"V t"ll"l hc.: Ctitl(lliCS.. wa. tic, I ' '' ~m<>u~ phllo-.ophtc3l
Ltkc: Cricurus. H ol>J:lcs \\';IS :l h Ollt:-l. r. . I .. . ' t ' n thc ((Hill of" rca c.:..:. c-. ::. 'l'tc.:\ I n new and . 1
d .,_ 11-c for p c.t:-.ur... \ ' e thics Rtcht :Jl th ~ o n set o f 1 .. . rc"" Ull\1l-..;try m c;tt!ht" llll\1
for hun1on. It was the narura II Y 1lUI1l1lll '- . . . . . T\lt.: the n. c n ;tc tcd - H :-. c.:tlltquc ol practtccl . h
. . I I d I11 m W o.;c:t up the :-.t.llt. 1 1h . s . system th;-cc is btsed on a. " I .. , ru-c:-.on c rCJCCt ~ .t\1 S\o<:h
flil!lllllriy and a longer hie} I tal c . . . )awo.; <1f"n;ttu rc. ' lt:tc.:r.onomous source tint is
v; 11 it\lls bw::. ttnnakc hmH.IIlS t1CIl:l \ c. 111 ,tl . conhncc '' tl 1l . 111 l . . to:h
norm ou 1.._,u'c the 11uman per.-nn . "V\' ere we tc on some . pnnctpk or
. . . .11ltl rt.:fc\"illll (() f ill S ror'-1 10 '- . . . l matnlatn such <t po em uf VIC"- he
Ci"l l;11\ "''uld coJtl y th..:mm mot e pt~..us~.: ' tint lclb u :-.. tn etT..:cl . d <t p erson had Ill rcj..:clthat n o c11l . I tl . I . .
.
114Hitlll The: :-I .Jie WCiultl need IU be 111 \:CSIC< \\I( 1 a r
I . I . II ower ami aut 1wn I ) ::.o '
' I . t .. I
.
l)ot:-. I S I ~; p111g h11n or h ..::r 10 h e ;t m ural per - Tl . anc
- 1 -1
1 , h
1cn l 1<:t c would be 110
0 1
:-. ' . Ills. lc.; <:!!IllS by notiiH! al tt en
lu . b. lblc lu curu I lC na u t.l
nouc \\oult.l d.Jrc lu c h.tllc.:n!!C 11. Then only ' '"llll 1t '- ' . ll "- there ;uc notllnly some: a -pri ury (hence mH v..::r:-.tl tnd .~.. ) '
- p ... l c; ., ncc..:ssarv cons utu ..:n l < n ~.:cc.;'-'<ary ('1111 tp1<''- t\ l
ui"!.!O..: ,,fhumartslO rnpc.lc.>ot <~nd 1yrnnn1ZC. owCI t:-> t 10 .
1
, :-.f1L'~\tla tt ' L" k 110\Vktlgc.. 111 us. hut :;i m i 1:\r principle~ ~lf pr:cc l~ealli:no"-kch:.l" Ita a"
- . l , 1 . ar fo btddcn not Ill
ofbw In cll<.ct. 101 HobbL-s. acttc.>n $ an; bad 1ccause lll:Y \: 1 . , ~~~uch a.-.. th~.:-.c <lit: a_-rntu_~ th~y c on:-.ututc an internal norm or moo~tlllv~m man:
miter wav round . The $Ourcc of. moral n ghcncss. 01. w.ron~nl: . s~ .
the cntcnon ol
.. .tlltOOliOl()US pn 11Cipk~ . .
1 1 - ,,,, . ,.,, ,rro~itivc(onl)law.
mor . luv.' IS''
. :
hat IS the law ~ays, w l~t 1c:r 11 ut: l J\ lilt' :J ~
The eth~cal rc~tc.:hing!- ofl lobf)(!s h;wc: hcen qual1fi~od in various ways. Some call For Kan~. lhc only ching that can be called good without qual.ftc;u 1on is a.
'' --Ethtcal Egotsm';. in as much as it is based on the a llegedly natu_ral_anti ~good wtll" - all other goods: such as health. wealth and t on~ J. fc can he u.-.cd
rca' .....h.c hum .. n uf"'..!C Ill sed. plcasu1c and sclr-piCSCtYation Oche rs p1dct ttl lor had ends: they :.trc only rd nti vcly good''. Now. wh<lt pr~.~i :-.cly j._ ;1 ,.,lC\0
JI ""J .II ..
duh ,, Social llt~litat~aniSill .. hccause 11 !!rounds bw tlnthc tlc$ trc vf hurnans h) '-\"1 : \ \\ t \V lllch act:. for the ~akc of duty a ton~: t :ulll no othct 1 1m 1H:I j, a
lt\1.' rr pca .....: :111d h:tnuony \\ith each utl1cr. A rhin.J , it:w is th:tl it is a ki~1d of
),!Otld wdl Th1:-. 1:- pcrhap:-. Kant ":-. way c\ftcllcng u:-that a !!ooJ \\ ,11 1111\"' 1 ll ;1. \
lf: .1ll 'o~il 1 \ t:>lll .. h..:c:tu:-c 11 posi 1:- Ji \ trtq )()\\'Cf ( pr (i< t.i _.. n-i II I :ts I he ullllll:tl<.: out ot" :-.d 1"- tnl..:t c:-t. (k thai il:-. It lll <t y. the.: k md uf l.111gu. 1 g~ he u'~d h, 1 ~ l.'l, tl :-.
d~wtrirtc a ,-c ry .. rigonst' appearance. Thts ..l1uly is rooted in \he 1 > 1 b w
~flHIIlll c>f nwr.tl got\ll. :t:> ch,: ::.ok cntt.:tnln <'f tnl ra llty
1t sd f. w luc- h . en turn, s mnni ti.:st nlornt ct,nsciousncss (il(l iH>I sy111h~t 11.: 11 ,o,iKal
(ttdg.meiHS). !'ow. univcrsalily"" is thl' very form of thc: 11\ortll law - Sl) tlll~C
4.7 JEREI\1Y BENTHAM ( 1748-1832) again. a ccna 111 rigidi 1y ts to be 1.'>-p.;ct.:d o f it:-. "c;tl c~o K;~l"' dt:mau,t:, .111 w 1 n~
the J1lls:-ibtlll y (If e\~C(lt 1(\11~ WOUld till \"loknct. tu ~~~' ..\1111 \ "0:1 ~.tl .. futl\l ,II" tit~
lknch:am "'" the cthKal 1s~uc from a mur1.' rtldtndu:tlt~"l ic p(llnl ot' v1cw. I Its nunn.tl Ia\\ . Tltc lit :-l g~llt.:t.tl humulal1111111t"th\.: h.t:-lt. t.Jt<..:~llt..iltmp..:.cll c ,,
thai. stnu: ::.OCtO: I\" is nlCtdC up ot" tndinduCtb. II \\"tiUid b.: ljllitt" Ill
otr:.!l.tlh:ll: \', ,1:- lor 1-.: <utl. t lllll::.t act :-.u..-lt t h:.~t tll) \\ .ty 11f .J\:1111~ "uuld h~.ctHll..: : Utllh .11
1 r:kr '~"\' I h._,. JH1k ,uh_i1.YI ir-,,nth._- pt.-r:-pccciv._ of tllc.Ji,ldlt;tlut iiii Y'...:ck til~ rruc..:dul..:. Tt ~~.- .... arc \Hhcr fOllll\tLct ion:- popubntctl by K:tni. I.":-.I"IC\'I.IIh ,., I.: I
.1 1h.: h."'" : ._rh ....-.-. \ ~n,,d 1~1\~-. lut lk u rham. ~~ un.: 111 \\ lud1 111tl11~ " lr~:ll .1 person mcrd y as a nKan ~. lnu thc:) alway' c:nshnnc.: :-.01 1' \ 1 ,, ,
&: Un l~'lf u::-;ulcm~ 111 pka,ur...: ot h;rppinl'" "'I
he p~1ny \\ ht15-..; illtCIest t:-. n)fK\.'rtH:tl. l\111\"t.:t ,;tl11y :1s const illllin:- of it:-.' cry form . I k dcnvcd 1hrc~ 'pll!<ltrl::lhs hom
Orawrn~ :tpp.ucmly on llohllL':.. he lake:. ir as il clc:lr d:uum that the :.<:Ck1ng o f tl11. und..:n1ahk J:tnof th\.'l.<tt..:gonc.tlllnp..:t"<lll\t: hum;m hl'l'd(\11\ th.:unt nt~H.Itl~
lllt'3surc- and the: ;.~\oitl.anct: of pain arc the chief human mot i n:s in _ d e::cision Ill the -.ou J <tlltflh C 0: " !--l..:nc..: uf(inJ Tius 1:-< 1\11 \.' lllllt,ldt~thll\ \II \\h tl h 1\td
ma~ 10(!. Yc:t, he c:rnphasi7.cs. he is not ~~king merdy of sens u al pkastire hul maintatncu in tJlc ..:arli..:r Crtllttuc: chcrc he hdd that mit: ~_;, nn~ll I' II',. th~., ..
e~ls.&t Ur.Jt \liuch c.~rL~"' ~rom an1dlcc1Ual ~tudy and bene' 1>lcn1. truths from pure rca.-..un. wh.:rc.ts "' chc s..:cond ni1t4uc h .. :-ay' th.u pa;adt<.,al
reason Can and lliUSt pOstulate.
.-to 1ft m;an fx:m!!->- hclWt:v..:a. ~<11101 knO\\ prccisdy how tn apply th1 ....r;tnd;ud
n I' 1. hk c-...s-..:c; a. If_, 'h..:nrt.., a mall c r o l ma~ 111~ :u1 operon ht.:l\\ ..:en uwhrp k 4.9 JOHN STUART IV11LL (1806-IR73)
lu t JSCUtJ h:: Cll kr<o ;, ldh:tlic c:.~ fcufu ._.. ;tS 3 g111d.:f IIIC Io ri he: COirlllHIIl
: \111 hnr or" a 11 \:':II"''-' ..:nut kd.
l 1rlttaiUttll "". "-1111 ":1' ..:' .._u mun ,111\."'.'t uu1, 'I ''
1han Ikm ham 111 Iwid mg ch.u ut thl ) \'' "tht.: gr...uc'' h.ll'l'in~o." l" ""'tph h " '''
h..: " 1111.: li.H IIld,tll\'11 nl llll\l;tb .. I """'-'\\'1 hl' "''-'\:'Ult.-d h\ \\ a\kn ha<i. '-"h 111"14' IU
.. Ill\ oh c nut 1u ~ t .. th.: happm..::--.. ,,f m.anl..md. but .., ,,dh: t . ul .tll M:niM:Ml
A
Bu1 h.. \\T ill nn 1u add hu1h.: h : ltlll'll\....-nl :.111\1 1"'-'l:''"'" '" lknth m
appw.a..h I 1"1 Ill' ~l l t.:'-'-'-' lllhill lhC.:I\.' ' ' .1h1l ,I \1\lllll.lll\\' ,lttl\1\'t l
pk,l,tll .._., _ .IIUf 111 11 llht J tiii,UHII.III\\' I \II~ Nt'' h, '" ., ~' ,1 "'
Ill\ I" nh1.1l '\..-1,,, 1' 1
111U "'' ("1.._.,,.. ..... 11 I"~~'' "'-' '"''""".._-..~ hut &Itt.: 'u""'
1
,, , :all I k '-'"-'" l ' lltk.t\111:-. "' ct"-' ' ''"''".tl "-'''"' "' "'= f*: " P'
,,, arf"-''''"~ "' till' t."l l l l " ''-"" ' ' :..... ' '' "' " " . , ,,. tn "'"'""' lh.M ~
n n yhud ~ '' ould ..ay M '
'8
..,
D~t~khl ~' "' "' ' wd l htou ~;ht out the link b ' t\ . 1
I: \l: o.; Jl 1\1111:111 :.0<.: 1:1 1 ((ll).,ll( \\1 \llo'~'S
a nd 111\H, II ll c.:q; l<>p11l i.'IH ll uwc.:vc.: t hi.' 1 ~ 111 tl .
1
.
o.'\ ..:11 ::.om..: nl lu ~ hu..:r d1 S1.. 1plc;::. that th..:1 ,t ' lo

. .u '"'' .... '''""'
' ' lh\ , '' ,,... t\
<.: \<.:<.: on-.. Ill ..: a Ulll\111\lll \IIHic:d) '""
::.t lll.' llll ..:, ::.o.Hi h.: ktnd ol com an on Pnc l>ks ill w k . 1 1 1 1
OJ <.:VI.:I)'W 11.'1 C. I 1,11 ' ' I II l.l l 'i.
Ill th o.: :.dntt ll c.:tl di\'C: ISI\y u r lllOial ::.~:t ll t):. A I I I I
, ;, II I IIIOIJ II)' l '> ,lllllll,lll y , 111\.111\ I
o f l o llowmg th~ crowd:" how do-we account r.o r tl c .o 11
' cm.:rg.cm.c o 1r""'' ,\ ~ '" ceo;
w h o o pe nl y and d :tttnul y ICJ.<!Ctcd an-' cl 11 . 1
' c u 1:\ Cll <;Cu I IC CXI !'IIIIr, 1111\l l 'S I> I ;I ~~"C: II
sOCICty 1
').'
4.10 Ei\11LE UUnKHEII\1 (1~5~ - 1917):
I r-.::nt.1rpos.t11\ "'who~: rhtn~in!! w.1 ~ afk,rn l h~ ch..: ~c ullh..: nallual ~C I~ tll"l'"

he ' '.;~ I ~ h;ulcd .ts 1hc f;ulcr cl SlJetOI(I~y One ctl his key wr iltn1s ~ ch-..
I kmcntun Fmm' ,f Nrltgum., hpt' llt'll(<'. "' \dtrdt he ~llcmrt ~ d to give a
rnaacu;,lr~ lf)OSUJ\ tSit c:xpl.uMitort ncn fir t~.: lt~tc,n I tum hi:-. study of lcllcmi ~rn .
4.11 LET US SUM UP
'""' a hC' hdd co be rh:: '"i""'''Y fcurn ul ..til rdt!_'rnn:. he ~.:ortdudcd thJI thl ~------------------~---
1 f r fw "murc rh;.n lite lrth.JI !'.t>ct ~ l } lllttt c:t \ccJ ~yrubulh ;t il} I rum
tJr katk-d d&.lf rdrcJtu "'los wur ~tlup .uul chl"tll:t wcrc uuthuw hue v:tttllll' .. II 1s qutiC' conunon lo fmd l'\hrcs tlcfml"tl. :ls t.ml W Tnl01 t~s. "' -..: '
llllllltlm:llunlo thi ... tli'Sl' ll'hnl" " l"thu:)l. ma\ he: ,~r"'""' '
rhlu...,-rh "":1111,.
t :1 n h f"':'tllc: ;au ~pi .tntl s uhnrtr rh~, m ~ l ve~ w ch~ l.l\\'C. .uul . Ill hi thl ""'"' \.' ,uulc uumb uf mnt ,llll\'.. \\ , . ''" ""' ""''" ' ' ' h
d d udtal ((tttp I hr s.mw a1>pru;u It he ahc n11plnynl 111 \\'1~ tiiUtlllll,lllll~ h;l. ,l, \\\' h , l\\.''l"\.'11 ' 1\htt .ll ' " 1""htt11fiUllh: \
t Hillb tl-cn :Mt ntttlun" truiJ>' tli\Oc l.rws cn;t(h.cl by ,, !'" t'll '''till'"'''"' (ern~ h : llll 1 1hu:' II'\\~ ll"t '""''"""'' ,.,_.,..,,.
.;d.HIy """' pr ,tlluu '"''''k:' "nul 1t1c uuunulwu '''' ' dd lllllltlll h\' ~.I,' Ill" II ._lUdl\., :.lh\' ~,-.lde\1!"'' '" ~ "' ~
J~l Ill C: ... \ fl \ " \lkffl\ 111411 l' .tu llloth' lct 1 ,11111 \\ wu~I\C'')~.; \)f'l~uman ,1\:l"'"' '"'-' "'- '"" ~~ "'"*"'
w.,tdcd '"'"""'"' k~ral r.tth\; 1 th, 1111114 f1\ "'"'' ha' ,. ~qu.elly S\."t"n, ,,.,m!\ hk~ ~uud ur "'-f' ...,... ..,.,..,.,..,
'" "'""' umk ''"'"'"'1:!-" ""' "'' '"

ou
. . . I , wlnr ,~.n.;~ th:rl I II L) 1 .

, , ~sllll in S<II IH.'OOe
I
1~ "hy \\"l'1rv 1<1 m:tkc ck:rr 111 prtct:l:-tc } . . sphere
1. a ;;<lOl
- I .1111 I liJI 1 ' IIII"liiiiC:IC:-111\.ILl . Gl
h..:llh!. l>tua p..:r-son.rl :rll tellllll 1 II( => lt 11111 ,;omctlung
~ . ) 1 linition ol .;thr c:- '' 011 l
'" l!!er. .,,. ~tmknl . or tc:nnr:- pl.cy.:r )-()our< L . nil at.: I lOllS from
~ I ( I I OJih ) ' "hu.:h 'Ill(1rt::- 1IIIII'
;p; hliiO\\')- r tlu c.:~ b :1 branc.: I 0 p II l))- . I' II human. more
rhe purnl . of. v .r.;w of . thc .rr .;naII . .... I 10 llCCO IIl C IIHII c u .y
> Ill(:; a Jlt: l :>ul 1 h
h anc:h l)r phdOSt)r1Y w 11 c.:
litlly alive. We can thc:c lorc say tha t c tlucs ~ I1l<l 1 r,
SllldtCS \\'htt! makes :l pCISCHIII"Uiy fibCI;tl l'cf .
... . . . I I t . on front.; u c; \\'ith the

f'ow. anv wo11hwhik discuss ron ot Cllrcs. sooner or a ~,; r . L .
.. . .
phra~~ "human a..:rs . We .-.hou ld pause h11 a 111(\lltcnt ro um 1
tc lin..: the rnc:.t lllll -l!
- .r 1 .,., 13 11v rh c tc:uacy 11f o ld
a11d 'ICrllfrcan cc ol wh:uthesc worus tmp ,.. IC) arc ,11.: 1l " :::-
c.1 ,
scll(llas rl thou;;ht <uld s till rd cvanl roday. We nnt:-1 n l't:t 10 tS tn g..ri sh h e. r ween
- 1 .
'' h,,, could hc: calkd ;~cts or' humans and " lnlln:rn ii Ct~ .. (rhc Lattn mallll ~lln~
rhc:: word pltl\ morl' n catlv tll'/11.\ humm11ts ;rntl ttctw lwm111iS) ,\ hunwn act is an
:ICI f>tll ltlf\\~CII'cf b y it pc;sun HCI11lf! Ill f'ldl C:tp:tCIIY ; 1;\ h ulll:ln, i.e. OUI of tuiJ
:l\\<ln~IIC$S and lrt;;cdo m - <tlkr all knowkd!!t: and ti ~c c hni ..:~ arc wh:.t characterize
humans :1~ hUrliCIIIS On ly when someone d\H::-. !\Oill<.' lhlll (; knowingly ill_~d rcdy
t::tn he s he OC held aCCOIIIII<thlc fo r lh:l l :ICI and ;tCI..'~)IdingJy, he prais~d Of l>l<tmCd
r
lor it. I someone: wc::re. unkn0w1ngly. to d1 111k a t:u p of pots0111.:d tea. 11 0 one::
After rcadinI tl ; '
could :rn1"c hi111or hl'r ol'allernpced )-llic rd t: On~. mi<_!hl s:r~ tllill \\'hac h~ 01 sh<. ' ,., lrs Ch:tplcr
h:1d don e"~~ obj<.cti\'dy" a !-Uit:1dal ;ll'l (I l' . oi'H ~dl' tt wou ld hnn.:; :tboul the . lllldc rs tand wh~t <r , ~ou would be able to
< " (.; <l llllld L" 1
p cr-:ons death or s~ nou s tllu cs:-.. 11' n1..:drc:d illtcnc rllron ''' ct:c 1101 :>ough t
, u nalysc h uw people lllt t: r r .~ . lOW they arc lormed and
<'Omprch <' ncl h o w rh " ) P c t c~nd expla in lhc bchlvio cfhanged.
inun,:drardy). hut ,uoj~ctt \'dy.. h i.' 01 shl.' Ct'uld tl\11 h~. bl;ulH..'u li1r rh~. act. Thi:-. ' I ' <'S<'n <'<' of I ' u r o OU1e.
explain wlw people I I Ol 1Crs mnucnccs o b I~.
C:.\ :lnlpk !ohOuld a lso miJkl.' US n;alizc. thi\1 \\'(.' Cillllllll hc hil Vl' J~ If Only "subjective undc iSl<tnd I h e co ne; p orr d o n ot help others in dist~~ chavroll r.
moralrry WCIC important, since that is rhc :~ rca whL'IC pr:u sc or blame ("mora l pt o pro -~oc 1 1 ... ss. and
" Jehav1ou 1 an'd ~ -
:ccountabil it y'') com~ rn. i fth~ action were: 'objecll \'(..: 1y wr(mg in i~d r it would a ctors affecting il.
ha,c Slnnc bad efl~c rs on the :.tgl!nl - psychologicall y and physiolngica lly - even
rf h.: t>r 'h.: dtll 1101 do i1 "liJII kn(l\\'lcd!.!l' ;111d lid I cOib<.:!ll. .. It> ll~l' lh..: t im .:
Introd uc tion
h<mcHutcd liltlllul.t Lrlul's. then. l'lllo r..: ~.:'II<.'L'I'II~d " ' rill :r\'IIOil:' dt)ll\.' a..; :1 rcs ;tll
Explaining Social Be ha .
' '' br.mkcJJ!'-' ;mc.J f11.'t' dtOI CL' <lid)' ~l h,:h JL' il\1110.: lll,t kl_ ll:' h..:tll.'f or wor~1. p ..:r:-.tllb Nature a nd Co VJOur
A c mpone nts of Attit u d
;el/-ruunJ . \~1:. of h11n1ans, 1ha1 is. acliort!o J<IIIL' llllllllclllilula l lv. unkllO\.\'ill !..!IY . reen Environment ' . T1 es
(11x:lu<.lmg c.l0ing an 'obJ<.'Ct in~ly" \\ mng :rcrion ,,hik tltll knO\\i;lg s uch an ac~ i-s . :-llllude (Box 6. 1) . te A BC Components of an
Attxtude Format
\\ron g) \\ uuld no1 <r fli:!c1 one all-round as a pcr.~:on . Jon a nd Chang
A tliluoe Formation e
Alli~ude Ch ange
4. I 2 KE Y-\VOROS Tellmg a Lie forT.
CONTfNTS. . Atlitude-Be h . w e rtty Dollars (Box 6.2 )
Prejudice a nd D~VlO~ r ~elationship
tclor IS a (in:ck word l~l( .l.'IHf'. Ill IIH; :\t:lbL' ora !.!ll:ll ((l hl; St IScnmmation
r a t egies for Ha ndlin . .
JChll'\'~d . St) ll'kOI\I!;Y llh.::llb lhl.' :'I lid} or L'll d . - S o c ial Cognition g PreJudice
S chemas. a nd S t ereotYPes
m<.:am 1h~. ~..: r tucr of nlllrJ I d1111t.:~ 1mpressJon Formatio
Beh a viour of Oth nand Explaining Key Te rms
ers through Att .b .
4.13 FUnTH En READJNGS AND REFERENCES 1mp: ession P'ormation n uhons Summary
.
~ AU~bu tion o f Cau sal it Review Questlops
f~t.L-khwn. Sunon 8t'inJ! (iooJ. A Shw llnlmduc11011 t 11 f:thics 0x((1rd Ox lim! Be h a vJour in the P y Project Ideas ..
{ ru\t:r !l.tl)' f'tc~~-. 2tH(! Pro-so c ial Behavio~;sence of Others Webllnks .a
F'a ctors Affecting Pro-soci..,.l Bel . Pedago&teal Hint s
Hou:hcrt Don;tld M . ;urcJ ();" d Src:wm1 r 1 f.~ 1 N " lavrou r
IORf ~'I' nrmg .I"'' 'cw Yur k: :'vfa cm illan.
6)
Socra l pStJrltolog!} l .'i t/wt bl(l~lc/1 oj J)!>!Jdlol<~I'J w/ udl 11/IWSII{Jf,'tcs l tnro fllr 1o c s tab 11 It Io g 1c a 1 < ill Is <' . a" d <: ff cc t
I ' ' I t . Jl'"CI<ri i>!J ot/lf'l .'> and lire SOCI<li CIIIJIIOt lll h Il l t hcse. vi<-ws
. 'a rc mor<' tha n opuuons: lhcv
/}('/l(ll'IOI Ir 0 I Ul{ Ill/( 11(1 S IS f! /I Il'l;lt lOII'>lii(J' lh.lt expl;un SOCiCI I h<l raviotrr
1\1/ ojusjor in atlillulcs. 01 uaus <?/ tlo'nkiii{J oiJOIII SJH'c!fic t opiC:s nnd fJf'OJ>l<'. 'liti S C 11;1(>1<1 Wlllf!ivt ~ Ill <H'CO\ IIl( o f the nrc <:Xt~ lnplcs of altitudes .
W e a lsoj01111 impt CSS iOII S abOIIl fJC'rSO IIS IIJC 111C!C'I. (llld rtSSI!JII CCI II SC'S f o flrlld;lllll ' lll:t 1 ; 1 ~ pcc t " of t hC' topiC' :-. All dc:nnllions of attitude!> <~!l,rec lll~t ;m
lll<'llt IOIH'rl ~how WC' wll l bc~ 111 with a <~lli lucl ( I" a s late oft h e mincl. aMt of n<w!-.
lnfroducfion t ll e ir brlrtwio ur. Bl"s trles. ow own l>elw v 10 11 r gets ul}lue n cN/ l>y <>I llrt or t hou~hts. re~ar<lin g. some to pte {called
dc <..c ll()ti{)ll or altiluclec;
1/l(/ipjcJun/s (Jilr/ fJIOII/)S. /II SO /Il l' Si fll(lliOII S. people S ll OU' fJI O SOCI(I{ the att1tuuc ' ohjt:ct'). whtch have an
l>cflnt,iow. flwt is. hrlpin[J tlw nrcrly nnd r/1(' disu essccl. will1011t expcrr;,,, eva luative feature !positive. ncgali\'t' or
nnytlling in r('fwll. Mriii!J oj tl wsc> socin/IJdwl'ioiii S SN'Ill to })e s ilnpl e. Yd. NATUHE A N D CoMPONENTS OP ATTI TUDes neutral quality). It is accompanied by an
c'.\plniiiiii!J ll1e pt ocesscs tllat lie lwlunrl ti iC'sl' IJellaPiOIII sis a conplex nwl er cmo!ional compon<:nt. a ncl a l<'nckncv 10
lor a fe w ll lllllllcs qtiiCtly clo th< followin~ act m a particular way with rcgard to. the
Tlu s clwpter w11/ d escnl>e the lm siC ul >ns ,('/atNlto nllllllfles. socinl cognition II H'IItal CXt'l ehrwiOIII" a s c>.\ploillecl IJy social p S!JdtOiogis ts. vo11 te ll yot 11 sc ll : ; 111 my opi;lio n ... or rclcncct to <\S thr cog ni ~ ive aspect. the
.. Others ""lV say so a11cl s o. but I feel. .. "? crnoliona l comporH'nt is known as tht
Wlrat you till in lhe b lanks arc called affective aspect. an<l the tendencv to act
... OJJIIliOn s Now continue lhc exercise: h ow is call ed the behavioural lor c~na t1v < l
ExPLAJNrNc Soc iAL B EHAvtoun the w:1ys llrcy clo - that is . we a!-;~ig 11 cau ses i111por1a nl ~ ' " these o pinions to you? The aspc:ct. Taken togctl\er. these three <tspcct~
lo IIH.: lx:lwviour s h own in s pt.: cific social to prcs o f so 111C of thes e opi nions may be only have h(:cn re fe rred to as th e A B - C
SOCI<ll b c hrtviOt ll 1~ <1 rlC('l'SSrtry p~11 t of ~1 t11 a1ion!-; This proce s ~ is ca ll ed n od e r::~. t c ly unpo 1l<t1Jl to you: they an com poncn t s ll\ffC'e live Behaviollt al
hum.w l1k. :t11d bt'IIJg SOCI,tl mc;llls IIlll Ch a ttributi o n . Very ofte n . ilnprcssJOn c;11nply way~ of t hin k m ~. and rt does not Co~n 1t 1ve components) of altitude Note that
mort" lh<Hl m erely he in~ in I he c-ompnny o f for rn ;1tiOr1 a nd Mtril>utin n s n r c irrllu encerl mnl! er much to you that others C\gree or <1 llitucl<:s ::tr<: themschcs not hch<lviour. btll
o lh e,s. You nwy reca ll (rom what you l>_v nlti rucl es. Th ese three processes arc disagree with your views. On the olhcr they represent a te nclency to behave or a ct
s ludied m Class XI t hal social psycho logy exn mples of m enta l ac tivities rela ted to the lrnnd . you may find tha t some o lhc r topics in certain ways They arc pa rt of cog,mtton .
. deals Wllh all b e haviou tha t takes place in ga thering :111d inte,prc;tn lion of information arc e-xtremely importa nt to you. If sonieonc along \V'llh an cmolional component. nnd
the ac-tu:tl. imag1ned. or implied presC'ncc nho111 the soc-ia l wo l<f. collcC' tivcly c<~ ll ec l opposes or c h a lle n ges you r views about cannot be observed from outside Box fi I
ol others Take tl1ls s imple example: if vou socia l cogn ition . Mon'ove r. socia l cognitio n tlrcse to pics. you get e motion al. You may presents an <~xamph: of an <HI itmlc \OWil rtb
h<nc ro nlt:ntorisc- a pot>n1 and rec ite it. ~ou is acli\'alcd by co{:! nilivc units ca ll ed have m ade some o f these views part of your the e nvironment. showing the relalionslup
111ay ha,c no problt:111 in do1ng this wi1cn sch c m as . Cog niti\e processes ca nn o t be beha viour. In other words . if your views are between the three components.
you are by yourself. Bul if you have to recit e dircclly seen: th ey h ave to be infe rred on not m ~ r e l y thought s . hut nlso hav c Atliludes have to be distinguishe-d from
lh1s poem loan audience. your performance emotion a l nncl action com ponen ts. the n two other closely related concepts. n.u1H.Iy.
the basis of externa lly s hown b e haviour.
rnight gel mOuenced. because you are now The re are oU1er examples o f social influence
m a social situation . Even im agining that that are in the form of observable b e haviour. Box
people are listening to your recitation Two such exa':lples arc s ocial.fae ilitation / 6.1 A 'Green Environment' : The ABC Components of an Attitude
(aJrhough they may n ot be physically inhibition . i. e. I he im provemen t/d e cline in
present} may change your performance. Suppose a group of people in your neighbourhood slarl a lree plantation campaign as part
performance in the p 1escnce of others. and of a green e!)vironmenl' movement. Based on sufficient infonnaUon aboullhe en"ironmenl.
1his is just one exam pi~ 'that demonstn:Hes he lping. or pro -s ocial behaviour. i. e. your 'View towards a green environment' is pos1live lcogniUve or c component. alo111~ w1th
how our social emironment influences our respondi n g to others w h o are in n eed or Lhc evaluative aspect). You feel very happy when you see greenery. You ft.d sad ami .111g1y
1houghts. emotions and behaviour i n when you see l.recs bcin~ cut down These aspects reflect the affective (emotional) or 'A'
dis tress. In order to u nderstan d compl etely component of the same allitude. Now suppose you also actively parttcipale m the tn.c.
con_lplex ways Socia l psychologists examine
how the soc ia l context innu e nces th e plantation ca!llpaign. TI1is shows U1e bcha"ioural or a component of your allltud~ 111\\:ltds
\':mow; forms of soc-ial behaviour. and try
indi_vdual. It is necessary to st ucly bot II a green environment'. In g~neral. we expecl all three components to be t-onsstelll wtth
to explain their bass. Beca u se o f social each other. U1at Is. in the same dirC(:tlon. However. such consistency may not neccssarllv
nflwJJct;s. ,,cr,pl<: fo rlll views. or attitudes socJa l -cogn i 1i\' e proce sses and social
be found In a ll situations. For example. il is qulle possible that the cognitive aspt of vour
;il)()ul people:. ;mrf ;dJOu l different issues in b ehaviou r. Social p sychologis ts h ave s h own green environment' atlllude is very s trong. but the affe<'Uve and behavtoural romponents
th<H one mus t go beyon d common sense . mav be relatively weaker. Or. the cognitive and afrecUvc C1>mponents may be strong *'.d
llc. lh<tr. txi!:>t m rhc: forrn of bchaVJ oura I
f
lt>nc tn<.ws Whr;, we me(;( people. we m<~kc . and fo lk wis d o m in ord e r to explain how-:.' poS'ttlve. hut the behavioural component m:1y be neutral. Therefore. predlcllnp.
compo11c11t on the basis of the other two m ay not always glv~ us the: corr~t picture l '
r,e
llllc: c: ccs :Jf)(J." l I hc~r J"~rsonal qualities . people observe a nd mak e sen se of the ir o wo
nn atUtudc.
H f CaJicd Impression formatio Ht
n . vvc
an~ .ot~le.rs diverse be h aviours. Thro u g h
1 f
'~a o n1e11 lcrl in why fJC(JfJle lJehave in ~yslcmat c a lld objective o b serva tion s . and
Y adopting scicntHk mel h od s, H Is possible " 108 P:wdlOIO#',.V
Clr:tpl('l G 1\fllt//(lt J 07
'"'fl ' ><')tfrt l Coynil rm 1
64
\
. 1. trlluclc.s lnllrl~x.cnrph .
belief$ .llld vnlucs . Be li efs rdcr l<l ril e . dlqw for 11('1~1111 ,1( 0\V' \IC)" rttrC'I(:'\r I ('SI'.tl r It
1 II rill< <' ?
t'O~Ill liV("C'OII IflOIH'IliO f ;'l 1111 II des
' 'utd for 11 1 a rHutr . :1 :l r l(illg of :~ on tlw s:llttr ;1llllttdr IIJW;crrh lli j~ll lllllttary cxpc 11 c1 re
wou ld he shown 1>V. 1111
rlw ground ()II which :Ill litH 1c~ s l 'l lld such . I
~c: llc . l\ 1w 1 r1r.1 . 1
ltilll<f<
.
WOIIId
I
l1<l\'(' II< ll lt ' t '""' l w I" ' . <'Ill ; 1, . I <on o r C'('lllr<tl <lllrtuclc LC'w ning nu 11 1 1
IIC r s >!J berng reu(llderJ 0 ,
"~ l.wllt'l '" God. or ht'licl in ckrnorr :tcy ;'1:-. ' tlr:t l nlluc rtc. c, all orlwr a t liludcs in the Pllrrrshect If ., 1 . I
po~lr ivc nor rwwlt ivl' w d cncc.; coli Ill( 1\'1( 11<\l IS pr , ti S I'O fo1
pohli<':tl l<kOIO/{V Val ueS <Ill' Hllll11<k:. 01. lllllllplt atrtlttdc ' Y'>l<.'lll Sltowrng a r>~rll
n
' I .
C ll ar aUllude . c-hancc:s
hl'l r c.:f~ rh nl cnllrnrn .1 ':-.ho11ld' or 'ougl11 Extre m e n ess Th<' tx trc rn e n ess of .; 111 ar<: higl l hal S/he will develop th~l
:ISJ><'<'l. ~11d , a~ 1nor :~ I 01 c tJ 1lcal v:1 h res. One 'l llllll d(' .Il l( l ic'J
'
I <s 110 w JlOSilivc o r n cgat1vc A1'1 1TUOI:: FORMATION ANU CHANCE ~llliludc furU,cr. Por CXCllllplc. If n
<'\,1111pk of :1 v.Jit~e 1:, rh c icfC';'l !hal one. a 11 :lllilll <1c, i s T~ I\ rn! - t lie n.. 11 c l c c<:nager does !JC>gasanas regularly. a 11c\
s hould wcnk l1.1 nl. '" th.ll o ne should re~w:t r< ,., IIIIJlh' f!l\'1'11 ahon. ~ r .tllng o l
' ll c"" /\llitud c Formation gets lhc honour of being M, s~, C ooc\
.tlw.tvs be llo11csr. lncausc ltonrsry l.s I he 1
I ;!> a s cx trCIIlt' a s a r tJ iing o l 5 : lll<'y :-u c tcnlth' in her Sl'IJOol. she n1 nv ctcvc-lop
hcsl. poi1C'v. V,1l11t'~ . 11 c for lll<'d when ;1 Orw IIIIJWrlanr CftJ<~llon that psycholog1sts n I10Sitiv(' a ttit 1 cl
o nly rn r ile opposrte dir cclions (valenc<'l c towards !JIIfJCI ;uHI
.11 e llllc ~c.s t tcl in a n s we r lug rs
<
pnr lieu /;1 r he ltd or :11 tl lucflo b tl'O illt'S :111 h ow a r e lwnllh rn gencrnl, SinHI<trly, tf ;'I <'1111<1
l~:llin g:, of 2 ;'l lld 4. nrc l csf>. ex t' c~r ~c . A
m scp;1 rahlc p:111 o'f th( per son's outlool< on .r I II 111 lf{'~ for rlied ? Like rnn ny oll1cr 1lro 11 ghls ~onstantty falls Ill b eca u se s/hr c,ol s
IH'II II a l alliiiiCf<'. Ol C'OIIr SC. IS l OW( S ( O il
lr/t' Con sc.qtrcll iiV. Villlll'$ olll' dlffkull 10 n nd concepts that d~vclop nnd become pan JUnk foocf instcacl Of prop(.'( Ill('<Ill'> . I hen
ex I r <' l llCIIl'<;S
ch. 111~c. o( our c-ogn1trve s ys tcm . attrtudc s towards llw chld Is likely to. develop ~~ ncp:lll\'f'
\Vh:tl Is I he p11rposc :.e r vcd hv an S impli ci t y or Co mpi'c~ity (rnultip l<'xity) : diff<'H'tlt topt(s. II ling~ <tncl people a l so n r c alllt ucle lOw(lrds junk l'oocl . ~IIHI <thO a
.lllllll<k'> \Vc fr11d l h.tl allilwlcs prov1dc :1 Tl11s J c~ llll e rcl<'r s lo h ow rnany :ll litudc s fOIIIIC'd a s we rrll cnwt w t l r others tlow<.'V<'r. posir ivc. :llllludp IOW t'<llll 1:4 It~.:;~ lift,.
bal'k~ro 11 nd 111:11 m.liH.s il easie r l o r n there arC' w th in a br oader a tl it u de. T l1illl< tllcrc i JIC' sr><'cilk condiii()IIS lhat IC''ld to Ute food
pc:r son to dccrdc lr uw lo .le i in n ew of :111 a t lit ucle as a famrly con l aining :-., v, . fornr c.l lion o l s pcC'ifr c atliludes Lew nin~ ollitudes Lhro11glt rnocleii"'!J
-.f(u;rtions For <'Xarnplc. 011r allll l l<k m cm bcr' <til itucfcs. In case of vn rio u s t opc: .. In gene r al . attitudes arc learned fo/Jservrng o rh ersJ: Oltc:n 11 ,., no1
low: II d s fi1r cr.Qrwr:. mav inclir ccl ly provick s tr c h ns lcn llh a nd world p cnc(.;. peo ple h o ld throu gh one's own experiences. and through associntron. or throug,l1 reward
;1 11rcn1al 'l.1wm r' or 'blllc.'pnnl' lor lhc way m:~ny n ui11rcfes rn stcetcl or single <Hli lucf<' . th rou glt interaction with others . There arc a nd . punisluncnt. that \\'c.: learn
rr 1 w l 11cl1 we. s llo11 ld " <'ll;tvc w llerlt'V<'r we An :J IIillldC' :-;yst c>t rr is said lobe simpl e if 11 a few rcscnrch s t udies thal show some son anrtudcs Ins t ead. we learn tht:'m hv
rwc.( one co11l a ins o nly o n e or a rew
a tt itudes. ancl of inbor;, ::~spcc t of a ltitudes. bu t such observi ng oth ers being rcwnrdell o-r
In Jddilion lO 1he aflcctrvc. C'o~n il ivc and complex ifi! is made up of many a tliludes. ~encuc factors inf1u cncc auitudes on l y punish ed for cxpresslllg tho11ghto;. or
hell:wro u rnl co rnpon c rll s. <tftitu d cs <l lso Consider !he exa nrple o f a ltitude lowards ll)dtn.:clly. a long wilh learning. Therefore. showing bchav1our of a parltcular krnd
I rave.' other pr opcrtic.:s Four s ignificant hcaltlr a nd w ell - being. This alti tu de syslem rnost socia l psychologi sts h ave focu scd on towards t h e a ltitud e ob)cc\ For
features of nllrtuclcs a r c: Val ence (posilivity is likelv to co n s ist of sever<ll membr r I h e condilions which lean to the le<~r ning exa mple. c:hildren may fo r m ,1 respcc t lui
or rllgalivity}. Extremeness. Simplicity or n llitnd~s. s11ch ns ones concep t of physic<ll o f Mtiludcs. at titude towards elders. by ob . v,ng
CompJex.ity lrnullipltxity). and Centra lity. nnd rnentnl hea ll h. views <'lbo11 t happiness that their pa r ent s s how nsp, 1 lor
Valence (pos rli\'i fv or n cga livrly) : T h e and well- being. <'lncl belie fs about how one
Process of 1\llilude Formation
. elders. and are appreciat ed for 11
Learning altitudes through group or
\'alencc of nn nttrtudc tells us whether an s hould ac hieve h ealth and h appin ess. By n1e processes and conditions of learning
Cllllural norms : Very ofl en. W<' 1 :11 n
<t llitudc is positive or negative towards rhe contrast. U1e altitude towards a particui<Jr may be diffc ten t . resulling in varyin g
a t ti tudes lhrou~h the n orms ol ~Hi r
attitude object. Suppose an altitude (say. person is Jik'ely to con sis t of m ainly one altitudes a m onp; p eople.
j:!roup or culture. Norms arc mwt ill en
t owa rd s nu c l ca.r resc<t rch) has to b e a ttilude. The mulliple me mbe r -attitudes L.Ro.rning attiL11rles hy association : You
rules about beh<n;our tha t evervolll' is
e xpressed on n 5-polnt scal e, r anging from within an a ltitude s ys te m sh ou ld nol be mig ht hav.e seen tha t s tuden t s often s upposed to s h ow un der S)h'l' t llc
I {Very IJarlJ. :l (Bad}. 3 (Ncutra l - neither co nfu sed with th e three compo n ents d evelop a liking for a particula r s ubject
circums tances. Over lime. these 1101 ~ns
~!ood uc,, b~rd}. a nd 4 (Good). to 5 {Very described earl i er. Each me mber a tliludc because of the leacher. This is because may become pa rt of our soci"l <'OP.tlltrm t.
J!Oo<fJ I( an 111dividual rates h er/ his view t hat belongs loan a ltitude syste m also has they sec m any positive qualities in that in the form of attitudes . Lc.".1111111g
lowards nuclc:ar rc~e;rrcfl as 4 or 5. this i s AB C com ponen ts. t eac h e r : I h esc pos itive qua lities get
attitudes thro ugh group <lr ('ltllur.1l
clearly a positive aU II ude. 'l11is means tha t linked to the su bject that s/h c l each es. norms may actually be an cxampl<' uf
CentraiHy : This refers to th e r o le of a anclullima tely get expressed in l h c lorm
the person likts 11 rc idl'a of nuclear research a ll three form s of lcarnin~ dt'S<'t 1bcll
particu lar ~ tliludc In the attilude sy~lem. of liking fo r the s ubject. In o ther word s.
aud thinks rl rs somcthin~ good. On lhe above - learning through a:)SO<.'I 1tlun .
An allilude wilh gretl l<'r centrality wou ld ' a positive all it ude towards lhe subject
ot h c1 J,;wd , If I!Je ratinj:! i s J o r 2. the reward o r punishment . and mud, 1\tng
influen ce the o ther atliluclcs in the system is l ear n e d throu gh the positive
aUftude Is ncg;Jiive. TI1is means that the Por example. offering mont:v. ts
J}t-rsou dislrkc-s I lie idea of nu<:lear research_ rnuch ntore than n on cent ral (or pc ripheri:t) association b e tween a teacher and a fruit and nowers in a place of wo1 I up 11
altitudes would . F or exam pl e. ill Ill<' s tuclcn l .
;mel Uunks.t 1s somrthmg bad . We also a normaliYe behaviour in some ' c:h~iuns
attitude towards world p eace. a negauve
110
Chaptrr G Allilrult flllfl .S<witd Coglllfioll 109

- - - - -oo
61
. 1 lwl , 11 nu c nc 1 1:, fwttr t,rl)lt

\\1 It I'll Hld tV JCI II. I h !,C<: I It :d ' ll c h 1r, o urs
. II JtJ(lllf.! til (' 1Wl! llllll lll' I 1\-tll wrrd :u rd llwHf(H t no ( 111 tl rc1 1owr
1 -.,prna y t . 1w twtt 11 11 ,1 p 0
Jw iJ ,tVIfHir t !. ""!;)t()WII f>y O l fll't ~. I S . (" . ,, W IJJ(' I l tttll C ,, I tl w ;tltrlrrrlt, ll~<tl ~trr bl'lru~ fr1r 1111:tl . , 11 J> X . tllllurl 0 -X,:tttthtrl' :,,,,,
.lri<>IC!;CI 11 '- ' >tllltlltl < 'll i' , 1
ex,,c-clc-d and o,or t: tlly :lJ;provcd. the)" for tlw incl 1v1drtal to fctl tlto~t llw dtrt cll l llt IJf lltanw tn tltt ('Xi ', (H HI
Ir,f, I C' ,<J II V llllcc tI1If' I,.I Jf'I ( I :ilt',t IHIIJ,II,ut< t 1'
lriiJIOI ( .lt l 1 , ( .
rn.tv t~lltmn t dy dc-vc lnp n p os t r i vc "" , oronp llt ~r('on . tl11 : tllrlllrlr', ' I lw tHtch;l ran lw ~~~cl 11; , ' or a' r r lr fn:rr.rt ''"'
:-,f I1(' I)C: I01 1"''' 10 1 n ' . . ''"''' tflc clnn<~ >. ., rrr 11ICcllrtrtillll (Jf!,: 11:u 1c ,.
1
;;1 tHudc tow:trcb !>urh bcltavtour :111 rl lite roll- of rcfc:rcncc g roups n t .a U t fllcl( ri:, t ~Jiti l tHIC", whc; r<
C ll ' :tf( C' IJII'.CIIIII 1
'
assoc.atcd fcc.:li 11 gs of dcvolion C'Yt', lld ~11 1d (

; 111 <rl,e) IJ(' lr;.rrnt, rcl . lrnl):,,n nrc 1, found wlwn Ill "'' ''"''''
frJI JllaliOtl t n:-ty -.l~o I>< rr c <JM' of k~r rnu If'. IIIII II'
,rd e;, c,f II p . Q X
V a nrrng tltrouglt exposure to l(f c rf:r(r ()C}",IIJvc ;Jtlil 11dr., lc1 (;.rr tlt'l;,;,. IC. - I r1HrrJ~Ic ~rt nrji,~IJvr. c1 r
thro llf!h nw;trrl and pt~nl s hrn cnt ,r11 t; l lr;rrlllflrtV
( 11) lwo tdc~ rc
, . ' ,. pof,t 1rv:. <sntl. ()""' ~lrlc ,.,
mjotrnatron: M~nv :tllll u dcs nr<l<-nrnC'd
"' n o;ort:tl ronwxr. hu 1 1101 IIN'Cssn nly ;j Per,mwl F::<prrir>nces : M ~l llY atlttu dt, ncp,... tt\'t Urtlart('f i, frJitnd whrrr IIi a lt hr ,.
".lfl,.., ~I ff fJCJ'it ' I 11) twr, , 1tlt : 1
111 rlw phvs tr.tl p r ('Sc:nc c of o t hcrs . f ( ' I CJ J'IliC'rl . JI O I Ill I IH' f~ 11tl iV 1\ l liludc Cl tangc .. IV( . r>r 11
cnviron,tcnt or 1 hrou ~ h r e fC"rC' t t< r ~tcg<'t live. " ' 1Cl o n e sid i, !J()l,JI\ Vt
Todny. witlt tltc lt ugc arnou111 of 1>111111 1~ lire pr(Je (''' (Jf ~Jl( tlwlc (IJrrn::tli(>tt, _c.:on:.tdl:r t h e c:x:Jmplt c,r d t,wrv "' au
infornwtton th . 11 ~ hc:u 1g provid e d groups. hut through di r ccl pct son ;d : r1 tc l ;rl<,t, aftf'r thi, proce!,,. <'lllludcs nmy tm (PI ha-,
through various 111<.dia. both pos tlivc ('XJ)('t'i('llCcs winch bring about (1 clrw,t 11 lw 1 ft ;, rt Pcd <t11rl mt,cltftr;d lllfOilr~h v;;triOII', H f 10',Jt IV(; <t llitudc (OW"rcj <, ''''Wry (l> X
C:Jnd rwg; tll\'f' <t 11 Jt udcs "re bdng forlll cd . c h ;llt.f!<' tll 0111 <llli luclc towards JWOpl< lllllllt' IIC'C, ~''" 'r l tllitudr , f'lt ;;H tr!l' lltc1rt (lfJ~~IIIVI) p 1", !JI(IIHIIIIJ!. ((J J!r( hf!> ',l)lt
O_v rtadtllg tltc IJH,g r a ph l c~ of .,df- <mel ()Ill own ltfc. i-fnc i!, a r crtl ltl1 tlt.llt ollltr[; dr, /\lll l11dc., lh;rt '";.' s till ,. 1 rmo nrcll<l ll l<; dtluf!l.ttrr CJI 'Oilt' r,rr;~,, 10)
actwlftscd pcrson'>. <JI1 tnchvidcml m<~y c x;tmplt. 1\ driver i n t hc <~rwv w t p f t l tl' fo t Ill ative <; l:r,e, :'!ltd ~~~c 11H1 rc like w ),c, ltw, H lll:gjt ltV.C ;itttlwlr tuw"rrl :. ,,, ry
dt\'tlf'Jl : J'>OSII tv< all tlculc t oward~ I mrd 1111 ,,.,_g lt ;1 pcrst,rHd cxptrt<n t<' '"'" OJIIIlieHI'-,, ;lrf' JliiH lr Ill ()(( l!k('(y ((J r h~ll~l 10-X rwr~;r t hw). Wlr:i\1 \WJIJI I !,r t l 1t IJ;tlUH.:
\H:;d a u cf t1ll l'r ,.. pc c I'> as 1111' nii'<Ht ' of 1r;u r~fortll('(( I 11s ltfc 011 o u c: rnis sir,, IH c 0111parr:cl lo <ttlitucle <:. l h~sl ltr!v( IJ<:umw 1
Jf the P O ~lltlutl <sud hw: v.:r 1 11 ll
;a tut"\'ll t~ s ur ccs~o> '" l tfc nnrwwly csc:l pc-d d ca rJ, :ct llho u g lt <'Ill I . ltrtllly c:s t a iJl i s ltcd . ~ncl laii\'f lwccmrc: <t p <Ht cktr rrlltll<' balan rc () r rm\,a i;Htc 1: 111 tlw
ctHIIp<tt rt O II !> .c~o l I l rom ' ' r>ractical .tlll rriHJit':" If 0 irlltJ ,dly hH, a I''' ,1 1\.'C
Prrnr,r-; tltfll fnjllfPIIrt> 1\lfrturlr> Formntt rm IIH' purp(Jf>( of lti!'. OWII life. h e f!.r!VI' 11p fJIJJ n I of view. bn nf~mg <t l>ou 1 t1 c Ita nJ!c: 1n :.t ltlnrlr: low:=~rcl s P , tlw ~l lll<iltbll wt 1 ull J,,.
n1e follow111g f<tcl(,rs pmvidc lhc conl cxt for lri '> J Ob in th e <trr ny . r e t urn e d t o IIi <; IJI'CJ(ll f' s (t( ( tlttdc s iS Of trtl.l; r (;!>l l fJ unb~l l;:. nr<d P-X i, po!,lllvr. OP r, I"'' 111\'c
the Je;,n'"'i'. of <llttlllrlcs t la rou g ll t h e nat 1W: vi llagc in M a II a nt :. h t r a. i'lll d uly lc-etdct s. politirians. prrJ<iu<cr ,
crJ II Irll t ll hilt 0 -X t<; ll('gat iw 'll1HI 1'>. tlr<rr ar 1'.'.'(>
work<cf activcly as a community lc-<tdet f>( ('rJit '>U rn;r 1!-fJCJd ~- <tdverli!.<.:r ~. ad ollwrc, r~o~illw, and <Jn< lll'f',:tlr 1 111 tlu- n<~l t
prrA.esse.c rfr rriiJcd ai.KJ\.'(
Tltrough n purely per sona l expcricrtcc Ull ll",<; wc find Ollt how altitudes chang(.' 'llw; 1 ~ a Sil wrli(Jn ul illll,alan~t Orv- r,lthc
ForTIIIIJ 011d School Enuiro11rnt>nt : tltis indi\'id u<t l evolved a s trong po ~; tf iw 1111cl wllal co nditions acc:o u nt for s uc l t llrrc:c -. ltt tu d cs w tll l la <rcfc.,rt h<t \' ( \<J
hnt c tl:-~rly 111 tlw cnrly years of l tfe. ;,11i111rk tow;,rds community up liflrttC'JJI l'l ta11gc. il would n ol be possible lo take chang<:. 1 1, 1s c:hangc- could t ake plar 1 ,, , _: , ,.
fY-JntJI S ""d t11hcr (;wu ly rnell thers p iny I Irs d lorl s c:ompletely c h anged th r (~Jl ~,tcp<; to bring a b(Jul alliludc; change. P -X relationship tP start s dishkmg d , JV
a SJgnlfiC<Hll role iu sha p ing alltludc as a custom ). o r in the O X r elat1011 h p (0
of his village.
forma IJCirJ. L a t ~r. th e schoo l Pr orr~ss of Allitude ~hange starls hk lng d owry :lS a custom) or m t1 ,.
em.. irc..nrncnt b ecomes an import an t 4.. Media relaled 11!/l.ttences: T cch nolop,iusl 0 -P rel atio nship (O st a rt s d cshk1111'. 1 In
Th t ec major concc.:pts tha t dra w a lle n lion
1Jackgrounrf fo r a llllude fo rm ation. advances in r ccenl limes have m;...dc: s ho rt. a n a ttitude< ha n~?,c wHI lravc to t.ak
to some im p ort~ nt p rOC"csscs I n a llit u clc
Learniug of altit u d(s withi n the (:muly audo \'is u aJ rncclia a nd the In tern et ver y place '>0 tha t thcny,11l b<: three pu ln:r
C" h <~ ngc rll c: c1escrlhcd below :
:tnd dr-r>l usu ally l l'f k ~s pl::1r: by rXJ\VCrfu l SOIIrCeS Of in fo rmation l l trll rela tion s hips. o r two n q~atl vt a n d OIW
f (~t d to ~ lli t u de fo rmalion and ch~ ~r;. Ia) 11' e concept o f palance. proposed by pos1livc rela tion s hip. in the tna n ~le
:ts,r,ci::tlion . throngh rewards and
r' JnJ,hrwnl,, ::tnd IItrou gh nJoddlinJ!. In ddiliou . school level l cxl bCJOk s 1JI!>IJ Fritz I !cider is- so me tim es dc:scribed in th< (b) The con cept o f cognitive disso n ance
influ c: n cc M lit II d e fo rm a l i o n . 'J 1J('',c forrn o f tlt e 'P-o-x ttianglc. whi c h was proposcc1 uy Leo n FcS \1 11 "
F~ejr..-rrr tP Crrmp:. : f<l:ff:r c n ce groups rf p r<s< n t ~ tit <~ n.:la lion ships u c l wtc n lh rcc
~Juru;s fi r~ l s trengthe n the cog nili vr~ c mphasiMs the cogntll\'c compou 111
llldiuJte "' an inrlividua l the norms a !-.p rc Is or com ponC'nts o f th< alltludc P 1s
rtnd ~ffeuive ccJm ponen t<; of nllilud':' .. lh <' h ns tc ul ca IS th <ll thC" (
regard1ng au.eptable l,t:haviou r anrf tl w p er son w h os<" a ttitude IS being s t u clte cl . C 0 Ill p C) 11 (' Ill <; 0 f (\ ll :1 I! till cl t I l ('
and ,u b <;eqw.:n tly nray a i51'J afl cc 1 tl.c
way. of UJfokt o.~ 'IJm~. tht-:y n :flt;ct 0 i s 11110 lh<::r pe rson . a ncl X is the topic c o n !)ollanr (oppos ite o l 'disson ant ) I e
IJr-J,~.vifJIIra l cornpuncnl . n,c rncd i<J < '' "
Je;;srrung of ~Ult wJr;, thm u f1h group rJr toward s which the all Itude Is being s tudied they s hould l>e logically In line wilh 1 ' " "
(xrrl tJCJI IJ g()rJ(I a nd b:-.rl ln fh JC~ O Cf:, o n
cult u r;:, I nt;r rw.... A I 11 t J d t;!> 1() wa r d!, (attit ude object) . It i s also possible th~Jl all o the r. If an tntli\'ldual hnd th t ,r.vo
~ tlil udt;s On one hrtncl. Uw rM;dl i t r~m1:
1\tllfiiJu" tr,r,ac, . ,,J( h ;j-; fJ'Jli tlr a l. three ;trc; per son s. co~mtion s In an atUtude are di
lll l rrrtrt rmtY.c.: p(;uple bc:ll er lflf()r 11lf'd
relto and #, r1 ( ~~~~ gro I(J',, Th e.: b as k Idea i s t h a t an a ttitucl e tlwn one or them w11l b~ c h
IJ.' IIJ fJI JIf;( lfi (J<ft, ()( C;()lllf OllllfcZJ liOJJ . ()~ if lhc J(' Is a s tale of lmb~lan< c tlw dinction or consonance F'cn
<X: up bm r ~~ ,c,rral wJ ort,1;r i',','J' :', c han[!< s
I llr: t,f br:r ku l(J , I I H:r<; may IH; 110 d ,ct I.
fit n dey Jr,r,ttJ H~rt,uP,f rdtrt: 11 t:.~:
(lfl I Itt ll rtlllf( fJ( ill(()r 111:11ilJII IJ('IIl~
(.Jr-.,,.,., f, . ltllti /Uit mlll ~)(Iff/ r :IKJIIllllm I II

t l11 nl .1ho11t
( {oglltl lllll,.;)
t h <' fo ll owi n g tclc>:1s .
s.
Hl i (ll( I('
I.
0 1 : I t lll 11
' 1 rTf(' ( I I ('(' I(
' ) II
"
cl<' s vstc'll l. tn t r -;1 IJ<' i11 t h e
. .
, ... 1( ' 11
II r. II Ill IIIII' w llh o lhct C'ICIIH'lll
IO!-\I<':t y 1.1

cl<- tll (' ll l :> lt oultl
li po ~ll l VI'
-
rt~" d
.lllJt lldt lmvat d <, t Itt tar"n t'l .Il

. 1 1
l( tiC
<cnt ral a llil u<ks " ' .
fi J
'
Ct)glll l l(l ll I J>C/ /1 11 1(/MII(I C(II IM'S
ti lls <<H'!>1 '
t<J t lt ''
"
f JIH' "

tlc n 1 ftc p et

t .o, II II' 't'l
.IIIII :lilt :H ll tl ll lwf'onws lllltlllal. In
lilt' ~.III II< c h <-r ~tlf/htlll S<:I f
lha 11 l h t: I ' C IIIOret} lfll<',lth IOI'!t.llllll
CS') I.'Xtr<tn< ' 11l I 1
m ow ll < wwtt u/ucll rs.fotal. , .. 1 ldnd of rn<'n t:tl cllscornfor l 1 <'.
tllld ,II' J I.
~l<~niflc;t l) l l >f"tt p wr. l llt",,
Cnl.!lllftot l II I ca t p oll masala. ex per rCJJ, c 5 ,fliJ\V <., .111 .1\llltHit 1 h.lll ~t. hy <H'Itt<llly "' n a ll lliHic'>, ..,
Sc lll "l sornc lh lrtg b n o t q u ite 'f! 1tt' arh' ''"S' . '" c ~'"' Pk :11\1\ltd c,
I lolclmg llu's<' two !dens o r cognitio n s 1I1c sen .
i ll the a l lll tJciC !>yst<' lll In s u c h a sl a te. .on." c ""'l'"'l-' ht /lnllt IJh wtcH tr towards l h <' " r<:r to cl 1 :1 11 1
alliludc&arc. ' 1! ' t han lll ll l trplc
\ IIl ii m .tk<' any u HII\tdlla l fed th.ll SOlllCi hi n,(! .tl!lriiCit ohrct I Oh,ctvllll! l h e sourccs
asptcl In til<' ;t ll iltHh' !>VSt<tn c ll a tt g<~. Ill In a<ldlllo n 0 1
t s out n l hil l<'. o d t ~so n .ull . 111 th e n llilu<k < ""'l'.<tl <1ltltlldt and bdtavtm ll . lhe larg<:l ..., . . " rnuM a l!'.(> con<;l<l<'r llw
lite dirccliotl of con s isl t' tHy. IHc-at tS<' Ollr
i! l ,o !,ltow. an :tlltlll<l< dtangc th rough
utr(>CitOn
.
an(\ l' 1, r
.x fI ll o a tt ll u cl< <l an~t 1\n
IOW. II d~ f)( l/ 1 lllf iMI ICI T ile r e fo rt'. Orl l' o fii H'Sl'
coAn l t V<' sy~ l <' ll l t Cq ll i l <.'s l og t c:l lwlt vtou llll 'i Is a l<tncl o f h tlllaltf>n or attitude ch a n g(' may lw cong l
u l c il ~ wtll h ,l\'t' t o IH' c h a n gl'd. so th :'ll ch ang~ intlw . . . . n en II cnav
C(lll so n:~ nee c.tn l w :lll:l lltt'd . In 1ht cx;u npk <'O il S IS I (' I H'Y . oh!>t't va tton:tl lt:ttlllllf' . S<~mt Ch rtrtton<~!> tlw cxr.tmg
alltt udc (for ex<l rnp 1<. a po~ t \1\'t <lllllu <lc
Coll ,td< II H ' foiiO;II11~ ex:l Il l piC' or l W()

g " cn :-t b tlY<'. 11 1 o r d <'t to H ' IIIOV<' o r rcd u<x (c) T he two stcp c o n ce pt was p roposed l>y
m ay bcco111c mor e llOSiliv<' o r ~ .
1h e d tsso n .IIH'<' . I w ill s l o p ea ting p(/11 S. M . M o h s ln . :'I ll l n cli n n p syc h o l og t s t . ,l cp .:t lltllldt c lt:uHt<. l'r<'<'li IC'<Hi s 111 th e at(' " t1<.R:l llvr.
tww-; po~ pc , llt.\1 :. p:ullc11 br sof t clrlnl< th at
: II ud c m a y lwconw 11101'(' r~t=v,a tlwl F or
m asalu (d w ngl' Cog11ilto n II) . T his w o u ld J\rcorcllllg to him. n tlilu (l <' c h a n ge tn l:s m stan C'e suppos ,1 .
l> h <' C'IIICJV'i s <'X I I ttnl'ly ll; nmfu l l3u l Prc;c ti . . c t><n..on h ~s ;, !>o11wwh a 1
h e Lhc h c:1111v. loglc-:t l and sen s tblc way o f place i 11 the forlll o l t.~o. s t e p s. In lhc fh s 1 p ost! tv<: allcludl t ow<~ r<ll. c mpowct n w nt of
s<t'!> 111 :~ 1 l w I a vou t I< ~.port&p<' l !>On It as
I C'd ii CIIl g dtS'i(JI);.lll ('(' . s tep. !I IC l :lrl-(<'1 o f ch ;u\~t iclc nlines wil l tl w WOtllC n . tkacling rt lJ ( I\1( ~~ S II ('('C' % 1111 WOIIl:t ll
b t'<' ll advC'tl lsi n g li t< :;;un< soft clrin lc S h e
l ' ts tJil[.!<'l .u 1cl <':lll !,lllith . two soc i :-11 sn r c<' . Tl tc ' ta rge t' is 1111' p et,ntt 'lt m a y make li tis <lltllt\<1< rnt>rc~ pos tlt w Th \~
l ms i d c lltil lc<l l lc r sC'If w ith li lt' sp o r lsp <rson .
('Oildll <' l t' d .111 CXp <J'ii11 Cil l
J l1>\'<"h t) fOQ I S I 1-o. :lll t ludt is 10 l w c h n ~t g<d . The so 11 rcc' ' wou ld b e a co n grwnt changc. On l it< ot Itt
<J rlll W<H tl cl lt kc to i 111 it;tl < h er /him . Now.
thn t s lt o\\'tcl !tow cog ntl i\'l' di .ssonnnct' 1l 1e fH'rSO il I lu Oll g l t whose lllflll e ll <'<' II : ~ a nd . a n a llilud t ch an g(' "''' v ht
s u p post the s p ortsperso 11 wts les to c h <1ngc
" or I< ~ (SL'<' Uo., Ci :!.) c ll n n g c is t o t: tiH p lace . Id e ntifi cation nc ongruent - it nmy C'h <lltl!,t In a c1 11 t c t 1011
p <:op k 's ;l(t tl ll <k l ow:11 ds 1h1s soft d ri n k
Ho t it b:tl:t 11cc ,1nd cogn i!lve disson an cc tn ca n ~ th a t 'the t a r get h <ts liking a net rcg<trd opposite to th c cxlslllll!. nlllllttk (for <x;11 11 pl
It 0 111 pos tl l\'e to IIC'V,:lll\c T lte 1->p onsptr sot1
ilre l'x:u p pl<:s uf cognitive c on s is ten c y . fo r lite so11rce. S/ llc JHII S h crsel f/ lt i lll sclf a posllive a ttitlldc lwco111cs 1<::-s pu~tt 1 w. o r
r n 11 ~t fir<;! s how pos!l tvc ft'ch ngs fo r h c tf
Cog nrt l\e co n s i s ltn cy m ~a n s th a t two i n the pl <~c<~ o f tile t ;Hg~ l. n n d tries IO feel negati ve . o r a ne~~ ltvc t~lltlll ck tx:conws lcs!>
ht s fans . :=~n<l tlwn :l<'111HIIy C'lmngl" lwr/h ts
compo n en ts . .~ ... p t'c t s 0 1 d em ent s of the lil<c he r / hi nt . T h e sou r ce II l ll S ! a lso have a n:g:llivc. o r p osiltvd In tlw tx:11 np 1t )11 ~1
own habit ol consumi n g t h at soft dri nk .gvcn. a fter readinv,about S\1CC'C''>Sful wom e n .
(Step I) - perhaps by ~ul>stH u ltng it w ilh a ~ person m a y lhtnl< that wome n tmp,ln !>Wil
Telling a Li e for Twenty Dollar s Box h ealth drinl< If lilt' spor tspc 1son actua lly
6] beco me too po wt rf~t l. a n d nc~lc c t tlwi t
ch<mgcs her / I 115 heh<tyiout . tl i s very likely fa mily rcs pon sibtlrt ~s nus m~y make the
A fi C'r p:ut<'Jl"' llll.~ 111 a
very b 01 mJ! t'xperhnen t. n ~ro u p o f s tudcnls we-re ;:~~ ld lo tell
aJJollter gruup ol ~ lud cnl~ walltng outs ide lha t U1e t;Xp crirncn t was very lnlcrcstiug . For tha t now PreNi wtll n l so c-hn ngc h e r a tll lude pe rson's exis ting p osll iw a lltlu<l<: toward s
tell in~ this he to Lhe wa lling s tudents . half of the 01st g roup of s tude nts w;:~s paid$ I . and a n d behavio\11 . a n d s to p con s u ming tlle e mpowerme nt o f women . te ss pO'>ttm.:. o
the u l her half wtr c pa id ,$ 20. After some weeks . lhc pa rticipants of th e b oring cxp <ritn c nl hnr mful soft d rinl< (S tep II). even n egative. If th1s h appens . then it would
we re a s ked to rc:ca ll th e expcnmen t. a nd to say ho~ Interesting U1ey h a d fo und tha t be a case o f incongn 1cnt ch~ngc. ll has hnn
experiment to be. The respon ses s h owed U1a l lhe S I group d escribed lhc exp<rfmc nt as Fctcl ors tlla t lnjlu c nce Altitude Change found that. in gt~ne r:l l . con~ru cnt <:h .mf,r s
nro rc anteresung than the $ 20 group. The explan;:~lion was : the $ I s tuden ts cha nged arc easie r t o brinE! abo ut tha n a rc the
lhc 1r allttude t ow~1rd !. lh c ,c::xperime nl because U1ey experien ced cogniUve disson ance.
W h e t h er a ttitudes w ill ch a nge. and if so. to
what exte nt. is a question U1a t puzzles ma ny incongrue nt ch a n ges in attitudes
In t h e S I gro up.
Tile tr11t1al cog ultlons wou ld be : p sy chologi s t ~. I low-ever. most of them agree Moreover. a n ~ l lilude may cha nge m the
Tile changed cog nition s would be:
IOi%onant cogni tions ) upo n th e fo ll ow in g m ;-~j or fa c to r s th a t di rec tion of the informa tio n t hat is
(Dissonance reduced)
'The t>xp<mtllf"lll was IX?T1J IJoring ~ : /he experimen t w a s (JCII UI II!J i rllc t cs f ing " : infl~t e n c c a t til u ctc c h a n g~: presented. o r in :1 d irc<'lio n opposllt' to th,lt
tlold the Wlliti119 slude11fs llral it "/ lold lite waiting students 1/ra l II wus
o f th e info rmatio n present ed . Pos te r s
Wfl '> rlltfrf'~. tlllq":
interesting : C h woctrris lics c~f tllc existing n ttilude: describing the lmportanet' ol bru sh i n ~ o n e's
1 tuld a li<: f or only S 1. - "I wo11ld 1101 ltave tolrl o lie f or onl!J S 1 . .. All fo u r prope rtk s of a ltitudes 11ll'1'llio n ed teeth would strengthen a pos itive <~tlll u d e
e a rl ie r . n am e ly. va lence (positiv ity o r towards dental care. Bullf people arc shown
n.e $ 20 ~,r,up cluJ n(JI (~xperlcnce cognitive disson ance. So. they d id n ot clt:ang<: u1c 1r nega tivity). extremene ss , simplicity o r fri ghlcninf.!. piclurt's of dental cavities. lhev
:.tll llut1e t<JW~Hi s lh< txpf;rimen t. and ra ted it a s very b oring. complexity (multlplcxity). and centrality may nol believe the pic tures . and ~;n ay
TI1e :_ognlii(.JO:> m the $ 20 (No dissonan ce) group wou ld be :
IJK: I!Xflf::I U III' fll 11.'(~ $ l!(! t y fx.m ng"; ";
-' o r significa nce of the n llitud c . determine b ecome less posit ivc about de nta l -ear e
ntlituct e c h n n g<' . In [.!c: n e ral. p os ili\' C Hcstarch h as found tha t fear so~lmc-s
I told llw lllfntmg st ude, ts tlwt '' was i nterestmg ... attitudes <l l <'easier to chnnge tha n negallvc works well ln comlnt'lng people b ut If a
., wl!J CJ. l~e IK!fiJII ~l! I UI(J $ fJIJtd $ 20.. .
nltilltd cs ar e . t:x trc me n ttitu.d cs, and m~ssagf' generates too much fc:ar. ll twns
Clt:pl(r G Alll fiU[t ruwl SfH11rl CorJirltlw r 113

70
( nrtert sties : T l w m (ssag<'

Message c11 11 -.
Off the ll'C'CIV(~I ;tlld h~ S lillil' fll'I S ll <l S JVC
r l 'lliOn I hal iS present CO Hl Cll d,r
is t I1c. I11101n
effect
Sou,.ce So urce
clto rac'U'rtSitcs
l O bnnga Oll '
b l nn nllituclc clmngc. Attu \111. ,
'll c r
a1110lllll of illiQnnation
/<(111011(1/ (1/)fJI'(I/ .
w'i II c I,~ngt Wllcl 1 (~lll'lllq 1110/lf'IJ} f:urolloucrt
1 uppcut
. credibility nnd attractive n ess <trc two that is gi~cn nuoutthc topic i s ju st enough. lcunnq (or IOIIr (ornrhrJ
fea tu res tlwt affect at tilu dc ch:wgc. neil hi!~ too much n or too Iilli~. \Vh<?t h er thl: 1\r e !JOII 5/)('lldlll<j !OO
Alliludes arc m on. likely to ch:1 n ge when ~on t ainS a rat 1o n a l or an much 011 cookury gos?
m t:ssngt c . Suorlch lo lire IJ es~we
the mcss:1gc com e:; frolll :1 highly credible e motional appeal. also makes a di l fcr cncc. t
cooke. and soy r (
:;ourcc rn the1 tl w 11 trotn a tow-cred i b le For exnmplc. an ::ld\'C'rti sem c nt for cooking yooc.II>!Jl' lo !J'" rr
sourct~. For cx;ltnplc. <~dulLs wlto <trc food 111 a pressu re cook er m ay poin t ou t I.Judge l pro1Jie 111 s!
planning ro buy n In p rop :1rc more convinced tlHt l this saves fue l su c h as cool<ing ga,,
by a compu1e1 cnRint'er who points out the (LPG) tlnd is economical (raUon al nppeal),
special fe.'ltures of a partiC'ular brand of Alternatively. tlw m lvc rti selnellt m r1y say
lapto p. rhan they would be l>y n sch oolchild tha t pressure-cooking preserves nutrition.
who might f!.ive the same inl(wmation . But. a nd thn l if one c::~rcs for !he l iullily. nultitio n
if the buyers nrc thcm sci\'<:'S schoolchildren.
would b e a major :t;o'n ccrn (em o ti o n a l
thcv m nv be COtldnccd tllorc bv another
sch-oolchild ndn: 1lisi ng n lapt o p ~tha n th ey nppc<l iJ (sec Fil!urc 6.2).
The m o tives nctivnt cd by the m css<~g<:
would he by a pmkssiollal giving the sam e
a l so d e t e rmin e al titu ci<' c h ange. l\n
111Jorm:1ti0 11 (sec F1gurc G I) . In the case o f
exa mple. dri nl<ing mill< may b e sa i d to T'itJ (; 2 . Unrinnnl ruul Eruorionofl'lpfwlrl!>
som e products s u c h ns cars. sa les m av
mal<e a p el's6n h ealthy ;:tnd goocl - l ool<ing.
in crease 1f th ey arc publici sed. n o.t
o r m ore en ergetic ;m el more success ful al Fin a lly. the mode ol spreadin g l etter~ a{d panlphlets. or even throu gh
necess:Jnly by experts. but b y p o pular th e m essage plays a signifi ca nt ro l e. mass media
ones job. ' . F o r example. a positive
pu bhc figures ~ace-to - face transmission of the message atulude towards Oral Rehydration Salls
s u sua lly m ore effective than indirect tORS) for young children is more dfectlVclv
tran smissi on. as for instance. through created if commu mty SOCial workers and
My laptop is my key
to success - I 00 CB
s rorage capadty . My /(!pLop is my key
light in w e1gllt. can lo success - 100 CB "ORS u1JI
do JL'()nders for me !! stomge capacity. prolecl
,~::./;. Ruy om> nou. nnd liglll in we1glll. can your ch ild
.' $J.\tW~ see llou you grow !! do wonders for me !!
Buy one now. and
from h <:>o t
in the
r--- 1 , see ltott you grow !!
:
,
~
.
'(
,
.. ~;....
-'.- : . :
~-
. ,/
'"' r.
~-
...
..___,_--
(.
... . ..: .. ,"'~
; ~
/
\"'\
.ar;.-
)
...
..-.:,~,
l
. -::
"' I\ ~
f ... I .
,.._
-.
':1:1 ' '.......
d.'
~
'
t: ~:'tt \ -~ . i';.
~
. .. ,
~,:...., ..,..
. ....'. . ' \-
\\ \ . ~. 't
~ I

~"'
"'::< --':'
.- .~
:
1- /
J.
.-/ "- >J ..
f IChJ(I A Pic ture B
F'ig.G.:l: Pc~c<'lojace lnl('mclion t>>rsus Medi<t Tmnsmission. Which ont> urorks_twrrf'I'?,WIW
rtq 6 ~ .
I ; Widell l 'ictwe II 'Ill Make You More Eager lo 8 uy a ......
I ,.pt.op Picllue A . or Pictwe B? \111)2
Psyt>holOJ.tv
115
Clt:tr>wr G ;AliiI II( Ip (Ill( 1 XK'If
c-. l/ ('.A>fJTiflfWI
..
, I llt VIOII I h 1101 btIIIJ'.
11 l l('l'oO II ' )( ' '
dncr o r :-.. ~.pre. tel llw nw. .. tJ!c' hV r.rllun g 10 11 " I I lttd I>V ol Itt' I ' ,IIIII
pcttpl d11 <'CI lv r lr.tll I;,, ortlv ck:c: r rhlll!\.1~ w
w.lll'l rt' d o r c v. l' . .
llr,tl tlw l w l r.t '' "' l
!Ill' p t'r ~O il II I I I 111 1
..-
ht'tll'llh nl ()J~S till llw r .ulro (.-.cc ltftlll<' h .I) coii,<'CJI 11"111 t .t rrd
I IH~c dav:-.. rr.lll~rlll:-...,1<1 11 lltrong ll vr-.r r: d w01 rld llavl' 1 P
fl'>llJ\"I'
' 0 111 <1 IIIH ", rl jo; l w h ;rVIOIII II .
. l (' lrd to t' ll;':' tJ'I" Ill I llo~t II II' :lll lludc lntlw <'X J><' . I I' '' cl<Tidr,
1111'1 ("({)I(' . Ill ' '
llttcli.r '"'"' 11 "'"' rc l,hlo n .rrrd rile lnrcrrwl 11111 l"lll >y Fe 1111 1
.uc ~lrnl l,rr lo LH '<' ro I:Ht illl{'l.l<' lhlll , h11l bcll.tVfOIII and Carl: ,rll rll l heT Box (''') .
' "- ~, lu<l<-n t s wl
f'"'
y ,;)id
nor .1 ~uhsllllllt' lor r lw 1.\llt' r Ill I I H' ( I .1 s
\VIl<'ll J\lllt' II C:III'> W( ' ll'
got o nlv CHI<' dollar for l <'lllll g otl . ~n
('(
11 1 , 1 , 1 11 -1 t 11 s t lit<: C lrirH",.r. Ill(' (')\ ) . ICt ~ lit,, t
TW!I<'I drw m t 'llst.r.'i . (.)~r:llilws n l rlw J 1)1('1"'' 'M'
(() f>t f) l t'UC ,
' 111 1\IIICIIC":IIl ~()(It}
, I <' llllle llt W;ls llll t rc o.; t ll\f' <I
II I I ,. I S(0\'(' 1(<1
l.liJ!<' I . :weir .r s p c r ::. un :. IIJll lty . S l l Oil/! Hwlrar :1'.1 <; o ( llw" lwh tv i0\11 (l II .
lnllutnce the lilcdllwod : 111d <xtcrJI of :,tlldy. lit' a:-.l<cd " C h!JH'St' cou pk l o lr avt I ' < 111 ~ oth er ,.
rl c r os:-. tlt r United S t a ll's. a nd :-; l <~y ' ' ' I I lilllii('("XJIC' Iillt(tll W<l'>lll((tcstinf' fo 1.,
; lllrllrde C'lt.lllJ.!c" Pcoplr. w lro l r.r V{' :1 II lOll' , 11 ,. 1 On y
OiJ("Il,llld lk'Cihlc Jli' I Mll l:llrly. cll.III/W IIJOI<' clllfcr e n! h otels Onlv o nce dllrlng llt<"~.t a ' ""' <111101111t of tiiOIHy) II I < V ( Oti(' III Ck d
<';l~rly . 1\dvc rtr scr :-; lwrwOtmosl lrOIIl :.udr occ.u;ton s th<')' Wt"r e r tllr Sl'd ~t r viet" hy Oll t' lh; tt llll'rr :tltiludc 10\v' tr<l 11 < .
' ., ' ex p t tHil t llt
JW<lph People wrllr s lr OIIf\ prejudice, .lH' or tilt' hold s SotllcliJ.I H~ lai.C t . l.:tPicrC' SC III wac; JH>',Ili\"C' ("' wott lclnc,l l nv< tc lei I
less pr 0111' I o .liiV .1 tlrllrdc cll:lllgl' 111:111 lllw.c 011 1 qt~tSltOIIIIHirt's t c'> 111:11 Hl{~tt S or ll oti'IS . ' ' a 1< IC>r
1 thr!-; S rll: tll cllllOIIlll o f fiiOII<y ""'' ' II(. 1I III<'<IIIS
'' lro do 1101 lrold ~I 1 OIIJ! prep rei rn:-; l'tr so r1 ~ .tiHIIOIIIiSI h OIII t'S IIIII I(' ~:II Ili" ;"lll'f. '
~hat W<l~ <H'll t<~ll
I
wholr:r\'1' ,, low sdl l's lcrrn . 11111 d o 1101 lld H" tire Clr n H"S!' coupll' ltad tt:l\'l'lkcl. asltll tl~ lllc cxp<" rimcnl
l llt<' l t'!>( ll l<S"") )'
,.,ullrcil'rll corlfrdc.rlt'l' 111 rhe rnsl'lvcs. c lr,lngc !11<'111 H tlrcy w01rld gfv{ accolltlllOdalioll ' " M
tlrcir nllrludcs riiOil' c.tsrly th.111 those wlro ChlltC~cgt~est~ . A ve ry l<ll gt' pcrcc nt ;t~t sa11l
.uc l11!!h on sdl t'SII"CIII MOH' intl"lligcnf !lwl th ey would 11o t clo so. This respoll s l"
pcopk Ilia~' cll,lng<' 1hdr altitudes lt:ss casrly s h o wed:~ J I C~::"' live aUiluclc towa r ds !I ll'
!Iran those with lown ll llclll$!l'IIC<' llow<ve r. ch 11 w s<'. which wn s incons i stent w il l r tire
'-OIIIt'l lll lt'S IIIOrt' llllt'lllf~l'll l JWI :O,OilS
cfr,lltge poslll\-e IJclw\'iO\rrthat w:1 s ::"'Cl u HIIy s iHJW rl
llrt'll ::tl li (IICk~ 111{)1{' W l lflll_gfy lft:lll ft'SS t owa rd s th e travc llitt g Chi11csc couple.
lll lc lhgcnt one~. bt'C< III Sl' they ba~t tlr c.ir Thus. nl!ll u des may n ot nlways p reclict
attit u de Otllllon: inform a tion and thinking. actua l pattern or one's IJ c h ~wiour.
Attitude-Behaviour Relations hip - ------- --

Cui 0111 an crduertisemcnt from a Activity
We usunllv expec t bc h aviou t l o fo ll ow rr e u spaper or r11agu%i11 C'. that 6.1
l ogically l rolll at titudes . Jl owcvcr. Cl n contains sometlr iii[J spPCi(l/ nnd
ind i vi du:-~ l"s
at lituclc:s m ay not always be ccrtcl ws vnur crtte lltion . Write d ow11
ex h i bit ed l h m ugh behavio u r . Llkcw 1se. tile fo/lou..ting detai l s about t ll at
one's actual beh aviour 'may be contrary to adrJertisement. crnd present it to your
one's atti tude t owards a par ticu lar topic. class.
Tile topic o.f tl te crduerliser11elll
Psyc ho l og ~ t ~ have found tha t th <'rc
(for e:((tmp l e. r(lflrtller tlt e
would be consistency betwceh att itudes and ralrJer tisrm rnt is "b011 1 r1
heha\'Jour w h t'll : consw11er product. some food. a
the :ttliltJcic is strong. a nd occupies a co nrpany. cr ll ea l t ll r11u!ler. a
<cntral pi<Jcc in the a ltit u dc system . rwtrollnl tllemP. e tr.}.
Good and bad consequences of
rhe person is awa r e of her / h is a ttitude.
tltc adver t iseme11t.
.....'
rhere is vey Ji ttJc or no external pressu re Wl1rt1Jer it C'OIItnin.'> a 11 em otion(ll
for rhe person to behave in a particular apf Jerll or a rational ctppC'rrl.
way. For example. when ther e i s n o Wllelh cr it COlli Ciiii S Q fJOfJII lCir
a
group pressure to follow a pa rtic ula r figure : '"' PxpPrt source. or a
norm. w f'l/- l rkrd person.
'
C h:tplt r () 1\l lll llllf' mul Soci(l/ ( '(}[j ill/lo ll
-------
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
E thics in P uhli c Adruinis fra tio n P AVAN KUMAR'S lAS
dccayo., il 11 fails I hc1e 1.., a pmccss of .
Ioo,.t:.u1 .,It I 1ll' tn hnoi<W ICal changes in growth I
aclllcvc
f ment and then dccav. Alvin rolllcr
lh i'' \'jp.: . erms o general' .
cI s~ll\t: I C:t I 1I 1:11 11c
I paLe u l dn.~rw. 1 If . b . l(>nS and the pat.:<: of change II
( f a,~ H':II
lrhtghh . II . I'. . II I I ' ~~ ol ~tHIIld :\dnllni">IIOIII"II .-c I ">C IS <!CO illtnl!. SO f I . < c
:11111 ( 111 n nl Pra cltt't'!l lt.: <: lt.: tllll I V. I mall k Ill11suHh ol \ Cill "> 10 I 1c c.:t .u na a nd '
0 I I11 '>1111\ "' lcrm, ol (h,llttllcal materialism. ' c ulurc shock' C
Dr.111111 ~ upoln llll' 'fliii iiWI mol '> of lnclla. !!tHil!,' '"' " H ' . . ., . . . ommunr.,ts look til 1hc mar~ h
l 1p.1111">hads . .S11a111 1 V1vc:kan:lllcf:l gnvc: n cull l(>r 1hc rcttn~l:tlltlll ol lndw ,\li S(:. ,l\\ ,lk~ and
SlOp 1101 ll lf lftl' !!OHI Ic, IC<H .'hcd' (lfllt.\hWt/w JOJ!.I'll((/ fll'(lj)) '(l l'(ll'f/11/llhJUnJI/at a ) . lnd 1a11 l uhurc: has had a heHI s tall 1n und erstan d'mg the fas .
I he V~..d.ll l la and the Upuushad rc - . cmaun_g aspt.:cts of human life .
' ' ' present our anc 1e 1
S11 \trHlhr11clo tarried on rha1 ::.riri lllal 11acll rion :~nd -.lwwL'<~ h0 11 lw.ma_11 bc 11_1 ~''i <.In ''"' ld lO'' lc:d!'e founded 011 1eall/'lliOn -1hey ach d n seers contmuous search for
. .. 1eve great lea ~ d .
:1hme l h~nhl'h c' I k 1dc 11 rilicd 1he basic p 111 po'>l' ami o: i t! niii C :IIll'~' o f Ilk as loll nw;: llw o l thL' II Ill\ st tt pOWl't'> We a1e the f<ortunat . h . ps o~ar m percep1 10n because
. ' c m en tors of a !! e .d
l':tllll''' Jlll'onup.lll<lll 1 >t' m:~ 11 111 his awuhncd thouthts :111d. :ts 11 seems. his inc' 11abk .111d t1adll1011 '" h1ch looks at hi e 111 thiS world d . :-r at trd 1110n. lhe Veda111tc
an tn cs 10 lind ItS u 1d 1
ult HJWtl' flll'Ol'C11p!ltlol1 ' fo1 it l>urvivcs thL' lon!!CSt pc1imb of scept ic is m and rctwns .1111 quHHcssc:ncc u f Vl'danw has a dual dimension Th I' ' d ' cr ~ ng meamng fh..:
eW' 1g,ve
Illllnan Ilit 0 /111( 11 111 mohlwrllwm ,an(// hitay{ICh{ a Ia' s dO\\ n the d ua I purposo.:. o r
~~ k r .
l'\l''' h:uushmt' l11' is :~bo lhl' l11ghcs1 1ha1 his thoug ht can cn"i sagL' 11 manitcsrs irsc ll in the
t-
our -.ouls throul!h wdl ~u c of the world v 1vek
1 c oo oOI\vard 10 the .
d I d

_cmanclpauon o
r
ell\ lll:ll lllll o f godhead. 1hc impulse row<1 rds pc1li:ction. rhc sc:nch Hl'tl: l p11 1c rrur h and ~ anan a 1a adopted tl 1 1
~ 11111111\L'd hlis:-.. Ihe SC il Sl' or a St.'Crt'l immnrralit v. T ill: ancit'll( d a\\ ll S or 1111111(1 11 kilO\\ ledf:c laum hlllt' the: Ramakl ishna Order. 115 mantra "" ~
hmt ~~~ II_ us rlll'll' wirncss I<> rhi.s conslllll t aspir:~.rio n. Today wt ~c~"'a 'humanity sati;llcd h111
ltol ""' '-~ ll<:d by lilt. vic1o1io us nnalysis o f rhc cx lcrnalirits o fn :Hu 1c prcp:11i11g to rl'tt :n: S11 :\wohi ndo is one of the brightest stars in this rich lrl' l1.:a 1. 1 1
1. . I . ' r' I <I( 111011

spmlual 01
..
P1llll t'\ nl l<ll l!'lll ~' -~ llw t'n dicsl l(mmd ;~ of' wisdo m p1 o m i s~.. s ro be ir s l:1s1' ( iotl . I iPhl. < " ' ~ o.pmcnt. I he Vcda~ll~c conc: pl of self-realization was mticulmcd h..:aulifulh \)\ , 1 i
I c~dom . lnHnwr.illl,\ 1\u~ obuHio as lollows: l::<tstcncc I S not merely a machinery of Nature. a wheel 01 l.t" 111
'~ h.'~h lhc s~u l 1s l'~1Wnglcd for a moment or fo r ages: i1 is a constam manifes1a1io 11 <I t\11.:
M:1ha11nc~ Gand/11 :~gain dn: 11 his i11spirnri(m riom 1he spin1t1:1l ... lrcn!! lh o r Indi a. l lis Sp1r11 t 1k . IS 1101 . lo1
the sake of life alone. but fo r God. and the livinl!- .sot11 ot I 11 ., 11\ h .o111
t<;"chniCJllt' of' s:Hvngrah:. wns bnscd on the concept o f ah inJsa I his " :)S 1h; ma jo r '\lr:l ll'g) 10 ctcrna I ptH li O I~ 01 (,odhcad Action is for self-fmding. for scl f-fulli llment. for sclf r..:alinuon
lhro." o u1 tlx H111 is h 11hosc vast empire wns at one time s uch tlwr Ilk s un ne,cr ser o n ir In and not on I ~ lor li S o " ." ex ternal and apparent fruits of the
,
mom.:nt or 1hc futu re .
R.tbmd1.111:11h 1 ngorc Il l' ha\l anorher spirir of 11:naissnncc. thi::. 11me in rhe lield of arr .
spann111g lllclilllll l'. lang ungc::. painting a nd music. A ll of rhem :;~ mboli /.1.'. d the s piri t o f Another concept rhat has been cherished through the long histon o f our cultural and
lndwn H'll<ussnnce. drn11 ing upon our ancient roors or cfnssicnf 1nsig hts to wc:k le the s pnitual ex is tcncc s the concept of wei fare of all human bei~gs: hllhll/liiW \11kllon1
pwhkms ''' modern lik lwlnu{l/w hirayoc:hdthc welfare of the many and the happiness of the manv. In fact 1h1s
c onc~ pt o f the h:lppiness of the many had also been integrated into the ; rca of 1)uhhc
admini stration as the baste principle. Kautilya says in his Anhashastra: ' In the happllK' or
In a "a~ they also real1im1 the o1her optmHSIJC message o ( I findui s m so bcauti(ullv
cnuncJ:lll'd m the rhird chapter of 1he Gila: his subjects lies the king's happiness. in their welfare his welfare. He shall not constdu as
good only that " hich pleases him, but treat as benelicial to him whate, er please ~ his
J'a da yada hi dharmasya glanir bhavoti blwrata 1 s ubjects'.
Ahhy uthanam adharmasyo Jadaunanam srujnmyaham/1 Praja s uk.he suk.ham rajyaha prajanamch~ hitehiwm
f'oritrcmuya .mdhunam vinasha)'acha dushkritam / Norma priy am hiram rajnaha prajanam cha hiram priyam.
Dharma \'~tlll.\tlwpmwrthayu samhuhl'fllni l 'll"l'
(When evil 11i s ro 1 1 .1 . .... . .r uge
c: nump1 O\er goou. t1le d 1v1ne cnmes tll!<l lll and aga in 111 This ancie nt wisdom is also refl ected in other languages. Two thousand years :tg.o.
L'\'t.'J) epoch ro prorcc1 1he good and punish thl' evil. ) ~ Tiru vallu var in Tamil Nadu spe lt out in 1.330 verses the three puru\horlfw, of
exi ste nce. dlwrmo. ortho and kama. In the chapter on c;rrha. like Kautilya'sArllw.\llmnu he
1
'. is obvio,us ~har our lndia1~ cuh ure does no r belie ve in 1he p essimis tic pro jection o r the al so dealt with the charac teris tics of a well-nm administration or shall we say tlw {'thn .., o f
~~;1~~,:~~\. c;! ~;~\~~Y~d;~';;c"as'~s. w1hic1h 1s1ays that we ~hvnys go
11 1
from orde r d isorde r t~ and good ad min istratio n. For instance, when talking about the responsibility of a k 1n~.
T iruvalluvar says: Mural sailhu kapalrum mannawm makkalkku iran( nlru
.
pr<ICIICt:S , \' .
\\ilh I . ' mg.
I s 1a exp
. lore Ihe ISS lH.: of c ia . .. 1 1
cS:m :.l IllS/{! liS and c un r. nr
" It:\\ 0 scemg w !Ciher the lour emi 11 1 . ~ . . . mikkapadum (the king who admini sters j ustice and protects his people will be C~)ll">t<kt"'d
lrv\\ " "' c.tn rad.fe o ur currelll probl r .L , , ~ n _mc:n ca_n 111 !-if>lre u:; w nh 1deas abot!f' God). T he responsibilities of running the adminis tration have also been spdt out hy ~\Lllers
ems OJ m.: llcr l'llllcs Ill publiC adminis trar io n . .
who have looked into the concept of g.ood administration. ,.
llislol) h<t~ IW<) lascinalinl! as pccls 'l'lle ,. I . h . ..t
~ ' 1rs IS I c percnn 1al 1
through lin,c ., he second is rhe f . ' c Hllll o f c hanges as it marcht'S If there is o ne pri n~iple thot is fundamental to ethics in administration in India. iJ '" tht
. . p resence o ccrrarn cons t' ln l (! , rl .
rI'"' a re the l>as1s o l moral or erhical c d . S ' e.awrcs. 1csc lllcl udc'valtws pri nc iple of dharm a, the principle Of doi ng the right things. the principle o f JU:>IIl (' 1 1~
. hisro y Many ha .on ucdr. omc ln' ve rr ICd ro IC1cnrd v Ihe common
d}ltanuc:. undcrt .. ,,g Brihada ranyaka Upanishad points out the basic principle. that the responsibilily of tht k '" as
1 1 vc 1race 11e1 onward 1w 1 f 1 . ..
a nu es A m old I cqnhcc saw in hisrory lh . . ' arc l O HSIO I y from dll ft'nu l to pro lcc t dharma . This is because it is only b y prolecting dhanna do all citizens ee\ equal
r IV\ A . ., . e conr muous rccw . I . oppo rtunities and the weak not exploited and harassed by lhe strong.
t: , ... n Cl\'1 u..ttrum progresses if ;1 bl . rmg 11cm c of cha llcnoe and
IS a c ro ns<: and 1l I c-
. lCCI I H.' c lw llc ngc it fact's and
2
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
\
PAVAN KU MAR'S lAS
7ul<wt k.\1 n .Cl\)'n k.1harram J culdhormahtl ll/IIIIUllfulartmW
, .u 1 Jrtllll 1/t l :. li
f1111
H
J/l(lrm~lltl ~''
1 11
1 hcrclorc. dharma embraces cvcrv 1Ypc o f n11. . 11tcous conduct
.lusric-c orho
1\
al1t1!Jy 11 hfl11yrumamamlwm.sate yatJIf/ rap.11t1 ,C csscnll' . or the '>ustcnancc and wel fa' re o f t-11C ..
I I
o .d ual and
IOul\'1 covenng
so every . aspect of 1\fc
'Rdo o"'""1
llll:l rl . !
R.oon.: J "" ;, " " s,; IJh.- " "' f),"" I" '"" '" ;<, ."' "' " ''"lk .""""" I
Our I <)f ,ry on tlw na.,is o f Dharnw' tn this wlk he pwv,dcd vnluablc "' t !11;
ru cs I "'' turdc ami enable lh<>'>C ''ho bel'
hliI s'>) I - . d Clety.
IC'..: In go and hea,en 10 auain and mobha
mchldcs(clcrnal
those
ol JIJ:um.t I "'" s "hat he sa id:

:l~ :t P"' o f Ohalllla. one o f till' tdcab r I, ICC(I t
'- ll C"Oill't'Jll
r J<)lll mo'' .'"'(lt;fll
lllllCS. )C fio n:
ldUaJ~ 1\ I\ II1' 11 f'or' lll!!ht'r 01 l.!rcater interest. lo wer <lr 1x:rsonal 1nrcrcsl
1 IIIld
..IIH fhc Upanishads ~I) very clcarl v that the re is nothin be o d d
dharma is also rcllccted by 'I in;va\luvar /rai kakk umg \.avya
y nkamharma.
ell am aThe
vane/ same concept
k kk of
II 10 . 1x sui><>HI ""''"d
' 11 . - .
fh1s 1deai1Sill 1S .rncorporatcd 111 n verse 111
J~SIICC
mwwc. reyun.
. . 1 he king p rotects the world and '1fh e acts-accord1ng . . Iormural
. to JUStice dh a hum
IIOp,l(kSilil It d s
or lh. t' I c.l s. u >Ordmatc the interest of an .lllUIVIdtral
I .I . . fo r the sake I
t~e
t': t\sclf wi ll protect him [)Jwrmo raks hari rakshiwha again re anna. t en
villt . olllll \' or the (janll'IY ro s ubsene the 1n1crest ol. the v1llnce.
l . o f the 1
I IC S IHIC . Of all \VOl Idly intl!l~'St Ill tHdCr 10 <lll:t i ll
pnnclple thai If a person rules accordin<!. < dhamla .Itsel-f WI' II protect
- to dharma that fleets hnn . same
'gt tiH.:
Clt'rfl,tl bliss '
111 Hllcrcst. of 1 -
1 hu~ .. if we explore the roots of ethics in public administration we f1nd that w
Tl'OJ<'dcJ.om
50) l grmlloJ/1
I 1'11/l'
1
J.ula.ll 'tlllhe

ftlllllpodmyartll<:
orc/111(/l.l'tll'lll<'
oollnortlw r-
kltlalll
prithhim l)'llil'l. (:11/ilmlohlw.
trachuon. rro m o ur literature we fmd that there is a harmony between the ind'e'hdavel a
and m.o~r lr~d 1110n. . ~Ja,

n~hl
, . :spiritual
. goals
. ' 1v1
1t IS this harmony that provides a meaningful basis for
soc1a
clll t.:S m public admu11Strauon. Every individual has to strive to achieve moksfw'otm ono
.\Replacing
ll arthtllll l the lnt L' IVll
t'tlit'l . .,'''
. CO ' I C~lllCtI With
. I1 IS
IC . the o ther world by tht.: wo rd s.rashtm rtlw 1 ,.
''CI mok.,hw thom . But at the same time his other res ponSIbl I ltV IS I1:\C we\1 -bellll!
Ol the
Ohn'nnn s . a Snns~ ; expr
. o 1/le t
Ill ''Ill\
r.
Janvu:JgL'1 .It "oult.1 n svstc

s
~lOll
f . frn 1ne work to bc loll
. mlc
I I() ll'ldt.:SI
I
. owed\' i1i the narion's interest
. i Ill port. Tl Jere IS . perhaps no CO l rcsponding word . .
rn . Y./OJ!.lll
"h
3 11
flll~tyodw.
"~""I yd " " tte<t '" ''"
In fact the ~oal
'~a<S
in life for the individual as welt as societ -has be\!n
conccpo of dha<ma lh<ough 'hou,.nds of 0 r QUO lch coltural
I
1 t"m
0
1
II'
1
)~ l'\pl;rinL'd tvhlnhl
- c a so k ' fur de ro . 11
'' cmpr to gi ve nny dcli nition to !hill wntd

trachuon .
ell~<s>
L'tl.l//(1
(Cud.l o I J IIIII.!:. o( htllll'lll
. b' . l:J!at:l . thnt , "'n.:,ll t.:p
iC. :te eI illlllC d ns mtmt ll'(l /.,c,r/,Jl' ..
"'. ' ut11us 1tlura to <.'\plalll the me :- . co11 . r
I alll::. a tiSCussron on this wpic. On being 'l' h '"I
I e t. llOidedu ~c < wnntt. rL'plied tl . -
1 ' ,. II :llliiH! and scope dl' or
wnnn. 131li.S Iww. who had mastered ' l The Nat u r e of Ethical Weakness :1t P resent
B e fo_re_we ~roceed .furt~cr. it is wonhwhile 10 have a look at the dynamics o\ ethics in public
h 0
adm~n~strat~on.
{(((/, Hho Ill S.
.
1nhkumh 'IJ'am . (l/111pt
. u.\ I1170 )'Oirtl dlwrnwlw
.wdurlahaf!a Th1s wtll he\p us to identify the basic elements that shape ethics in public
D
Prahl
.
11
UII'W tlwyu I"" 1
hit.wnklll'alum
. lotkeJwlro I'Y.\1'(/'ii'Cflhi adm1mStr<l~t0n. We can then ~pprecia~e how. ''hi\e changes may be taking. place in societ)'
) (/\I' I II
. u pro) wtuwmruktah
1/II011t/111
/.'' . Jharmuprmaclwnom . ..
kriiam due t? vanous factors from ume to ume O\'Cr centuries. values r\:main constant As value:>
(I . II) (/ .\(/ l 11UI'f11ll 1/i 111.\C
. Iwyaw
J (,)htmll
(' f>arl'(l I 09 9 remam cons1a~11. the principle of ethics also remains constant. As they remain constant, , ... e
all stand to g.atn by looking at the classical insights on ethics in public administration so that
I IS lllOSt dr/licuil 1'1 d ti . - -
uprrltme
nt o f II\ Ill" ' b .e rne dha rma. Dhanna has been ex I .
surely dhann1 Th l
erngs. .Therefore. that which e . p a~ned to be thai which l!c. : lp~ :h~ we can improve our curre nt practice.
Verse 59.58 ,~ Ka e e~ned nshis ha' e declared: that ,:.~~r~s I e .wel.fare of living bei ngs is As a society evolves, it is realized that the behaviour of people has to be regulated i f society
DL 1 na ana of the He; hJ rc sustarns rs dharma )
rwranat dharm ; . t/0 JOrota eulogizes dharma . . . as a whole is 10 su rvive. T he welfare of a society is the result of cooperation between its
(D
Yal s;,ad d'' tl
""'~nosam
k
mt!yaf!u dha
rmo
harma sustains the so . 1)'11 lam sa dharma iii niscf!ayah , -ycue
dhora
rn the foll owmg word..
prajaha

members. No man is an island. The Ten Commandm ents evolved beca\tse if everybod)' "as
indul gi n g. in stealing.. m u rdering.. o r coveting his neighbor's wife. no orderly society could be
pr?gress ofhumanit . Ctcty,
Jamlini. the author
'Dharma i I
:rc~~:~~;~~ ~hanna
~
maintains social ord a.
;>urely that which fulfi ls
. e urmmimam.\a and U
ensures well-being and
. .Jectr vcs.)
tl~;~:~~:ma.
possible. T he .Ten Comma ndments re 11ect the va\ues that a society cherishes so that they
becom e guidelines for actio n. T he values are the fundamental principles that are csscntt.ll for
a good, orderly sociCty. Pmcticing those values in tenns of code of conduCis gelS u~nsl>tcJ
good': S I 131 \\thtch is indicated bv the V 'd 1/aranum{lm.w explains dharma II e into morals or ethics. As values o f society remain the same. ethics also in principle 1..:-mains
Sa hi . . c as as conducive IO the highest "' ' constant. This is th e unde rlying dy namism o f ethics in public administration . f,,stcr s~)
I d. . m.sreyasena growth is not just a consequence of appropriate economic pOlicy, savings tate. human c>pital
Mad ~ abhtdhiyate chodanalakshn pt~mshamsamyunaklili .. and tisca\ deficits. but. somewh at S\lfprisin g,\y. th e lew\ of ho nesty in the citizenry.
havacharya, minister to Hakk o anho dflarmaf!a (.Jai . . pra-llfaneemahe
COII)fllCntan ( n r
Ahhwd.
a and Bukka f

. : mmt. 1-2)
as lo/lows.. ) arasha ra Smriti. has brieflv ar;d ~und.er,krngs of Vijayanagar c .
recose y explained lh
.
. mpore. "' I tis
This is one area in which \ndinn citizenr~ can do wit\\ a \i\\\c b it of b r\lshing \\p.lhe dance
uSioal\ y gelS done early, when children ate taught that 'honesty is the best pOlicy'. M 1hcl
W j, "J" nllrey""' . Jh e meanong of dharii\a
tene~cd
grow up, they rcali1e that whocvet taught them thaJiess<>n was not quite honest 1h<l<""'
a laluh11na
J Ill llnattena dh many situat\ons in life where a quick lie. a broken promise or a .conuact can h<1n'
()hanna i> lhal 1 mmanuabh)nm chod.
arllyuti iii
clernal bls . hwfuch suslains and ens anJ Slllruil VJllii'Mihl . J dharmaha
ni~~dh~Dharma promulga~e~nin ~~:r~~;n~~;ll ~~oo 1;1 "'"I

J m I e orher Jd ures progres d tplla 1{/n about gains.
""d negalw< idhtand is in lhis
a~""""
commands, po ~,J t i vc: Many people make a miSiake in trying to cash in on these gains too allen. 001 tUII t"' 1\lal
each time one docs it. one tends to damage one's reputation. If \M<Il<siOO"'"""
3
78
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS P AVAN KUMAR'S lAS

.
\\'Jih
. or her.
111111 . In othe. r word~.

proms~s. pcopk will b<..' wM\' ol !.!Ctllng 11110 =-
art!t:lllCI11 S . a sion o
f seve ral things
~
bur Th~ minimum rcqutrcmcnt for cnsurino that OL 1
.
excessiw dishoncsrv and co~rupr~n. as in our soccl~- sb 11 1 hi~ 01 her 0'"'- ''c lfilrc. the co rup11on rrcc eovcrnmcnt
., makerstrshoawld ma k crs are able to promote a
.ts that the law
. ' . orhul!! I . . u not t11cmseh cs be law breakers
unpon:mrh . of myopia To n pason 11Hcr..:srcd 111 11 - rhal vou can get away Wit 1 the fh ~ Vohra (. Olllllli\ICI.: Re po rt had hl ghlishted one ne<>at r .. ..
Machi"'"'elii:Jn lc;sson would be simple: rry nor ro rcll lcs so_ 1 if rhev calc ulated I he ar own . f . . , " c aspect o our p<'hflc<:; nameh
. , fullv sellls l , 1 the _ctlmrnalttauon o pohttcs. So If we want to start a process b) which \..C will ,be able ;o
where law makers pia v a vav c rr.ecti\C roc
rare one "hen you hove 10 So even af people were ) rhc' " ould b~.: moae 10nes1 achtCVC a corruptton-free . government I .tn
. . I s"<>hrcdncss. . . .
mreres1 raronnlly (rh:u is. wirhour myopc s lOr! . 1=- achtcving lhiS ~>hJ_ccttvc. It 15 necessary that we should frrst take steps. to ensure that Ia\\
rhan rhe) '' rcally arc. br~ak cr<; and cruntnal<; do nor become law makers.
honest and lrus rwonhy rh:1n As Ccntrrtl Vigtl;mcc.: Commisston~r_(CVC) my jurisdiction docs not cover the judic1ary and
C ol 1cc11vcly.
people ma) haw an tnre- c1_11g_, even more s easy 10 unders tand. I.e t us
est 111 b. the legislatu re . NcvCI1hclcss. as a Ctti7Cn of the country and as a eve who is concerned \\ith
11 1
whnt rhc selfish ra110nnliry calculus induces. Thts IS 110.' w~yd ,,1 cfttnls. Thus. people lold the imp~ct of cri~n.inal i.zati ~ n of politi~s ~nd corruption in the executive. 1 have taken up the
10 jUC1!!C Ill I '
begw by 1101111 rlwt people use group characrcnSIICS . - I . s ue nboul the ethics or issue w1th the Chte f l.lcctton e ommiSStoner to see how we can amend the electoral law.
. I I d. I I10 puncrunl ~nuno . ' .
vtews n:; ro 10'" tlliStwortl)' In tans Me MlC " d blc the .Japanese arc as particularl y Rc p1 cscntation of People's Act. 10 see that the law breakers do not become Ia'\
. .
r ro!estanrs ancI rhc _mmcnnltsm f C I . . . hour how epcn<1a
o a v1ntsts. a . )eoJie arc (let me leave lhe makers. I ha ve made the following suggestions for consideration:
husmcss pn11ncrs and about how untrustworthy such and !iUCI1 I I 1. No politi<;n l r.art y can be permitlcd to contest the elections unless it has got the latest
idenriry ofrhis la-;r group ro rhe tender's imagination) and so on. annual accounts duly audited by an auditor as may be prescribed by a notilied
agency like the Elccli on Commission. the CAG or the Supreme. Court.
stmtlar
Someth1ng happens tn rhc domam ol- corrup11011
an<1 cr1shodtslv.
Each such act hurts 2. No politi cal party may be permitted to contest the eleclions .~1n\.css i1 has clean:tl its
the nation or the t.OmnHmirv rhat one belongs ro. but since rhal hurl docs nol Cnlcr the income rnx dues and has got the requisite certificate from the tncomc tax authoriti~s.
individual's cnlcula r10ns (cspeci<llly so "he~ rhe individual is ~e lfi sh) people lend to 3. Complainls regarding. corrupt practices during elections can be looked into b) the
o,erindulge' in corrupt and untrustworthy aclivities. lienee. na11ons where p~opk <lie Election Co mmission even before the date of polling. The Election Commission has
habiruall)' (thai is. not prompt ed merely by r:llional opli!ll!Zalion~ more h~ncs1. '::til tend to an excellent communication system to receive complaints of this t~ pc and can
ger more. Ill\ estmcnl. rrade and business. 1\ Iany schol:us dtrccl 1hc1r advtce at the immcdi atelv take action so lhat there will be a heahl-ly check and deterrent effect on
go' emmcnl or 10 polir1cians 10 :1ct in cerrnin \\aYS: or .to bureaucrats IO carry out certain corrupt pra~tices durin~ elections. Prevention i~ always beuer than ~ure.
responsibilitil'S. 1 his new resea rch in the role of .1rusr is also a reminder rha1 some of the 4 . A person "ho has been accused of an offence imoh'i~g mo~lturptt~1de or an~ _other
responsiblfi1~ lies \\llh ordinary c i1i zens as "ell. crin,inal offence canm1t be penniued to contest dccuons I he Flec\Jon Commtsston
may identify these oll~nces. Instead of going only b~ the grcn il) _or the otlen~e and
We realize how values can lead 10 e,olution of codes of c1hical conducr. In the context of FIR being filed. the critical lest for applying the ba_n o~ the cand~date contesting an
publ_ic administration what will be 1hese \'alues? The first of course is rhe concept of dharmn election should be that a concerned judicial authonty ltke a magtstrate should ha\ e
or r~g~Heous bcha' iour. \Vhcn the British came and we inherired the Bri tish system oi examined the FIRs and the dala, and gone 10 lhe stage of framing a charge sheet.
adm~n~stra11on. we became lamiliar with the concept of the rule of law. The rule of law is
~?lhtn but _'h~ rule o_r ~hanna. As Brihadarunyoka Upanishad says. the law is above the 1fa person who has been charge sheeted for gra\'e offenc~s and mo_ralturpitudc ~s i~c~tift~~
and notified by the Election Commission, is banned from ftghun_g. the elccttons. t~ ;~~
ktng ht~1sell. In ft~cl. rl IS necessary that we accep1 thi s. and try to shape our conduct and
. 1 . als do not enter politics and become representatives of the peop c 1e 1
system 1 ~ such a way th~t the principle of dharma .or law is re-establish~d. In the indian ensUte t 1at ct tmtn d r that he or she has
democratiC system w.e wtll be able to es1ablish rhe rule of law only if we ensure thal law responsibi lity can be c.ast on_the candidate who must ~v:s~:tai;~.c~~~l; a person must al~o
makers do not become law breakers, or Ia w brea kers d o not become law makers in the firs t not been charge sheeted or,_ tf he or she has be_en, to gt do not know "hal ''rtion the
give details of the past pumshment awarded by theh~OkU~. _Weecessar) 10 have a nJliOil\\ ide
.
mstance.
. C 1t take Nevertheless I l tn tl IS n
Elect ton ommtsston mtg 1 . . . k to tackle the issu~ of corruption at the
Remedial Action against the Current Rot debate on this issue so that appropnate act1on IS ta en
The following ideas have intluenced in the cont t 0 f political level.
a hi!!hlv corrupt country We are look111 ., at ~x currenr practices that have tu rnrd otll s . -. .15 that there arc too many complic.tteJ and
111e tssue only fron1 tl . .
- - c
rule of law can be re-established with the t 1 f h . le POIIll of v1ew of how the One of the reasons for corruption 10 government h s ope for n.'\1 tape. Greater th~
, -
marers 1n our country are the members of 1
le P o t e nght ty f 1
pe o aw makers. The law obsolete laws. T he greater tle1 nu mber .
of laws greater ts t e c
' . n ll will be good if the Ia"~ makers ~n
. .
Important role 10 pr<,motinu a corruptio t-fi
par rament and lcf! 1
_rs ature. I hey can p lay a ve$rv scope of red tape, g.reater the tem_ptauon for co~tp~to nd see how many of them can be done:
. . o
bureaucratrc executtve implc:mems the law .-
I ree !!Overnment Ev .
. en 1n governme nt. while the
:.... have a look at the existing laws m th~ statute _o a .. ter the Indian government had set
1 1
. I IS a so supervised b I .. . r. l Sl . I K Gujral was pnme mtniS .l ber
IIte torm o ,. cf11e
f . .
rnuJJc;ters. the prime min. Y t1c poflttcal cxecuri'~ 111 away with. In ,act, w ten m . . laws that were obsolete. lt ~~m~l''
I .,,
8 so respons e to the levisla&ure. rhe role of thtster and the cab rt
lOCI. 1e political cxccuf ivr is Up the lain Committee to .
identify the admmOO
, - d bo t 3 S
tstraluve f htch about a third could be
aws o ""
oone
h
1
I\\O dffererit ~n~le . l he lirsl rdtt~cs ICJ Ihe cnacr~ ,aw makers the refore_can be seen !'rom
riohtly. the committee ,dcnuhc a u . . -~ e govenunent wt should bt r\ Wit
c . S d r to promote a corrupuon n: ~
rhc unplem matwn <Jt rhe I:Jw. lent of the law and the second relates 10 away wtth . o tn or c b l te laws from the statute book.
systematic campaign to remove o so e
81
odtrCC :J \V~ll!lll that \ ., PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS

,.tf 1o .. rn 11 .
,... h.:l.<>llH.' auolht. r ,1 )) 1 ''I
. I , I'JWS. I" I rt: i ~ ru:c
tJ 1ht.:lt.: 1 . . . 1he11 ''"'Y IIllO ::;en~itive po<rs. I he above method f .
In <Hidlll<)fl ro ri ll.' ll'lll0\111 ol cth!!O dt ' , 1, 11 t.:\C:r .,, 1 1,. sun set p1111C1pk ;,., 1 11
' ' 11tc: 1,oo"
It,
po I'> "1th chtt.'C itvit\. '"" ~o 1
tnVCSIIng the filhng of key sensitive
a ong way towards bencr control O'"'r
o~.onccr' I 1l..e ' 1,..11 1-; " Jtl.c of !>:I)' II\ l' , , 1 '
:s,
l'nsuh. rh.t no 1,,,\ H.. Ill"' 1111 rh~ \ ' n\ l'IIIIIWIII ... corruptton "'
. I I fi t1rr1t Ill . cr anc ' 1IJ
fi01 conuptwn. W e ~ Juwl< r tcr< Olt.: . b<Hik (mt.:' ,,~<;d :wd H.' ptOIIIltll'<llt<f
t I llllt'nSC IOII:i,
1 t we<1<~ 110 1 il <H c l<t w\ c.. I lit I-:,,,, , \ :'\l '' I uud litH 111.11 l {t~ttt
.n-<tts, at rhc clld ol wluclt p t'IIOt . lilt t: ll . cn.,urc t HJ l!
''I'" r It IIIII tht. overwhclnHn~ i111port.1nce of the rul. of I .
\\ 1ll c..x ir th e s t:ll llll' hook. 'I his will tii 110111 :IIC ) ~:: aw. cqu.tllv unponam ts the
r.:lllJX"'
.
CrlllC nl I < IIJ:/'('11. Pet haps tht mo'>l 1mpo1tant law"
n I ,,,.
.
. . .
e-Ovcrnmg modern <;O<:tcttc~ ts
IIH.' Sl:lllll<.' hOtlk
,,. f'l\\' S tf111t \\ill prOIItO(e, . tlu ( 1111 .''""'"" Itt till: l'Clllt xt t~f lhc rc\ 1cw of 1hc Con.,lttulio . n. w 111c
11 ts bcmg undenakcn
I1011 ld p:l~> ' 111
''' 1111. \ en~.. ll u:hahah ( Ollll1llttcc '' pte .cnt I would also sucnct
JJw IWXI 11llporllllll :I SIWCI IS lft:tl IaW I ' n tl.. crs " . . " IS t ll""'
e ll!.'\' IS lll<.: li: ' t:
r ccol!nt/l' 1
~ ( tl\ :J . .,"" " a new n gh 1, 1he nl!ht
' to
11 I rnnsr
11
d ,.or [J'ISSIII" 1 h d totrupttoll lrn; <,t.'l\ t( c :1. ,, lund:unenlal one for every c'1t17.en . . /\s 1 d' 1 be
n ta 1as come a

:Hnwsphc..ll' ol .1 co11uprio11 lrcc !'OH' 111111" r gc: tll nee ::.' t:t.: om 111
. 1 thcrdon: an 11
A v'll be jYIS'> I c..:o11 upt cuuntr\ lod;,, Ihe n cd. f or '>trc n ~ tht:n mg Ihe citi7cn becomes imponant. The
nJCihod /01 dWddll)' COIIIIjiiiOII { lt'IC IS ( ln(ornWIIOil "C( \ I . ' ' t.:< Ill '>U( h
0
lnf(>rrmuion AC'I. rlt~'ll' l'i a kat filii! lhl' I rcedorll , ~I cf:.lliSCS !IHI I ul 11 111<ltcly the basic r.tlton.tk lor ('Orlltptton frc..e SCI\' ICC .~'" a new fundumemal right IS ,, 0 rth e:-:ploring m thi ~
lw so lll.lllV
51 Sl.t"l llw lumlantcntal ml11. cnsh11ned 111 the ('onstilution represent 1wo important fact'>.
a way 11:1( I l h t'H' Will pt ovtsos- and rr.ca c Y rcd. I! \VI' II 1)l: I1i:CC .. .try f'Ot Ia,,
ss
. . . . 1 ll'IY be< cr I' I I h~o 111 \I 1 1h 11 thcy. uc an c <piKtt and ''"ntftcaitt arltculation of the bar.1c rights lhnt C\.Crv
Ob/('Cti Vt' of ll llfl.Sillllt'IICY Ill :tdlllllll ... ltiiiJOil ' . J . ,1 ciri zcnS 0 I ll' COUIH t \ 1' "\
)\I(1t'< 111 ' ' - '" t tlltlt:ll llllt'>l cnJo~ in a mcanin).'l'ttl de111ocracy. and the tdcals aniculaH.:d in the Preamble t~
mak('l\ lo l'll~llll' IIIII! ~uch loopholn :lrt' 1101 pn I <krcc or !rnns r urcnrv in tl
. . II . o r hat I 11.: C' 1c ti ll' < on\lltlltton arc rcahhd '" pr.tcticc '[he second unponant fac11s that 1hey represent the
ill'l'~o'"s 10 .~, llltlt'h llllorm.tllorl tl't pu.s ~ 1 t: s , ,.. li ~ l of itl'lllS h:l\ ' 111 !.!. " he 11.
r smtll nq.''. .1 " 'C I l>c1rin!.!. on m.tintc
! 'U\'t' fl11llc.'nl 1\ t' ll lt:lltt'l'd 111 f.l l'l, t-.:ccpl 01 ' 1 - '
1 1 ~
11 111 ,...
1no 11111 <; thai a l. lll/t:ll lllll'>l 1.!1\jO) j f' \\<e want 10 h 'IVI.! l'000 governance. '
. ... . . rft,tt have. ol ullt: ~ - . ' q ol
(Ill I ht: SC.l lllll \ () f (I It' n;lllllll 01 ~Uilh I.S ill' (.S I bf'c I I' '1CCl!SS lllg g<> \' 'I I h~-!'>1.! rivht<. h<t\ l
C\'(lh cd O\ cr u~.: n~.:rat~tlns . I hey reprcscnl the lessons soci<:tv h<~ s le~lfll\
II fortH: pu ~ '"'" 1
!1l.'tt('c.' "".tl so on, IIK'Il: should bl' no n~rnctron :tl ,, "l!C such an environmcn r: thev wj
'<
1 I rom pa\1 cxpc1icncc "hen the c rt!!lllo;. \\Crc nm available and cOn!>cqucntl; there \\aS
tnfilll nni iOII. I o the l'\ t,nt (llll lnw makers arc nblc ' 0 ere. I
"lll'lct mg and m" go' t:l nancc l-or example. the pr\,lcCtion from double jeopardy must ha\C
1 of honest) 111 go ,crnrnen!.
have t.JJ.cn .111 1mpo1 runt .step 1ow:uds hnng111g 111 a cu llllt: n1 iscn lll'l'.tu<c thc11.: was a tunc "'hen a person LOuld be punished agam and again for the
. . ~a rne of'kncc. The right. to pru!Xrty must have arisen because there was a hme when these
.I
I IK' uyn;ll . 'tl ., vs1cmn' tic <Hil!lll j) t. at
ll t C~ of l'OII llptl<lll Ill !-'0\l' rtllll\!11( S!n i !S WI 1 ' :-.. .
pol iticl,111g
ttghts did not exist. 1 he n ght to freedom of speech' probably has been very much
rh~ hwc<~ucnu) 1hough 11 , pnnripk we ;uc ~uppose~l to h~'c _a pol t! Jc~lly ne ut ra l .tppn:ciatcd because we ha\C seen in our 0\\ 11 times regimes when.: .tlw; right dtd nol exist.
pamanrnr civil st~n icc of rfw Bn!lsh I) pt. what we have 111 practrce rs the spot! system o f tcsuhing in had governance.
rhe USA. without the co11 csponding checks and balances in that count ry that makes it far
lt:ss corrupt rlmn lntfin. 1he: simple instrulllcnr by which the pol itica l exec uti ve has found l 'ifly-three >ears or our existence as an tndependent nation and SO years of working of the
that the bureaucracy can be made to dancr 10 irs runes is the instrume nt o f trans fers and Constitution have resulted in one common experience for all Indian citizens. They cannot g.o
postings. 1 he importa11cc of insulnting at least the importan t and sensi ti ve posts f'ro m rhi.:: 10 any public organization or office today and get the services they arc supposed to without
transfer insrrwneut was highl ighted by the Supreme Court in the Vineet Nara in case. either paying a bribe or bringing innuence by way of recommendations or references from
popularly 1- nown :ls the llmala case. rhe Supreme Court pointed o ut that a t least the two VIPs.
key_ in vestigating agencies of the Government of Ind ia, nnmely . the CB I and the
Ent_orcemenr Dir~ctor:a te must be insularcd from outside i~O uences. Th is was soug ht to be A number o f objections have been raised to the suggestion of the CVC. An e~amp\e i~ the
achll:ved by. n)akmg the Ccnrwl Vigilance Commission a statutorv body a nd ma king tht! article bv M.N. Buell- in The Pioneer (25 February 2000), 'To Remove CorruptiOn, Begtn at
CVC ~upervse th: acti vitirs of the COl. The CVC also chairs a ~ommittee in w hi ch 11tc
the Tha1;a'. T he firs t argument against the CVC's suggestion is that other constitutions do_not
concerned sccrctanes are 1\!prescntc J t 1 h have such a provision. Another argument is that merely enshrining a new fundamental nght_
. f:fi . < o c loose I c panel of names fo r the posts of director may not reall y ensure us corruption-free service. A third is that already the conr~pt \~l
and semor o ICJals of COl as well as that 0 f E r.
als ed . ntorcement Directorate. In addition. thei'C is corru ption-free service is enshrined in the Constitution. A fourth argument is: how w1ll thiS
o an assur tenure ol two years for the 0 f1i . I
the consent o f the eve. Jcra s and they cannot be trans ferred w ithout ri 11.ht be implemented? .
The fi rst reason why corruption-free service must become a fundamental nght of every
citizen is that it is a basic necessity for good governance. Good governaoce today c~;;
., his initiati ve of the Supreme Court so l'a CBI
I 1 r as and ED . J!. considered to be a universal human right. We already have ~ Natio~al Huma~ Rl~ sf
w He 1 we can systematically depoliricizc th . are conce rned potnts a way.,.uY
corrupt clements in the burcaucracv get( .e cxecut~v.e, or at least red uce the possibi litY of Comrmss on. and human nghts
1
1lave been recogmze
d by the Umted \ ~
. . Nauons. In thas be o
mg IntO SCilSJIIVC 1 ted very etlecuvc\y and a so m&
1 WJ'fJ be wonhwh1le .
to 1dentif.y all the ..
d .. . ..l
posts an e xploHmg therr f10:0Jt,nn globalization human n ghts are geumg arttcu a . ia)\y .1 W
d' . ,. .
' rscJp me that these posts wll be filled
sensllve po I 111
. . implemented~ The right to good governance must be a pal1: of bum~ n~hts, espec f ~--
b' d
r.
up rom a
ss the government and b ri lll' 111 u
1
. h.
context of our current state m tstory. e ave
w h had expeneoce of daffercn\ typesftbe o fe&h._
~
o rectv_e. an . mdcf?Cndent commiucc like the CV ., p,anc ~I names recom m e nded hy an 0
and governance, and we have adopted democracy, which ensu==ment
~omposruon ~f lhrs commillee can be different( s con.l mmee lor the CBI and ED. The by the people and for the people as the best model for good go
mcumbeors WJJI . a minimum tenu re o f two or thfor drfferent posts. 0 nee po s t ed.
.have
llmounr o f ob~ectJvar y and rc1eve the prescm s t ree yea rs. , -1us
will promote " rc
t uaton wher ,
c corrupt clements literally
82
83
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS . PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
.Is now be. 111 g ,recognitcd by
The neQative impacl of rhc phenomenon .
f corrup11011
realized rhal go
od COrpor:llc
. serva11t exploits the public offi ce for his or her private gain Th f d
.
.
e un amental nght for
. . ~ave
.r111erna11onal
:- . lrkc
. " ld f3 ~1k wh1ch 1 . . , <;annnl I o li o \\ r . . .
prolcssron or l
bodrcs rhc \"'or G >d g.ovclndncc ' , >usrncss thcrcrore IS drrectly . affected by the public se rvant msrs11na
on h1:s or
e.owm:mcc is ncccssar) in rhc conlc>-..1 f gd0 lnlltilll0 I 6 rid be rrkcn
11 JOt
rheTI!Ion~ s 1 l h~:l 11.. 111 \\.; L(lll tlaus :-..;.; that corruptiOn c.oes direct!) anainst the nll" a I d (' - d . I
~ . 11 ew
'
fundarncnra 1 1ivhl
1:' 1 , ecn .:
'
I' n.:atc1 . . - e ~ nr nee lllll amenta
unless rhcrc 1s a check on corrup11011. liS 11 1 II'\' whrch ttt S s I'l l.! Ill of profeSS IOn. f he ..-unc can b e S<:l ld abou t the rioht for freedom of spce h d 1 - d
. the cxpcncnccs
. of rhc lasr ce ll l vc
1 s li ke rhos"
': . . . . o c a.. ree om
as rhc crvs1nllinrion
.- ' .. ol .
I . n ol certa in unr 1 sal pnncrp e " ol 1110\Cillcnt. If a corrupt poltce .
offrcraluscs
.
hrs or her power ofoflicc to f e St net
a CltiZCn

interacuon i'lOJOng 'arious nations and the cvo UIIO . because the latter has not bnbed hun or her, then the official is indirect!} preventin!! !he
re lating 10 human ri ghrs. exercise of the fund amental right of the citizen by his act of corruption. -
. . . 0 f(i1ce for private profit , can n eve~ p.o
It is ob' ious thai co rruption, whrch IS Ihe usc of publ~c distorts the machinery of tire 1\t this stage. a point m ~'Y be raised. So many fundamental rights are already in ex 1stence
alono with good governance. In other words. cornrptron to~a 11 y ... c can utilize it lor and me being not irnplcntcnted: then how will addition of one more fundamental riuht make
::- - - . 1 c rpyrng an o 1riC .
government. If the public scrvanr, while lC IS oc l .
1 0 11
the part of the citil.<'n th<: situation bc11er? The great advantage is that the inclusion of a new fundamental ~r ght like
exploitin!l rhe citi?cn and enrich himself. should there not be a n~l! fundament alr iuht the 1 ig.ht to cornrption -rrcc service sends a signal throughout the countrv that there is :1
11
to ensure-thnt he is not exploited by the corrupt pub! ic servant? 1\ ter ah .' ~ as the power lor nationa l consensus on the problem of corruption as a social evi l. So th~ Co~stitution confers
1
like double jeopardy is O~JV articulating the principle !hat the state. W IC l lc c fl' a ri ght on the ci tizeo to enable him or her to take on the corrupt public servants. Widespread
- . ore than once ror an o renee.
punishment. will not usc that power to pun rsh a person m .. . 1 awareness about the inclusion of thi s new fundame ntal right will bring in a new g,eneration
Basicall) the fundamenta l ril!ht should be seen as a right give n to th.e crmen to cnSule tl~t or student s who. ri ght from their school days. wiII become av~are of this right as they study
he has a lc'el playing ticld so- far as his intcrnctron wrth the . state. w1rc ''I 11 Iws a lithe 1)0\\'Cr rs
the structure of governance in our country. Public awareness in turn will crystallize into
c.oncern~:d. . . I . public opinion. , .. hidt wi ll pro' ide the requisi te sanction for modifying social beha\ 10ur.
rhere 1$ an arQUillCilt that other countncs do not have IllS 1 Irun damen 1a I n oht co Ill llC'!r .
constiturions. The countries with which we mar be comparing ourselves nre of two 1.' !JI'~; Further. the very fact that rhis is a fundamen tal right wi ll ensure that the highest court;, th..:
The.' m<l) be cou111ries rhat arc de,e lopcd like. United States or Britain. which. ~h.anks ~o land . the Supreme Court, can be approached. In addition to the provisions relatin ~ to
.'ears of e,ofuri on. have much less corrupt governments. So far as the common Clttzens m Prevention of Corruption Act or other preventions about misuse of public ofiices. the fact
1hese count1 ics nrc concerned. at least the' do not have w lace the problem of corruption n! that a citize n's fundamenlal right has been violated will also make the courts take a mor\:
e,ery stage when they interact wi th a public office. In India this is not the s ituation . serious view. We can expect a se ries of decisions from 'the court. which in tum " ill go a
TI1erefore. the Indian citizen has to be protected by being offered thi s additional right. lonu.....
\va\. in bringin!.!.
- -
about a sea chanue
0
in the legal framework and the aJministrati\\:
culture under which the exccut in! functions.
The other I) pe of countries are those that are less developed than India or more corrupt 1han
India. The point is. if these coun tries do not have such a fund amenta l right. should \VC: <JIS l Criticisms lik e those from l3uch do not take into account the fact that sometimes inclusion of
~rnulate th~m and sink deeper into the morass of corruption and bad gov'"ernance? I am sure a ri ght in the Constitution itself leads to social changes. This probably can be said of the
an) sensibk Indian would agree that it is better that we rea lize the corrosive efTcct or provisions made in our Constitution regard ing the abolition of untouchability. non-
corruption. which is ant i-national. anti -poor and ant i-economic development. We ntust discrimination. ill-treatment. empowerment of the weaker sections and so on.
s.t rengthen the foundation of good governance by including this right in the fun damental
nghts chapter. It can be argued that the fundan~~ntal rights already enshrined in the ~onstitution also ensure
. the riuht for corruption-free service. If we consider that the state shall not deny any person
equality b~fore the -law and equal protection of law within the te_rritory of India .. .it can
!he nex_t ques~ion 1ha1 is raised is how wi ll) this fundamental right be different from otlwr perhaps be argued that Article 29 (ii) need not be there at alL_ The mam ~urpose of ~rttck 29
rssuc:s. lrke
. a fundamental
. right for
. breathirw or fundamen tal righl c0 r 110usmg.

w 111c
1
. . 1:'
former prrme mrr11ster IS now rastnl!,? The fundamental right of co..
1 one (ii), from my plain reading of the Constitution, is to parttcularly art_tculate an ~por-t nt
c
d 'ff b b -: . 11upt 10n-rree servtcc rs fundam enlal ri a.ht of minorities, so that this is not lost sight of. More amportant, nunontaes
1 e~e~t, c:cause 111 111e a _sence o l th1s n~ht. all Ihe other rights that have been con l'crr<'<l on
#
can exercise th~ir ri ght and get the protection of the law in exercising their right.
the CI!Jzen become meanmglcss. Take lor example Article 14 0 f h C
Co n1r h h fi .
ers on t e Clttzen t e undamental n gh1 of equality be[! 1
t e onst1tut10n wl 11ch
law. If a citrzen is interacting with a corrupt public servant. ~:eo:~:~d equa~ protccllon. ol

Similarly. Article 17 specifically aboli~he~ untouchability. This~ a social ~vil . ~
be pa 11icularly me ntioned in the Constitution as a fundaments~ n ght. COITUf'IOO as ..-1~
.a:, ':
.ro be treated. on the same foot ing as another citizen who bribes tl1 IS definttely. not DP".~g social evil than untouchability and therefore why n?t specafically ~taon .~ -~
I hus. the pnnciple of equality before law and eq al . at corrupt publtc scrv~pl.
u protectton of Ia\ , d. d t eliminating corruption by making a fundamental nght of every lndaan a&aea
I
11e conupl public servant and the phenomenon of bribery. \ IS ston e )CC~use
corruption-free service.
Article 19 g ives a fundamental right to business or fl . r. ll abolished
Another social ev1l that has ~en spect 1 ~ 8 Y
by iRCiusioa ia . ., .. . .
permit license raj that one o f the points generallv pr'odesson. It ~s _the experience of our Orced labor (Aitidt 2l). PRIII-4
clearances 1S that rhe cirizen who is in busine~s is go' rna e by puhhc servants who control
rights is prohibition of traffic m human beangs
a
ti ant!
....., . . . .
etc undr Article 24 IS ......
mg to make 1 f employment of ch1ldren an actones! - . . dlllllliiiii,....IIIJI
~ance. The corrupt public servant thinks that he 0 h ~ Ot o pro fit becaus<' of I being eliminated by including the ehmanataon and eo......
1
1M profe ional or the businessmen. This is the ki~~ e /as a ng~r to s hare in the profit
o corrupt Jon by wh.
84
PAVAN KUM AR'S lAS

PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS 85 \!
. d:unc lli:JI 1ichrs.
b' spcc ilic nlt.nrion in rhc chapreron tun L - _ . J .
. . l gel Cl) ~(,l 11 1/(; IIlii.)
t"I1 1.ClllS Ill lUll ' . the stale. 1he Vedas ralk about several methods of administration such as 'sabha'.
c;l'IWrnlh. rht \<llt~ts in a !illcier~ under1-1c ll:l<fiuons 1rn< >rinciplcs urH1,., 1) 111g the l cg1slatro n. ':,cm1111 ' nnd ~'tdlwtaa' It 11as ~ group of intellectu~ls fro~ a.mong the people who got
1 1110sr c~scllWl 1 I the hsr 50 vcar.5 of the wo1 1"11 11~
. I he l>Oul ol. rrad1110ns
IC!.!ISI:llltln or llc - o 1, ro~\.'th~-:1 . ddrht..rah:d on all aff:ms of st:Jte and then la1d c!own the norms. according. to which
l.!t'l- ~ttlccttd 111 the Consuturwn. xpencnce o 1 , rvcialh
. 11l r1lc c.
\\!' 1 ' 1 lC I)ltenomcnon
1 . of
rl~c k 1_n~ tulcd the country Lvcn Europca~ researchers _l~Y th~t ~uch groups assisting the
-
rhe .
Consr uuuon ~md 1nremauona
1 <Je ' elopmenrs. dcs~--ental nl!ht . 1or co1 fli J>IIon-frec l..1ng 111 Ius admtntslrallon d1d not compnse ont) the brahmms and the kshatri~as (th..:
ulob~ t.r i:7allon. ir is high rime thnt we 1nc 1ud ed the . tun . . :u11. ' ~
-sen ice in rhe chapter on Fundamcnwl R.1gIliS .Ill rhc ( onstltUilOI1. \\.lJitlors). hut pr<>vided lor universal representation for ever) interest in th..: country. Sri
.
/\urohindo's four chapters on 'Indian Polity' in his classic The Foundations of the Indian
11 < . rc trc many who p01 nr Out Culture reveal vividly the nature of true democratic grassroots governance in anc1ent lndia.
. make patenr '' I1:11 IS
Such a mc.asurc: '' 1fl . P1s
C 111ned and Iaten!. . lCfree . to
servrce . IIows. I1y tl1l:
.
l<lthe other p101 ISIOn:, . he Cl)llSIIIUIIOil
oft . . all<I s,. w rhar : corruptAron-. 'C hnvc . seen a bov~:, , I I11: 'Rudram' is a popular piece in the Vedas. It is fou nd in the Taill iriya Samhitaof
obsen a nee of rhc other pro1 rs1on~ o r le <
. . . ,. I (l1S1 III UI1011.
. s \\ '
f other fundamental t If' . Ills
th~: >/ojurveda. It is known for the words namo namah that nm through most of the hymn. II
. . .
phenomenon o f comrp110 n 111 a wny goes_ ng, ni nst the exercise o .
d for ex plicitly art1 cu at1ng I ..
is a hymn dedicated to Rudra. In it obeisance is paid to everything on earth. movable and un-
mcn11o ncd in th~ Cons rirution. There IS there fore a lnecl d,. citizen so that what is movable . The idea is that everything on earth is permeated with the all-pervading god.
11
.
corrup11on-frcc
servrcc as a patent (iunc1amen tnl righr of 11e . .n 1"beco mes cx plic11. .
Mak1ng .
the poromatma, . and everything is .lil'a swaroopa. While thus paying obeisance to
. . I . I I . . . s of the Consrllulron
latenr and l)'tng hr du :n 111 11c 011er prov1s10n. . t tile countr)' abo ut the everything. reference is made to 'sabha' and '.wbhapati'. The 'sabha' referred to is the body
. . has tht ad ,.:H11<l!!c.' o 1- .scnlrrng, a -~ 1 =-
. c.'\ pl1crr un 'n l rhrouo
. c-1l .Oll.
rhrs f this country or people set for attending. to the affairs of state and 'sabhapati' is the president of such a
commirmcnr o fr hc srate for improvi ng rhc qua lity of lite oft he Ctii ZCnS 0
body. Whatever we mean by legislative assembly today ,...:..s the s~n , of the set-up called
'sabha' in ancient times. To such an assembly. designed to do ~ood to the common people,
There nw, be many who "i ll sm rhat at best thts on ly on .paper At best. it mm
. "''-11 remalll i obeisance is paid in 'Rudram' .
be onlv a ~osmetic vcr ba l ~:tcstur~. But the Const iwrion is nor a cosmetr c verbal d_ocument. I
is a livin!!
- doc ume nt ar1iculauno
- the spm t of the peop 1e as
crys talli zed b)' rhe Jeo
.c- rs laturc and
. - b, the JUdtcwn.
rnrerpretcd "' rhrs
lncludmg fiun damen ta 1 ~tg It
l rl1erefo re mav
- beoo rn perhaps. as 'TI vll of the people is the wi ll of the god' is not any ne\\ mouo imported. but one that
a 'erhal !!e.st;rre. hut in rh~course of-rime. with the! continuous interpretation of the nght by
le \ I - . h bh
was there eons ago in Vedic rimes. \Ve learn from tho:: Vedas that membc_rs of sue a sa a
the Supreme- Coun and the judiciary. ~~e can expect that a soc1a1 c_hange ~ an .be .brought o r assemblv must li rst of all be ofhigh intellect. good conduct and. most1R1portant. have the
about in socre11. A fter a ll. we ha,e seen. to r instance. the a ffi rma tr vc actron rn favor of talenr and 'capaci ty to put across points of view eiTectivel ~. In fact. there are very man~
weaker sectron~ of socic t1 . Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. and minorit ies being mantras in the Vedas prayi ng for these three qualities. . . .
a n iculared fi rst in the Co~st itution and the subsequent history of 50 years a nd the jud icial In o lden days a ruler was not only not allowed to go h1s way but was o~lt gcd to ~un the
acrio n. This has, in a '"ay. resulted in bringing about social change. Bring ing about soc ial country 111 sueh a mannerc as had been laid down bv the shastra.\ Dharmashastra.
h \..
c hange. especially by way of checking I corruptio n and impro ving governance, the re-fore is Arthashastra a nd the shastra relating to jurisprudence. !here was ~he rtl.!ag u~' (t c ~~~g s
a n importalll aspec t, and inc lusion of the new fundam ental right can be taken as a first step teacher). the ministers and an assembly of intellectuals, JO co_nsultatton wtth w om t1lC mg
ruled the country. This was the arrangement for ruling the entire country.
in lhat long journey. The journey of a thousand miles begins with a sing le step, says a
Chinese proverb. Perhaps as we begin the journey as a republic in the twenty-firs t century.
The point 1 am trying to emphasize is th~t even in o~den da~~,' dt~~nc~::t~~~i~; ~::~ ~~:ot~s~
art iculating this new. fundam ental right may be a right step towards mak ing India a we ll-
go ve rned country. . what we now con~i?er a~ the democratre t~proac d~~:~o -~oint out the ditTcrencc between
1
committee of ~dmrmstrauon was adopted. t ~~~;method was better. An administrator of a
Citizen's Fundamental Rights in the Past the two methods and to argue that how the l.fi . a-d should be lit to kcome
h ld h e the proper qua tcatton ..
fn fact, it is interesting that in the past. even though we had kings, CitiZens \-vere a lso country or a town s ou av h tl appropriate qualilic:\lion and quahttes
administrator. It follows that only th~se \V 10 bave 1~ d In the case of the admin tstt ation
1
empowered. The general impression about ancient methods of ruling a country is th<ll there
could be permitted to stand for electiOn an~ e a pi pomte t. od b)' the side of the rulinr king
"':as no sa~ at all oft~c pc~~le in the affairs of the state. and that the king was all in all ll1e . . . I rown pnnce a ways so
of a country. rn ancient ttmcs t le c I ld. of the asscmblv \\hO took ('.lr~ to
J.:tng .of course had h1s mrnrs ters and other camp fo llo wers in the court. and whate ve r 1he
and had the advantage of being watched by Wt',e e ersh elders< retired .or died. the crown
J:ing deddcd w do in consort with his ministers was the law that was enfo c d b his 1 d. ction 1en sue
d d' mtnation such that he \\OuiG.,~
L
offic
, ials. This is what we all think was the state of afTairs in ancient times WI r e ye~ in canalize his energ1es m the ng lt tre :
,1 d xn.>nence an tscn
prince would have by then d eve ope e ~""~. t o le similar to the old people, who cou
.. ld
f ~
t re name o ,:.uropean 1s toncal rcs~rch, it is even said that in those days the brahmirt; in
h. . lat rs mor .
in a position to decide who wou~d be the ~~h h~ i~ the administmtion. l lcrc lhe kmg o\ lhe
1he cuun ', "e re the de facto rulers, smce they had the king under tt e tl b 1 become members of the assemblies and gm e _m
got e\:er~ r ung one lo perpetuate the1r comforts and heoemony It
d 1 1r 1um anc 1 !11 ... 1.11 1
d - d .
crown pnnce .
h1msc lfltad the 'appointing authonty.
appear 1ha1 de mocracy was somcthmg . e- .
taught to us hy Westerners. was, an stt 11 rs.
' mH e lO
. . or tI\e ng
d wilh the dlwmuc . Itl wa\S
-.
of lhmg torand
lht:
The DJwrmashastra was concemc . h d d' . d d the conununily inlo sc\'cral secuon lu
fn f.1c1. c:r. en in Vedic limes. eons ago. the country was be d . . . Preservation of these dharmic way~ 11 ~ rv. c d down several guidehnes and ru
common man's opinion. """ich was fully reflected in the c:o dng ru 1ef WHit lull SCOJ1(' . f~r 111ef r: .
10 ensure that they .uncttone d m umson, lt 1a
n llcto theday-t<>-dayaffmrso
]]
12
86
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS . .

being Its vcry na111e s
. 87
I trtt come 11110 1t ion of .,
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
Prrncipnlly for this Jlurr>osc did the f)lwrmct.\ ' 10
111 rhe :tdn JnliS II I I f
'
'OhnnnashJSII .1' and not 'Rnjynshasrrn'.,lmltro cnncd '\. 1for
tO ll the cowl II )' a; a \\ 10 .,; or extend to 14 years.
. IJlelHIS.,,"s:; not on 1'
t'Cilllllr\ It c.:'Hllt' into hcill" to t'~tnh IISI1 rll' ,. , . ( 1v1111! II cIl"Ill .\ r-,,
u
. I he pwvisions of this Act sl)<lll apply to:
' "'
u s lim<:lll)l)fng but ,1bo fill tiK:.indl\rdual
- 111 Ius d l\ IOl 1 -
. :( IIIC<Hr ~) \\:1) of Id e for 1.1
<: JII /CII I c:vc1) publit !>C:rvant who (a) has bc{n found euiltv of .
dc.:HIIl that 11 wns rht dtiiV ol the.: l-.1111.! to U1Wic.:
. 1 dlun nuc
I .... jJ~III o 1 cs1.1
rl!:! 1J 1ISIling dtS<: Iphnary/dcp<tnmcntal inqUiry. (b) is holdmo or is. - . . corruption. n a
- . 1I olden <nvs ,IS ' 1
1 . . 1 , "' 10 possess1on of propertieS that
r~opk The stare ntlrninistrntion \\;Is cons<kc.:d " IC
111 lrthmlut.\ tra and Shukra .1re < l!>proportton,l\e to lw; 1-.nO\\ n means of income (c) r d --
dh:mnn. n r1ghrcous w:w of !l vull!. SITmtrm. such '1 ~ c ./. stlfc Yet thcv all, by - . f .
posscss1on o proper11cs whether 111 the course of a sea h d
IS Oun 1101dme or m
-
. . - ti 1
1\'edflhmlro C<l mc to be used Jlnnctpall v or 11c a< 1111
1 nistrauon o 1 1 ,,.,>v' s n was thCit' to . rc . ra1 or survey bv an
howcvcr. 1 ' 1 10 authonty or 10 any other manner "hatsoever. for which )1.. cannot r '
and lrtr!tl'. followed the Dhnrmosha.\ fm. In some respects .. . . 1 '\pcdicncies. 13ut then ll 1 . . ~ urn1s11 an
accepta > e exp <malton or w 111ch are disproportionate to his known n1ca ~ f
. . . )/
denatt' slightly from the rules ol tht' I wn11t1' Ull ta .
I I . 10 Still 1lllllld c .
11 be such as not to
2 . n,. o mcome..,
. . . . . . . I 11 lin~.trHIIOil l> 1lOll '
.
.
~. every pcrso~l w 110 ISa rc l at~ve of the public servant referred to in clause ( 1); .
tht J:!OH'IIllll~ pr111C1pk was that the hnss ol sr,ttc nc \VI , . , . , . any cont1 1ct .> every assoemtc of the pu hllc servant rc fer red 10 in clause {1);
. . 'J')I . / 1(1 \'(1'(1 11: II:\ c 1
endanc<:r 1/w srmt nnd suucwrc ol unma.l 'd . 1 to 111, 4. any holder of any. property that was :11 any time previously held by the public
- . I . . \\'f\S CO ilS I Cl C( ( <.:
bctl\<.'t>ll , 111hmhmtra and f)/uummlw.Hroorosc. the aucr ' . I t ,. . <>llg tit' sc1v<Jnt clcrrcd to 1n clause ( I ). unless such holder proves that he: was a 11 ansfcrcc in
. . . 0 f the fours ws11 1 ' 1111 ....
rtccdcnce <Her the IOIIllCr. I hcDharnw.1lwstro 1s on~.: . (s borlin11 _ good faith for adequate considcrnt ion: and
fi)Unccn l'id)'as, whereas the Arthnslwstrn rs on 1Y one 0 f the lour upnn&n. .
\ t utl cy' w e' e
5. any pe rson who has deposited any amounts or other movable properties in any bank
) . . . I 1'
organ o r the Vedas. 1 h1s rs ww nm 111gs o t1os <' .I k ' f I c ci")'S hnd' clnunc< 1 t 11H l
. . rc
or any other concern outside thl! territory of India. or has acquired any properties
..
followers
otOhnrmas/wstm and not Artlwshwtm. What 1 nm trylll:g , t'o say IS thi'H 11 was not
outside the territory of India without the requisite permission of the appropriate
thai those :111C1ent
k1ngs not make amendments to cx.tst111g
d1d I""'vs but it was held that the authority in India. .
:1 dllt1 110 1 t r'"tnrtc.:d bv , amendnH: . nts
baSIC SIIUCtlllt: Of the /)har/1/t/\h(/.\f/'U \HIS 10 be 11l(lllll:t111t:C
6. Many a time, apart from the plethora of laws leading to dela~s: causing red tape and
ll) <.'\1St111!.! l,l\\ S Ill the name o f COiltill!!C ilCies Of SI<11C administratiOn Ill s uit the COilVCili CI.lCC corruption. many laws themselves provide cushions of safety for the corrupt. rhcsc
or rhose r~llinl! ns rhcv t.~cd. Whik the tree of the administr:-~tion of n kingdom was being cushions or safc t:. must be systematical\~ removed.
protected. the- rrcc ";hose roots were Dharmo.\hastra.' the protection \\':lS done wi tho ut
damaging the roots nnd new Jaws were just like branche~ or the tree . .lust as the brancl~cs or In addition to passing fresh legislation hkc the Corrupt Public Servants (Forfeiture of
a tree arc clipped when needed. "so ''ere amendments made of even the new laws. . Property) Act. law-makers should also insist on implementing laws that have already been
passed and have a bearing o n chc'cking corru~tion. For exan1plc. in I 988
Conclusion: A Three-pronged Srnu c~ the Benami Transaction Prohibition Act \\as passed. Section S pro-.:tdes for conliscation or
\\'e '"'ill be :tble 10 tack It' corruption only if we are able to lollow a three-point strateg). The benami properties and Section 8 provtdes for rhe government to prescribe the rules under
firsr IS rhe simplification of rules nnd regulations so that the scope for corruptio n is rrduced. which con fiscation could rake place. The eve had requested the government in Janual')
fhe second is cmpowc::ring the public and ushering in greater transparency. The thi rd is 1999 to notify the rules. This has not yet been done.
eflecti\e punishment. We have just seen how in the past the public was empowered in our
countf). We have also seen how Manu and Tiruvalluvar had both highlighted the nred !'or Prompt action on implementation of such laws will go a long way in fostering a corruption-
effecri,e punishment. free government. lf'there are any difficulties in registration, they can be suitably modified so
that the present situation where a law has been on the statute book for nearly 12 years but
not yet implemented can be corrected.
In the comext of COrf1Jption in India today. I will suggest the following tor considera tion for
ctrecriv~ pun~shm~Rt of rhe corrupt. It is imponant to have laws that ,~ill punish the corrupt. As the above analysi~ shows. three things stand ~~t as the stable features for ensuring ethics
Corruption r_od_ay ~ ~ur country has become a low-risk high-profit business activity. The in public administration. The lirst is the nl!ed for observing dharma or the principle 'h~)\Yt'\Cr
1.-a\\~ Comnusst~n n 11s ~67th repon ha.d suggested the enactment of rhe Corrupt Public high you may be. the law-is above you'. The concept ofrajadharnw has to be pracllccd. In
Sen ants (Forfe11u~e o~ Pro~rty) Acr. Thts Act has been pending with the government since order to ensure that rajadharma is practiced. law-breakers should not becom: law~ma~,lrs.
February 1999. It IS h1gh t1me that this law was enacted so that corrupt public SCJVntJt~; do There is need for making changes in our system so that the majesty of the law tS matnt:unc.l.
not take advantage o f the present legal process themselves 10 csc"pc 1 II The second important aspect is protecting. the weak and ensuring. that th~ nu 1 ~ pt
c. J g' 1liS o f the Act are gven
h"oJJ
111 the fo llowing paragraphs.
" puntS1mcnt. tt'
of bahujanu sukhayacha bah1yana 1111aya
c ha lS pracf teed This. is possible onlv. tl ,.. e
observ~ the third principle of effective punishment as Manu has sa1d.
As from _rite commencement of this Acr. it shall not be lawful for .:.
od b e\en making
.
Acr applies ro hold any illegally acquired ro r . . any person to w ho m '1h1s 1 have e.iven some ideas on how we can empower the pubhc mt ay s u~e Y d .a
person on his behalf. Where a - p pel ty euher ~y himself or through any ~tlwr
ny person 1olds any 111e ,3 11 , corruption-free service for every citizen of this country a fundamenla' _ngh,t. ~- (llhlu ""S
contravention of the provisions of subsection ( 1) h g ) acqwred prop' '1 y 111 h l for the corrupt Fma' y, tu..- ct tC:) m
and implementing laws to gtve deterrent pums men . . . . f \,oer
b) the central govemmenr in accordance w'th , sue ~r?pcrty shall be liable Lo .fot k ilurc public administration will depend a lot on those who are m ~stttons 0 po

1 11e provrs1ons of tl A N . .
anythmg conraule(j m this Acl a person 110 ld. . HS Cl. OlWILhslan<1111g
' rng any 11lega ll , h 11 a there is vision Where lh "
ConlraveoiJon of the provsons of subsection ( 1) h
5 11
. . Y acqUJrcd propc:rt y m Where there is yogeshwara Krishna, >;hcpwt.JU pu~u.~ o an\ ' When both are combined then
also I table for punishment with imprisonment th' a. on conVICIIon by a crimina l <:olnt . be Arjuna'thc dhmwrdhara'skiHed competence II\ acuon prevat s.
a 1 WI11 nor be 1css
111an seven years and maY
14
l3
88
MAR'S JAS
PAVAN KU 11f 111e
thrccconH:rsto'ncs,
> 1 PAVAN K UMAR'S lAS
89
ce After' 11 j he these thrt.'c
three: n:suf1s nrisl.' There is success \\ Caflh and Juslr
~ . . . . .
rn<h cnn
I c;l cro :
)
. 11011 Iron) our c 1a~!>J .
1.,
lll<.::lsurrng "heth<.r a puhlrc :lcfllliiiiSir:trron ~ on t:lll . - r rnsprr,r . , .. c,,l Puhh<.
.
: scnncc ethics arc a prerequisite . .
to. . and underpinninn., of pu bl'IC trust. and arc a
If'> .., lr 'flllfl ~
!! llll Srr'AbrndO.IIt:(.t flfl) ", . kcvstollC o l ~ond ~ov~ r llancc. Publtc scrvtcc IS a public trust Citizens ev
I h Ut 11 Ul 11 I~ rlwr ~ prs trct >Is rhcrc SII CCcss . 0 ) 1 '
1 .,. 1t1osc rron1
tllv
Jcl
.
o l raJodhan 1
''' ~ . .- . . .. . .,pee1 pu bl'IC sen ants
'
msrg liS nnd n:mernbc:ring 1/w bcncons of ti!;!hl /r.:c 11 be ntOl ' (/ " w sc1vc tl.lc JHII,Irc ll l l c r c~t \\lth f::urnes~ and_to ~1<1nace ~ublic resources properly on a dail~
. 1111 wiltOn " '
lc)\\:lrds bw/drn!! a lwrwr /mira 11hcrc publrc adfl1 " ' bas1s I <llr and H:ltabl<: publtc serv1ces msprrc publtc trust and create a f;wonrable
:'It' I lOll . CllVIronmcnl for businesses. thus COntributing tO well- functioning markets and economic
growtlt.
Frhks in Puh/ic ,., drui111 srr:llion I of Qovcrnmenl. I ollov.. j 1111
lrc. ad fllllllslrarron
PI rII . .
rs \'rewed , .,,,;vc
. I cxt:c
ns 11 p;ur ofrJC . br:lllC
nnl element
-
o f lI1c sr.llc po 11 c"'r Public scrvnnts o perate in a chnnging envi ronment. They arc presently subject to grc<~tcr
Charles de. Montcsquicu rd..:as 1w may recognize cxccutrve as' rtres 10 intly re le t r<.:d to .. public scrutiny and increased demands from citizens: they also face stricter limits on
d I . / . . . . . . . I other struc t . cis
an Ill S <.: l'f11Cill C011SISI.S Of agenCICS. lllllliSineS .JJI( . b'11I 'Sin gcncr<l l nfl tlCli\- iti , rcsolll ces. I he\ have to assume new functio ns and responsibilities as a result of: dc,olution
"PIl Il I1l Ad ITIIIH:-rr~won
... Thrs vrc" ot pub/1c auon colll
admJJIISir. . . c. c swtc nwch111crv . cs and greater managcral discretion: increased commerciali7.ation of the public sector: a
o 1 . . 1 , adJ11llliSlra 111
c ncan111g pu l/1c good and puhlrc interest. W11hrn llt.: ' .

. ceclttrs and manv Oll
''<: <.: han ging public/priva te sector interface and changing accountability arrangements. In short
- d
l)l:l." 1111 puhlrc adminbtrlllion officials. special adnunrsrra
r 1vc: p10

"

lcr rhcy have to adopt new ways of carrying out the business of government. While public
mechanisms. which. arr ch;lracterisllc ro all bureaucratic organizauons. management reforms have realized impor tant returns in tenns of effi ciency and cffccti\'encss.
some of the adjustments may have had unintended impact on ethics and standards of conduct.
P"[/ .. 1 . hrcc:\ exten
) " .It 1111ll1Sir:li10ll ~ ~ n part of 0 11 ,. dnlf\ hie and 10 a ' ~ :
t -!.!0\ 'Crn S il. 1hro"
d111111
5 1 s ot the loc;ll com nll 1111
" ' '~'~'-"e :lppM<llu~ n>n.sisr of people \lho arc also JllCIIPc.:t ,. _'~ I his is not to suggest that changes have caused an increase in miscond\lC! or unethical
(commtlllllleS) Citi7cns :lnd publtc officinls. "ho have access ro pO\\ CI.. hm e ~o . COI!X ISl
1
bcha' lOlii But the) may pl<~cc public servants in situations involvingconflicts of interests or
logcrhcr in one an.a. one spncc. 1he difference between them is thnt public admini s tration obj~ctivc s "here there are few guidt:lincs as tO how they ~hould act. 'I here may i1ideed ~ a
offic_i:J is ha,c IO pro1ide services in aid ofc6mmunity. Because o!'this wo_rk , b~sed o n public Publ ic Administration Ethics belongs 10 the same family of applied Ethics as bio-Ethics.
m?mcs :llld properry rhe possibiliry of betraying public trust is probable. 1 hc_re _1s no s implest Ethics of International Relations, Business Ethics and many others. Applied Ethics ha~ it
lhlll_g. rhan spend1ng somcone 's monev. even il'\le do nor uet direct profits. l: th1cal behaviour foundation in Normative Ethics and Meta Ethics. Ethics deal with the notion of good and C'-il
and. dec1sions mainraining ci tilcns' rr~1 sr. ensure cll'ective ~nd enicicnt usc or resources. and in the action of every person by analyzing of human behaviour through the prism of ethical
allo" go~c,~mt'lll ro pll'St'IVC individual rights while assisting those \\hO will benefi t the systems. cont~ined. for instance in the Oecalog~e. Meta-Echics applies metaphysical analysis
most EthiCS IS one of the' 11al components that allow democracy to thrive in any country. to the problems of Ethic behaviour. Applied Ethics translates basic ethical values and nom1s
and applies them to the everyday acti\'ities of social and professional groups i~volved 111 the
Ethics in oovernmcnt . . . practice of medicine. genetics. business and every-increasing number of profess1ons.
::- IS cr111ca 1 10 real121ng 1he prom1ses of democracv. In a democrac\
uol'emmem ha bl ' .
::- f . . S an 0 1ga110n tO treat everyone equally and to- provide the greatest oood 10
most o CliiZens The effect'1 I f . . ::- Administrative Ethics in some of the literature is referred to as the Ethics of Public \!Tairs.
offic' 1 d . 'e operat1on o democrauc governmen t reqUJres thm public Governance and Politics - growing mismatch between traditional values and ~ystcms
Ia san ernplovces be mdc d . .I
decision!> a d . . pen ent. 11npart1a. and responsible to the people. Go 1e rnment governing the behaviour of public servants and the roles they are expected to fulh\1 in a
1
n po ces should be made ' tl 1 f
office shall b ' \.VI llll tle proper structure o government: public changing public sector environment.
not e used for personal gain and II1 bl' I' I
integrity of its governmem Wh . ~ pu IC las to 1ave confidence in 1he
1
en et11cal wrongdomos and sea 1 d 1
they pose a threat to tbc de . . o ~ a s occur rn government Public service has its own values and the most important of them is: the integrit~.
. mocra!Jc pnncJples of the rule of law, equi ly. and individ ua l rights: It can be interpreted to cover a broad range of bureaucratic behaviour. but it IS _used also to
Fraud. bribery and lh b . refer to adm inistrati ve or public service ethics, to principles and standar~s of nght ~-on~l~'c,t
. . .. ' o er a uses tn government take th
lew m poslllon of control. which distorts th
fJ .
e power rom people and g ive il to a for public servants. Certain principles and standard~ of ethical beh~vtour (e.g . ~~~~::\st~
public life. e concept of lhe equalily of all participanls of k g) are of such enduring importance 10 all walks of ltfe that ~h~'
prom1se eepm d 1 fl 1cts hcl''\'cn
described as ethical values. These ethical values can be use to rcso ve co~. d ,.
111 1 1
< '" '~: s
r he deli nil
c1 , , . .
ion of social e lhics emb
races a se1 of norms a
such public service as responsiveness and efftciency; they can also be app te
1 al es like liberty and equa1It\ \)n 1 'c
between public service values on one han d . and soc1a v u
1
. l<~ractensllc of a group of people Th ' . . ssessmems and opinions ,I . I
wizcns . . rs very Simple definit' . . \\ 11C, nre other.
Sl<mdards g~~u~~n~ peo~le ~s crealors of norms and stand~~~ of elhtcs p~ints to socicjj, -
uc1. fhese srandards can be ,. 5 of behav1our. E1hics are . d , loping and maintainmg
Governments and international a~encics draw t:~ri~tte~~~~ ~~d::~stmti~n as a m<:ft-1 uf
d" . h
ISIIngus bcrween the ril!ht and _app led lo persona l b I . ~~:
prok--ssonal life F II . ~ . wrong ways d~recling bel . . c la VIOur. l: lh,rs high standards and values, ethtcs and condu . I p ' ts of ethical infrastlucture of
o owmg lhrs wav f
1
. lav,our 10 0 J combating corruption. All these factors arc c~scntta compom:t
"dlllinislr<tthc crhics . - - o IHnking we ma . ur pcrso n:t 1 1111
. 1 words
usrng 11e Y es1abl1sh d ,- 1 f'
admmrsrralion ()lficial 01
p bl' .
ll IC SCrVJCe
norms. legal retlal
~ IOns 'ISS. .
a e 111 1100 o

public life.

< essmen1s of public . . 1.or Eco non\,". Coo""ratton auld
- d b h , Orgamzatton ,~
The term ethics in frastructure as dchnc Y t ~ d rocesses for ~~~uhttm& ~~~an~
refers to a range ot tools an p
DeveIo pmc n t (OEC
O)
16
90
'S lAS
PAVAN KUM AR conduct of l'ublic 9t
w cncoural:""c c..ood PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS

undesrrnbk hch ~rvwur and/or provr"d"rng nlC''IliiVCS
~
oOicrals. , ~<1nrt111r.: as li.liiO" ~ rnforclll!! accountabiltty for the exercise of bureaucratic po h be .
' I )H. ' 1111 "' wer as come more d1flicu1 as
l h~ O J CD r,knrrli~,.. ~r)!hl 1-~, cornpom'lll' ,1/ 111 '- 1 pu bl 1c.: scrv1cc I~<rs conllnued to grow in si:zc and as the
.
b l}
. I. . II . ' . . . rr responsl lhllcs have grown in
1) J>olit ic:rl comnHIIlll'lll comp CX II ) 11.: u~.:cr::.lun-mak tng process 1n novcrnnwnt is oft" 1 .1 - .
. 1f - .e - d) so engt 1y and complrcated
b) lffcctivc fegill fr.ttlll'WOtl- that 11. 1s t 1 licult ro .smglc out those . . publrc scrvams '"ho sho u1<1 bc 11eII< responsrblc

tor
c) Ellicicrll :tc~ount.rhility rnc:ch:111isms. spct d1c r cco n~rn e nda11ons and decrsrons. Another ohstack on tiP road 1
.. . . <: '
b'
o accounta 1litv IS the
d) Workable codts of conducl, .. w1de range o r aulh<>rtlltS to whtch public servants arc deemed to be accountable.
c) Professional soc inli1ation nKclwnisms (including 1111 1111 ng).
I) Supportive puhlrc service condilions. Code o~ ethics play a guiding role in the ethics infrastructure, but Lhcy also take on a
g) r, istenc~ of nntr alcth1cs coordinating hod) . . 15 of officials. controlling func11on s1ncc they establish and publicize boundaries of behaviour and set
h) :\n active crvrl soc rtty ilhk to net as n \\:llrhdog over thc ncllOI standards for public servants. Whatever level they apply to. the development and
. s e or more of thr<'e mrlt;mcntatron of workable codes of ethics require sound management strategy that secures

Lnch of the compom.nt'> of 1he cthrcs r
rnrr:rstru ClliiC .per fonn 011 b 11 aviour or ma n.lurnu
. . r H! ''lll(hnce 10f e, ( tcmcnts andI the. gcrHIIne employee acceptance of undcrl} mg 'alues and ethics being promoted. The creation
ovcrlnpping roles rp controllrng bchav1our. proviC 11 ~ "' ' . of Codes of Llhrcs or other forms of polrcics w1ll be counterproductive if such instruments
. " , ., . I c. of each o t 1H:Sc ~:
other clements o f IlK' rnu as11 ucturc. 1c tmpor an ~: lC. concl iti orls and temnin ns no more -than a collection of slogans or nice. good-looking principles. In such n
. . t 101 n l and l.!ovcrnnr ~.:
n.:ln11vc synergy he l~\ l'en them wrll depend on 11H! rnst1 u' ' ' - . case, politicinns seeking to verify their intentions or proposals as "good or "<!thica\' will
tmdil ions or' each t'ounlr y. :< make usc of them .
. . . . .. . . f ?ublic scna rlls is cx tn.:mclv .' ";
lnt cgrll~ rders rotthico; in public admrniSiratiOil. I he rnt~gnl) 0 I In reality such instruments can serve as means of "covering" rllegal activities and lead to not
llllJl\H.I<llll fl) the prc:;tn:llroll of public 1nrst and conlidencc in governmen t. only legal hut also to a cynical form of moral corruption. Opposition politicians might usc
Polllical leadership :tnd commitmcnl nrc Olll' of the 11\0SI signi licant clements ~thical_ or such standards as tools in their partisan lights " ith g.overning p:111ies without any real concern
infrastructure of publtc life 1here is no doubt thot for the successful irnp!cmcntatron_ o f for the principles involved. On the other hand. governing parties can use them as a fo,m of
refonns it is crucinl 10 secure the cenain level ofburcaucrptic cornmitmen.t to ftght corruptron cover-up" and as a means of defence against valid criticism. Such pract1ces will work a short
and other unethicnl p~<lCIICcS time only and wiJI then lead to the loss of public trust. ''hich. once lost. is difficult to regain
or rebuild. '
L vcr y courlll y has ccrtnin kgnl framework \\lth provisions 10 cover various unethica l and
corrupt practices such as tht' brc<JCh or offi cia l lrust and duties. abuse o r power. As Rose-Ackerman has pointed out ''if public sector pay is 'ery low. corruption tends to be il
misappropriation. and ex to1ion. corrup1 prac1iccs. ncccptance o f undue advan1agc and ~b rse survival strategy". Public service conditions. particularly human resource policies, llirccLiy
of o iTicials influence. 1 he key problem is. there fore. not corruption. but weak enfo rcement. inOuence conduct. The conditions may be more or less conductive 10 ethical behaviom by
public servants. For example, low payments in public sector are partly blamed for the
Without effective enforcement mechanisms. lega l and administrative provisions on c1hic ~ ~:n l prevalence of petty corruption and other unethical practices in \ow-income countries. Ins 1 1r
corruption are in themselves ineffective. Weak enforcement capacity may be blamed parity as these conditions can affect morale and productivity in the public services and 11 P. J<.' .e
on the fact that severa l documents. which makes access to them difficult. especially where ethical behaviour. they cannot be ignored by any reform of ethics. Public sen ice con<l' 011s
enforcement olricers lack experience. are also directly related to the ability to attract and retain qualified_ and experience\ st.~ I f.
Human resource management capacity within the various line including institutions. lS also
Accountability" system is determined by the strengths and weakness of the cxistinl! weak.
organi_zationa l ~rrang:ments and procedures to detect and punish corruplio n and olhc r ~
Systems and procedures for recruitment, promotions and transfc~. trtl~ ning oppor_tunitics ha,:e
Unethical praclrces. 1 he weaknesses of 1he adm inislrative system wilh impl ication for elhics critical roles to play in managing ethics and checking corrupttor~ 10 th~ pubhc sc~tol lo
arc_ structu~a~ hierarchies. cumbersome procedures and weak conlrol over adminislralivc improve performance and encourage ethical behaviour in the pubhc S~f\'ICes, promollll:' .md.
ac11on. lnd1v1dual sen ior officials seem to wield too much power and d' 1
f . . ISCreltOn Wtl lOlii pay inccnsement need to be linked more strictly to perfonnance w1th an elTon ' 0 1 1' ,,h:
e lect1ve accountability.
,.
Adm1 n1strative procedures arc such lllat roL11 1 ne de b r.
CIStOilS y II Onl awareness among public servants on how they wlll be assessed and promote~. Bod s that
111e stall olten have to be cleared throuoh the hierarchy Tile co 1 coordinate the overall ethics framework range from parliamentary comm1ttcl's. ~:t'ntml
1 ., . . . . . ~ .
rc su lin.,. dela)s and frus trat rons rn obtamiiH! dec 1sions and ser
b -
encourages nbery and pclly corrup1ion at the poinl of service deli v
nsequenccs ol 11a1 _arc

v1ces on 11 mc w 111 c h pm1 y
.
~ ,
agencies. and departments or specially created independent agen~ies mandated_
e~hics in the public service. They serve a management funcuon by coordmatu _.
\~~sr:: to
s implify svs1ems and proced ures d ery. T here IS nead 10 11
111 or er 10 remove lhe u . supporting all the other infrastructure clements. They operate either thrmtt.h lu 'I
01ganizarional sys1ems lhal crcale 0 .. r . nnecessary 1>1oc.lwp1 ~ .~~ b d 1 th sc tasks to the other departmcnb or
. ppon unJt1es lOr bnbes tO be J r , implemenling ethi~s IOitlaltvcs or y e egattng e
I~!lues rcfo1 ms and anti-corruplion slrategies \VO ld b e~torlec 'rom lhc .pu I> lie.
u no1 c use ful 1f 111 1 f' 1 h agencies.
res1r~c1rve laws and c umbersome processes tlla l d. d . . ey c I 111 p acl' I e
. . pro ucc 1nce 111 f' b .
unclluc<d pr;JciJCcs tn the lirsl place. IVC or n bery and othcJ 1 r t of public life is v~ry of\en
The ro le of civil society instttuuons m ethca m,rastruc ~re .
e behav 1our of pubhc o 1c1a1s n~n
fL- rn
compa red with position of the watc \' dogs on th
17 18
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS ..
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS 93
. . ol . go,ern . mcnt tOlerated. n the
bf" critiCISill . l ' ll11 I ~I C I O r Of
eflectiveness is dctcnmncd bv the level ol pu IC d 1 111cdia ;.s an 1111p0r .
1 cf >pen en 1 uH.l ex I C) na l c ru' .o f ethics in administration. These devclo pments have ra1sed ne
rarticuJar society :"llld the position of free ~IIH Ill c . . . 111 1cnt 0\"CrSig 11 t . r
.
C\ po::.inu ~ultllpt ion :mJ other uneth1cal ncl1011'>
(J0";"
corrupt ion n n<1 ot1lCr UIH.:tlllc'a 1 1h1s f 1cltl One example which can be cited at th.ISJUnC
. tUre .IS the ClllC w, top1csf Or
h
concern in
:- d 11 m~ blc t l ' rn,crnamc.: \\hich would requi re the idcntificntion of a rgcnce o t e concept ol
mcchamsrns for accowltabtlity art: not a cqun \; 1 ... 1 stitutions. '" 1liC
, fCH comb<tllng.
' 'J
beha' iour unless 1hcv :"Ire suppkmcntcd by sll ong CIVIC n 1 . 1 thev abide by the ru le of \\ hole new parad igm of ethics in public administration.
- - . . I > ensure I ,a -
question !!ovcrnmcnl decisions and off1C1:JI aciiOil!> <
lnw and e;hicn l swndnrds in the public service. . I he objec ti ve is to identify the ways in which administrative pol1ce bl" . .
I S 10 pu IC OruamzallonS
. . latcd 10 the e thi cs o r the can l>C 'P' omoted and. manaoed ., by
. adopting an effecti ve 'tnd
' no el 1 , 1 c-
v et Hca approach. h ,,ould
. . 1n. tc1c
. st
. in the areas h. ICb"ect matter an d scvc r<1 l 11c p1 tluCnt to. mcnt1
The modern world has seen an 1ncrcasc 111 . 011 the 'ethiCS
. framework here The ethics or r amcwork 1s a volunta1 v.
sovereign good. A number of studies have focused ~ 11 1 1
~.11 sui .ldilemmas rein ted to the non-legall y n1nd1ng C?de o ~ Eth1cs. It reflects the basic common values and standards whi~h
academicians hnve c>.poscd a number of ethical and !)hdoso_p ca ber of studies that have 111cmbcr ::.t ~ t cs c~ n s1de r Important for the proper functioning of public ~rvice . It
concept of ethics in public :1dministration. Despite the 111 crcasng num lillie effort spent on comprehensively d1scusses the general core
focused on 1hc importance of ndministrative ethics. there l~as bee~ ~cry __ , 1 0 rc, iew th~: v~ lue~ . specific standards of conduct, actions to safeguard integrity and measures on handling
. .. . . f . I . s Ill adllllnJStraiiOio. S I.IU<ti 1 0~1S where there has been possible violation of ethics. It helps to structure th~
ldt:ntlly111g \\~Y.It exnctly constitutes the cru>. o ct .liC. . ' . . . .111 11e conte xt o f new
implications of !he oasic principles of ethics for public adlllllliStraiiOil I d1scusson on public-service ethics and it serves as a toolkit or general guideline for the
publc go,ernancc and discuss !heir .. . , d ,., of c tl, c development of codes of conduct at a national and sub national level.
.
1111pact .
on d1fferent . .stratiOn
admllll . 1m . pern t. ves " I11.cI1 1.11 t un 'net as -'lhc ctcrnlfll1,"'11. .5 . Is
. . tile importa nce o ethiCS 111 new Originall y. the ethics framework identifies general core values that sho.uld be common 10 all
Ill public adm inistration . rl11s rcv1cw wd 1 a 1so 1ocus on . . .

governance prnc11ces (pnvatzallon. decentrnll7ai10il. e Ul " d b e"ucralizauon ' . dc volut1 011 . ot me mber states. These values arc the rule of law ('"lawfulness''). tmpaniality/ objectivity.
budgets etc.,) w1th reference to the push and pull ofe t111 cs <In - d ad n, '1,,stratton 'and how cthcs 11 nnsparency ('openness''), accountability. professionalism ("expertise..). and dut\ of care.
rnindsets and basic nppmachcs to :tdministration and gov~rnancc can be changed. re liability ("confidence, trust'') and counesy ("service principle..). If it is believed-that these
are the core va lues. then they should be full y recognised in every countf).
Adminis rr:ui,c Erhic.:
New Publi c Administration and Ethics
G lohally the concept of privatization has been promoted in new public administration. ll i!>
SCCn that this concept is related tO the measures which prOmOte establishment of efftCIC\\C~
Since the I 970s there has been a great deal of change assoc iated with the impl e me nt ation of
and erti cacy lead ing to development of quality deliverance of public services. In the research
administrat ive ethics. These changes have been promoted and motivated by the concept o f conducted by Savas (2000), the concept of " privatization in new public management"'. is
public administration in the new era. promoted . Further identified by Walsh et al. ( 1997) introduction of new market mechanisms
which promote eff~ctive implementation of public services in organizations is identified.
An important position is given to the concept of eth ica l issues in todays c ivil gov<'rr,aqc ~. Walsh in his research has identified that privatization in governance in the United Kingdom
Frederick.wn and Ghere (2005) address both the managerial and indi vidua l/mora l dime nsions has resulted in a new paradigm. which has promoted transformation of both orgam7a\lonal
of e thical behaviour as well as new c hallenges to administrative e thics posed by and cultural needs. The purpose of these reforms include reduction of cost relating. to the
globalizat ion. actions of the governments, identification of measures to reduce the direct impact of act1on of
public e mplo:rees and bringing about a variation in the overall views of the government by
As promoted by Coop er (200 I) ethics in public administration is not a transient concept b111 the public.
has ~roven to be an ap~roac~ whic_h. has shown a great dea l of sustainability which is
fundamental to the area o f publ1c admll1tStration. Thi s type of privatization manoeuvre not only challenged the current rea~ities associate,\ ''ith
ethics in public administration. wherein administrators were cons1de~cd as te~hlllcal
Public administration has certa~n issues with regard to ethics implementation and finrls it professionals. but also identified the type of functioning that does not take u\\o a~count gl'l\"-~
tro~blesome to come to te rms ':"Jth them. One reason for this is because ethics is embedded in judl!mcnt on the part of employees. Accordingly, intellectual propone~ts ol '-h~ t"lhu:a.
an mtellectual framework. Thts framework is based on stab! 1 pe r; peetive were responsible . for the ftrst ~~teworthy_ ~pp~oac~ of p~b~tc a~mm':7'~'l~
el-f h. 1 1 b
r a tons P eve s, among oth public employees as well as tl
e tnstttuttona 1 as well as roe
_:: ethical obligations and the importance of ctuzen parttctpallon m admtmstra\l~e de ~M
the views of a number of researchers (Ban a d S . 1e organtzallon . Accordmg to This has tong been in place in developed countries across the world .as seen ~vtth '~-'
1996: Sorensen. 2002.2006: SorerlS~n g c n orcnscn, 1999; Keast ct al., 2004~ R~odes.f. concepts promoted by Ronald Reagan in USA and Margaret Thatcher m the UK.
and f 01 ling. 2004: Stoker. 1998). current covcrnmcnt
tahiliry at ~hesc le vel~ would be problemati~. perspcc11ves be lieve that elanly an
Otspue the increasing number of studies II , 1 1

admini lrati\e ethiCS, there has been very lillie<:;; lave foc~'scd. o~ the import ance
ort spent 0 11 tdcnttfymg what is exactly l
20
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS 9
:>
Rciri\'Crtring C ovcnHncn 1 vcni ine I he govcrnml:nt
i\s seen br O~bonw and Gaebler (I 992), 11. .IS o bscrvcd rhat . rCIIl -
new coney r
pi S o pu I t
bl ' while resting his views and theories tl1rough 1liS r
now-ramous dialoo II c-
. .
assum~< I 1111porwncc 1n
. o111 C'l ' . d . ..
11110n s ::1 mrn1 ' ,1-~ tion
.lrr
a
lii S Cl<.
1
cnga)!cmcnt wuh
.
the questions of virtue lie b 1. d h . wouldoues.m ke 1Cit constant
. . e leve I at moraltty
adnllni-,ti,IIIOII with rcgnrds 10 two different :1rcas wcrcpromolc a!> rhc\ "oultl luLu~ lll(HC on their own moral standards. a e people bencr
I ' odiiCtivity or governance
The tirst. ill\olvcd ideruilicatipn of factors ''hich pr~m.otcd :~ ~r 11 was proposed that the
1
l ktcrrninants o l Fth1cs in Public Administration
:md the !'>econd involved sett ing a new vision and miSSIOn po rc)h. al measures in terms of l he major determinants of administrative conduct in the public sect l.ud .
. . b . d b . dopting more ct IC< ' . . 1 II . or rnc e
r:o d. ucti.Vll~' ol governance can e 1ncrcasc . Y a cd. The usc of n new m1 ssio 11 ) 1c po 11t1cal construct of which public administrators are a part
dlsllngUJShlllg between the results and quantity of resources l s 1 y be idcnt i fi cd to be 2) ., he legal fram ework
polic} will sarisfy the needs of the general public. Thcs~ meafs urcs
1113
. . . govcrnn1
ental or!!anizations
- . 3) I ~1c ndmini strators and public employees who are responsible for the provision of public
Icss d HISIIC "hen compnred to rhe concept o1 prrvt~IIL<111011 0 tl 1ere is a chant!e SCIVICCS

H owe\t'l th1s rdc.1 can be promorcd and produCII\'Iry 1ncr ' cased onlv w 1IC.:Il ' ' - 111
11 ov, should ,_ 4) 1 he citi;rcns and users of public services that arc a part of the civil society.
a111rude towmds current concepts of esrablrshcd h rerarc
1 1 novcrnancc. " m c
1y " :: d . oe
r
made toward promotion of mer hods ro ident1fy llex1b1 ny, cen ' ' trllizntion .an concentratron of
d. . l1rst. lhc detcrminnnts of ethics in public administration with reQ.ard to the individual
. d d ed to be an rntcrme rat e so 1utron
bl
pu c a l111111Sir1lllon aspecrs. These aspects may be cons cr . w 1 altrilnll_cs ot public/civil servants include ethical decision-making skill; (Richardson

to pnvnuzalron. If11 rs
not possrblc,
mcc1uwrsms
dclegatron " 1 be .a .so lutron. rt1: 1, reQard
C"l
~
to and N1gro 1987 ). mental attirude (I3ailcy. 1964). virtues (Dimock. 1990; Dobel. 1990:
the ethienl position, the researcher advocares rhat privatization may not alter the. ac t that the Grcg.<:ry , _1999; II art . 1989). and professional values (Van Wart, 1998). Secondly, the
rcspollsibility of the state rowords irs cirizens will be 111Ct. Different processes whr~h arc to be organmlltOnal structure dimension is explained by clt~ar accountability, collaborative
supen ised and con lrollcd need to be reali:ccd bv the e.ovcrn111cn t because ultrmatcly the arrnngcmems, di ssent channels, and participation procedures (Den~a~dt, 1988; Thomson.
nccounwbilitv . and ethics ofthc action o f the euovcr;1m..:nr ~o irs ci tizens is needed. 1985). Third. the political organizational culture includes artefacts, beliefs and values. and
assumptions (Schein. 1985). Leadership is important in the development. maintenance. and
The scope and responsibilities of public adminisrration changed due ro the dynamics of new ad3ptation of organinttional culture (Scoll. 1982: Schein. 1985; On. 1989). Ethrcal bcha' iour
public maQogemcnt systems such as privatization. decentralization. deburcaucrati za tion and is encouraged when organizations have a
cit1zcn partnership that are essent ially new public management techniqttes and practices climate where personal standards and employee education.are emphasized. where sup<!f\isors
dra"n mainly from the privare secror and increasinQiv seen as a global phenomenon. These stress the truth . and where employees regularly come together to discuss
concepts shin the c:mphasis from tradirional publi~ -administration to public managemem erhical problems (13rucc. 1995. 1994). Finally. s9cietalexpectation includes public
\\h~c_h ac_cordcd ethics a central position. The purpose of public service is to essenti a ll y fulfil participation. laws. and policies.
a CJtJzen s basic requ irements. Rocha (:WOO). observes that groups call ing lor professional
The advanced set of fundamental principles or criteria that integrate the process of dealing
manageme~t ~f public administration argue that they are more efficient and effective
with ethical dilemmas in public administration are:
than the ex1stmg f~amewo~k. They call for breaking down large institutions into manageable
I) Democratic accountability of administration.
~dent res. thus allowmg for mdependent functioning as part of the new economic in.aituliom!
1
' ea. 2) The rule of law a11d the principle of legality.
3) Professional integrity and
4) Responsiveness to civi l society.
~1orals: The Rise of ,E thical Rising ,.
Snell (1976) !1as maintained that it was Socrates the 1rounder of 1 11 h 1 This can be described as the AUR (Accountability, legality, integrity and responsiveness)
d ' mora p 11 osop y w 10
enqUire 11110 the nature of ethics as his thoughts Jed him to the in . model of imperatives of ethical reasoning in public ~dminist~ation. }he,_researc~ by P.a~son~
external physical factors in 5 B.C. ncr person rather than the
( 1964) presented the concept pf 'evolutionary umversals m s~ctcty '. '~her~tn l~H 1.~. <1r~.:
aspects associated with the identification of issues related to publtc admmtstrJtton cth~1. ~- ln
Morality's choice o f good and sound ethics was a natural m . his Evolutionary Universals Parsons tte d h. t' rtst. theory
IS u~cttona . to an evoluttonarv
, .:
fibre. Socrares also felt that knowledge and moral it w ~ans of developrng a strong moral perspective and argued that, like biological orgamsms. soc~et~es pr_ogress t~rout,h _~";.~
moral if one did not know what morals w dy here rnterrelated and one coulcf not he
ere an w at was ) d (i . . 'capacity for generalized adaptation to their environment. Thts IS acht~v~ m~m\7 t~a '- g
rhou~Jht ol \'lrluc as being the centrepiece of k d goo or mankmd. l hus. he . . . h . 1h d 1 uent of spec1ahzcd msllhttron to
1
knowledge. All thought and action there fore had now e ge and reasoned that virt ue _was Processes o f structural d.t ffercnttatton~ I at s. . e eve opt . . ----'
as ngly spectahzed n~s. 11"~owever.: 1
lh's
perform the social functions necessary to meet mere I . . rd ord. te the ~w
good or bad and then. be judged by ethical and mto el,llanate from the knowledge of w haiwas . . , des of inteomttOn tn o er to co- ma
h . (VI I increasino complex tty then reqUires ne\\ mo =- . 1 f the v\..~nettc
appme~s: <:lSIOS. I 99 I), Slates that it was
ora standards Th .
. IS WOU d then lead true ro -==-
and more specialized clements. ThiS IS ac ueve VI
1 d a the pnnctp e o
fk led(lt"
, U't'
Socrates sdea rhar morality be linked 10 ha . b r: 1 ge or the .growl.b o now C'-
hierarchy' or the increased m.ormat1on exc lanv
what \.\as good. . ppmess ccause he. feh_ethics was about knoU/ .....1&-<,_
1 d
. . d
soc1eues an pro&re
ss can be thar1 d vi the
Evolution is then from tradltaona to mo ern . ' universals such as bu
Socraaes rhoughrs also reached the common development (structural differentiation) of evo1.uuo~ry nd the cn~e of I neral
c . h h man I 1lrough disc t plexes strauficauon, a --
onvYSalton w ec constantly probed. quesrioned d ourses and debates. and in organization, money an d marke com '
an thus. evoked . .
rcacu ons and ins t
22
96
PAVAN KUMAR'S JAS

~~~u~ t,snllstJc nomls r . adapt more effi cient! y lc .
PAVAN KUM
tIll uonmcnt . nch o f thc:~c enabks a soc,cty to . . > lis rrcoOng is rhm ir tends 10 1 AR'S lAS
97
so I . ranscend b
oJicct ivc w1en 1t comes 10 dcfininc cyond the i d' .
II . I . I , d .IntO an"' proper cth-ICS. There~o
n IVtdual
:S he conccpts
. of AI IR ;J ,
15 have some conHnonnliri
85 r '
swc~ but \"I
d tdl let
1 "'a us ' - and IOOks at the b'tl!(!cr
re -II w111
rhc point of 'lt'w ol p 1nd I nrson!>' c:voluriowtr)' tlmvcrsa f gov ron1
~\lllch promotcs 1
evo I urio ll ) IC lldnuni~rwrion I he idcnrJirC:IllOrl
/'
-
.

. .
. . d. ocra11cH
of a new type
. II 'd r'f.
o
y 1 en r yrng tl \.lfl(Hil..
tillrccognt/C an<. tnlpossrble (from ls persl'\(>cl . )
_ . . ~ ve .aporia.
not SO!ve the ind'v:d-uaI

o r l:t\\ \\hlch s n:tl y lllliVt'lsaliry will he wwl 111 ern . 'd . 11 H: rtrl~:
. . . capahlc of - . kin~> 1010 cons1 erat10n 1 Ethics of the senicc of goods ,
o I r1It' Cl\'ll so 1,, . c:trryrng our 11 s 1ok as '' cl 1as W c: c task .
.. clct.\ . lh crcs-- t . .. dcpcndenccandconnecr s values that arc promoted by th _-
t()n w 11
C\l<.'~~~s W~ll
The
I>c IP 111 d1s1in, 1 . .l:,u c >cr /eels thnr rh1s 1vpc ol rrliCf . . . .
, {" h C ethiCS Of lh .
also hdp un,g hcrwccn various concepts;,. crhics in publrc admllliSir<.l tron. This n,momtz.<'ltron o I e mputs to output 8 . e scrvtce of good -
I) Accounr:lt , . mor:.llly and cfrccriveh rhe fo/lowinl.! tour functional concepts: ' when it comes to the service of "O d s. asrcally there are thre' s are mam_ly efficiency and
. ' 11 fly of _rubl'rc burc;wcl;rc)' ~ ,denrr '(ires I IJC rcI arrons
. Ilip
. bet\ . - r . e 0 s. They are 1 e aspects wh1ch
k_glllnl;flc whiclr helps , d rts crrtcrra Or JUdgment 11 ca og1e of reciproc't . . are tmpottant
'l .
111 . I . ~ . n a1so be clca I , Y- lis VIew of th II
e ~~ ecllve.
<
') 'CIIOIJS and liS )' I . Vcell ar..: rnalll y targeted towards the mark ct. r y seen that the ethics of the soveretgn
-) 1 he rule: of/1 111
" ro adnwustraiJon good
~) and len /'
C'onc:cprs of . . . e- 11 Y whcre1n public adminisrmtion shou
\V 3 ld b c governed by the 1
1

u ItJm<ttdv hell' P1o1t:ssrona/
1111egn -ry and ;: , 0110111 y among publrc
11
a dn11111Sirators
whicl n \V: 1\1 the very core, service of ..goods .s based on m
4) C . /)IOillOIC th' . . 1 Wl! f . I
onceprs of , .. .t.: P' Iller pic of meritocracy. pcop c arc
Id. . aJld have the rreedom to choose utua
'd ratonal h exchange.
Basicall Y -t assumes that
C onsc:quenrh Jt.:sponsrbJ/IIv . _fi a d . . . . .
. 'n 1mnwclmrc acrron ofpubltc admmrsrraltOIJ 10 rls c itizc . . . an 111 lVI ual ltkcs a panicular good/ sc . h w at goods or services they wam Th r

.rnc .
l'lll' 111<: :111 u/ "P )/. . .
umsrancs \ . I 1C'.II1on of such a set of moral commands .rn concrcre s 11l ns. suitable trader on the terms for the ;vrce: . c/she can emcr into an agrccme .t ~sh' .
~
. 115
1 1 "' 11 1)t':lr
iltllliiHsrr,Hi'c ,.,. , ' "II ness ro the particular kind of ethical reasoning rh H a s l<l lro. individual can offer monctar)' rcso urces puretoase ol the same service or good In exchna
compcn wtt I1ea
5 ... 1l;:ll) or f)llbl'c .- . .
1 mstllti!Jon IS able 10 achrevc and sustarn.
. < peer rrc that they have provided Thl's ,s - b sate t1lC trader for the services andngl! 1ds
. an amrca le p 1 . ' goo
farl ~ to de liver the goods as per the terms a r r0 cess tla~ ts ~sruptcd only when someone
g e~d '? Thts wtll result in the decline of the
Pl'incip/c:s of Ftl
/r . - li CS socral good. Howc\'er in the case I
1~~ rmr~orranr to conccnrrat . -rn d'tvr.d ual ends up being l!ood ro tl" len IIC\l!rvthrng ~ g smoot hi y. what is good for the
IS goin'
cr 11 ~5 of rhc: service o f c 011 the r~vo leadrng models- (erhics of rhe soverei ,11 , -.
\\ Jlhrn rhc public scct~-~o~:) rlw r are rnvolved wirh ethical rholll:!llls and actio ns g good and
~ '' r 1c co ecuve whole.
urthCJIHOre. \\C ~\i/1 also COmpare ~and COntra .

~ \~c~c:_ lh~
cullaborcttl\'t.' ClhtCS tha .S There have been a lot of questions that hav b d' .
w_k rng any pa rticular o; nwmioncd aboi'C. It has 10 be kepi in minds\ them with goods. The questions that are raised are o~enc~nl rr~cted ~awards the ~thics of the sen ice of
of could be called 'vulg PKCCI IJ~ <IJ~proach bur rarhcr will be raking the d hat we are not about the ability of people to k h . . e ate to t c presumpt1on of self-interest and
problematic for reasons both 11~~~ t ,err dtn,e ~ntercsts. These questions arc considered to be
(llarmon -"00)-). ar anllanlsm or 'a "\'ulg",,r urr-~-tarranrsm
. . .' mo ern unders tand, ng empmca an og.tcal.
Accord
ing to di ffe rent researchers
_ (Bauman , 200 1 ?QOS
- , Cltla\v
< ~
, ?QQ9) b'l l'tty IS an ISSUC
, VIa
Ethics of the soverc1.on g d smce the ethtcs of t~e soverergn good tends to legitimize everything as long as it 1 11 nntes
n le crhics of th . o .oo lrad: .an~ therefore 10 th~ lon.g. run has a tendency to wear away minimal stabilit) . This
"I
ind' -d e sovere rgn go d .
ua l acrs. The e thics o rs norhing bur the ser of . . stabtlrty IS needed for an mtelhgtble world with bener ethics. It neglects the problem thJt one
;:~ which rhe different vi~~~!le so.vclreig~
good is identified log~~d:lrnes fbased on Wllich an must al.w?ys ask . "e ffici~nt to what end''? "Or "good for whon{? FoliO\\ ing tht lin-: of
thought dtfferent tmperatrves need to be understood in the context of ethics in admmistration
world sccnarios. th on w Jar IS good' can b . set o values
~~~~:; ;'Y 10. i~iSI rhc ~o:~~ ::'/,'< have differcnr :e~~!~d~~ ,~an be commonly seen in
0
g uideline:. It IS rmpor1anr to idemify \~~~er~i;eed~ based on their co:c:p
wpornr lhar holds th
a: : e thfr clal concept.
which are discussed subsequently.
Account~lbility Imperatives
The distinction between politics and administration, which fom1s one of the most classi~.:
n o l 1e ' 'good'".
e lrue . . ~
Michael (200S ? ... spmt of the ctlrical doctrines of modem political science and public administration (Easton, 1953),
rc: , d ' - 00J) makes connotes not only their division of functions and their structural separation but ahl the
~ar .~ to the e thics of the a ~ompe/l ing argume . .. subordination of the latter to the former. This stream of thought also feels that fll'lit', .., ts
PmJCplcd moralil . . sovcrergn good. Ac . nr rn The public ad . . .
set by llle erhics /h In hrs argument he ralk cording ro him it can b mrnr stralron .., wilh superior to administration and that the government controls the administrative 1 1 , 1 ~' y.
13ureaucrats are loyal to their ministers, who in turn are loyal to the legislature. whi\ b hr~al
op~sing princi ~es' sover~ign
c good. An ims abour why one should~
called
to the people as they are their countrymen. Thus these 'people' s representatives ho~ the
erhrcs rhar arc :Ub~r~co~dmg to him, no t af,ortanr .reason is the issu~ot act on the principles
accouru a large number d rn .rhe sovereign ' O conflr~rs
can be rcsolv of ...
administration accountable in the interests of the general public.
of varrables rhar othe; o~. !hrs is because II ?d by basing it oh I he
Ministers are accountable to the Parliament and not civil s~.rvants and hence ~ivtl
.
nu: plimar}' i:.~uc , .. ;,, rhe . prrncrplcs apply ro lha~ lies. docs no r laic(' inlo have to acl as per the orders of their ministers whether ~hey. are in ag~ment or 1wt
absofurc lasr word "- . c:thrcs MtiiC: '(
\Vuc:n II co ., >VCr<.:'l'll d
partrcular sccnm io
. the law is no\ circumvented or breached. Subordmatton of c~va\ scrvan\s t l
an amrudc: lhar s raw lin8 UJ"-. IIC ~~~c~rv ro. crhrcal d' .. goo is the lacr II , . reprcscnlati vcs who act as law-makers and policy-sellers fomls a sme qua non l''
,,,,s,, v,~m
. ..crsrous A
nor her iss . l ei( I( ref .
crs ro usc If as the
. u~ rs lhar it lends lo r
. 0 nc reason why ItlC Clhrc of democratic politics.
of If ' ;o,:.llll~~~-~
lC sovereign good 24
98
. h (10 '-'
,, ~ riot be long to it t'-
,,ncr. '' hrC under nliiH:S ~.:pr cscnt<niv~:
. ''I! PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
1;0 n usurps p 1 :11.:11'
\\'hen the hurcaucr;lC\' nnd admmrstra .
J()Jiuc.: a t.:rcsts. tnd
' commands 111us.
I s I 1ll 1
111 I) Recruitment _should be carried out on the basis of tests and merits condtiCied b\
' . . , It'
. burt';lllcrnn (ci' rl or mrlll:lr)) c.:n . 1111 cnt tort. tcrsl:llllt' " . ._ ()WI 1
. IV~s
, S ( h<.:SC r<.: pr CSt: ll ((l( .
bl sep~~ate bod1es and govemed by -~~gulations that arc independent of poliucs and
. and ~.
polr.tlcal syM\:rnS. It should take- place impartially and solely consrdcr merit :~nd

dt.>lll()Cr.JC\ and subrug;llt.'S J)O ,./11\.:S' ..ovtrr tl\' uncft.'l 1hc t.:_ apJJf)' Cons1dcra . c. restraint
.
II)
11
. f.1lls upc1n
11 rhc Cl\
. If scr 'ant:;. 10 '' ork drlr!!C -:: . vc to ThuS
also 11.1 ' democrat1C VIrtue IS nOt a
act:rally reflect the will of 1hc people. ~hey ;onal vicws.
achievements. Merit . therefore is a hugc.determinant ofintegriJ.and auv:>nomy
11
j c pari iamcnt us urp Public 2) _Self governance should be stressed on b~ administrative counc1ls to promote
1xtrtisan politics and while expressing r_helr ~Jcr and neither can nee cclcbr<~tes the different
d 11strallon ,0 vcr na . . ., , . corpo(ate spirit and professionalism. Experience and length of service as \\ell as
;an ol the: core vnt uc of pubIC a ~-" 1 d. Mo<krll g . . Is 10 l11g 11e r e 11ICCIC) o f both achievements and performance must be taken into account for promotions.
Iservice institutions for 11s . own _~o I1t1cal '
en nisrrnrion as . ,,,ritv-the nb1.I.1ty to bc able to
s. It fc.:flt
3) Training and education should increase professionalis~ in government and
b
roles and rcspons1 If Illes o po r ,. 1 r1cs and
ac 1 nu
. d pcrso ntl 1n 1"::- administnllion as a "hole.
timet ions and th:.11 is an imporl<lllt pan o 1 111 or.l 1"1
tell the lruth to the powers that he.
Professionalism in public service can be seen in people who have a very good knowledge ol
the job in which they arc working at, their expertise and talent and their ability to adhere to
Legal lmpcralfvc~
. ' thin its bounds th us renderi n
-work :wd act WI . l ot h po liti cs and soc ;,9 the hi ghest ethical standards. Thus a true professional is one who has an adequate mix of
Administrators have 10 rcspccr the legal_frafllt: .vcrsal concert rn >. t . tllC lnw% Ill tiiC.Iy. expertise. knowledge and experience and also those who can meet the public's expectation of
afl government aCtiOII 1e. Law 1S a ur11, ac1i011 0 f fl S1'.1tc Wllllll ., J' ' ' Q c 11ru
. 1Cgll rlll:l them . The general public and society have certain guidelines for various professionals who
(Rcichs~t~Jt. Etat de Droit). Ma.x Weber sees lh~v' bcinc. charisma nn? lrdc ltt ~n ., . net! ~he arc expected to adhere to these standards. For example. corruption is frowned up on by 1hc
''n' of lc!!.il imi7ino~ awhority with the other I ~ to~lli1tically sets I011h for rl sc lf a senes general public and therefore a true professional would be expected t~ follow such practices.
~ works
ndministrt111on
- rhe rca 1rn (rhe law
e- "ithrn
11 au
'
1c and thus a 11 Power must be used ror Otherwise. the profession is deprived of an essential precondition of its claim to legi1im:1<:y
of controls and regulatrons. powc.:r fl 0'' 5from 1he pcop
. . ' dcmocratrc . con Slilutions
the:: ~ood of the people. a fund:unema I requu. emenr ol mos.1 Corrupti on can be a major obstacle in the process of economic development and in
- modernizing a country. The greater recognition that corruption can hav~ a Strious_ ad' crse
1 ce but 10 ,., ork within the legal
. .
Governments and adrnm1strarrons . there fore have no c 101 la\\ S which are there impact on development has been a cause for concern among dcvcloprng coumrres. In a
frame"ork. Thus. 1he wa) theJu ICtary 1111 plemenrs 111escdterminanls.
. d. survey or ISO high level ollicials from 60 third world ~Ot~~tnes. t_he respondents rankc~
10 uhimatel-' serve 1he people forms 1he core of the 1cg<l 1 c public sector corruption as the most se,ere obstacle conlrontrng therr development process
(Gray and Kaufmann. 1998).
that 1he law will be followed during the
Brown and Duguid (2000) stale that_ c?un_s ensure . litv will do and ;hat power will no! be
discharoe of public duty and thai no tnJUSIJce or partra - . . .f d . . Countries in the Asia and Pacific region are also very wor~ied abo~t t~is pr~blem and the) a.ro.:
abused.Constanl monitoring and pro1ec1ion of the law has to be a p nolrdJtyb 1 a mtnJSI_rallhvc in substantial agreement that corruption is a major constramt that IS h11~~ermg thetr econ~nuc.
refom1s are to take place.- Even
- Ansrotle
commen 1ed that the law shou e s upreme 10 t e political and social development, and hence view it as a problem re~lllr~ng ur~~nt anen\lon :~
e) es o f the people and should operate without any interference. tl~e highe~t lev_el. _An example ?f hl~wa~~~;i~t~~~ c~~i~~~citn:,~:i\\~~~n ~~:~~! ,~~~~~~~~ tl~:
c 1ted at thts pomt IS the ~a~demt~? ~ p Qo di a (2010) argues that demona\lc
The Integrity Impera tive . . . . main cause of democratiC tnst~btlny In the country: .,un _Y andemic and unchecked
stability will be difficult to attam as long as corruption remams P .
Chapman ( 1959) sratc;s. as professional erhics entered the adr111n rstra trve space so drd ~he
need for studying public administration and defining its scope and determinants. The nation . . e ervice of the state really requires is that men _shall
states of Europe among others have taken steps to professionalize the government. According to J:legel ( 1 967~, . What ~h s . n of their subjective ends; by this very Sill'rdi~:
forcoo the selfi sh and capnctous satls~acuo. . b , the dutiful discharge nf th~tr
Ministers guide the bureaucracy which discharges its public duties in conformity with the
the/acquire the right to find their sattsfactton m, ut o_n1y ~~hat km~n
there exists a link
b . f< rred from the aforementlone d I
nt emplovee would then be l'"P'-'<'~ ll
<
public funct ions". It may e Ill e
the universal and particular interests. The g.o_vernlm~
la w. They are chosen on the basis of special criteria and procedures w hic h govern their
a d intcllritv Another ad""" l''t' If
recruitment career path. discipline. <tnd scope etc. Professional virtue brings with it integrity . I'd t. ' professlona VIrtue n - . t I ('
follow a code of eth1cs con so 1 a 1113 . "ill rise This is apphl n' c; t\)f
. If confidence and motlvauon
and acceptance of !he hierarchical dominance of the government blll works under the
au1horiry ofrhe law.
I
thi s is that by doing. so. t letr se . ~ aehic,ed through sdl conll~\\ 1n
. . .
any professional in any country. lntegnty can
~
administrative conduct based on ethical standards.
Ar,gyriades ( 1996) obsencs that civil servams are the pe
I
, f(i f' ansient
po IIICtans m I}M 1-ramenl. 1 herr
. comrvtency from cxp rmancnt
k 1 o1 rccrs o t 1lc 1r The Impera tive for Rcsponsivc~css ked solely for the st.ne and not tor ~0('1 ' '
deprh ere helps rhern as~ss groundr~real"!' ' now e< gc
"
d enencc
blic 1 (I967) pubhc servants wor pposcd,, \ '
, choice of citizens. Th~ soctl't\ a<; o
.
f , rr. . . 1
res an advtse the pa rliame nt and imnl c m cnt pu According to ll cg.e . \
po ICIC 10 arr c C(;Irvc manner m the interest f h. . . . 1' f it was th\! lirst. which dctcnmned lhc 'citic and contrasting l.kStr~s 1tus then ~ the
profes!.ional public !,Crvice v.hich would inc! 0 I C pubJ rc. r he C~SCnlr a l features 0 viewed by I \cgcl as bcJng a total of spc .,h their own private s ~\em ol nee
0
onduc! in accord<mce 10 slandards a. dc knowledge of cxpcrtrsc. of JUdgement . Iar, 0 f concrete persons "''
sphere o f the pmtlcll
~ we11 a co
~~uo,~m~
" llllnJtrncm l o the field compnse

efforts to satisfy them.
26
100
PAVAN KUMAR 'S lAS P A VAN KUMAR'S lAS

10
r Jl'llll'll
. lfll~ll'Sis In Nnturally. 'a COlllltr):'s view of public administration reOects its underlying philosoph? of
\\ htt~'.ls rh t s t:llt' St'r\l'd
the: gt'llt'r:tl .rrllerc:sr. c:rvrl . . "a" .rlw slatt'
. socrd) . ..otuu.rlr~~ . h t:o.
tlklll'tl: .
thr-: "CIIlll'fl<"' tflCht'h'lllOIIS rdt\1 Of SOCi:tl l't)IISirlll"lfl)fl. 1 11 11
rntlr' '' S<lll .s lt'lhllll!, dl'fullll'
- I 1!.II S( I I l~
lcicty and thc..Slalc (Chapman. 1959). State officials are affected by the way the pubhc at
II . 'I
\\ hrfl paTI;ll..rng Ill \.II lO llS ;lcli\ Hit'S in Cf\ rf SOC'Il'l~ ;Ill(I .II l ht'C('llllllll' . ~ tar~:~ 1 ~f.!at< s I ~clll . ~vc ntua y. CJ\'t .servants forming a middle-class profcsston. pnr
rs. S<'lllt'lhrn!! spt'<'rlkllh p.utitul:u i/t'd' (llcgcl. 1967) excel knee. acqu1re the features that soc1ety expects of them. Public administrat!qn forn~s a
~:~1 ic ponsibllit~
. tial rcgtttlC tn the societal complex; it is part of the state. which is subject to a dtsttnct
. Il'S, I1I<.: llndcrlvrnu
nrt)\'ll
llw Sl.llt'. 1111\\t'\ t'r \\ llh liS S\Sit'lll of !).0\l'lll<llll'l' <Ill d I.,1\ \ r. ~ conditions of rc ... - 111 the \Vebcrian sense- vis-a-vis the society.
tl\ ''hrd1 rndl\ rduals <llld lht..rr <tCitons
may find' 1I<.:,II r11 Jlrsl
Julfrlnlull.

'd"t' rhll is the tlllll\' of
Ft'r th.ll H'ihl)ll. till' Sl.llt' \\<lS f()r I k gct the 'nclu:lltly
. o ,. 'u; I ~flliC:l 1 I "' . ' . The ideas of nlenness and accountability and answerability have some similarity. :rhcsc ideas
tht tllllnrsal and the p:ttlicul:lr 1 have overlnps. In spi te of the number of meanings they have. it cannot be tgn.o~ed that
~h~obasic aspect concerns duty and the preparedness of civil senants to honestly rattonaltLC
and defend their moves for public good.
llt'!!t'l's idc.1S could he lll(ll c properly comprehended Ir II. I.S .. considercd
, . I thai l'tlll''lhe
)11li"cd
i fl O 0 r111I he1
-
n:lllt'n \\htre lll<ln\ of the people we1c: hastcnlly

subjects WI 111110 ro l' 111 1 1<.: .. " .. ,,. ' 1eo. ,1 ,, _.
f!O\Wfllllt'lll .llld htncc
:.1 politicnl life nnd convent.ton sueI1 'lS the 1nn "' 1IS 11 11 " t.: 11' 1 New Ftltica l App toach . d n ccd
alnHISI rwgf1gihk. /Its \\Ork was nn dfor1 10 spread awareness '1)J lt 'fnul Df!nhordt (2002) argue that public administrators tnOucncc. an arc an uen
:lllh.lllg lhl {rennnns nholll the rolirical :lspccts of life. en WI< - ~ f 1 mplex governance
by. all or the competing standa.rds, values, and ~re erenc~sb o ~~li~~dmi~ist~ators: they
, S)ste tn. These variables not only mOuence, and are tnOuence Ybl? ce" ,nstead of ''ne"
Gd lner ( 19l}6) and ,\ rgy11:1dcs ( 1998) tlhsavc 1hat w11 1lOtH ,l/1
. c., represent points of accountabt.1.1ty. Tl1ey Pea
Iso 1 d fo r a "new pu. tc.. servt
'
~ublic
... fit: "
) ' 'S"hl' tnd sclf-sunicilnr
' .
cnr/
Sl'l'tt'l\.
no poltltt':tl
ltfc
and even kss democratic po 1tl.) 1s l'k
I t.:.,,.
. . .f () ,,row
. ::- tnd
'. Jlounsh management'' under the slogan 'serving rather than steenng.
/knee. t'l\rl SOl'Jt'l.' has hecn thnughl of as one of the mos1 crucial rcqliiS! lcs lor freedom <~nd
Jenh"'-'r,lc) I he idt'il rhat wns <ld\ocntcd by the beginning of the rncnry-lrst cemury was tnm . . oach as a 'iable third altematiH: to the
\1oe,'i<:halk (200 I) defines the new pubhc servtc~ appdr .. ' t'on" and "the ne" public
rhe st:Jit' must rk'ithl'r dlrl'Ct ci\'il sociel) nor be submissi\c lo il. ' .. b "the old pubhc a mlntstra t bl'
observed dichotomy ctwecn . h d vclopment of a new ethic for pu c
.. . s d ' rable attenton lo l e e . h ati'.
management. paymg ~on I ~
R:11her ir ~lwuiJ :-.lrl':;s and pitch in rhe tasl.. of building socia l capil:ll 10 rllc~ ad\'antagc of the
h I o I 'oin the traditionalist group m t etr neg .o:.
servants. The new pu~llc serv:e aut ors ar,.~~J refom1s. They J1roposc new mechamsms ~~
human ra~l "hu~h IS im oh ed. I fence. jugglmg an alert srmc and an active assessment of the cthtc::~l consequenc~s of N . I elp citizens aniculate and meet their
..:i' if St)cict.) poses a good plan for improving rhe standards and the future for democratic
tJsl..s. I . I "the priman role of the pubhc servant IS to ' . I ..
w 11c 1
shared
interests rather than to attempt to control or steer soc1e y. . . -
hich makes avm.Iable the standardtzatJon

. ol
In rhis resr<:ct. the 'civic 'irtuc' of ethical reasoning in stare action entails tha t public It is nccessar) to have a manage~lent ~" ocedure of absorbing constant adJ~suncnts.
insritutions be responsi' e to society and pay auention to rhe needs and demands of professional e thical values. and an ~ns~tel~~l~tics which is standardized and umv~rsa'j. h
I he people. facilitating access 10 sen ices and creating an enabling cnvironmcm : Th is achievement resides in true ethtcs- a.se d mands .to more agreement-based ~ha\IOl~r, ~r
susrainab/e human and social development. (Bovens, 1998) srares. alcnness is not confined to . ve from forced bureaucratiC e . d clubbed techmques. cm::e
~3rket authorit ies bur is majorly involved in lhe cirizens role in to every ex tent and in every IS a must to mo h ent reality needs creative metho~s an ld . elude the following
~nd
public good. Thus t e curr . nee moral structunng cou m
Iter of r_hc govemmc.nt. it also involves giving power to people in human groups. we recommen d that a pubhc govema
.Respons1:en~ss als~ ~ntalls consultarion in governance and the promo(ion or a kind of aspects: bTty
commun1cart \'1.' eth1c ( 1/abcrmas I987) in societal af'r:al rs Tl e 1
cumbe~m~ ~e fro~ 1ransllton. 1owevrr I) Instrume nts for answera ' ' d utside question fom1s . ,
') Super~'ising. systems through local ~n toe moralistic attitudes award ethic::~\ a<.:ts
. " . 1
at may .. the command type of authority over people more
t-ornmunlcartve f) pes of rcason1ng and adminisrrarion or thinos seems e 10 . 1 ... ~ 1 sures to mo\lva 1
parddigm shifl in societal aiTairs. 3) Fom.ing ofhclp ru mea . an lntergovemmentallcve . )
4) Application of au~ it tcchmq.ues ~t structuring, knowledge and guidance
0 10 merge as a rn<11cn
5) Oflicial sociali zation (for ex~mp e~hanisms cautiously
!" conle~~.:l.
lhts ci\ if society no1 only furnishes the state ,, ith need 6) Establishing ofwhi stl e-~ l owl.n_g m
u.dn rdual narure, bur also with valuable sources of . r . . s and demands of an r ~n active
7) A greater plea ,or . cttlzenry.
e\'aluatiOn . ot performance. Therefore nolions n d nonnat1on . .' lcedbac k CnttCIStn
and 8) Outlining mc.magcr~al .asks . .
. . . .
pm.att?.DIIOII and Cllt7.en participarion loom large 111 '
. the ecenrrallzalton
. de b .
- ureaucratJ7at tOn. ~
. orm programme~ and
9) EOectivc communtcauon. . 1 this manllC!'r tltert: 15
prochces of man) comcmporary adminislralive svslen e repertoire d ffi . of rc(J 0 f :- thics :~litical
destre. n fashion sand
d an inclUSIVe, c:~
SOCttl) and rhe Stare. h also inOucnccs rhc imern'cr'to l:._an a ectrhe Interface bclwecn c ivi l M'Hl:lgemcnt . llv reliant on genmne IX . oroaniscd t
(l ' f thics IS natura . Can
,ucl 9 .
an n I 85) ob:;encs rhat socic:l\ has ceased 10 be .n vctween the Slale an d t he Ctvrl
. . soncl'l.
. The concept o c , t l.sh a holistic moral co e m . . for moral functiomn& one
suflicicnt scope ~~ esta '~ B ' evolving certain ~n~hm~:r scenarios It is also '-tlpfut I
.>
'd f b
i bureaucrac). on rhc comrary ;1 is now in th JUSt the .cone..ern o f state actors and
ll
e pur\1ew of tl'c . .. , alone steps arc ot no us 1. Yof ethics. difficulues. and.{ h :.-.tiel dlfTteulue relalcd 10
act1vc Cllltcn s 1 \S for coni tel h ques \\lhtc can t""'"
provide so u\101 h of instruments and .lee m rab\e manner
encourage the gro~vt opose solutions m a more ag
. ar\d brnclictal to pr
ctIliCS
n 28
10 2
r PAVAN KUMAR'S JAS p AV AN KUMAR'S lAS
103
. . 1 rc nccord i tll' to C'

cr\ thinP- stands <lnd an\'thinc.
.' - -
I!Oes tllen notlllna
can he k . .
.. dmi nistrallon!i . . n II I . . lu~s nor ttl!hts and dulles of public servants d- . . 1
". en scnously. ne1ther cth11:s t~nd 1
Unsurpnsmgl). th~ baste pnnc:.,>lc ;md :11m of ,,()I thY 3 <lf, inuc llvs '." ( .llu l ':1 ' an CtiiZens altkc. . ~
;

.ln,rorh. to hahitu:ll~o: r ll il~th and .:i\1 1 \\Od,ct:. ro the tn.;u 'ktll<)ll 1
cl ptopcd y >Y tnc dc-11
111 "
!'l) the ~' c:nts tn :-.l:ltt.s. f<)t l.tw mal..crs \\ ho mould C:tii/CW. :tho:.~: who cnnnot suc:ct.\ d.
10
1he -prowlllg1 group of b~sic tenets or aspects that . d
1 . 1 umte an restructure the procedure of
I!OOJ hahits in them. It~ the dt.'SII C or cvc:rv l.tw m:tl..~r :tnd OI S fo h'IIHIIIng ciHCa ut cmmas "' public governance a . (I) d
' . (2) h r ' rc.
. ..
cmocrat1c answcrab1hty o
f
~11 s is wh:11 distinguishes an e tlC..ctivc poltl); 1"10111 :1 b<td one. oovct nancc. I c app ICatlon of law and the notion of lcnal"ty (3) ffi . I h
"alertness lO c tvl1 soctety
o ca oncsty , an
d (4)
. !"tate moral liternc~ lor needs. ~ .
s to tact' ' .
Aristotle ts of the view that the lll<tin role of the gove11l0r ' knowledge of vtrtue. nnd
citizens. 1o be able 10 do !>O. he 0 1 ~he willnc~d a lot ofawarenessd. nquir)' about th in~"' t.td Co nclusion _
. 1quest nn t: Even prior. t_o the close of t~e t~cntieth century, it was apparent that states, governments, and
thatl..tnd ofawmcncss can only t.'OI11 ~ through a pcrpt:ILI:l . d 11gc ofhwnan l1fc ll.<' ''
acts tv1oralll~ is bastcally .thout questioning. I his is th~ 111 " 111 ~ va~l 'ceptablc 10 human s S<tid public cntti iCS were ventunng tnto an era of change. This was basically a period of change
r 1
tS an llll\\lltlh\ lttt.' Lt ft. "luch h.1s not been ~'pose< to 1t: .
sts tS un.1c
. r
' and not a model-based shift from dictatorial, centrally-powerful states to increasingly fre.:
." ,. l 'llld ill 1ltC.
Socrates. 111 hts cxc\'ption.ll Apology (18 A) f(Jr :1 mora ISIIC s and consultative ki nd ~ of social communication between the people and the administrators. A
diffe rent set of equations between polities. economy. culture. and civil society has been th.:
Oc:1 ling "irh l'lhic:tl dilt. m~tt:l s in public adminisrrnrion d and which lll:lntu.:r tri gger for new research on more inputs and restructuring of the responsibilities of the state
Hart (196~) stnt<.:s rhar ar rhc tim<! of fn cing bnsic queries_nhout wh~t ~~ah~es or choice fnetots :~nd those of the public services with regard to the society and the economy.
ro behave 111 compltcatcd st.'t'n:u ios and the degree to wh1ch opposed ~ . )r ..1 d .'
could be u~cd in rhc sct.n.tno. one \ Cnlllr~s in rhe rlgion of ethic<ll con ustons
01
( l.lt -, he planning for moral improvement in the public sector throws u~ huge q~estions impacti~-~
chotec:.". the nature of c..l cmocracy. law. motivation and ethics in the public doman: and the st~l~ :>
communication with civil society. There is not much uncertamty that clashmg demand:. can
<\ dtkmma s a concept "luch IS hroaJcr nnd 111ore cxnc11ng 1 a problem no maller how
11an . make l!.overnance ~ppear inconsistent. As a maucr of fact. every one. of the AL1R
tough or complicated ir is I he r~ason is that dilemmas. ;1nlike problems. c~nnot be so lve? 111 c -
requirements
for morahsuc
raltonahzmg
1
1f taken to 1ts extreme wou ld be a btoo hurdle rat1erf
rhe rem1s tn "hich they an: inuinlly presented to rhe decision-maker.. Being enta ngled ~n a
0
n an asset Some disagreements. between constituents of an entity which upset the stat:
\11a . . . . . . ~ . t er)' one of them or ra"1er
dilemma. the chotec-maker is not just confronted with contratltcrory and unwant ed lar~er conditions can only be set nght ,r JUSIIC~ ~t parts gl\e~ o e~ . . he balance of
subsrittues. "orse. the imposstbilu~ or"llteir betng match<:J also means that they are seP.~rate if it dispenses what is apt to all. Not su_rpn_smg~~. for Anstotk JUSI\'c~ 9~1 ~
in 1he sense that one: can on" be fulfilled if the other is not taken care of. Hence a scenano of passions and actions. and moral virtues .reside n middle states (lasswc . .
a dikmma could r<:sult a n~-" in name in "hich the decision of one worthy substitute is
. . .tm h of one rinciple or ethical imperative over.
ah\a) s adhered to h~ the negation ~ f the other. Addressing the dilemma in such a fashion The basic aim would therefore be not the tm p p tl'cm and the provision ot
''ould then be an opposiuon in terms and an aberration as the answer which is arrived at d f ncongruence among _
the other but rather the re uctton o I I rt d complementary fu\hllment.
\\Ould appear to be no good and signify a complete break-up of the entangled factors of the ' e mutua suppo an
conditions for their hann~mo~s coextst~nc . I ' bl roblems would then require a holtsuc
mauers to be solved. Turninn mutually e'xcluslve dtlemmas ~nto so "a e p
and reflexive approach to ethical reasomng. . .
A difficulty could however be managed properly if the conditions of reference changed and . . . . n is not ust applicable towards the CIVIl
the entire scenario was restructured so that focus be given to all options which are oruanised Thus modernity and change in pubhc ad~umsu_at.o (on inJa number of different ways both
and connc~ted. am~ng themselv~s in a more orderly and sensible way. Obviously. di~mmas society but also the civil service and pubhc ad~ltntst~s \o public administration, et\lics must
are man~ ~n complt~a~ed est abltsh~1e111 s. which cannot solve them properly. As an ou tcome. locally and internationally. Therefore ~hen It c~mframing a rational decision. h can \1-: s~en
state oll tc1als and c":'l _servants witnessing sharp dilemmas cannot but help being confused rovide a fair degree of flexibility when Jt comes o someone's need. Thus.. there is a pressmg
P . . . best placed to answer . od
a~d emb_arrass~d ~n~vJIItngly. In such scena.rio, public ~~vema nee rather than operatin g in the that publlc admlmstrators are . . h blic administration oft ay.
manner an whtch 11 as supposed to, lapses 1nto a condttron of chaos and unce rt amty.
1t IS tn need to place morality and ethiCS firstm t e pu
. . .
rhts case that moral ambuw11y and lack of lucidit)' about larger valt1es 10 d" h 1
t. - . trect C OICCS (lfl( 'd o harm' An understanding of the
tas.. s 111 hard events may cause unbndled scepticism and a cynical attit ude. . 1 I to o n .
A definition of ethics is. _at a Slmpll~sll~ e~~ision making is important m today s b~SS
. ~!
. ethtcs and et ucs Ill
Naturally. dilemmas abound in complex organizations. which fail 10 tackl defrnition of busmess .a
As a n:s_ult. state officials and civil servants exposed 10 acute dilemm e them effect t~e l y. cnvironmt!nl. .
succumbmg 10 a state of confusion and embarrassment in h" as can hardly ~lp Ethics in Decisi~n Makmg~sed on making a decision. . . . . course". a per;on {lu the
unwillingly thrust. In circumstances like these public ad . . ~v 1 ~11 they are often qllltC All ethical quesuons are r:ut framing that choice? '"'''all~. ~~ue could be a lq '' ,\ne or
mantstrauon mstead f r. . .
a well ordered stale of legitimate purposes degenerate . o uncuomnf! :ts So how does one go a . that an ethical issue extsts. The '. . the ureatest gwd' for al\
Indeterminacy. It is then that the case of ethical vaguenes: ~ a state o~ confw.ton and
1 0
1
. ) to recogntze of 'what ts m c
organizauon 1:ta5 . both cases the quesuo0 .
e~lues to guide action and choices in 'hard cases' comes a~ ac~ of clanty abeu( overall dument calL but m
more o f a .1u e ked (and answered).
a ut 111 administration. But if stakeholders must be as
29
104
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS 105 \

PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
Clllployccs !eel fairly treated and rewarded they' ,. l'k
1ho~e It' I"ere
~tc suhrcxlr\c

'~ u dt: of rite
When 1 1 r~ 1css 1 c1y to undcrmmc that
culture Snncl:uly ." len emp oyccs sec their leaders being treated equallv in ethical dcc1S1ons
In cktcrminrng " 1'111 \l: rs us \\rOn{', wt h.r vc ro rcmcruhcr thai
SIIC~ . II lll'>PIIC'> tru!.t .
I h.u," wht'll' undlc ~l.tncfcng lht dd .rncrcon of tthic~. Jnd ~h " 11' 01 ' 1 , )I I(I . ..
.. I ;ltOIJW' 1
ortlH II / II I'l l ' rl
cnn be \ ' t ' f\ .llclplul Lh t codc cs the lw:.clrnc. hv ,, Judi a pu:.c
, 111. clll ll fl 111 ,..,.. 1) J '
mcasurc lh t I.I C'I'i o ( a r.r~c (lllcludrnu whcrhc1 a cklt:lltlfl l,rlc<lll ' 'en I><: 11111 l ' ,tlucs .cs
Ill''1( c.chcca Wrth tills in mrnd undc~tandln~ the ~lcfl_nuio, of elhic\ and adopting a sound busines<; ~:ode
.
:tlsn llllpncl,llll In cft'\ l'/o p .111 Of! 11111/lllt0
1 1l's \'<l lllt' si.III'Hll'lll lei rl fleet ''ou 1 of cthrcs nt:l'cl'i lo be a lllgh-rankrng pnorny for socially responsible compames.
well. IIus w rll lll'lptmpluyns unckrst,IIJc.J ~011r <.' <Jil lllllllllt'lll :1111 1cJ 1n:c u on
p1101 aril> '' IS the_ tndivrdual: the cons~~ler. th~ e~1ployec or the human social unit of the
ruup the equality o f )cicty v.ho hcnelrts from ethrcs. In addn1on cthrcs rs imponant because of the follo,yin~:
When .uwlys rs :rnd c.valu.111on hC!liii.S, the rig/us of till' indc\ rdll.l l :HI<1 g . ' llCSI scrvt.; the

IICilllllCIII , ollld lht S IC,.'f).S l:lkt'll l o re m e d y lhc ISsu e Or SIIU:IIC()Il Ill ''l \\''I V I 1ld 1 :JCh of tiWSt'
' '. st 1. Satisfymg Basic !Iuman Needs: Being fair, honest and ethical is one the basic human
.
Of!,!l'llll/:tlwn .s vrsc(lll or ulcrucr. y nwsl :11/ comt: rnlo ' play ll ' . t':\'llllllllllg
.' . l' lrlll Fill'rll\'
t;,
needs. !~very employee desires to be such himself and to work for an organiLation that
denwrlls, :1 dccc' s1on 1lca1 s cohcSI\'t'. . consrs1en1 :tnd <rpprop11.r lc ' ' 'I II beti"' CII 10 ( . ' .. is fair and ethical in its pract1ces. .
1ha1 dteis ion lllllsl be lllrplc:me nlcd (o therwise vou'r c spinn ing your wheels). 2 Creating C redibility: An organi7-ation that is believed to be driven by moral values 1S
Fthkal rc:1soninp r an he lcw used on nns wc,ing. lwo J.. inds ol"quc~li<~ns respected .in )he society even by those who may have no info~ation ~bout the
I. l)l.'llnitcw <JIIl'Siions (ddining the 11rct-; rclcvnnt 10 the quesiiOil): wo 1 king aud the businesses or an organiza1ion. lnfosys. for exan~pl~ s ?~r~e1.vcd as~~
? Rt.:tsorH:d judrmcnt (sonwwh:u intuitiw). . organization for good corporate governance and social responsibility 101\la\lvcs ..1 ..
Fow Quc!Hrous It> I ocus on Wl1cn Yo u 1lave 1o Mak~. an Ethrc:ll Decision , . perception IS held far and wide even by those who do not cv~n, know what busmcss
I \,' ' I1a1 : u t. the o ther conrpt.' llllg, inrcrp 1e1:11ions of the SJIWliJOII OJ I>roblcm ' ( ( o nSJ<1<.:1
the organi;.ation is into. . . . . . . d b . its
01hc1 pt'rSpt.'t' IIVCS OJ flOIIII S Of Vit' W.) Uni ting People and Leadership: An organrzat10n drrven by values 1 ~ rcv~.:n: ~ th'
J. \Vh.ll 1s rlw ca sh 'aim. ,)r lht si1u:uio n or pmblem'' (Both from <l risk and bcnd it 3. loyees also. They arc the common thread that brings th_c cr:'PI~yccs ,~Ill(. ~
perspcclc \l' )
~;~sion makers on a common platform . Tilis goes a long "a~ rn ah~nmg he l:l\ 10\lf~
3 ll) Jt.'VIl' \\ mg \IIlii VJSJon. miss1o n and Y<~luc s tatc ntelltS and company po lic ies. is ho w . . d h' vement of one. common uoal or JTIIS!>IOn.
within the org.amz.a\lon to"' ar s ac le . . h total ol all the decisions that
)'t1u handle 1Ill siiU.IIJOn clear'> ( 1f not. rcvisl.' those statements and policies.) . D . . Making A man' s desunv rs t c sum ..
. 4. lmprovrng ccrston . .. h. ld . e for organiza\lons Dectslons arc
he/she takes in course of Ius lrfc The sa_me. o~ ~~~:~oes not~\aluc competition v.. i\1 ~
For e.\nmplc.-. II' yt>ur stall' lllcllls clcarly indicate a strong comm11men1 to a respectful
driven bv values. For example an o~gamza~ petitors and establish a monopol) "'
worf..plncc. ycr <llle of yow customers has been abusi ve. bull) ing and disrespectful. your fierce in, its operations aiming to wrpe out rts com
decis1on in <k:tlrng with th:tt situation 1s clear: you need to ad' ise your customer that you
cannot :tcccpr that behaviour and thai 1f tht') can;t accept your policy then you can no longer the market. . . . b ethics and values arc profnable tn the
m~y ~:;'seen t~e

be a supplrer lo I hem Long Term Gains: Orgamzaltons gutded y to lose money. Tata group. one of the
S. long run. though in the shon run '.hey on the verge of decline at
~. As the indtvidunl \'vh\1 needs to make the ethical decision. are you commiued to doing largest business conglomerates tn lnd~ t to be otherwise. The same company .s
rhe nghr rhing?
beginning of 1990's, whic~ soon turn~il;~, and fail ed to do well but the same IS
T NANO car was predrcted as a
What is the Octinition of Et hics?
picki~g u~h~s~:c~:~. sa~:~~:rto"~!ve
ata d' the society. The law
Defining erhics in a ~usiness environmenr is a lillie differcnr rhan defining personal morals Often ethics succeeds law in the society and the
6. Secunng . mute spectator, u h the by the
ma~hin:ry i~ o~~ec~~~~~:y:c;~~~:~~ple ~~c~~,~~~~:;c:~,:~cw
and values. A business is an e ntiry of many pans. Wirhin thar cnriry, there are borh writte n
and unwrille n.principlcs rhar drive acrions. ideas, and decisions. The indi viduals within an is growing at threats
envrronmen. I t'on we have a new I elp a l!rcm
organiz.arion dctcnninc whether or nor those principles manifesr substantive ly rhar is in t'OOd
behaviour and positive cho ices. . ' ' ~~
time law comes up with a regu a' d ublic interest litigations may not ' ~
replacing the older one. Lawyers an p
Erhical business ~haviour .may be d:fined by _law, bur ir also can be defined by busi c;s
deal but ethics can. . . . d often when the law
. the oroamz.auons an
leadcrsht~ Generally s peakmg. an actron or chotec can be considered erhically correcr if'11 it 's f . ht and wrong 10 o
Ethics tries to create a sense o ng ganizations from harming the soctety
. or environment.
-
honest fa~r. suppons a benefic1al ourcomc for both (or all) patries. and t!Cnerally e abl c:~l fails, it is the ethics that may stop or . ...
overa II corporare 1mage ~
an d vts1
on. ... ._, 1e
n e,..
..
Usin~ rhis guideline ir's easy to sec why an organi7arion's managers arc inc d'bl ..
ea busrness e1 h'1ca 1armosp1tere and mspmng
10 buildinu, . .n 1n
. others. re I Y rmportan t
Defining erhics docs nolhing. in irsdf. 10 motivate e rhical bdtaviour WI 1 : .
for ~ll)
, . , . . . . 11
<:ompany 10 Ioree ethiCS, the organtzaiJOn s culture and wrirrcn code e I 1lerc IS no way
.
cenamly help create an atmosphere where ethical behaviour becomes mo or condurr
re narural.
32
31
104
lOS
When employees feel fairly treated and
sc ' crrns arc suh,ccti vc.
11 1 ulturc. S,.11111.IarIy w I1en employees sec th . rewarded they'
. re Iess l'k
1 ely to undermine thai
I
In uetcrm1n1ng n g 1f ve1 sus wrono we.: have ro reme1
.I l1bcr . Ill:! I I
,1 corpo' are, COl~(! (J r cJ h.1\ s cand i ssue~ . .11 .lll ~p11cs
. trust. etr 1cadcrs bem' tre"tcd
::- " equaIIy .m e1h'1cal dec1s1ons
..
Tl1<11 '<; where underswndmg. o . ' d 1ch'IIIE! ()II <
rhc dcfinirion of ethrcs. , 111 ,
'
group, or organr 7 111

'- .b li . I . I1 ., person. .
can ue ve1y elp ul. Lhc code is rhc brrsclinc by w uc crn be made.: 1111JJil 111 a 1Y J .r ,, I
With this in mind. understanding the deflnili .r . ,
measure the fi1cts of a case (rncludinu whcrhcr a dctcrminaiiOil ' necJ vour .ethical "a lues as
I ~ nt ro rc , f thics needs to be a high-rankin . . on J ~lhrc.\ and adopting a sound business code
a so 1mportanr ro develop :~n o rg<~ ni/nrion's va lue ~r;r r em~ d r ec tion. o e g pnonty for socml\y responsible companies.
well: rhis will ht!lp crnploy..:es undasrand your comrui11nenr an ( rr
. . .d . 1 and l.!roup, the equa lity of Primanl y it is the~ individual. the consumer. the employee or the hutnan social unit of ihe
When analysis and cva luarion begins, the rights of the .' 1101 ~'' nuii~ a way that best serves llle . ciety who
so , . benelrts
. from
. ethics In add'I\ton et h'1cs IS 1mponant because of the fo\\ow1ng:

rreatmcnr. nnd rhc steps rakcn ro remedy the issue or Sllll3110 ami ning each of these I . Satlsfymg Baste Human Needs: Being fair, honest and ethical is one the basic human
. . , . . . . pia)' Bv ex ~1ced_s. Every ~mp~oyee desires to be such himself and to work for an organiution 1hat
orga111Zllllon s ~1S1 on or 1den t11y must :1/1 come 11110 ' : : ,. 11 be!!in to fo rm. Final I)
1
clements, a decrs10n lh:u's cohesive. consis1cn1 and appropnalc " , ~I ) 1S fa1 r and cthtcaltn ils practices.
I dCC IS IOil musr be 11nplemcnred (o1herw1sc you re sp111J1 1 ~ 1 ~, . w..11c.:e s .
11a1
. . . . , 0 vour
2. Creating Credibility: An organization that is believed to be driven bv moral values is
Ethical reasoning cnn be focused on answering two kinds ol qucsu ~n:> .. respected .in !he society even by those who may have no infon~ation about the
I. Dcfinirivc questions (delining 1hc f;tcls rclcvantro 1hc qucsuon). working and the businesses or an or~anization. lnfosys. for example is perceived as an
2. l~ca soned 1udgmenr (sorncwhm intuiti ve). : . organization for good corporate governance and social responsibility initiatives. This
Four Ques1ions 10 focus on When Yotr /l ave ro Make an Ethical fJcclston: . perception is held far and wide even by those who do not ev~n._knov, what b\1siness
I . \VIw1 <tre the 01hcr competing, inlcrprclntions of 1he situ:ttion or problem? (Consldct the organization is into. " .
other perspectives or points of view.) 3. Uniting People and Leadership: An organization driven by 'alues is revered by Its
2. \Vha1 is rhe cash value of the situation or problem? (Both from a risk and benefit employees also. They arc the common thread that brings th: CI:'PI?yces an~ the
pcrspccrivc.) decision makers on a common platform. This goes a lon~ \\ay 111 ahgn~ng beha\ 1ours
3 By revH.'\\ing your vis ion. mission and value swt~mcnts and company policies. is how within the oroanization towards achievement of one. common goa\ or ll'liSSI O~ .
you handle 1hc siluation c lear? ( 1f not. revise thos._e statements and polic ies.) lmprovin!l D~cision Making: A mans destiny is the sum total of a\\ the dec~~~ns that
4 - f Dectstons are
he/she takes in course of his life. The same holds true or organrz.auons. . . . \x
11
For example, if your stalcmcnts clearly indicate a strong com mitment to a respectful dri ven by values. For example an organization that d~es not value c~mpellllon w~h IO
wo~kplace. yet one of your customers has been abusive. bullying and disrespectful , your fierce in its operations aiming to wipe out its compemors and estabhsh a monop -
decrs,on in dealing wi th that situmion is clear: vo u need to advise your custome r that vou the market. . . . h.
d values are profllab\e in the
canno1 ac~cp1 that behaviour and that if they can;t accept your policy then you can no lot;gc r 5 Long Term Gains: Orgamzallons gutded by el tC~ an . Tata oroup one of the
be a suppl1er ro them. . long run. though in the short run they m~y seem to ose n~~e)v.eroe ;f de~\inc at the
. l e ates in lndta was seen on b
4. A s the individual who needs to make the ethical decision. are you comm itted to doinu largest busmess c~ng o~ r rned out to be otherwise. The same company .s
the righ1 thing? ~ beginning of \990 s, whtc~ soon tu . d failed to do we\\ but the same ts
Tata NANO car was predicted as a failure, an
W ha t is the Definition of E ch ics? . picking up fast now. .' ds law in safeguarding the society. The \a'~
.
Dedfining ethics in a t?usiness environment is a little different than defini ng pe rsona l m~rals 6 Securing the Society: Often ethtcs succee
. ~ d . gas a mute spectator, una
b\e to save the society and the
b h
an va 1ues A business f . . machinery is often .oun acttn . . at such a fast pace that the y t e
and . . . JS an en~lty 0 ~nany parts. Wllhrn that entity, there are both w ritte n
u_nw~lllen pnnc1ples 1ha1 dnve acltons, ideas and decisions The ind 1vd 1 h environment. Technology, for exa~p\e IS ghrowmgnewer techno\oe.y with new thrc:ats
orgamzar1on dele h h . .' . 1 ua s w1 1 tn an .h egulatton we ave a - h \ rea\
behaviour and po:J:e c'~o~~e:.r or nolr hose pnnclples manifest substantive ly; lhat is, in gpod
time law comes up' wtt a r d blic interest litigations may not epa g
o the older one. Lawyers an pu
rep l acmo
deal but ethics can.
Ethical business behaviour may be defined b I b . . nd of\en when the \aw
. h d wrong in the orgamz.auons a .
leadership. Generally speaking a n aclion o ly. aw, Ul Jl also can be defined by busin<'~:s Ethics tries to cr~ate a sense of n g t a~izations from harming the society or envronment.
t r. . r c JOICe can be considered II . II . .
10nesr. ar. supporrs a benefi c ia l outcome(; b e 11ca y co rrect tf 1t's fails, it is the ethiCS that may stop orga .
1
overall corporare image and vision. or Otl (or all) parries. and generally e nablett he
\
Usin!,! this g uideline it's easv to see why an o . . ...
10 bu 1ld" b - rgamza11on's manage
mg a usmess' ethical a tmosphere and in . . . . rs are mcred ibly important
D~linmg crhics does nofhing in itself I . spm ng_ Jt m o thers. . .
o mot1va1e c th 1ca l beh .
any t:ompany lo 'Ioree' ethics rhe organizat" . avJOur. While the re is nc> way
.-...I'IAnlu hel ' JOn s cuhurc and
P create an atmosphere where ethical beh . wnrrc n code or conduct
avour becomes more nalural.
31
106
1
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS PAVAN KUMAR'S
cornratibility between a ttitu<l es and beha . lAS
VIOUr
1he sallle auiwde mav lx_: c xpressed

. 10 . ~
Allitudc " "' ob
cenain ldl'a

prct11sposir'IOn or a rcndcncy .J.O respo,d posirively or negarlvcly
. '
rowards a ~iwde 1<1wards the Labour pany doesn't
a vanety of wa ys. For exampl h .
~ect.
and responses ro I II person o
. r SlluaiiOn. Auiwde inOucnces an 111dJVI un s cI10ICC
'd I' o f ac tio ember. o r t I1at you attend pubttc meet' necessarily mcan that you c. avng.
II
a positi"c
c lfl cnges , I' ) n. 111
election,people may qucsti mgs. But if you d , actua y -\>cc(lmc a
behaviour to some ext~nt eveonn.(o~r. attitude. In other wor~n t vote ~bour in a gt:"cal
our maior con nCCllllvcs, and rewards (wocthcr called Sllnlu I .
bFel1ef
. 1ponents of au 11 d . c . .
or opinions IPld .u c arc ( J) Affect1ve: emouons .or feclmgs. (2) Cognitive 1 th1s IS extremely r .
'J
' s, an an nude should predict
\altwri,e. posuive e co,~sc,ously. (J) Cognitive: inclination for . actio n. (4 ). . . mtcd and specific.
0 r negative response to srimuli. ~
Indeed. AZJCil & fishbcin (\ 97?) . .
both are .,assessed
.. at the sa me ,argue thatoeattitudes
eve\ of . can predict behavtour.
prov.d cd that
The r elations hip between '~H iit udcs :. nd behaviou r of C:OIIIf'{l 111
nera Y
ruy (orcorre\pond
I (llL>I 1 . . ence) betweeno the Th There needs to be a h.g1\ t 1(j.rec
Once \ve've csrabl. I , researc 1 a 1e r~ s study included) suffered fr m.. ey ~rgue that much of the t;:r\ler
Ror>
bel. ,. t~, . lfvvlmul:r
t'.1bug
15
led people's
( )all it udcs, can \.VC then accur:ately pred1ct how they' I 1 lwhm r:'' from general attitudes. or vice versa a d h' om either trymg to predict specific behavtours
1
. 1a\ IOural - cogniti ve) , ) .
960 1hree-componenrs' model (The ABC model: nll 1 11 \, study by Davidson and Jaccard t d n 1 IS acco~nt~ for the generally low correlations. A
\\IL 1 the cogn111
1111 1ICS 11a1
1< th e be1av1ouraf
1 ...... l c ne to overcome this limitation.
1 ve and nffccriv component will be highl v corr
.e components. . t: <lied
Auitudes ca n predict behaviour 1r , .
An earl\ S ltJ<.h ,,., cl . ' 1979) Davidson and Jaccard )Odu ask .th~ nght questions (Davidson & Jaccard.
1 I 1 s 1lOWS (I . . 1 , f . ana1yse correlations between A
(I 93-lj.- lt lnCOilSISIC 1 oc: Mlltudes and behaviour is that of L.a 1) 1.crc
.< <
10wartIs b1rth conlrol and their actual f marr.te"' women's athlmlcs
lollo,ving the !ltud y. use o oral contraceptives.. during the two yl!ars
LaPicrc's stu dy
\Vhen 'attitude towards birth co n1ro I' was used as the amtude . measure. the correlation was
~ me- m
Be,nn 19"0 .
0 08 ClearIv. the corresponde nee h ere was very low. But when 'attitudes
. to,,ards ural
Ch mese couple J ( and for 11 . le next two years l p
auirudes>\hJch al ) oung srudenr and his r )a ~~re !~veiled around the USA w rl contraceptives' .were measured , th e corre1at10n
rose to 0"'.J2. and "hen 'attitudes
tO\\ (lrds. usinl!
10 \\OU d mak . d. Wl,e . expeC!I Cl I 1 a
~~miles ofrra tel. the ~II IITi.culr lor them ro find,ac n~ ro .encounter an li -Orien lnl ?ra.l contraceptives' ~vcre . measured, the correlation rose still further to 0.5 3 Finalh. '"he~
attitudes towards usmg oral contraceptives during the next two years' was used. it ;us~:! ;,till
6l~~~:: I~'~:
pn:JUdJce. Ther \\e . y '' ere dlscriminared a . commodat ion. Bul in I he co . . .
/,I
re rused al on I;. onere ven accommodalion in on I)' one< and here appeared I oI further. to 0.57. Clearly, in the last three cases, correspondence '"as much higher.
more than ordinary
u
~on~~~e~~;~nals~ s;2rvedofrhem.
10
in 184 res:~:r~~~~~~C:I~~~ a~6d 'Tourisr Homes' <l l~~
a and treatc.>d witlt . According to Aj;en and Fishbein. every single instance of beha' iour invo\. . .es four spec:ifi~
nO\\ever h elements:
. w en each f
ISkmg: 'Will yo u accept
o the 251 esrablisll menrs ..
VIS 1 d
~r cent of the I J . members of the Chin ' e was sent a leucr . I. a speci ticaction
nqualified y . _g wh,ch responded g ese race as guests in y SIX IIIOIIIIt:-.. I<Hrr 2. performed with respect to a given target
es and rhe rest said 'U d .ave an emphatic 'No' 0 our establishmcni'J' 9.1
n ec1ded: de end . neesrablish 3. in a given context
fluences on beha . P s upon Clrcumstallce , ment gave an 4. at a given point in time ~
~our s.
According to the principle of compatibility. measures of attitude and behaviour arc
generally agreed lh . compatible to the extent that the target. action, context and time element are asscsstd -'
re~ent pn:di~po.\itir. at auuudes form o I
taton ".,ill depend ~m to ~have in particu lar n y one determinant identical levels of generality or specificity (Ajzen, l 988).
I evaluate our acr n rhe tmmediate conseq ways, but how we act ollf behaviow. Th<' v
ton~ and h . uences f ua v a for example. a person's attitude towards a 'healthy lifestyle' only specities the tarr,<'l
'.''on. lhere may be s . r. .abuual ways of b h o .our behaviour I ct Jn a p.1Jiind:"
.ere study, rhe higf:Ciu~c.suu(lfionalfactors in~ avm~ in those k~n~ow we _lllllll: <illtrt~
the other three unspecified. A behavioural measure that would be compatible w\ih l
eness, rogerhcr with th~
ah.ry of his Chinese ti
oven prejudice. nJUs ~resen.ce of LaPiere himne,~ds clothes
~enc,.ng
behaviour Fs of
and
In
lor example, in -the
Slltmtion~:. aniwde would have to aggregate a wide range of health behaviour across daffere
and times (Stroehc. 2000). Elaborating the psychological proceSSts underlyana \he Pf__..~'
rcprescnr a compromi~ ~mermes we experiencse , may have made _uggagc and ri;cir of compatibility. A.izcn ( 1996) suggested that to:
t~me altil~ :.,,...~~.

'"'c..oen rhern . e a con fl icr of . It more di ffi c(tfr ro
alllludcs .ancI hchaviour ... the ext<nt ti!Cll tile beliefS salient at the of 01USSJWffl
plans are jimnulatd or exec111td. strong atllt...,..bofta-. . , .
lOS
109
PAVAN KUMAR 'S lAS PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
Thl' r,fi :tbilil\ ~nd c:o " "S
. it' IH'.' o f hrha' io 111
"''~.
c om pared "ith traditional annude
.
,llltllld~-hdt,J\'t<HII
1 re .
a morCt elallonal or distrrh. d ~"-'~ u<tl::. tO\\arJs interactions be , o'! ~nc~ .to shift the focus
JUSt
~ 1.111\ l,,. ... studr
lII :Jssll'
\111'' ''ll' l.:> f.llkd
\1 1111.11 10 fiiiJ ,111 rC I: tttOilShlll
<IS"'$ IOtn '> tngk . rsolated indi\. I . search. dtscursivc psycholoo . -
~000) c:~rlil'l \\'h~n tliscussj ~us (Pouer. 1996) t\~ecn mdl\'lduals and ~rouP.s:.
...... ',nf<c, of 1 1 -- 11 1
...,.sed ute
L ai'R'rt' stud' . .' >' lt11'ltllll (Sttoel)(!. As Wl' notl'J .,
~m;;lc.
111
. 1~ 1'''
. llbt.llll'C
. .. 1,f" 1''""""I
.. ,I"' Ison m.lll) r':1t'l'''" "' :-.ddton
. to the ;\ltltu<k
. . I.ht s mako .." '
~mp
l ll(
. Img nwn ' ;,q ..HHtr:tn un><I'"ll <' .nd<"""'l. '"'-'" ouuk -'"'"'1 ''"'I I 'l9,)
On 1\esl Three Trends in 1ora 1 and Politiclll, h'losophy
~t::.,t.:'"<tii<'I'J'' ~.: I x..
:l
1h ol th l I -- - >v
97~ h~c:n
.
1 .Hl<.t:::. l:l\h)lll ,,tlfthl' intlucnn: {ll -;pl'<'t 1c f:Jctors 'canct
1111 l l:r or
.
:-Ill J' .
It's .... 1/IICIJII' (/ ...
1 ts , 1 11.:111 &' Arzl.'n. 1 J h<lS dc:tnonstr:Hcd "' . :1 m h..OUt' lntrotluc:tion
so. - ~tsl. there has been a trend tO\\ard . ~\lea phtlosophy over the last flftv 'ears
I here
or . ha,c ' d trends Ill
,.. been three g.oo . moral and par . I .
e'CI~Iph hctl by th~o: "ide spread aJopt' < ;cJhCcllng special foundations. a trend. that is
-\cc-flrd.ins
lh.tt :'"" uJo-s to .mdI '''!lg
'"en t.h '. (
& Vauohtn 1'l9>- ), "hn< hns '"'" g<<l in 1lu 1980s and 1990s is " . particular
.. 11 .
jud~>mcnts
o
and
<
. . I IOn o t e method John Rawls adopts
pnnC1p CS are adju!'.ted h
h. h
. 10 "' 1C
rn.!o '"""''"'" lxha . '" 0 '" nnn'< '""''I in o simpk on<lo-on< fashion. In od ""' IC CCII\'C equilibrium: to eac other in an auempt to reach
:muu'Q. f,. I'~<' I'lt'b .1ud- bcha. 'ou. II . musr l '1<.:.. f'<1SSt'II>,. 10 at:counl for
. thl.! inttraction bet( er. to
. 0 n~ :111~mpt
1 .. ,,
rsh~rn
JCII0n
. 'tour.ll
li..,lmal , tntcnrio,1 s. , as \\C II :ts ho" all of. these co nnect with th , ",
.,'t.l hshbc;
.. 10 " \ '1St: 11lese
- flnl,. :s. . 1 1' a/.r.aHmcd action (TRA) ( \ .l: <l(O: r
t:s I 11!! /ll'0/ ~
Sccontl. . ha' e been .lllcmpts
there . to use intuitions abo
nc\\ :lnd ohcn arcane moral pnnc I l'k
. .
ul panrcu\ar cases 'n order to arri'"e at
F 19 111
..x JICn. 1Q75). 'J?en &. ro c~ probkms ' 1P es 1 e that of double eucct.
N'
as 10
d'1scusst~ns
. of so-ca\\e.J
t II
l'hl :S irt'll;.! lh ur :tllillldl' ;
l hird.philosophical
aml and perhaps most imponant
studies of .. there
I' has. been
.tncreascd
. .mteracuon
. between scientific
moro il\ as for exa 1
~
h' l
~~ ;,~':/~~;;',.;~ ~"'"'g ~~ :r.;~~:~~-~1!~~;'~";~;~: ~nd ~1_

\ ,h)\I modnn 1hl , 01 It.'S ;)l!n.' lh
~c. <:rl,drt .
1.: .11 :ltlltUJl'S .. , pS\cholog;cal accoun>S of moral de' I.. . mp '" P 'osoph.cal ""<lions ,.
morJI;<v. e opmem and evoluuonary explanations of"""'" of
~s _'~n Ol<~ b;~' . 8~
deli,;'''" inn uence an au; 1U<k s
C'\3mple. I a~:jt.,
'"''""";ealh ,,,.,i,,n<d mor< inOu<n lxh"iour "'lh)ter 17).
1. . 1. a 1use I e) can be
~,~~~:;~~~ <~:"'"'~Is
~.:r.l np~nmcnts ~~~;i~,:;~':,,! mc~sures ~~~;:en,:~~-.~
,. ., nt: ,,lctor th::u sccms lc"> ...... . .
- " ..lllna { 197S . t.K: Important s d re . . 2. lhjclting Special Founu:Hions
Athoca~es ofthe_old special foundationalism sa'' an iniportant difference between
f?u~dauonal bche~s an~
n ":'" l>eu}r of Sl udems' ca< or
other. non-foundauonal, beliefs. Justiftcation ''as to begin from a
b;. lht.> m<?rc "\ than if lhc' 'd !their dfuwre parttCipation if thev'd a lredjs
sp<ct~l founda<ional bel;efs ond pro<eed from !here , non-(.;unda>iorol
"uh "'"'" hm i or ,,..,;~~: I ~one. h~d: ~~n:.~.: more
0
. "'""" u,. (Za' 'n' "'' abo ' h
. T . . ""' hmHed number ol
Foundouo~al behefs "ere.s~pposed 10 be ei<her .:If"'' idenl m d;,ecl\ y justifoed by
.. I k more" e lil-.e them ~
1968). accordi "" IO." hiS can be pi a; ned ex ':"I ><Is:
contact we
cxpen~.:nce .. Non-loundatlonal beh~ls
hav ..
~"'"""
were supposed to be juStifieJ only if there was an
argume1." lor 1he'." from o<her 1h;ngs a "" jus<ifoed in beli<Ving. Sp:ial
So :mitudcs- Jon't pr~d'ICt b"l . . '
pro lcm. th:u '.-
s h e ladure
.. cIOla'lind
totrr- ''hat's th e problem'? The foundauonah sts also S:lW an important ditTerence bet".een special foundational methods of
rhreb 1 so-call d reasoning that were thought to be directly or self-e, idendy justifted and non-foundatinal
. ""'" <o unJ<rmmc <h, ' . a rehable relalionsh;p belli" e aunude-behav;OI.r
'""'.''~"' ~uiwdc ~
nu:;~ ~f clo~<e"lon< psvc~:i:~ '.'~
3
research <nwe Slud) of au;<udes. As " . :'". aunudes and bchav;our methods that could only be indirectly justified.
cognu.on '"paniculor. for of soc;aJ <he Introduction anj
.
Bur from rhe . - .
I \elf lns<oty (Sia;n,
on
R- o) '" general. and
eta/.. 1995).
. I
socra o~rs Special fOttnd~tiona\ists
supposed that non-foundational beliefs and mcthods were
pcrspt~r"e
jusl;fied only ;f 1hey could be derived from spc<ial foundat;onal pmiSCS usUlg only
1 ofd'
.IScur~IVt' fJSl'cholo.~a th
foundal;onal m<ihods. T1ie founJal;on:tl beliefs aod methods.,.,. foun<Jar;ooal the sense m
. au on incon..
c.:orre
radrlaonal
Ch3pter
. . be '''ecn
m . srsrenn auirude . ere s no reason
3). nrnstream. auirudc research s. and beha\ iour is "hat 'tdo ex_
pect such a
dl>l we n\Ust stan w;th 1hem aod jusl;fy e"=ryth;ng else in renns of lhcm. They""""'..,_.
be~
T ;n <hal mosl of our beHefs and methods ""' not fowtdal;ooal In this view. beliefs - '
30COrdrn ' 10 I.
,. , . . on <he fallac . we. . ex IS based -
vctu~h rellccl<~g ;;.,p~J (se~
con ram. and " g " uch au;wdes 'bc lo : peel IO hnd. n1ethods 1ho1 hod no foundalional justificalion ,_supposed to os uojusaifood.
~ ~omerhing
auuudes are ""Pr<sS<'.
tl
lc course of th,r
J)ISCUISII< psycilol
'l\lllmg thing;

ogl~
peop
e are rvorf;
' c:d rudy of I he d sscoursc
'
.
rs concerned wiah acli

.
on. as dtst'
,..-(e orrmng actions \\ hose na
mer from cog tHtron
..
..:
,
, 1 . .l
I I 11"' ) Soc
psy~hologis<s eve~}day
r .g. rocord;ngs of lure can n saymg or
I) t of r!- ,.1 have undc conver,;.,,iorn revealed thr_ough a...
netor1c heghl gh resumat d h ns. news .
Ill< are pan of ' IS lhe poinlrhal o ', ' e mrahrv of paper arrwi<<.
1
"
~~ ~omg 5
argumenrs. debaape pie \t:rsions
es and dralogucs
unr
cvn.fluJ in soci.tl
event s. and their o"n
,,f
1 g. 1987, IYYl. in
uo
PA VAN KU M AR'S lAS . .
Ill
J 1tl t' lhOt I.~. ir rt'<JIIII t'S. .rh,lf .til hc
. lr~f.<; nll(j PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
ttllpl~e..:.rh;u rhc.. a <Ir e no r;<11mc1u I I ' " ' ." o llt'r
ron.r KlidS .Ill1 hdrch . .' nd IIICihtld s . 1 pu ' Son d<'C{'pro;
m~rhod:.
. I. l ,, , Ctlltl'l t; IICl .
lw ,usrrltt't 111 tc111 ' Ihods :t!i ln 11ndarIOna l; it hk . . '~ llh <lllr current vrews and practic~:. rather than from de litOll 10m.
~~.
. ()r Cl c
lnumlati<ln;rl princrples. . th r <;elfCVIdCnl
Gt' tll'lill I~HttldaiJOiltllrsm II Oil1<1 h11 c us lr' It' 1II ht'lr<'b ;lilt1 rm:
.
t:alrr t' c,w tlrct:. . g lhtm .
1 r, m l v when I1K ' 11 11011
/
lhom " """'"' J "' " " " '" " ' Ls o"ro "''"' o f John
ethiCS.t\ lcDowc\1
he appealsargues
.10 a .
to what he ~ail s sumlar.~~a:curJtuan. .. rcn~ction.
I1\ dcfcndin~ a kmdholdir;l!
of naturahsuc vu1ucethiC'>
that CliCil , we arc.
~"Ill ll'klrtnu h i .tll~:,rrlu: r < l!iC .
11)

mwu.rf ~trrt .ll f P. 1 lllCiplc.:s
... ad,u:srnr . 1 uc;siorr
'111.c1 consu Ndsll~
. <loodrnnn. de:.~.: .
by t:ft:v . ~ .. "hose :1 1111 IS 10 ach1cvc wh,,
I ' ltld!!lllUII:s
1
;, "Neur.uh s boat.. b td '"'"
R:Hds calls 'ltOct' lll't' c quillhl ium .
I " No ttbula rasa eXISts. Wc 'Ire and sailor" \\hO must rc Ul
According to Otto NcuJ<rtl. 'd. . tic it .in dry-dock hkc to
. . len sea. never able Ill r srn~n ..
~
t:...r ~t:. . . IIhemt yn1on:
. s hv mnk111g slup on the 0 1 f the hcsr m:ncrwb
\1 CO>II<CI <lOU oomsidcnd iniUU. O.
OOIS n h0<II prrfll'lll,u
>ou CCOIC<OJ Jll UICI V CS > n>nI<I.colr '-'nt
OlJ> 1/l<no
11
1 1000
cs .' 1 we
0"ilh t: om cnn<idcocd gonc ml punoor r orrt:t:
1< IVc nwk C rrog'CSS uy <I<1J \O S lo ne <>ur
I ca s~;S. '<COOl'" UCl " "'"' uon0 I r "'"'"'' . Ro'''"''
I wrt ICultll . SC I o>f pm Iicu/no 0PHll On> Ill )( I gCI>cral
. .
defenders of vcrtu_c eth~~s ~~;;~w;l\'.: invocalion of a "Ncurallllan
noocs cnho'ICOOI
. ' 'i<!ll wu h Uopurs
l<l <.\ll'h orhc:1. U j ndgnocn
urng IS 0 lOIU I : . . I McDo,, c\rs mcthm. or .
. 11cI I<''
. l 'll ol r<!ac hlll!_! .l . Other
, ic:" ' rh:rr :rr~ .111 t'<>mpklt'
1 ~:a
. act, ore111111 ch orhe;:r. .
I lursthouse refers approvrngly
pooccdu~e." ""~ vcoy much i"'hc

h~. merho( ~~.'Ill
1 . d.
. ., we sr1r1 "'" 1 our Ilr'scn r vicwi n;1d try IO
f trolley prohlcms ha~e tt: n c~1.
dls~~~\~:.:~~~~r~t:edurc, camp. Somctunc~h~,~~;~~~cIC i<.hascondllctcd
lh 'll 1 c . . .
1 111
CllllSt' llillllt . . , vie" Some o f o ur optn ronslh<: lcasr
ma\' he: lli:Jf.:c . . . been whether
' I th renee of Ottl " 1 1c
11 . .
~ p1ll'ikgt>d
10 Simi larly. philosophical at the
rh:11 I\
ch<tll!!l.' 1csr r pmnHllt: t: u in orhers But definitions
IIHHl arc
1 co fide nee some 0
t .
I I'"'"""' often ""'PlY
u;~~~~:,:~~~~~~:'~h~~c ';'s',~:~~~h~:~~;ogu:al discussion
'"' "'"! ocnccoivc cquiliblium, N:"' : a 'd "lml IO ''" ' """'
o1hc1"'''' "'
1 111
Ji '""'' 1""'
no ll)(ln: m,,..,, 1h:1n !ht:rc.: 'uc no a I>rind fix cd poinls.
!]Cntrnl"''lt:\\S
. ' ancl .
sm:h probh:ms :cfutc. and many othtr
k\'d of rcflCCIIVC eqUI 'll'b 1 approach withOUt any exp IC
l~all/s ck/~nds \<JiiOU!>f>rlllC1ples

. . ofJttS.IICCan
. . d \:lfiOll . ' . )rinciprlcs
. s Incla- 1
aboUI
. choice
d I . I adopt the ret1c.ctivc. cqur l nun . , , Kanuan!) seem
f undalionalism in cthccs. ~orne Our thconsts tn c.lh~cs
~ ~~ a";~~~e:l ~':,~~~H~nal jusoif~~;~;J .~~:,contcmpmary
e~:~!' he 0~""~',~ ~~;:~~:~;~;~
01
p0~11011 C: OCS1 110~~en
in ,.., '"'"in.o1 Jl'" "'"' ahou 1 1he "'I""on
m1d '<1'" . . .
II OufJ fl., lll.ldt II) :111 Oll!!lll;tl pnnclfJII::s o fUSitce an c 101ces 11a1
~
< c:- '
NOt everyone has
~
11 d , ar"lll' rhm nnv ol.the pnncrp 1es or me1a
pnnc1pks "'-' tkllllllronallrtll !) or sc.. 1-L'VIuenr
1 axr 1 . . . . to have tned
I p , .. I foundilllonahsm. qnslc
- h 1 - o ns or known a pn on . lie lakes them 10 increasing y rCJCCt spccta
. 'tluilibrium arc. o ftcn l"nort:
"" In
1 d rct1cctcvc c I
oejce~ion foundaloo~ahsm
be pan ol '"' uvcm/1 accoun1 ani,cd m 1hrongh adjuSimcm o I o pu11ons m I he search fo; prQccdurcs a 1 I foundationa rsrn.
founda~ionalism ~~
rcllcCiove cqui/ibnum. This of Specoa/ Ill favour of r.eneoa is still focused on spccoa co new
also plays, significan1 role in Rawls's la<co doscnss1on abou1 how people
concerning socie~y
a p/uralisoicprinciples miglu move from a "modus vivendi'" 10 an "ovcr/app<ng consensus
ofju:.;1icc.
Finding New rr~n~o
. ' pies
nOTal and polioical P
h'l
1
:~ . .' n an aucmpt
ophv consists
ary inluitions oo judgmcn nd reason
to uncases.
t about
~ using~
th~o~n JUdgmen~s
The second toeo "' ' h a consideralion of or "'oo intuitions abou< cases:., cxomple. <hal "
moral poinctples wilh inioial e equiliboium. They ;:"" onle< to <e-.luc< th<
Princirles oflibcny of conscience and eligious 1olera1ioo. for example. inilially were
Neurathian proc~dtltreomr permissible to tum ab ttr~t does not seem tn ~ nts who need them to
Here philosophers eg lhe seaoch fo oeOecuv lley lo a side '""'. ;:. same way oigbl oo
acccp1ed on/.' because lhc al1cm31i,e " "religious wao. Btu once lhc"y were acccp1ed. <heir
I , killed from fi~~ IO nd dislribule his oogan fi cto one.
acceplanec had an imrac1 on Olher <hings people believed lhrough the mu1ual adjustmenl of 1\y ng ll one u s to patte
seems mom
beliefs wil/1 each o<hcr aiming 31 reflec<ive equi librium. As people came 10 accepJ moral and number ol pcop e a hospital vtsltor a le who die from "'
religious plinciples th31 /01 in wi1h liber1y of conscience and <oleration, <heir religiow; and
per
missible IO1 cui up
. will reduce
!he number of peop nhit hin> andmissile
trolley WI
stop
mo,./ views were reimeopnucd. Evcmuall y. ll>cy came 10 have more coherem sySI ems of r e even <flus . . !hal a runaway . "ble 10 di.c< IH
though! in which principlos of<olcr31ion and liber<y of conscience ligured as imporlam v""" '' " '
II seems wrong to ush a fat man o
ff a ped ahead; .It see msWorcester,
bndge so pcomtsst Massach.,. liS. wha<
p the five people traplodes instead over 'J
and not j OSI as some< hing agoccd lo as Jlllll o(a modus vi vendi. Many people wi lh u vm icly of 0
before runm u over k Cit) so I hatit exp
. __._. b
.,~
religious views now agree on principles of 1olcr31ion and libeny of <hough! even !hough lhc
. for New Yo< l>o<fies . . - -
rcfigio~os jo>~ilic.,ions.
principles fit in difiOrcm ways imo <heir vaoious religious views and seen as lwvinj! headmg will be killed. he ...,ads that , ""'''"
difl<rcm Hawls aogues 1h31 !he o<her principles of juSiicc he defeo>lS fewer people . dto a bcgg8f on t I simplY 0111 of....,.
to refuse to gsvc foove food to the beggar
tan in""' same way become par< of an overlapping consensus in a pluraliSiic sociely.
II seems wors\ than to oefuse to &'
medica\ rcscarc d
her dtilcloe "'
. benefits to h\s.o~- lhal ft1iabt ICC*
::1:: -~~
Uonald lJworl;in~s
Rawls's view. abo01 justice illuSirdiC a tendency lo rejec1 special found.,ionalism.
views provide anorher illuslr<Jtion. to think o f p rintP~
. ht for someone to gave
cannot be bothere ~
~.i~~-""'!':~lf<.,7~
~~ "'"""~
II< defends moral and poli!ical principles as providing imerprelalions of our poli!ll:al .md ng
\t .seems . hers bout try. 8 nd otherptcases.
then tbese . ....._ op 'Wldlll '""'..
Ph1\osop
chl\drcn .. d . dgments a nting \O ac:c.e the prtnaa-
considere l~cause of not wa
"""""Y Of human life bo<h fi1 with our cu~rcnt prac1ices and make lhe practices ou/ to be
I or example. he argues 1ha1 cer1ain ways of undcrslanding imcgrity or the
about cases
IOOd P'IICIK:eS m IICCotd-., with our current undersJandings. Like Rawls, Dworkin sfaJU based.
37
112
113
r10a1) mor<t I lllouohr c
: the princip'h: 1>f
believe about right and wrong, a cena
. I .
.
tn son of VIrtue etl .
Oflcn rhc principles in qucsrion arc unf..1miliM .' 0 on someone else !111m nor ion ol n c tarnctcr Irati. If characwr is 'II . liCS presupposes the viability of Jhe
.. h. I . . to ''lt lll :11 h<tml 10fr , . the jlfllll:lj}
. . I II " I
douhl~ ~ IICCI. according 10 \\ IC111 IS \.\'OrSC '
.: SldC 0.: 1 ~'- 1
C lu JlO ~hl\ C
' lab.:: p1o.: :, upp~> !> 1t1vn . . an 1 USIOI\ that
' Son of vtnue
ethjcs is based on a
10 act in .1 \\"<I) 1h:11 produces rhc samc hat Ill a:. :I llld hum others; a ddlcc 11on
duucs to hdp othc1s arc less srncr . rtan
I 10
neg.' liiVI.: duucs .nor lcr to ' m;!vcnl Iuum to 01IH.:rs Some defenders ?f character-based virtue ethics sa . _
. .. I 10 some Ill ore 1 Ins character tra1ts. In their view it is Y thar II docs not.matter whether anyone
principle rhat wkcs ir 10 be worsc ro uuu:llc tatm
than it is 10 de Oecl ham1 from some 10 others. Sornc plu osop
.
1
hers sec an nnnlogy bct,\cc n 1.' en if no one could actual~y be; cnoug11 that the~e be an ideal of a vinuous per:;on.
,\t'on we can still try to act as . vrnuous person, the sdeal can still function as a guide to
moral philosophy and linguistics. ac I a vtnuous person would act in our simation.
t\ l or:ll Scicntc d thai moral ph ilo"OIII\ , , l lo\\l!ver.. .this id<:<1 docs .not applv, if a VIrtuous person would never be .tn our situation
. and.
In t-1odclll Moral Philosophy'' G. L M . Anscombc ari!.UC , 1,
" . .wav. tithe whole not ton
. . of cltaracr
er ts a n11sra e and rhcre cannot be a vtmtous pers~m m
k
imposs1blc in the <~bsc ncc of an adequate 111oral psychology. rhc rcl~vant sense. tl.ten II rs a vacuous illusion to suppose thai we could tigurc out wh<~t 111 do
by asktng what a VIrtuous person would do in a given situarion. The best we can do is to
M:my defenders of !he new nnalyt1c vu we ctliCS1 mtg lrt arrrec
"" with this. Out. whnt did fi gure out wha~ the right thing to do is in the situation and rhen conclude that that is what a
Anscombc mean by moral psychology? We m1g 11 suppose " 1 . 11 at moral psvcholouy IS a bran<: h
c - . ~ virtuous person '~oul~ do in the situation, and that this is what we should do. But this ntluces
0 . SCICil
ltlt 1ll d'111g l1lC Sill(1Y 0 f n10 r..... 1 de,clopntenl .111 children ' bur that 1s
- C psyc110 1ogy. lllC to saying we ought to do what we ought to do and does not represent an intc~t.: sring.
'
prob<1bly nor what Anscomhc mcnnr. Nc,enhclcss. moral plulosophers ha ve been rhcorctical position. Thi<; objection does not apply 10 the version of virtue ethics that is
increasingly inlercsrcd in rhc worl.. of moral psychologists as \.\ell . as .othe r scientists. concerned with honest. courageous. and other vinuous acts only. ".lilt no commtttncnt to
i1~cluJIIlg anthrorologists. cvolutionory psychologist~. l'Conomisrs ..ond lnstonans. character traits.
II is uue rhat. u1 kas1 for a 1clativdy brief period. some anal) tic philosophers thought
philosoph~. mclucfing moral philosophy. was concerned only with lrurhs of language or or her Moral psychology also includes the study of moral development. a subJect that has
sorts or a priori 1ru1hs. This pernicious idea seems to have lost much or its force . in pan been of !l.reat interest to moral philosophers at least since Adam Smiths Theory of the Moral
perhaps because of justified skepticism abour analytic and a priori truth but especially Sentime~ts. More recently, philosophers have been impressed with the tradition fron: Jean
because certain developments in science arc so dearlv relevant to moral philosophy. Piaget 10 Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan. In A Theory of Justic~ Ra ..~ls. rete.rs to
Someone may ask. " Wh<ll is the' difference. then. bcr,~een moral philosophy and moral Pia!let. Kohlbere.. and other psychologists in de1eloping his own ps_ych.olo~tcaltheor~ ol hO'-'
pS) cht>logy'!" rhe answer may be that there is no inreresring difference and that the "s~1 se ofjustic~ may arise in children. given a background ofjusttnSIItuuons.
ISSue is or tnlercsl only to university administrarors. It may seem that there is a difference in
degrel! of theoreucity. Psychologists rend to haw ro do experiments 10 back up their 1r would follow that certain constructed moralities that philosophers take scrio~sly, .
such as Ulilitarianism. are not learnable by children in the norrn~l.nat~ral w~Y 10 w~ICh
~heonz~ng. whereas philosophers tend mainly 10 theorize. But psychologists also theorize and
1nc~mgly philosopher~ join with psychologists in doing experimenJs and considering how
. . W . ht redictthat the children of uuhtanans wt acquuc a
chi ldren leam mora Iaty. e mag P . .
11
. . 1 l'ke double effect They might
that e\Jdence from expenments may be relevant to philosophical theories. morality that. i.s lik~ .util_ita~ianism but c~~ta~:~~~~~~~~ ~~~-conscious way, Just a!' people
Social ps)chol~gistshave ~iscovered that people are very quick 10 aurib~lle any son sti ll later acquare uu htar~amsm as a mora aty ra y physical theories in a self-cons~ious
of. unusual ac11on ~o SJ?CCific character traits or the agent even when there is considerable have to learn formal logacal languages or contempo r
t:\rdence that the sl!uatton may be or a sort that mighr lead almost an}'One to act in the same way.
"ay. .
Th~s te~dencx has been called ''the fu ndamental auribution error.''
Th ts w.tdesp~ead e~ror raises the question whether the notion of a character trait is of anv real 1 base. " - Plato
va 1ue etther m socaal and personality psy h0 1 1 h. ' A llleamiflo /ras all emotiOna
., ,. ?
th'10 k' Th' . . c ogy, 111 mora P rlosophy1 or in ordinary mor<1l What is Emotionallntclgencc. T ceive control and evaluate c-motions.
L d mg. as s sagmficant because ordinary thi nking about character l rai ts can have terribly
11a con~quences and because of the n be 1 h'l
ethics.
1
urn r o r> ' osop lcrs currently working in vi rtue
Emotional intell igence (EI) refers t~ th~ ~b
Some researchers suggest that emou_o~a ante agen
;?
to c~;an be learned and strengthen'--d while
others claim it is an inborn charactensuc.

Bad consequences of thinking about character traits includ f; 1 , . .
when people say " It all comes d
when il is conceived as characteowde
assume that they could only ha d
h .. .
.
e ar ures Ill polttrcal reasonmg. as
n to le aracter. _Mastakes are made about moral education
r ve opment. Mrsjudgments of h
ve actc as they dad because of bad I
sor1 In e~treme cases this leads 10 eth 01. . . .
-:.: 1
Ot ers occur whe n pcvp e
f . h
c laracter o th1s 011 t at
conceme4 ro improve,moral and~-1.. ~ ~~r~~re. ~s _m ~osnia and Somal ia. I f philosophy is
1
rntclhgencc as, the su s .
d thers' feelings and emouons.
h 0 M yer have been the 'ead.mg ~-~
Since 1990, Peter S~lo~ey and J~ nrti~le ~'Emotional Intelligence,." they detlaod
~ntell~gcnce. In" theu :~,"~~~:ci:l intelligence that involves the abilatJ \0
to discriminate amont tbem.-d to
~~id~ one's thinking and actionsM (1~90).

=;-'
~'J:
"'*
chanlcrer is misconceived. tea m mg, 11 15 htghly relevant if the whole-notion of

ViJ1ue ethtes may well give a good accoum of a
a ~aJ m-us lheory gjves a oood spects ol ordmary moral thinking, just
r-
,.._...,.. Howewr o
as an account about accounc
&h1 of acn.o.-ts
,.... of 0 rd'mary untutored phystca
I
n and wrong and not jusl about what .People
114
llS
The four Br.lnche~ of Emotional lnrelligcncc 19">5 - 'I.he concept of emotional tnte 11 .t!!,encc .1s . d . .
. f: ccors of emotiona l - . popu1anze
Salovcy and Mayer proposed a model thm identified four d1_ffcrent c~ 5 the allilit v 10
. ,, . I . . .. US Ill!! Cill O I n>n . .
P ~ycholo !!. t s t and Ne-w York Times s .
- 'I . ctence wnter Daniel Gol
. /ntelhgcnLc!. II ty It Can ,\4utter More Than IO.
after pubhcatton ol
1 cman s
. book . I
moflona
lnll' t!_!CI1Ctc'' 11l' J1CieCplt011 Of ClllOIIOn. till' ah1flty rC:lSOll - ' .
(\l ca!>uring E. m o ti o n:-~1 Intelligence -
understand enwuon and the abiflt v to manngc cmmions. . 1 1 J>cn:ei, c
... lv
.. , . . . . ' 'ottstonccuco~o:. .. 1 1 c~.tard to measuring emotional intell' '
I . Pcrc(.'tnng F. mor wns: I he tir~l step 111 ulldc: starH.Irng. ~.:rnOt l 1 :. . StiC h n o; h<Hh n .- .. . . tgencc - 1 am a great believer that criterion-report
:.lg ll.l 1S
them. In man~ cases. this . .
m1ght mvolvc understnmJ'1ng n0 I1\'CI bll
.
c (th<~t tS. abtltty tcsttng) tS the only adequate method to cmplov. Intelligence is an abilitv. and
language and facial cxpn:ssions. IS d.tre ctl y measured .. only by havmg.
, pcop1e answer questtons
. and evaluating the correctne~c;

of those answers. --John D. Mayer
Rcuven 13ar-On's CQ-i
.
5 10 promote th i11l it
2. Rcasoning With Emotions: The next step involves us1ng emotion.. ,. . ,. A self-report test designed to measure competencies including awareness. stress tolerance.
. . . . I' . I . . . I ")'
an d cogn1t1VC act1v11y. :.mOtions he p prtontzc wHll we p... attcntiOil and n:au . problem solving, and happiness. According to BarOn. "Emotional intelligence is an :~rra~
respond cmotionnlly to things that garner our attention. of noncognitive capabi lities. competencies. and skills that influence one's abilny to
sllcceed in coping with environmental demands and pressures."
3. Understanding Emotions: The emotions that we perceive can carry n wide variety of
meanings If someone is expressing angry emotions, the observer must interpret tl~c c:~usc Multi factor Emotional Intelligence Scale (MEIS) . ..
of thei1 anger and what 11 might mean. for example. ir your boss is acting angry. tl 111 '? ht An ability-based \est in which test-takers perform tasks designed tQ ~scss th~1r abtltt} 10
mean that he is dissatisiJcd with ,our work : or it could be bec<~usc he g.ot a spced 111g perceive. identify. understand. and utili7c emotions.
tid.ct on hi:" \\<I) to \\'Otl.. that mon;ng. or that he's been lighting with his wtlc.
Selioman Anributional Style Questionnaire (SASQ) Onginally designed as a scr~e~~ng ~:;

b M I' L. fc the SASQ measures opllml:.m l
-1 \ 1 anaging Enwtions: The ability 10 manage emotions effectively is a key part of for the life insurance company ctropo nan '
emotional intelligence. Regulating emotions. responding appropriately and responding to pessimism.
the! c;:motions of others arc all important aspect of emotional management.
According to Salovey and Mayer. the four branches of their model are. "arranged from more
basic psychological processes to higher. more psychologically integrated processes. Fo r
~xample. the lov.cst Jc,c:l branch concerns the (relatively) simple abilities of percei\'ing and
expressing emotion. In contrast, the highest level branch concerns the conscious. rcf1ective
regulation of emotion" ( 1997).
A Brief History of Emotional Intelligence.

1930s- Edward Thorndike describes the concept of "social intelligef1ce" as the ability to
get aJong with other ~ople.
I 940s - David Wc;:chsler suggests that affective components of intelligence mav be
essential to success in life.
1950s - Humanistic psychologists such as Abraham Maslow describe how people can
build emotional strength.
1975 - Howard Gardner publishes The Shalfered Mind, which introduces the concrpt or
multiple intelligences.
1985 - Wayne Payne introduces the tenn emotional intelligence in his doctoral dissc 1union
entitled ''A Sl~y of emotion:. developing emotional intelligence; se lf-integration; re latin~
ro fear. pam . and .desre . (theory.
. stmcture
. of reality proble m-so1vmg.
<.oncracuon/expanston. tumng m/conung outlleumg go)."
1987 . In an ar1icle published in Me11.-.a ~~gazine. Keith Beasley uses the term "cmotio~a l
quouenc .. h has be~n su~oesled lhat 1h1_s s th~ first published u5e of the term, although.
Reuvcn Har-On cf~ums IO have used the tem1 m an unpublished version of his gradualt~
rJiesis .
J99Q Psyc.boloJjSfs ~~ter S~lovey and Joh~ Mayer publish their landmark article.
~ lflfdJiJCAU 1n fhe JOurnallmollnotlon, Cognition. and Personality.
41

116

1 17
199") ons work for you by i mponancc or others cult ural d'1rr. .
J: . . . . . tkC \0111 CillO1I
the tntclluacnt usc of ~' 1110 11011'> : you tlllt'll tton,llh rll , 1h;tt tnh:n' ~: ) mer
. . W' lilt '..
tct.tllllllf! ta 1ent bccrusc thcv a e bl
ercnces. Empathetic individ 1
d ua s are also efrcclive in
. ." ' r a e to evclop personnl
ll~int tht' lll -10 help 1~111Ck \'0111 hc:h;t\ 111111 ;11111 I 1llll ~, nu
I ell "''"" ftriiiC I'~.:'> dunn!! co:rchlll" md nlento T.h rappon Wllh n<:\" emplovces or
- t- nng stat'C<; rouuh th1 c;' .
( \ \:J.,<;_Inger. '
V ~. 1 998}~ . 1 s 'IS\\l' ll<l "> 1h C e mpathetiC. leader can nrovldc them w'tl rt ~ r d~ c g r~wrng relatiOn<;hrps. an
tnd tc:dllll''> ol ol tel . ' 1 1 1 c.: ectl\e 1ee back \\hrcl1 ' s esscn11a 1 tA rctam111g

"the ab1li1y 10 n!CO[!Illle illlU ((.' Spt>lld I() 1hl' l'lllollllll'> ) employee!>
sk ill to help others m:tr1ill'l' 1hc1r cnlo1H>11'> (St hnlllh . 1997 . If 2) be aW<IIC of. to fifth compont>nt of ~.motional intelligence is social s 'rlls 1 d' d 1
.
"the allility to: I ) he ,twnrc o f. to undcr<,talld. :111'-' 10 '
' xpll'SS oncst:
nd control one.: s
. fI he dt' " 11 lVI lla S liSe I 1Cif
1
Ill tlllOIHlll'
1 ncn rness. tn order to have people do what they want. Social leaders arc able to build a
tmderstmd nnd to 1cl:tt1.' to othtr, 1) ck:el w11II .,trOI ::- ,)r ., pc:rc;oll.tl (Jr t o;oc1al nattiiC
llllf>tllse~.;: and 4) ndapt to t'll!III!'L' :tnd to .,Clive prohklll" '
rarport ~HSIIy ~y ltndl~t' some type of common ground with everyone, thus cs1ablishing a
hsmrd
.f. Circle o t acqt~allltancc'> (Goleman. 1995). In ':~ddi1ion lhc soctal 'I ndIVd
\ ua1 IS an
(Rcuvcn n ar-On. 19llH) . , t motH>rtall) intelligent I r' c r c.:~.;trvc persuader and IS able 10 manage 1eams cffcclivel-.. .
Althouuh tn:lll}' dl'luliiiOil'> ex 1st. the h:t'>~l Hlca' arc the "'111 c
1
e 1. fo1mation to gu1dc As d_c'><. nhed above the emotionally 1ntc.:llt~.cnt leader h;s man~ wonderful auributcs. He or
1 I 1lC\ ll'> 11' 11 111
are;: aware of !heir ClllUIIOil'> :u1d the CllHIIIOil'> of ot ll'f'> ' J t rminCS \\ohCthCI a perSOn is sh.e IS an empathetiC pe r~m and a grl-at mouvmor. In addiuon. an emotionally intclligenl
1lunkrng and actrons I 1It' quest lOll 1l l.l l ' " Whrt IS 11 th.lt '~ e
thcrr lt.rdcr un~lcrstands hrs or her weaknesses and t S able to control h1s or her emolions.
emotionally intt:ll1 gc.:n t? As dcscnbed rn . the next ~ction, emo1ionally intellil!.cnt leaders can utili;c these trails
Kc\' Co mponent ~ of E<) self .aw:trl.!ncss. se lf 1cgulmion. di ffi.:rcntly. thereby rormrng different leadership styles l hcsc leadersh1p styles can aftect the
Th~~~ ;li e five compo1w11h ro l'lllOIHJIIal illt~:lliccnn . climate of the organi'latron. both positively and negatively.
motivation. cmp:rt h) .rnd social st.. tlls . " ''Ill .111 " 1 di!Cf) EQ , L ead ership St) lc, and O rganinlion:tl Erfcctivcnc!>'>
Thl' ll rSI co mron~.. nt of l'lllOtlllll.lllllll' II l!'lllr~' '\lII ;l \\'II '
Clll'~'> lllt:.tllS.
. .
' " C' ' . 1 99)~ )
,. (C' I'
.'
1 - .,I 1nd dnvl'S eo ~.: m.m. .
undcrstandrnl! llf unt..,~,.mo ll <lll'i '>lll'llj'ths. \H',I"rwsses. nt:t:, ~.' Yis1onary leaders arc empathic. self-confident. and ohen .tel a'> change agents Afliliall\e
- ~ . 1 1 st w11h thcmo;c 1 Vl'S am 1 ot 1
1ers.
People \\hO have il h11h kHI ol sell :1\\,u~mo;., a rl' H:r~ 101c _ leaders, IOO, arc cmpalhrc. "1th strengths in blllldrng relationshrps and mamrgmg conflict. The
..I hey a"ord the l'X trenws ol lw nu~ oH'r v 1..1 rllCil .111c unr~.:. II .v hopdul.
1 1 1 "tllsllC'I . h1rthcrml11~
.
democratic leader encourages collaboration and teamwork and communicates effectively -
If
these people !-.now how thcrr h:l' li1ws .1 ct't I 1cm. OtlC ' 1 1 r 'tlttl their .tob 1x:rlormancc particularl y as an exce llent listener.'[ he coaching leader is .emotionally self-aware. cmpa1hic.
(Golem,m. 1995). . . and skilled at identifying and building on the potenlial of others (Goleman. 200 1). The
The second compontllttl l l.'lll()trtmalnrtl'lli p~mT 1s se lf 1cguiJtron. This_is an ~ngo tng . . coercive leader relie~ ~n the power of his position and orders people to cxeci11e his wishes.
~on,cr:.:ltilln peopk han '' 1th the1nslh l'' "lud1 frees thl'lll from b\!tng pnsoners o f therr_ This type leader IS 1 ~ pically handicapped by a lack ot e mpath~ fhe paccseurng leader sets
feelings (Goleman. 1')'h) l'topk "ilh a lugh tllgrec of sell -n:gu lation are more capable o l high standards and exemplifies them. He or she exh1bits inll1a1ive and a ~cr~ high dri'e. to
faclllg the amb1gll 1tH.:s or an mh anl'ing industr) than thosl' whose degree of se lf-regu lation is achieve. but is oflen micromanaging or criticizing those who fai l to meet h1s or her own h1gh
low. standards rather 1han helping them to improve.
Furthermore, peoph: with a hrgh level of self-regulation can help to enhance the integrity of
an organiza tion by notnwl..ing bad decis1011s through impulse behaviours. Self-regulation will Most effective leaders integrate four or more of the six styles regularly. They switch to the
help indi' idual s s tay in control of their fteltngs and mal..e thoughtful decisions. one most appropriate in a given leadership situation. For instance. the study of sch~l leaders
The third component or emotional intelltgencc is motivation . Motivated individua ls want to found that. in those schools where the heads displayed four o~ more le~dershap styles.
achieve beyond their a nd e' eryone else's expectations. t\1otivation exte!lds to the deep inner stude nts had superior academic perfonnance relative to student~ m companson schools. In
desire to achieve forth~ sake of achievement. Some of the si~ns that an empl oyer wi ll see in schools where the heads displayed just one of two styles, academc performance was ~rC:S'
a motivated employcG are: passion for his or her work, quest for challenges, desire to Jearn, Ofien the styles her~ were the pacesetting or coercive ones. which tended to un mune
and . pride in completing a j.ob well. Molivation makes people restless; lhercfore. they 1eacher morale and enthusiasm (Hay/McBer, 2000).
contmuously explor~ ne w !~on:ons to find better '~ays of doing their jobs. ll ighly mot ivated . 1 ft ance morale and enthusiasm. many
people constantly ra1se thc1r performance expectatiOns for themselves. their tea a d their In order to increase the level of emp oyees per orm .' , T ucceed in that
0 ne o f 1I1c1r
greatest qua 11t1cs. ' m. ntl organizations today want to promote an emotionally intelhgent cu ture. o s
orgamzatton. . . however
. . is remaining opt
11111StiC ~ven 10tJr-. uJ1
thev have expen enced failure or a setback. Th1s IS a valuable bene t ! 1 - oruanizations must foster the following attributes (Book, 2:0): are the nom\'
~ d
because 11 means that a mottvate person s committed to seeing the c
1 o an organ17.<IIIOI1.
d ..
Tl~e organization "promotes a culture in ~vh~ch openn~ a . transparency .
goa Isand o b~ec u ves.
- . ompany succec m 1ts \ . Respectful assertivenesS must ~xtst ~n the orgamzatton. .... ..
The fourth component of emotional intelligence is empathy \"I . . . .:~
2. The organization encourages dverst_ty. .
d rv ten an mdt vtdual sh()WS anization tolerates constructive dtsagreement. . ,. ....nno :.. ~
empathy. he or she ts aware an constderate of other employee . fl r . 3. The Org fl bT and communca tOO - -
person combines employees' feelings and o1her factors in order ~ m:~ mgs.. ~he empat~ttc
1
4. The organization values ext IllY - -
lhree reasons why empathy is imponant to leade 1. . e dects tons. There are departments. . . f ally intelligent organization cao plea ..,... ,...
. . rs ltp. '" today's b . ''d .. h
increasing lise of reams. the raptd _pace of globalization and th u~mess WOIJ - 1 C:~ By having these aunbutes, an emo ~on ' th each other more effectively.
(Goleman 1995 ). When using teams empatl : . . ~ growmg need to ret am advance, and its em_ployees can= te~~ics. an emotionally intt\li&.08l QJipi~
because ~f aheir abilities to recognize' a nd un~ettc llldtviduals can be astounding In addition to havmg th: ~l R'~". That is. the --capacity to roc:ruit.
. . erstand other . . E h tic
plav a key role when globa hz.auon is a factor bee opmaons. mpat e understand and possess '
" ause they can understand the
43
JJ8
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS

. cJ J'(' IICI<II C Clll lll H tfl \
11
"Fmouon:tl intelligence is 1hc nbili1y 10 pc1ccive Clnolwns, 1o acccs-. ' 111 c lkt 11 wh PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
, ) vlcde , 1111 1 10 r
son<> 10 a-;s1st lhought. to undcr~ lnnd ~nH>I1on~ and <'rtWIIOl:l 1 " 111 \ .. wor l.f01cc (Books, 2000) 13 , . bl . .
.:rnol ions ,o ,,s 10 pf{)lllOI<' emof 1011a 1 and 11111'1 kef 11al "I owl!) ..
1cgulall' < , . elng ct c to rctallt liS workfc .
Oft'llll/rtiiOil hccau ~c of the cxpcnsc r I . . ' . lrcc: IS an :tdvaulafc 1<1 .JII
lliiiiO\'cr tan r('<;ufl ill low crnpi<>)"'C ol'l< '.'r,rngl,hlnd ~ '"'"'.'1! new Clllployl'C!i. I n addition luph
l'vl.l)el & $;1hl\ ev. I997 " lr.t c. cn:rore 11 1C. he t 'I ,
In ICt;lln liS CUII Cilt workforce Ro s kr . . s I .I t(ltnpanv ha:, an ahlltl\
u. lllg ' ' " wor r<)rcc I ' also m 1
. . 1
I he follow1ng steps dcscnbc rhc five tomponcnts of crnoiiOfl,l 11 11 cll icncc at.. ww h a-; ClliOIICIIIall y Intelligent organirliiOn\ Mot d ' ' mponant tsllnbulc hi
Hnd Will likely be I he 1110~t .:t.Jsficd. ., ()lvatc Cllnp oycc<, will work harder lor the corrrpam
' 1
. , . . . , 1-.1 wlln b1oul'hl crnoiHlll<d
t Ic:vclopc< l bv Dumd CJOicrnon . (,olcfl wn ,., a sc rcnce rou1 n.1 rs .., "' rouc.e 11c1r tmplovccs c
1
. II l!!l'lll'C
llllc:' ' .. On II1C h CSis~ 11t'l 1lSI and has aut I lOll'( I a IHIIll t1~-1 '
v
f booJ.. 's on rhc 'i trbJcC I. rhtnl in Ihe decision nwkin$? process and rccclgni7c their conl~lb~tio~~l;r~:~~s ;~)~~~~:d tndwll-
lllclud1ng " hnouonnl
lntclllg'-ncc." "Wo1 k1ng W1th I mo110n<l 1 1nil;If'lgc
nee"
'lllll lnli: ly of
"Son aI Intelligence I he New Scicncl" of llumnn Rdar ionships." lt is ~lCCc;c;ary '.o h;we all th1 ce attributes present 1n the company in order fo t \{ I I
crnOtiOn'd '
rnt clltuc II I r I '<eve op
c- net. owcvc1. t 1crc ure two even more imponmt factors !hat 11 1
An ar11clc on IlK' r<.'l:llion between Ciolernnn and the psychological research communi1iy kvtl of <:n' o ,.1011a I .rnlcII'~ ~c nec o f lhc company I he lirsl one ' 111 ,ucnrc I .H:1
' is the {'[-()
, nte 1ltrcnt:e . s enwuon,1
app<'an:d 111 Salqn. oh June 28, 1999.
1he Five Compo n~n 1 s of Emotiona l lnlclligcncc 'I ~~c characlcrisli_cs <!I leaders possessing ~~ high level of cmolional imclligcncc arc as lollo\\s
(S<tavedra, 2000)
Srlf-n'' a n11 eso; f he <1h1lity 10 rttognitc ;~nd lffl(krswnd personal n w~>ds and cmulions and t'hcy sci {!Oats !hat arc clear and mutually agreed upon.
drnes, .t s well as 1hcir dT~ct 011 olht'ls. tlallmarks ' of sl'lf-:Hvarenc.ss include sd l'- I hey prclc1 pra1se us a tool for traintng and rnsptrtng crnplo~ccs:
conlid~rlt'c. renl rslic sdf-assessnwn t. and :.. sdf-dcplcC<Hi ng sense of htrntor. Scll'- :.twarencss I hey rely on dcccntrilli;mion for nchieving 1hci1 goa ls.
depend on one's abi lity 10 IHOnllor one's own emo1ion state and 10 con cell~ identify and na ml.' I hey focus ()n employees and their feelings
one's emotions. I hey arc role model<, ~
1\s discussed previously, these leaders cx lub11 a h1gh degree of sell-actualltalum. scll-rq~;ml.
r.. A hal llmlrk IS a sure sign: since sci,. awan:ncss i~ necessary for. sav. rea listic sci r- and a strong sense of sd f-awa rencss. 1 hey admit their rni5takcs and seck(() learn from the1n
;iSS~SS~l)(.'fl(. thai is. wi1hou1 stlf-:lwnrcncss no rcalis11<: sdf-as.scs~mcrll. th-e (>lese;ll'C of o l The second fac tor that affects the organi7..ations abd1tV to fo.s1cr an emot lotn llv mtelliucul
realistiC self-assessment is a sun; s1gn (sunici~.nt to condudc thai there is} scl f-nwan:ncss. J cult tile is ?rgani7ational structure (Book. 2000) \his structure must ' 1 ~clu<l~ 7th~
organ i1<11 ional char 1. role dcscri ptions. lines ol accuuntab1ht' and auth01 it v. and fi.mnal
Sclf-rc~ulation The abili ty IO con trol or !\.direct disruptive nnpulscs and moods. and tl 1v chnnncls or communication up and down the orga nflallonal chart" (BooJ.. . 2000) Cumpa1ucs
pro~nsrt)_ to suspend judgment and to think before acting. lfallmarks include uustworthr rt\.''S wi1h this organin tional strucllrrc in pl<tcc arc int:rcasing.ly llcxihlc and allow ll>r hottom up
and mtegnl)'; comfort with ambiguity; and openness to change. decision mak ing.
~:t~rna_J moli\l:ttion. A passion to work for_internal reasons that go b~::yond moncv and sta tus Thi s approach can be broken down into four stages that will ensure the success of emotional
luch are ex ternal rewa rds. - such as an rnnt:r vision of what is important 1: (! learning and encourage effective individual and group perfonnance. The four stages of
doing something. curiosity in learning, a no,\ that comes with bei.ng irnrn;rscdrn_ I c. a J?~: m training are preparation, training, transfer and maintenance. and evaluating change.
A propensity ro pursue . 1 1 111 an acu VII).
. . . goa s Will energy and persistence. I Iall marks includ, l d . ,
achieve. optimism e ven in the face of fail ure, and organi tarional commit rnc~t~ strong liVe to The ti rst stage preparation - consists of assessing personAl strengths and weaknesses.
linking learning goal-s to ~rso nal values, and gaug.ing readiness. ! his stage of t~ining can
Empathy. The. ability to understand the emotional makeup of oth . . . begin only if a student is motivated to commit to a change and IS ready to put m a grea1
peo ple accordmg to their emotional reactions 11 11 k . cr pcop1c. A skill rn trc<Hrng amount o f concentrated effort. This motivation is critical because: college students ate
. amar s mcludccxnert 5 , b ' ll ' generally unaware of their own emotional weaknesses and already possess an under$tandinl
rcrcu mng talent cross-cultural sensit ivity md s . . ,, ' c 111 ur c rnp :In<1
. < CfVICC 10 cftcnt S 'lnd f of themselves and how they relate to other people. In order to generate the sclf-evl&ullton
e ucaronal cont~xr. empathy is o ft en thought to incl d . 1.
d ' customers. ( ll "I
~
conccm . tlr care or a '"1sh to softe n nt:g<~t :v~;: cmotio s
u c. or cad to sympa tl
. , . .
. . ,.
1y. w111 c 11 1m p.r <.:.s needed to begin this stage. students must first examine their abil~ics to 1pply etaOiiaMt
n or expel t c nce~ Ill others. ) intcllig.<.:nc~: and evaluate their strengths and areas in which they need 1mproCIMDI
'
~
~.
lr is important to note that empathy does not necessa 1 . . ll:\nirl Golcamm'~ fi\'e components of emotional intellicence
1
'used ' for compassionate or c ruel behavior. Serial killc~' y ml p Y compass1on. Empathy ~an he
a row t~nd to have great emphallc . skills! rs w 10 marry a m1k'IJ .
I many partner~; m
Emotional lntclligence. as o psychological theory. was~ b1 ..... WMiiiMI
Muyer.
46
q
f
PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS
S~ l f- A WAREN SS ~0(11\1 1\ \'//\HI Nl SS

.,

.
>I
.
II ; f,

,I '
, I I
I , ,, I I
,,. I I
J
' I
Ii i ".
I . ' 1,.1 ,I ........ . ' I
-.. I '. Il l j . j. I I t \." i .: I II j, . al. I I '
..
. \
SELF -MANAGEMf:.NT Rl:.l ATIONSI II P M/',NAGLMLN I

r tlt ,J
lr ,,, , .. _,, "' . . I
r: i 1r, .~t r ' i r:

;~~o'll~.\( : r 1.11:. Ltr 1.~ ' J
'" lld'l\: I II I . ..... '. ,, 1: . II . Ill
1d 111: f . ... I
,, , ...... r i . II ,t ,, ,.. ~,,I 'oi't
.. .~

Pavan Kumar - S IAS Coaching Ethics Aptitude & Integrity Material PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Pavan Kumar - S IAS Coaching Ethics Aptitude & Integrity Material PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pavan Kumar - S IAS Coaching Ethics Aptitude & Integrity Material PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

I

(,\ ca d l' 11 1y o f ( ; c n c r a I S t u d i c s a n d P u hI i c A d 111 in is t r a t i o )

8/4, First Floor,

PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS .

\\'h:H is (' (hi('S'?

Ethics covers the following dilemmas:

ho'v to li ve a good life

\\'hat use is ethics?

Ethics needs to provide answers. ~a5Geafte J rf;fif!Qii= .~~ .

if a person realises that it

Er h ic.s c.' :ln fH 'O\' idc :l lll<>ral map

E thic - ca n pinpoi nt a dis ag r eem ent

That can take a lot of heat

E thics doesn't ai\'c

Ethics doesn't always show the right answer to moral problems.

veral righl an \'t 1 or iu l

Ethics a nd peo ple

E thics a so urce of group st re ngth

Good peo ple as well as good actions

by discovering what God

conclusions but to 'decisions'.

An t thic~f s t :t ( (' II H'u( ~ o bjcc ti vd y tntc:)

Ethica l non-realists think that human beings invent ethical truth s.

our ethical ' isms

When a person says "rnurdcr is had" whar arc lhty doing?

\\ 1..' !'1\\)\\ ~O ill<.' o f the different things ( mi g ht be do

telling us that they disapprove of murder.

stal(!lllc!lll do~sn't P1 ol'id

So ,, hl..'n S\.>llli..'OIH.' m akes a m ora. I .l u duc . .\how

J'm te lling you not to do it. . e nt : a n v ethica l

\\'here docs eth ics come from'?

Philosophers have severitl answers to this question: ,

God and religion

. ~ o . ats l!oodncss doesn t ftt;l <

P\ n't ...~t't c(.)Jlll.rscd . For the intuitioni st:

nh.'J.ll tnllh::> arc not disco ,cred by rationa l argument

mor~l truths arc not discovered by havin g a hunch

r,,o problems with consequential ism are:

be made accordi.ng t.o the unique situation.

Rather than followmg

Ethics and ideology

Are lhcre uni\'crsal moral rules?

One of the big ~uestions

Moral absolutism argues that there are some moral rule th ;,

R universal vie" of humanil) _ there . .

there are a few absolute ethical rules

PAVAN KUMAR'S lAS

.Strpl'rnatu ralis m (God- ba sed e thics )

I'his theory makes ethics depend on Gocf . I t teeach c.. s tha t:

the on ly source of moral rul es is God

ls a thing good because God desires it? .-~

Does God desire a thing because it is good?

And here's another problem:

Athei~ts and supernaturalism

Ethical atheists and supernaturalism

How do atheis~s de:ive their moral s? Photo: Mare~ I, P"1[;

Constr-uctionism de\'alues God - based et hics

Fearing God a_s a basis for good behaviour

(stlj~t'f~; !>.-~ ...

ni~~dh~Dharma promulga~e~nin :r;n;ll oo 1;1 "'"I