ECG353 Week 8 & 9

CHAP 3: BEARING CAPACITY OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION
WEEK 8 - 9 ~ CHAP. 3
BEARING CAPACITY OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION
TEACHING LECTURER ;
PM. IR. HJ. BAHARDIN BAHAROM
HJH. FAUZILAH ISMAIL
HAIROL ANUAR HARON
DIANA CHE LAT
FKA Level 5-49, 07-3818345

CHAP 3:BEARING CAPACITY OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION
ACTIVITY : Week 8-9 ~ CHAP. 3

Lecture ~ 38 slides
Tutorial
Independent learning activities
Soil Engineering ECG353/ECG213/Pasir Gudang Campus/FBI 2

LEARNING OUTCOMES
Week 8-9 :Coverage ~ Definition of bearing capacity terms,
failure mechanisms in shallow foundation, determination of
ultimate bearing capacity
Learning outcomes:
At the end of this lecture/week the students would
be able to:
i. Discuss the mechanisms of bearing capacity of shallow

foundations
ii. Perform empirical analysis to determine ultimate
bearing capacity of shallow foundations.

OUTLINE of PRESENTATION
3.1 Introduction & Types of Foundation
3.2 Factors in the Design of Shallow
Foundations and modes of failure
3.3 Definitions of Bearing Capacity Terms
3.4 Ultimate Bearing capacity of Shallow
Foundations

INTRODUCTION & TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS

3.1 INTRODUCTION & TYPES OF FOUNDATION

INTRODUCTION & TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS

3.1 INTRODUCTION & TYPES OF FOUNDATION
A foundation is the supporting base of a

structure which forms the interface across
which the loads are transmitted to the
underlying soil or rock
Broadly foundations can be categorized into

two types :-
i. Shallow/spread foundations
~ isolated pads, strip footings and mat (raft)
ii. Deep foundations
~ piles, piers and caissons

Types of foundations
D
D
B
B
D/B < 1 or D < 3.0 m
B
D/B > 4
i) Shallow foundation ii) Deep foundation

Pad footing Pile foundation
Strip footing Caisson/Drilled Pier
Mat foundation

An interface element used to

An interface element used to transfer load from
transfer load from superstructure
superstructure to underlying soil or rock.
to underlying soil or rock.
FACTORS IN DESIGN
3.2 FACTORS IN THE DESIGN OF SHALLOW
FOUNDATIONS
Shallow means less than 3 m or less than or

equal the breadth of the footings
3.2.1 Three design criteria must be

considered :-
1) Adequate depth
2) Limiting settlement
3) Factor of safety against shear failure

FACTORS IN DESIGN
1) Adequate depth
Df the depth below the surface to the base of the foundation must be
sufficient to prevent any adverse effects due to changes in surface
conditions such as erosion due to rainfall and surface runoff
2) Factor of safety
The foundation must be safe against bearing capacity failure. The

principal criterion for design will be that the ratio of the shear strength of
the soil to the maximum mobilized shear stress must not be less than the
factor of safety, Fs, (at least 2.5 or 3.0)
3) Limiting settlement
The amount of total settlement, differential settlement and angular

distortion of the foundation must be within the specified limits based on
the required functional performance of the buildings or structures


MODES OF SHEAR FAILURE

3.2.2 Three modes of shear failure :-
1) General shear failure
2) Local shear failure
3) Punching shear failure
1) General shear failure

Clearly defined slip surface ~
develops outwards towards
one or both sides and
eventually to the ground
surface.
Failure is sudden, severe tilting
leading to final collapse.
Associated with dense sand or
over-consolidated soils of low
compressibility.
2) Local shear failure
Shear plane starts from one side and ends within the soil.
Adjacent bulging may occur but little tilting.
Settlement which occurs will usually be the principal

design criterion. This type of failure normally occurs in
loose cohesionless soils.

3) Punching shear failure
Development of slip surface restricted to vertical plane

adjacent to the sides of the footing.
Bulging at the surface is usually absent and may even be

replaced by drag-down. This type of failure normally occurs in
very loose cohesionless soils.


DEFINITION OF TERMS
3.3 DEFINITION OF BEARING CAPACITY
The following terms need to be understood

and properly explained :-
3.3.1 Ultimate bearing capacity, qf

3.3.2 Net bearing pressure, qn
3.3.3 Factor of safety against shear failure, FOS
3.3.4 Presumed bearing value
3.3.5 Allowable bearing capacity, qa

DEFINITION OF TERMS
3.3.1 Ultimate bearing capacity, qf
qf is the intensity of bearing pressure at which the
supporting ground is expected to fail in shear i.e. a
collapse will take place.
Terzaghi (1943) proposed a formula to determine qf
(general shear failure) as below;
a) Square foundation q f 1.3cN c o N q 0.4B ' N

b) Rectangular foundation
B B
q f cN c 1 0.3 o N q 0.5 B ' N 1 0.2
L L

DEFINITION OF TERMS
Net ultimate bearing capacity (qnf ) is giving by;
qnf q f o'
where ;
qf = ultimate bearing capacity (Terzaghis equation)
o = overburden pressure adjacent to the foundation OR
pressure relief due to excavation.
o = Df (if no gwt)
o = zw + (sat - w )hw (with gwt above the base), thus giving
= zw + hw
zw gwt

Df sat
hw
o o
B
DEFINITION OF TERMS
3.3.2 Net bearing pressure (qn)
Also known as net foundation pressure OR net loading
intensity.
qn is the net change in total stress experienced by the soil at
the base of the foundation; this being the difference between
the total applied stress (q) and the stress removed due to
excavation (o ).
qn qa ' P kN (design load transferred

from column)
o
where ;
qa = contact pressure at the base of the zw gwt
foundation, q = P/A (kN/m2)
o = overburden pressure adjacent to the sat
foundation OR pressure relief due to
Df hw
excavation. q = P/A
o = Df (if no gwt) o o
o = zw + hw (with gwt above the base) B
DEFINITION OF TERMS
3.3.3 Factor of safety against shear failure, FOS

Is defined as the ratio between the net ultimate
bearing capacity and the net bearing pressure :
qnf q f - 'o
Factor of safety, F
qn qa - 'o
3.3.4 Presumed bearing value

Is a conservative value attributed to a rock or
soil for preliminary design purpose. Values
obtained using empirical data, taking into
consideration the width of foundation, the
probable settlement limits and local experience.


DEFINITION OF TERMS
3.3.5 Allowable bearing capacity (qa)

Is defined as the bearing pressure that will cause
either undrained or drained settlement or creep equal
to a specified tolerable design limit.
For a given foundation in a given soil, the allowable
design value for the applied bearing pressure given
below:-
An ultimate limit state value (shear strength)
Allowable design bearing capacity is giving by;
q f - 'o
qa 'o
F
ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY, qf
3.4 ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY OF

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Terzaghi (1943) proposed a formula to determine the
ultimate bearing capacity of a infinitely long strip
footing. Later on the formula was extended to include
other footing shapes; strip, circular, square and
rectangular foundation. But focus only on square and
rectangular foundation only.
3.4.1 Square foundation

3.4.2 Rectangular foundation


Assumptions made by Terzaghi :
o The soil is a semi-infinite, homogeneous, isotropic, weightless,

rigid-plastic material.
o The embankment depth is not greater than the width of the

footing (Df < B).
o The shear strength of the soil above the footing base is

negligible.
o The soil above the footing base can be replaced by a surcharge

stress (= D)
o The base of the footing is rough & suitable for General Shear
Failure mode only


On basis of the type of failure mechanism (as in Figure 9.13 in
previous slide), the ultimate bearing capacity is evaluated by the
approximate method of superimposition and is expressed by;
q f qc qq q
1st term 2nd term 3rd term
cohesion surcharge unit weight
3.4.1 Square foundation

q f 1.3cN c o N q 0.4B ' N
Nc, Nq and N are bearing capacity factors depending on angle of the soil.
3.4.2 Rectangular foundation
B B
q f cN c 1 0.3 o N q 0.5B ' N 1 0.2 for general shear failure
L L
Nc, Nq and N are bearing capacity factors depending on angle of the soil.

CHAP
b) 3:BEARING
Table of bearing
CAPACITY
capacity SHALLOW
OFcoefficients FOUNDATION
for general shear failure

ULTIMATE STABILITY DESIGN
3.4.3 Foundations on sands and gravels (c = 0 )
Bearing capacity calculations should be carried out in

terms of effective and the previous equation becomes :
0
q f 1.3cN c o ' N q 0.4 B ' N for square footing
qnf ' D f N q 0.4 B ' N ' D f
0
B B
q f cN c 1 0.3 o ' N q 0.5B ' N 1-0.2 for rectangula r footing
L L
B
qnf ' D f N q 0.5B ' N 1 0.2 ' D f
L
However the values of changes depending on the position of
groundwater as given in the following table ~ shown in next slide.
CHAP 3:BEARING CAPACITY in SHALLOW
ReductionOF due to groundwater
FOUNDATION
q f 1.3cN c ' D f N q 0.4B ' N 2nd 3rd
(i)
o' ' D ' sat w
(ii) o' zw ' hw ' sat w
o o (iii)
o D ' sat w
(iv)
o D
within B depth
Dw D f
sat w 1
(above passive '
zone)
B
(v)
o D
passive zone
(below B depth) '
Whitlow, R.
page 464
ULTIMATE STABILITY DESIGN

3.4.4 Foundations on clays and silts (u = 0)
Skempton (1951) suggested that for an undrained saturated
clay (u = 0), the basic form of Terzaghis equation should be
used, but with the values of Nc related to the shape and
depth of the foundation.
For soil f cu
(since 0 N q 1.0 and N 0)
1.0 0
q f cu N c D f N q 0.5 B ' N thus giving,
'
q f cu N c ' D f
qnf cu N c for square footing
Values of Nc may be obtained from the chart below ~ see

next slide.
Whitlow, R. page 467 equation 11.9(c)
Skemptons values for Nc for undrained conditions (for clays and silts)
Example 1
Soil Engineering ECG353/ECG213/Pasir Gudang Campus/FBI

32 32
Example 2

33 33
REMINDER DATELINE!!!
END OF WEEK 9
W10 W12
CHAPTER 4
INTRODUCTION TO SLOPE
STABILITY
34 34
TUTORIAL CHAPTER 3
Tutorial 3.1
Tutorial 3.2
Tutorial 3.3

ECG353 Week 8 &amp; 9

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CHAP 3: BEARING CAPACITY OF SHALLOW FOUNDATION

FKA Level 5-49, 07-3818345

ACTIVITY : Week 8-9 ~ CHAP. 3

Soil Engineering ECG353/ECG213/Pasir Gudang Campus/FBI 2

i. Discuss the mechanisms of bearing capacity of shallow

Soil Engineering ECG353/ECG213/Pasir Gudang Campus/FBI 3

Soil Engineering ECG353/ECG213/Pasir Gudang Campus/FBI 4

INTRODUCTION & TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS

Soil Engineering ECG353/ECG213/Pasir Gudang Campus/FBI 5

INTRODUCTION & TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS

A foundation is the supporting base of a

Broadly foundations can be categorized into

Soil Engineering ECG353/ECG213/Pasir Gudang Campus/FBI 6

i) Shallow foundation ii) Deep foundation

Soil Engineering ECG353/ECG213/Pasir Gudang Campus/FBI 7

An interface element used to

Shallow means less than 3 m or less than or

3.2.1 Three design criteria must be

Soil Engineering ECG353/ECG213/Pasir Gudang Campus/FBI 9

The foundation must be safe against bearing capacity failure. The

The amount of total settlement, differential settlement and angular

Soil Engineering ECG353/ECG213/Pasir Gudang Campus/FBI 10

Soil Engineering ECG353/ECG213/Pasir Gudang Campus/FBI 11

MODES OF SHEAR FAILURE

1) General shear failure

MODES OF SHEAR FAILURE

2) Local shear failure

Settlement which occurs will usually be the principal

Soil Engineering ECG353/ECG213/Pasir Gudang Campus/FBI 13

MODES OF SHEAR FAILURE

3) Punching shear failure

Development of slip surface restricted to vertical plane

Bulging at the surface is usually absent and may even be

Soil Engineering ECG353/ECG213/Pasir Gudang Campus/FBI 14

Soil Engineering ECG353/ECG213/Pasir Gudang Campus/FBI 15

The following terms need to be understood

3.3.1 Ultimate bearing capacity, qf

3.3.4 Presumed bearing value

3.3.5 Allowable bearing capacity, qa

Soil Engineering ECG353/ECG213/Pasir Gudang Campus/FBI 16

a) Square foundation q f 1.3cN c o N q 0.4B ' N

Soil Engineering ECG353/ECG213/Pasir Gudang Campus/FBI 17

Net ultimate bearing capacity (qnf ) is giving by;

qn qa ' P kN (design load transferred

3.3.3 Factor of safety against shear failure, FOS

3.3.4 Presumed bearing value

Soil Engineering ECG353/ECG213/Pasir Gudang Campus/FBI 20

Soil Engineering ECG353/ECG213/Pasir Gudang Campus/FBI 21

3.3.5 Allowable bearing capacity (qa)

An ultimate limit state value (shear strength)

Allowable design bearing capacity is giving by;

ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY, qf

3.4 ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY OF

3.4.1 Square foundation

Soil Engineering ECG353/ECG213/Pasir Gudang Campus/FBI 23

ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY, qf

o The soil is a semi-infinite, homogeneous, isotropic, weightless,

o The embankment depth is not greater than the width of the

o The shear strength of the soil above the footing base is

o The soil above the footing base can be replaced by a surcharge

Soil Engineering ECG353/ECG213/Pasir Gudang Campus/FBI 24

ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY, qf

3.4.1 Square foundation

ECG353 Week 8 & 9

ECG353 Week 8 & 9