Bi ging mn hc LOGIC M V NG DNG

PGS.TS. Nguyn Vn nh, Khoa CNTT, Hc Vin NN Vit Nam

M u

Trong cuc sng, con ngi truyn thng tin cho nhau ch yu bng ngn ng t nhin.
Mc d ngn ng t nhin thng a ngha, khng chnh xc, v khng y , nhng n vn l
phng tin truyn thng tin mnh m v thng dng nht gia con ngi vi nhau. Vt qua tt
c cc hn ch ca ngn ng t nhin (thiu chnh xc, khng r rng vaguenees), con
ngi thng hiu ng v t khi hiu sai nhng iu m ngi khc mun ni vi mnh. y l
iu m my mc ni chung v my tnh ni ring khng th thc hin c mt cch hon ho.
Tham vng ca cc nh ton hc, logic hc v cng ngh thng tin l mun xy dng cho my
mc kh nng suy din v x l thng tin, tc l c kh nng hot ng nh b c ca con ngi
chng c th nhn nhng mnh lnh ca con ngi thng qua ngn ng t nhin v thc thi
nhng nhim v . Nh vy, vn t ra y l lm th no my tnh c th hiu v x l
c nhng tri thc din t bng ngn ng t nhin. t c iu ny, trc ht ngi ta
cn phi xy dng mt l thuyt logic ton cho php m t chnh xc ngha ca cc mnh
khng r rng, a ngha.
Logic ton hc c in nghin cu cc php suy lun vi cc mnh c gi tr chn l
(ng/sai) r rng. Chng hn ta c cc mnh trong logic c in:
p: hm nay tri ma , gi tr chn l ca p l T(ng) hay F (sai) l c th xc nh
c.
q: hm nay Trung ngh hc,s c gi tr chn l duy nht l T hoc F
r: tui ca Trung l 22 ...
Vi nhng mnh trn, logic c in c th p dng cc quy tc suy din, chng hn quy tc
modus ponens :
nu p q ng v p ng th q ng
do nu c lut tri ma th SV ngh hc th nu c p : hm nay tri ma l ng th s suy
ra q : hm nay Trung ngh hc l ng.
Tuy nhin trong thc t, c nhiu mnh cha nhng thng tin khng r rng, khng chnh
xc, chng hn ta thng gp nhng mnh :
p : A l ngi lp trnh gii
q : lng ca A l cao
r : A c cm tnh vi B
Nhng mnh trn y cha nhng thng tin khng chnh xc v khng y (gi l cc
thng tin m), chng hn: nh th no l lp trnh gii, cho nn khng th c gi tr chn l ca
p, hay lng ca A cao l bao nhiu, A cm tnh vi B n mc no ? Tt c nhng mnh
trn u khng th c gi tr chn l (ng/sai) r rng (gi l cc mnh m). Chng ta

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cng khng th p dng quy tc modus ponens ca logic c in vi cc mnh m trn y,
suy ra A c lng cao l ng, d rng c lut : ngi lp trnh gii th c lng cao.
my tnh c th hiu c cc tri thc din t bng ngn ng t nhin cha ng nhng
thng tin m, ngi ta cn phi xy dng mt l thuyt logic mi, cho php m t chnh xc
ngha ca cc mnh c cha cc thng tin khng r rng, a ngha.
Vo nm 1965, Gio s Lotfi Zadeh - trng khoa in t thuc trng i hc
California, mt nh ton hc v logic hc ngi H Lan, xy dng thnh cng l thuyt tp
m v h thng logic m. Pht minh ny ca Zadeh cho php con ngi c th lng ha gi
tr cc mnh m, nh truyn t mt s thng tin cho my mc qua ngn ng t nhin, v
chng c th hiu kh chnh xc ni dung ca nhng thng tin . y l mt bc tin c
tnh t ph trong vic phin dch hay lng ha nhng mnh ca ngn ng t nhin, c cha
nhng thng tin khng chnh xc v khng y , (cc thng tin m) sang cc ngn ng hnh
thc, ngn ng lp trnh.

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 Chng I

L THUYT TP M

1.1 B TC CC KIN THC V TP HP

nghin cu cc tp hp m (FUZZY SET) v logic m (FUZZY LOGIC) trc ht ta

nhc li cc kin thc c bn v l thuyt tp hp c in (CRISP SET), cc nh x v cc quan
h trn cc tp hp. y l nhng kin thc nn tng ca ton hc, hu ht nhng kin thc ny
sinh vin ngnh Tin hc c hc tp trong cc nm u ca bc i hoc, tuy nhin, sinh vin
cn n li v chc chn rng mnh nm rt vng nhng kin thc ny trc khi bt u mn
hc Logic m v ng dng.

1.1.1 M t tp hp

Mt tp hp c m t l mt nhm cc i tng khng c s lp li. Mi i tng

ca tp hp c gi l mt phn t ca tp hp .
Cc ch ci in hoa (c th km theo ch s): A, B, C,..hay A1, A2, A3 thng c dng t
tn cho tp hp. Cc ch ci in thng (c th km theo ch s): a, b, c,..hay a1, a2, a3 thng
c dng ch cc phn t ca tp hp.

Nu s phn t ca tp hp l hu hn v khng qu ln ta c th c t tp hp bng

cch lit k tt c cc phn t ca n gia hai du ngoc {}, cc phn t trong tp hp
c vit cch nhau bi du phy , v khng quan tm n th t cc phn t trong
mt tp hp.
Nu phn t x l thuc tp hp A, ta vit x A (c: x thuc A), nu tri li, ta vit x A. (c x
khng thuc A).

Hai tp hp bng nhau l hai tp hp c cha cc phn t nh nhau.

Chng hn: Tp hp A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} l bng tp hp B, vi B = {2, 1, 4, 3, 5}, ta vit A = B.

Th d 1.1 Gi D l tp hp cc ngy trong tun, khi ta c th cho D bng cch lit k cc

phn t ca n:
D = {Mon, Tues, Wed, Thurs, Fri, Sat, Sun}
Ta c Mon D, Fri D, nhng September D.
Ngoi ra, tp hp: {Sat, Tues, Wed, Mon,Thurs, Fri, Sun} cng bng tp hp D.
Nu mt tp hp cha mt s kh ln cc phn t, hoc l v hn cc phn t, ngi ta c th
khng lit k tt c cc phn t ca tp hp, m dng cch c t tp hp theo mt s tnh cht
c trng ca cc phn t ca n.

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Th d 1.2 C th cho mt s tp hp nh sau :
a/. D = {x | x l mt ngy trong tun }, D l tp cc ngy ca mt tun l,
b/. C = {z | z = a + ib, vi a, b R, i2 = -1}, C l tp hp s phc,
c/. X = {x | x > 5}, X l tp cc s thc c gi tr ln hn 5.
Ta ni tp hp A l tp hp con ca tp hp B v k hiu l A B, nu mi phn t ca
A cng l phn t ca B.
Ta ni tp hp A l tp hp con thc s ca tp hp B v k hiu l A B, nu A l tp hp con
ca B, v B c t nht mt phn t khng thuc A. Nu A c d ch mt phn t m khng phi
l phn t ca B th A khng phi l tp hp con ca tp hp B.
Nu A B th ta ni A b cha trong B, hay B cha A.
Nu A B th ta ni A b cha thc s trong B, hay B thc s cha A.
Hai tp hp A v B gi l bng nhau khi v ch khi A B v B A, v vit A = B.
Phng php chng minh hai tp hp bng nhau
chng minh 2 tp bng nhau, A = B, ta s chng minh hai bao hm thc A B v B A.
chng minh A B ta cn ch ra rng: vi phn t bt k x A th cng c x B, vi bao
hm thc ngc li B A cng chng minh tng t. (xem th d 1.5)
Mt trng hp c bit ca tp hp l tp hp rng, tp hp ny khng cha bt k
phn t no, v c k hiu l , hay { }. Tp hp rng c xem nh tp con ca mi
tp hp.
Tp hp tt c cc tp hp con ca tp hp A (k c chnh tp A v tp rng) gi l tp
hp ly tha ca A, k hiu 2A, tp hp ny cng c k hiu l P(A).
Lc lng ca tp hp A l s phn t ca A. K hiu lng ca tp hp A l | A |.
R rng ta c | 2A| = 2 | A |.

Th d 1.3. Mt s kt qu so snh cc tp hp :
a/. {1, 2, 3, 4} {2, 1, 4, 5, 3}
b/. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}={5, 1, 2, 3, 4}
c/. Cho A = {1, 2, 3}th tp hp ly tha ca A l
2A = { , {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 3}, {1, 2, 3}}
Ta c | 2A| = 2 | A | = 23 = 8 phn t
Trong chuyn ny, t nay v sau, cho ngn gn, ta dng t tp thay cho tp hp.

1.1.2 Cc php ton trn tp hp

Cc tp hp c xt y c xem nh l cc tp con ca mt tp v tr X no . Cc php

ton xc nh trn tp hp l:
a. Phn b ca tp hp A trong X, k hiu A , l tp cc phn t ca X m khng thuc A.

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 A = {x X | x A }
b. Hp ca A v B, k hiu A B, l tp cc phn t thuc t nht mt trong hai tp A , B.
A B = {x | x A hoc x B}
c. Giao ca A v B, k hiu A B, l tp hp cc phn t ng thi thuc c A v B.
A B = {x | x A v x B}
d. Hiu ca A v B, k hiu A \ B (hoc A B), l tp cc phn t thuc A m khng thuc B
A \ B = {x | x A v x B}

Mt s tnh cht ca cc php ton trn tp hp:

Cho A, B, C l cc tp con ca tp v tr X, c th chng minh c cc tnh cht sau:
Mt s tnh cht v phn b (ph nh):

A A ; X =; =X
Giao hon:
AB=BA
AB=BA
Kt hp:
(A B) C = A (B C)
(A B) C = A (B C)
Phn b:
A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
i ngu (cng thc Demorgan):

A B A B (1)
A B A B (2)
Lc lng ca hai tp hp:
| A | + | B | = |A B| + |A B|

1.1.3 Tich Decac ca cc tp hp

Tch Decac (Descartes Product) ca hai tp A v B l mt php ghp hai tp c tp hp

mi, k hiu A B:
A B = {(a, b) | a A, b B}
D thy rng lc lng ca tch Decac A B l: | A B | = | A | . | B |
C th m rng tch Decac cho nhiu tp hp:
A1 A2 An = {(a1, a2 , , an) | ai Ai , i = 1, 2, ...n}.
C th dng k hiu ly tha ch tch Decac ca cng mt tp hp:

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 Ak = A A ... A (k ln)
Th d 1.4: Cho R l tp s thc, biu din cc im trn ng thng, khi :
R2 = {(x, y) | x R, y R}biu din cc im trn mt phng,
R3 = {(x, y, z) | x R, y R, z R}biu din cc im trong khng gian,

Th d 1.5: Chng minh cng thc Demorgan th nht: A B A B

Ta cn chng minh hai bao hm thc : A B A B v A B A B .

Chng minh A B A B (a) :

Gi s x l phn t bt k m x A B , khi x A B, suy ra x A v x B, vy x

A B . Bao hm thc (a) c chng minh.

Vi bao hm thc A B A B (b) ta cng chng minh tng t.

T (a) v (b) suy ra A B A B .

Cc bn sinh vin t chng minh cng thc Demorgan th hai nh l mt bi tp.

1.1.4 Quan h trn cc tp hp

Trong nhiu vn , ta cn xem xt n mt mi quan h no gia cc phn t ca cc

tp hp. Trng hp n gin nht l xem xt quan h gia hai phn t ca mt tp hp. Nhng
cp phn t nh vy to nn mt tp con ca tch Decac X X, v c gi l mt quan h hai
ngi trn tp hp X.

Ta c nh ngha hnh thc cho mt quan h R trn tp X nh sau:

nh ngha 1.1.
Mt quan h hai ngi R (hay n gin l quan h R) trn mt tp hu hn cc phn t X, l mt
tp con ca tch Decac X X, k hiu l R(X).
Nu hai phn t a, b X c quan h vi nhau theo quan h R th ta vit aRb hay (a, b) R(X).
Chng ta quan tm n cc tnh cht sau ca mt quan h hai ngi R trn tp X:
Phn x: Quan h R c tnh phn x nu: aRa, a X
i xng: Quan h R c tnh i xng nu: aRb bRa
Bc cu: Quan h R c tnh bc cu nu: (aRb v bRc) aRc
Mi mt quan h c th c mt s hoc tt c ba tnh cht trn. Mt quan h s c gi l quan
h phn x, quan h i xng hoc quan h bc cu khi n c tnh cht tng ng.

Th d 1.6. Xt tp X = {1, 2, 3, 4}.

Ta xc nh cc quan h :
a/. Ta xc nh mi quan h L gia cc phn t ca X nh sau: vi a, b X, ta ni a c quan
h L vi b, nu a nh hn b. Vy quan h L trn X c xc nh bi tp hp:

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 L(X) = {(1,2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 4) }
b/. Ta xc nh mi quan h D gia cc phn t ca X nh sau: vi a, b X, ta ni a c
quan h D vi b, nu a chia ht cho b. Vy quan h D trn X c xc nh bi tp:
D(X) = {(2, 1), (3, 1), (4, 1), (4, 2), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3) (4, 4)}
D thy rng L l quan h bc cu trn X, nhng khng phi l i xng v phn x, cn
D l quan h phn x v bc cu trn X, nhng D khng phi l quan h i xng.
Ngi ta quan tm n mt loi quan h c bit, l quan h tng ng.

nh ngha 1.2.
Mt quan h hai ngi R trn X c gi l quan h tng ng nu R l quan h phn x, i
xng v bc cu; tc l: vi mi phn t a, b, c X th R tha cc tnh cht:
aRa, a X (Tnh phn x)
aRb bRa (Tnh i xng)
(aRb v bRc) aRc (Tnh bc cu)
Nu R l quan h tng ng trn X th mi cp phn t thuc R(X) c gi l tng ng
vi nhau (theo quan h R).

Th d 1.7. Xt tp m s t nhin: M = {1, 2, m}, vi mi cp s a v b thuc M, ta ni a

ng d vi b modulo k, nu a mod k = b mod k, ( 0 < k < m), v k hiu l:
a~b (mod k).
D thy rng nu a~b (mod k) th a b l mt bi s ca k.
C th thy rng quan h a~b (mod k) tha mn c ba tnh cht phn x, i xng v bc cu,
vy y l mt quan h tng ng.
Chng hn, vi m = 5, k = 2. Ta c M = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, Xt quan h R trn M l quan h
a~b(mod 2). Khi cc s a, b tha quan h R l nhng cp s khi chia cho 2 th c cng s d.
R(M) = {(1, 3), (1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 5), (3, 1), (5, 1), (4, 2), (5, 3), (1, 1) (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5)}
R rng R tha c 3 tnh cht phn x, i xng v bc cu, vy R l quan h tng ng.

Phn hoch ca tp hp: Mt quan h tng ng c th xc nh mt cch chia tp X

thnh cc tp con ri nhau gi l mt phn hoch ca tp X. C th, ta c nh ngha sau:

nh ngha 1.3.
Phn hoch ca tp hp X l tp P cc tp con ca X: P = {X1 , X2 , Xk }, trong Xi X ,
i = 1, 2, , k; X1X2Xk = X , XiXj = vi i j.
Mt quan h tng ng R trn tp hp X s chia tp X thnh cc lp tng ng, sao cho hai
phn t thuc cng mt lp l tng ng vi nhau (theo quan h R). Mt phn t a ca tp X
phi thuc v ng mt lp tng ng no , cha tt c nhng phn t tng ng vi a,
k hiu lp ny l C(a,R). Nh vy cc lp tng ng l cc tp con ri nhau ca X, v ph
kn tp X.
Do , mt quan h tng ng R trn mt tp hp s xc nh mt phn hoch trn tp hp
, v ngc li, mt phn hoch bt k trn mt tp hp s tng ng vi mt quan h tng
ng trn tp hp .

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Tr li th d 1.6, chng hn, vi m = 5, k = 2, ta c M = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, ta gi R l quan h
tng ng a~b (mod 2) trn M, th R s chia tp M thnh hai lp tng ng l tp cc phn
t khi chia cho 2 s c cng s d :
C(1, R) = {1, 3, 5}
C(2, R) = {2, 4}
R rng l C(1, R) C(2, R) = M, v C(1, R) C(2, R) = nn cc lp tng ng trn lm
thnh mt phn hoch ca tp M, chia M thnh tp con cc s l v tp con cc s chn trong M..

Quan h th t: i khi, ta cn ch n mt tnh cht khc ca cc quan h, l tnh

phn i xng. Quan h R c tnh phn i xng nu: (aRb v bRa) (a = b). Ta c nh ngha:

nh ngha 1.4.
Quan h R trn tp X c gi l quan h th t nu n c ba tnh cht: phn x, phn i
xng v bc cu.

Th d 1.8. Trn tp X = {1, 2, 3, 4}xt quan h R: vi mi cp s a v b thuc X, ta ni aRb

nu a b.

Ta c R(X) = {(1,2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 4), (1, 1) (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)}

D thy rng R l mt quan h th t trn tp X.

Bao ng ca mt quan h. Cho quan h R trn tp hp X, gi s P l mt tp cc tnh

cht no ca cc quan h (chng hn tnh cht phn x, i xng hay bc cu).

nh ngha 1.5.
Bao ng P (P-closure) ca quan h R trn tp X, l mt quan h nh nht cha tt c cc
cp ca R, v nhng cp c suy dn ra t cc tnh cht trong P.

Ta xt hai loi bao ng sau ca quan h R.

Bao ng bc cu (bao ng truyn ng) ca R, k hiu R+ c xc nh nh sau:
- Nu (a, b) R th (a, b) cng thuc R+.
- Nu (a, b) R+ v (b, c) R th (a, c) R+.
Bao ng phn x v bc cu ca R, k hiu R* c xc nh nh sau:
R* = R+ {(a, a) | a X}
Th d 1.9. Cho quan h R = {(1, 2), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)} trn tp X = {1, 2, 3, 4},
Ta c: R+ = {(1, 2), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (1, 3), (2, 4), (1, 4)}
Ta c: R* = {(1, 2), (2, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (1, 3), (2, 4), (1, 4), (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4)}

1.1.5 nh x trn cc tp hp

Gia cc tp hp c th c s tng ng gia mt (nhiu) phn t ca mt (nhiu) tp hp ny

vi cc phn t ca (cc) tp hp khc, khi ta c mt nh x gia cc tp hp . Trng hp
n gin nht, ta c nh ngha sau :

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nh ngha 1.6
Cho hai tp hp A v B, nu c mt quy tc f cho tng ng mi phn t x A vi mt phn t
duy nht y B th ta ni c mt nh x f t A vo B, v k hiu l :
f : A B
Phn t y B m tng ng vi phn t x A c gi l nh ca x qua nh x f,
thng c k hiu l y = f(x).
Tp tt c nhng gi tr y B l nh ca x no trong A, gi l nh ca A qua nh x f,
c k hiu v xc nh nh sau:
f(A) = {y B | c x A y = f(x)}

T nh ngha nh x trn y, ch rng nh x f phi tha mn hai tnh cht:

(i) Mi phn t x A u c tng ng vi mt phn t y B. Tp A cn c gi l min
xc nh ca nh x f. (khng th c phn t no ca A khng c tng ng vo B)
(ii) C th c hai phn t khc nhau ca A cng tng ng vi mt phn t ca B, nhng
mt phn t ca A th khng th tng ng vi hai phn t khc nhau ca B.
Nu vi phm mt trong 2 tnh cht trn th php tng ng f khng phi l mt nh x.

nh ngha 1.7
Cho nh x f t A vo B, khi :
a/. nh x f : A B c gi l n nh nu nh ca cc phn t khc nhau l khc nhau.
Ni cch khc: nh x f gi l n nh nu vi mi x1, x2 A, m x1 x2, th f( x1) f( x2)
b/. nh x f : A B c gi l ton nh nu f(A) = B.
Ni cch khc: nh x f gi l ton nh nu vi bt k y B, c t nht mt phn t x A tng
ng vi y, tc l c x A sao cho y = f( x).
c/. nh x f : A B gi l song nh nu f va l n nh va l ton nh.

Ch :
1. Nu f : A B l mt nh x song nh, th tn ti nh x ngc t B vo A, k hiu f -1: B A,
ng mi phn t y B vi mt phn t x A m y = f(x).
nh x ngc f -1: B A cng l mt song nh v ch nh x song nh mi c nh x ngc
2. nh x n nh cn c gi l nh x 1 1; nh x ton nh cn gi l nh x ln v nh
x song nh cn gi l nh x 1 1 v ln.
3. nh x f : A B cng c gi l mt hm t A vo B. Khi cc tp A, B l cc tp con ca
tp s thc R, th cc nh x c gi l cc hm s.

Th d 1.10.
a/. Gi A l tp cc sinh vin trong 1 lp, B = {0, 1, 2, , 100}, php tng ng f ng mi sinh
vin vi 1 gi tr trong B l im thi mn ting Anh ca sinh vin (thang im 100, khng c

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im l). R rng f l mt nh x t A vo B, v vi mi sinh vin u c im (tha mn tnh
cht (i), v mt sinh vin ch c mt im duy nht (tha mn tnh cht (ii) ca nh x).
b/. Php tng ng ngc li t B vo A khng phi l nh x, v c th vi mt gi tr trong B
ng vi nhiu sinh vin cng nhn gi tr l im (ph v tnh cht (ii) ca nh x. Ngoi ra,
c th c nhng gi tr ca B khng c sinh vin no c im nh vy (ph v tnh cht (i) ca
nh x). Php tng ng ph v t nht mt trong hai tnh cht trn th khng phi l nh x.
c/. Nu gi C l tp cc m sinh vin ca lp, th tng ng g mi sinhh vin vi m SV ca
mnh s l mt nh x va c tnh n nh, va c tnh ton nh, vy g l mt nh x song nh t
A vo C. Ta c nh x ngc t tp m sinh vin C vo tp sinh vin A: g -1: C A. R rng
nh x g -1 cng l mt song nh.
Cc bn sinh vin c th tm thm cc th d v cc loi nh x.

1.2 CC KHI NIM C S CA TP M

1.2.1. Khi nim tp hp m

Khi nim Tp hp m (Fuzzy Set) l m rng ca khi nim tp hp c in, nhm p

ng nhu cu biu din nhng tri thc khng chnh xc. Trong l thuyt tp hp c in (Crisp
set), quan h thnh vin ca cc phn t i vi mt tp hp c nh gi theo kiu nh phn
mt cch r rng : mi phn t u ca v tr tham chiu U l chc chn thuc tp A hoc chc
chn khng thuc tp A. Nh vy, xem mt phn t c l l thnh vin ca tp A hay khng,
ta gn cho phn t gi tr 1 nu phn t chc chn thuc A, v gi tr 0 nu n khng thuc
v tp hp A, tc l ta c th xy dng mt hm thnh vin (hay hm thuc) nh gi mt
phn t c thuc tp A hay khng :
1 if u A
u U , A (u )
0 if u A
R rng, hm thuc A s xc nh tp con c in A trn tp v tr U. vi A ch nhn gi tr
trong tp hp{0,1}.
Ngc li, l thuyt tp m cho php nh gi nhiu mc khc nhau v kh nng mt phn t
c th thuc v mt tp hp. Ta cng dng mt hm thnh vin (hm thuc) xc nh cc
mc m mt phn t u thuc v tp A : u U , 0 A (u ) 1 .

Chng hn, xt v tr tham chiu l cc nhn vin trong 1 cng ty, gi A l tp nhng ngi c
mc lng t 6 triu n 8 triu ng, th A l 1 tp r, gm tt c nhng ngi c mc lng
S, m 6000000 S 8000000. R rng ai c lng 5.990.000 hay 8.010.000 l khng thuc
tp A.
Nu ta coi mc lng t 6.000.000 tr ln l mc thu nhp cao, th c nhng ngi c mc
lng thp hn 6.000.000 vi chc ngn n vi trm ngn ng vn c th c xem l thuc
tp hp nhng ngi c thu nhp cao. Tp A trn l tp hp theo ngha c in (tp r), cn
tp B : nhng ngi c thu nhp cao l tp m, mi phn t ca v tr tham chiu u c
gn mt gi tr ch mc thuc tp m ny, chng hn mt nhn vin c mc lng 6.800.000

Bi ging Chuyn Logic m v ng dng nvdinh@vnua.edu.vn 10

c thuc vo tp B ny l bng 1 (chc chn l ngi c thu nhp cao), nhng mt ngi c
mc lng 2.000.000 th c th coi l thnh vin ca tp ny vi thuc rt thp, thuc s
tng dn vi nhng ngi c mc lng cng cao. Nhng ngi c thu nhp di 1.000.000
th chc chn khng th thuc tp B (mc l thnh vin i vi tp B l bng 0).
Ta c nh ngha hnh thc cho mt tp con m trn mt v tr tham chiu nh sau :

nh ngha 1.8.
Cho U l mt v tr tham chiu, tp con m A trn U c xc nh bi hm thuc A, gn cho
mi phn t u ca U, mt gi tr A(u), vi 0 A(u) 1, ch mc m phn t u thuc v
tp m A. Ni cch khc, tp con m A trn U c xc nh bi nh x :
A : U [0, 1]
Tp con m A trn U xc nh bi hm thuc A : U [0, 1] c th c biu din nh sau :
Vi U l tp ri rc cc gi tr, U = {u1, u2, ...,un} tp m A trn U c biu din:
A = { A (u 1 )/u 1 , A (u 2 )/u 2 ,, A (u n )/u n | u i U, i = 1, 2, , n }
Vi U l min khng m c, tp m A trn U c biu din bng k php:

A= U
A (u ) / u

K php trong cch biu din th hai ny khng lin quan g n tch phn, ch c ngha rng vi
mi phn t u ca min v tr U (U l min lin tc hoc khng m c) u c gn vi
mt thuc ca u vo tp m A.
Nu hm A(u) cho kt qu 0 i vi phn t u U th phn t khng c trong tp cho, kt
qu 1 th phn t hon ton thuc tp cho. Cc gi tr trong khong m t 0 n 1 c
trng cho cc phn t m, tc l mc l thnh vin ca phn t i vi tp hp d cho.
Trng hp c bit, nu hm A(u) ch ly gi tr bng 0 hay 1, tc l A : U {0, 1}, th tp
con m A l mt tp con c in ca U. Nh vy, tp con c in (tp r) l mt trng hp
ring ca tp con m.

Th d 1.11. Xt tp U gm 8 cn h c k hiu l u1, u2, u3, u4, u5, u6, u7 v u8, mi cn h

c s phng tng ng l 1, 2,,8 phng. Gi A l tp hp gm cc cn h rng, B l tp
hp gm cc cn h thch hp cho 4 ngi. Ta xy dng hm thuc cho cc tp m A v B
nh sau:
A : A(u3) = 0.4; A(u4) = 0.5; A(u5) = 0.6; A(u6) = 0.8; A(u7) = 0.9; A(u8) = 1.0
B : B(u3) = 0.4; B(u4) = 1.0; B(u5) = 0.7; B(u6) = 0.5,
i vi cc phn t khc, cc gi tr ca hm thuc l bng 0.
Nh vy c th biu din cc tp m trn nh sau:
A = {0.4/u3; 0.5/u4; 0.6/u5; 0.8/u6; 0.9/u7; 1.0/u8}
B = {0.4/u3; 1.0/u4; 0.7/u5; 0.5/u6}.
Nu gi C l tp cc cn h c s phng khng qu 4 th r rng C = {u1, u2, u3, u4}l mt tp
con c in (tp r) ca U, Tuy nhin c th coi C l tp con m trn U vi hm thuc C nh
sau:

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C(u1) = 1.0; C(u2) = 1.0; C(u3) = 1.0; C(u4) = 1.0, C(u5) = C(u6 ) = C(u7) = C(u8) = 0.
Biu din C di dng tp con m trn U:
C = {1.0/u1 ; 1.0/u2 ; 1.0/u3 ; 1.0/u4}

Thut ng Tp m l c dch t Fuzzy set, vi mc ch phn bit vi Tp r (Crisp

Set). Thc ra phi dng thut ng Tp con m ca mt tp v tr no . Tuy nhin, cho
gn ta c th dng Tp m thay cho Tp con m m khng gy ra sai st v hiu lm no.

1.2.2 Cc c trng ca tp m

Cc c trng ca mt tp m A trn U, l nhng thng tin m t v cc phn t lin quan

n tp m A, nhng c trng ny cn ch r s khc bit ca tp m A, so vi nhng tp con
c in khc ca U.

nh ngha 1.9.
Gi ca tp m A (Support) l tp cc phn t c gi tr hm thuc ln hn 0 trong tp m
A, c k hiu v xc nh nh sau:
supp(A) = {u | u U | A(u) > 0}

nh ngha 1.10.
Chiu cao ca tp m A (Hight) l gi tr ln nht m hm thuc c th ly trong tp m A,
c k hiu v xc nh nh sau:
h(A) = sup{A (u ), u U }

Ch rng nu U l tp ri rc th h(A) = max { A (u ), u U }

nh ngha 1.11.
Tp m A gi l chun ha nu chiu cao ca n h(A) = 1
Nh vy tp m A trn U c gi l chun ha, nu chc chn c t nht 1 phn t ca U l tht
s thuc A.

nh ngha 1.12
Ht nhn ca tp m A (Kernel) l tp cc phn t c gi tr hm thuc bng 1, c k hiu v
xc nh nh sau:
ker(A) = {u | uU | A(u) = 1}
Nh vy, tp m A c nhn khc rng khi v ch khi A l tp m chun ha.

nh ngha 1.13.
Lc lng ca tp m A c k hiu v xc nh nh sau:
|A|=
uU
A (u )

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Ch rng nu A l tp r th A(u) = 1 vi mi u thuc A, tng trn bng s phn t ca A,
trng vi nh ngha lc lng ca tp hp c in.

nh ngha 1.14
- nht ct ca tp m A (hay tp mc ca A) l tp cc phn t c gi tr hm thuc ln hn
hoc bng , vi [0, 1], c k hiu v nh ngha nh sau:
A = {u | uU | A(u) }
Ch rng - nht ct ca tp m A l 1 tp r, cc phn t ca A hon ton c xc nh.

Th d 1.12. Xt tp m A trong th d 1.11:

A = {0.4/u3; 0.5/u4; 0.6/u5; 0.8/u6; 0.9/u7; 1.0/u8}
Gi , ht nhn, chiu cao, tp mc ca tp m A c xc nh nh sau:
supp(A) = {u3, u4, u5, u6, u7, u8}
ker(A) = u8
h(A) = 1.0
A l tp m chun ha, do c h(A) = 1.
Nht ct mc = 0.5 ca tp m A: A0.5 = {u4, u5, u6, u7, u8}; A0.9 = {u7, u8}

1.2.3. S m v cc tp con m li

Khi U l mt tp s thc R (hoc l tp con ca tp R), biu din cc gi tr bng s nh chiu

cao, khong cch, trng lng, tui tc, mc lng, nhit ..th cc tp con m trn U biu din
cc gi tr m nh gn, xa, cao, thp, nng, nh, tr, gi...Cc tp con m trn R c hm thuc
l hm li c gi l cc tp m li, c trng cho cc i lng m trn tp s thc.

1.2.3.1 Tp m li v s m

nh ngha 1.15.
Mt tp con m A trn tp s thc R l tp m li nu vi mi cp phn t a, b R v vi
mi s thc [0, 1], hm thuc ca A tha mn:
A(a + (1 - )b) min {A(a), A(b)}
Tp con m A trn tp s thc c gi l mt s m, nu A l tp m li v chun ha.
Trong chuyn ny, chng ta ch yu nghin cu cc tp con m trn v tr tham chiu l tp
s thc R. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, khi v tr tham chiu l tp s thc R, ta c th ng
nht khi nim tp con m v s m.

Th d 1.13. Xt tp H cc ngi nh gn bi binti mt a phng, thng thng ta c th

hiu cch bi bin 50m l gn, hay c th cch bi bin n 200m vn l gn, trn 200m th tnh
cht gn bi bin s t dn i, v t 500m tr ln th khng cn coi l gn bi bin na. C th
biu din nhng tri thc trn bng mt tp m, nu gi A l tp khong cch n bi bin ca
cc ngi nh gn bi bin th A s l tp con m trn R, vi hm thuc l:

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 1 if 0 u 200
500 u

u R, A (u ) , if 200 u 500
300
0 if u 500

th ca s m A trong th d 1.13 nh sau:

Khong cch (m)

200 500
Hnh 1.1
Hm thuc A trn y l mt hm li, tp m A xc nh bi A l tp m li, A l tp m
chun ha, vy A c gi l mt s m.

1.2.3.2 Cc kiu hm thuc ca tp m

Kiu ca tp m ph thuc vo cc kiu hm thuc khc nhau. c nhiu kiu hm thuc khc
nhau c xut. Di y l mt s hm thuc tiu biu.

1. Tp m tam gic. Cc tp m ny xc nh bi hm thuc vi 3 tham s l cn di a, cn

trn b v gi tr m (ng vi nh tam gic), vi a < m < b. Hm thuc ny c gi l hm thuc
ab
tam gic, c gi l i xng nu nu gi tr b m bng gi tr m a, hay m =
2
0 if u a, or u b
u a
, if a u m
m a
A (u )
b u , if m u b
b m
h if u m , vi h 1

th ca cc hm thuc tam gic (khng i xng v i xng) c dng:
A(u) A(u)

h h

0 a m b u 0 a m b u
Hnh 1.2 Cc tp m tam gic.

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2. Tp m hnh thang. Hm thuc ca tp m ny gi l hm thuc hnh thang, xc nh bi
b 4 gi tr a, b, c, d theo cng thc sau:
0 if u a, or u d
u a
, if a u b
b a
A (u )
d u , if c u d
d c
h if b u c , vi h 1

th ca hm thuc hnh thang c dng sau:
A(u)

0 a b c d u
Hnh 1.3. Tp m hnh thang

3. Tp m L. Hm thuc ca tp m ny gi l hm thuc L, c xc nh nh sau:

h if u a, vi h 1
b u

A (u ) , if a u b
b a
0 if u b
th ca hm thuc L c dng sau:
A

0 a b u

Hnh 1.4 Tp m L
Hm thuc trong th d 1.13 trn y c dng hm thuc L, vi a = 100, b = 500.

4. Tp m Gamma tuyn tnh (hay L tri). Hm thuc ca tp m ny gi l hm thuc

Gamma tuyn tinh (hay hm thuc L- tri, c dng ngc vi hm thuc L), c xc nh bi
hai tham s a v b theo cng thc sau:

Bi ging Chuyn Logic m v ng dng nvdinh@vnua.edu.vn 15

 0 if u a,
u b

A (u ) , if a u b
b a
h if u b , vi h 1
th ca hm thuc gama tuyn tnh c dng sau:
A

0 a b u
Hnh 1.5 Tp m Gamma tuyn tnh.

5. Hm thuc Singleton. y l hm thuc cho tp A c ng mt phn t u = m, c gi tr 0

ti tt c cc im trong tp v tr, ngoi tr ti im m hm c gi tr 1. Hm thuc Singleton
ca A k hiu v xc nh nh sau:
1 if u m
SGA (u )
0 if u m
th ca hm Singleton:
SGA(u)

0 m u
Hnh 1.6 Tp m Singleton.
Trong hu ht cc trng hp ng dng l thuyt tp m th v tr tham chiu l tp s thc R
v cc kiu ca hm thuc thng gp cc dng trn, l nhng hm li tuyn tnh. Trong trng
hp tng qut, ta c hm thuc l cc hm li tng qut, c th tuyn tnh hoc phi tuyn, cc
vn l thuyt tp m di y u c trnh by vi nhng hm li tng qut.
Chng hn, khi u l cc s thc, ta c th v th hm thuc A cng vi cc c trng ca tp
m A: gi , ht nhn, -nht ct nh hnh sau:

Bi ging Chuyn Logic m v ng dng nvdinh@vnua.edu.vn 16

 A(u)

1.0

0 u

ker (A)
A
supp(A)
Hnh 1.7 Gi , ht nhn v - nht ct ca tp m A

1.3 CC PHP TON TRN TP M

Tng t nh l thuyt tp hp, trn cc tp m cng nh ngha cc khi nim bng

nhau, bao hm nhau v mt s php ton nh: php hp, php giao, tch Descartes, ca 2 tp
m, l s m rng cc php ton tng ng trong l thuyt tp hp c in.

1.3.1 So snh cc tp m

so snh cc tp con m A, B trn cng v tr tham chiu U, ta xem xt cc hm thuc ca n.

nh ngha 1.16.

Cho A v B l hai tp con m trn v tr tham chiu U vi hai hm thuc tng ng l A v B,

khi ta c:
Hai tp m A v B gi l bng nhau: k hiu A = B, nu u U th A(u) = B(u) .
Tp m A cha trong tp m B: k hiu A B, nu u U th A(u) B (u).
T nh ngha 1.3, ta thy hai tp m l bng nhau, khi mi phn t ca tp ny cng thuc tp
kia (vi cng thuc) v ngc li. iu ny hon ton tng t khi nim bng nhau ca hai
tp hp c in. Ngoi ra, tp m A l tp con ca tp m B nu mt phn t bt k thuc A th
cng thuc B (vi thuc khng thp hn thuc ca phn t i vi A), iu ny cng
tng t nh i vi cc tp hp c in.

1.3.2 Cc php ton trn cc tp m

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Cng nh vi cc tp hp c in, ta c cc php ton hp, giao, ly phn b v tch Decac ca
cc tp con m. Cc php ton ny c nh ngha thng qua cc hm thuc ca cc tp con
m.

1.3.2.1 Php hp v php giao ca cc tp con m

nh ngha 1.17.
Hp ca hai tp m A v B trn U, k hiu A B, l mt tp m trn U vi hm thuc c k
hiu AB(u) v xc nh nh sau:
u U, AB(u) = max{A(u), B (u)}

th hm thuc ca hp m A, B v tp m A B c cho trong hnh sau:

Hnh 1.8 Hp ca hai tp m A v B

nh ngha 1.18.
Giao ca hai tp m A v B trn U, k hiu A B, l mt tp m trn U vi hm thuc c k
hiu A B(u) v c xc nh nh sau:
u U, AB(u) = min{A(u), B (u)}

th hm thuc ca hp m A, B v tp m A B c cho trong hnh sau:

Hnh 1.9 Giao ca hai tp m A v B

Mt s tnh cht ca php hp v php giao cc tp m:

Bi ging Chuyn Logic m v ng dng nvdinh@vnua.edu.vn 18

1. Giao ca hai tp m li cng l mt tp m li, nhng hp ca hai tp m li th cha chc
l tp mt m li.
2. Cc tnh cht giao hon, kt hp v phn b ca php hp v php giao trong l thuyt tp hp
c in vn ng i vi php hp, php giao ca cc tp con m. Tc l nu A, B, C l cc tp
con m trn v tr tham chiu U, ta c cc cng thc sau:
Giao hon:
AB=BA
AB=BA
Kt hp:
(A B) C = A (B C)
(A B) C = A (B C)
Phn b:
A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
A (B C) = (A B) (A C)

Ni chung, nhng cng thc ca tp hp c in ch lin quan n php hp v php giao, th

cng ng i vi cc tp con m, chng hn: AB A AB, AU = A, AU = U,

1.3.2.2 Phn b ca mt tp con m

Trong tp hp c in, phn b ca mt tp hp cha nhng phn t khng thuc tp (trn
cng tp v tr tham chiu). i vi tp con m A trn U, phn b ca A, k hiu l A , cha
nhng phn t vi thuc cng cao nu thuc ca phn t ny vo A cng nh. Ni cch
khc, mt phn t cng t c kh nng thuc vo tp m A th cng c nhiu kh nng thuc vo
phn b A , nh vy A cng l mt tp con m trn U, v c nh ngha nh sau:

nh ngha 1.19.

Phn b ca tp m A, k hiu A l mt tp con m trn U vi hm thuc c k hiu A (u)

v xc nh nh sau:
u U, A (u) = 1- A(u)

th hm thuc ca tp m A v tp m A nh sau:

Hnh 1.10 Phn b ca tp m A

Mt s tnh cht ca php ly phn b cc tp m:

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1. i vi cc tp con c in trn tp v tr U, ta lun c A A = v A A = U , nhng
i vi cc tp m th hai tnh cht ny ni chung khng ng, tc l nu A l phn b ca tp
m A trn U th:
A A , v

A A U.
y l im khc nhau quan trng gia cc tp con c in v cc tp con m.
2. Cc tnh cht khc i vi phn b ca tp con c in vn ng cho cc tp con m, tc l
nu A, B l cc tp con m trn U th ta c :
Mt s tnh cht v phn b (ph nh):

A A; U = ; = U
Cc cng thc i ngu (cng thc De Morgan):
A B A B (1)

A B A B (2)
Th d 1.14. Tr li cc tp m A, B trong th d 1.11:
A l tp hp cc cn h rng. A = {0.4/u3; 0.5/u4; 0.6/u5; 0.8/u6; 0.9/u7; 1.0/u8}
B l tp hp cc cn h thch hp cho 4 ngi. B = {0.4/u3; 1.0/u4; 0.7/u5; 0.5/u6}
Khi ta c:
A B = {Cc cn h thch hp cho 4 ngi hoc rng}
= {0.4/u3; 1.0/u4; 0.7/u5; 0.8/u6; 0.9/u7; 1.0/u8}
A B = {Cc cn h thch hp cho 4 ngi v rng}
= {0.4/u3; 0.5/u4; 0.6/u5; 0.5/u6}
A = {Cc cn h khng rng}
= {0.6/u3; 0.5/u4; 0.4/u5;0.2/u6; 0.1/u7}
A A = {0.4/u3 ; 0.5/u4 ; 0.4/u5 ; 0.2/u6 ; 0.1/u7}

1.3.2.3 Tch Descartes ca cc tp con m

Trc ht ta nh ngha tch Decac ca 2 tp con m A v B trn cc v tr tham chiu tng
ng U v V, gi s U v V l c lp vi nhau.

nh ngha 1.20.
Cho A v B l hai tp con m c cc hm thuc A v B trn cc v tr tham chiu tng ng
U v V, khi tch Descartes ca A v B l mt tp con m k hiu l A B trn v tr tham
chiu U V, vi hm thuc l A B c xc nh nh sau:
(u,v) UV, AB (u,v) = min{A(u), B( v)}
Tng t nh trong l thuyt tp hp c in, ta c th m rng nh ngha tch Decac cho k tp
m trn cc v tr tham chiu c lp:

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nh ngha 1.21.
Tch Descartes ca k tp m A1, A2,...Ak trn cc v tr tham chiu U1,U2,..,Uk l mt tp con m
k hiu l A1 A2 ... Ak trn v tr tham chiu U1 U2 ... Uk , vi hm thuc l A1 A2.. Ak
c xc nh nh sau:
u=(u1, u2,..uk,) U1 U2 ... Uk , A1 A2.. Ak (u) = min{A1(u1), A2( u2),..., Ak( uk)}

Da trn cc nh ngha v tch Descartes ca cc tp con m, chng ta s nghin cu cc quan

h m trong cc phn sau.

Bi tp chng 1

1. Cho A, B, C l cc tp con c in ca tp v tr X, hy chng minh cc tnh cht sau:

a/. A A ; X = ; = X
b/. A B = B A ; A B = B A
c/. (AB) C = A (BC) ; (AB) C = A (BC)
d/. A (BC) = (AB) (AC) ; A (BC) = (AB) (AC)
e/. A B A B ; A B A B
f/. | A | + | B | = |A B| + |A B|
2. Cho A, B l cc tp con c in ca tp v tr X. C th dng hm thuc biu din cc tp
con A, B nh sau:
1 if u A 1 if u B
x X , A ( x) v x X , B ( x)
0 if u A 0 if u B
Hy xy dng cc hm thuc biu din cc tp AB ; AB v A .
3. Cho A, B, C l cc tp con c in ca tp v tr X. Hy dng hm thuc chng minh cc
cng thc sau, bng cch ch ra rng vi mi cng thc th hm thuc ca tp hp v tri bng
hm thuc ca tp hp v phi.
a/. A(BC) = (AB) (AC) ; A (BC) = (AB) (AC)
b/. A B A B ; A B A B
4. Vi nhng tri thc cho trong th d 1.13:
a/. Hy xy dng v v th hm thuc ca tp m B l khong cch n bi bin ca nhng
ngi nh khng gn bi bin. Hm thuc ny c phi l hm li khng?
b/. Hy xy dng v v th hm thuc ca tp m C l khong cch n bi bin ca nhng
ngi nh cch bin khong 300 n 400 m, chp nhn sai s n 50 m.
c/. Xc nh tp m ch khong cch ca nhng ngi nh khng gn bi bin, nhng cch bi
bin khong 300-400m.
5. Cho A l tp con m trn tp v tr U, chng minh rng vi mi , [0, 1], nu th
A A , vi A v A l cc nht ct mc v ca tp m A.

Bi ging Chuyn Logic m v ng dng nvdinh@vnua.edu.vn 21

6. Cho A, B l cc tp con m trn tp v tr U, chng minh rng vi mi mc [0, 1], nhng
nht ct mc ca cc tp m A, B, AB, AB tha mn cc tnh cht sau:
a/. (AB) = A B
b/. (AB) = A B
c/. nu A B th A B
7. Xt tp U gm 5 ng c vin vo chc v qun c phn xng, U = {u1,u2,u3,u4,u5 }, h
c la chn theo hai tiu chun: A trnh nghip v (mc lnh ngh), v B - kinh
nghim ngh nghip. Tp th c kin nh gi v mc ph hp ca cc ng vin vi cc
tiu chun A v B nh sau:
U Tiu chun A Tiu chun B
u1 kh ph hp tng i ph hp
u2 hon ton ph hp kh ph hp
u3 rt ph hp hon ton ph hp
u4 t ph hp khng ph hp
u5 tng i ph hp rt ph hp

Cc mc ph hp c xp loi nh sau:
- hon ton ph hp: mc ph hp 1;
- rt ph hp: mc ph hp0.8;
- kh ph hp: mc ph hp 0.6;
- tng i ph hp: mc ph hp 0.4;
- t ph hp: mc ph hp 0.2
- khng ph hp: mc ph hp: 0;
Gi A v B l cc tp con m nhng ngi tha tiu chun A v B tng ng. Vit biu din ca
cc tp con ny.
a/. Tm tp con m ca U nhng ng vin tha t nht mt trong hai tiu chun
b/. Tha c hai tiu chun.
c/. Khng tha tiu chun A.
d/. Tm nht ct mc ca tp m nhng ng vin tha c 2 tiu chun, vi = 0.6 v = 0.8.

Bi ging Chuyn Logic m v ng dng nvdinh@vnua.edu.vn 22