Gondwana Research 35 (2016) 5978

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Proto-Andean evolution of the Eastern Cordillera of Peru

David M. Chew a,, Giovanni Pedemonte b, Eoghan Corbett a
a
Department of Geology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
b
Escuela de Geologa, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The Eastern Cordillera of Peru represents one of the longest (N1200 km) Paleozoic metamorphic and magmatic
Received 20 October 2015 belts exposed along the western Andean margin of South America. In this study, we examine the tectonothermal
Received in revised form 16 March 2016 evolution of a key segment of the metasedimentary basement of the Eastern Cordillera of Peru (the
Accepted 18 March 2016
Huaytapallana Complex) and demonstrate that it has experienced a hitherto undocumented high-grade orogenic
Available online 6 May 2016
event at 260 Ma (latest Middle Permian) based on UPb and ThPb monazite age data from paragneisses and U
Handling Editor: R.D. Nance Pb dating of zircon rims from leucosomes. These ages are interpreted as recording crystallization and are consis-
tent with 255 Ma rutile growth in lower-grade units. UPb apatite data (c. 260230 Ma) in all units are consistent
Keywords: with slow cooling from this 260 Ma metamorphic peak. UPb zircon geochronology of pre-tectonic plutons yield
Proto-Andes ages ranging from c. 302 Ma to c. 260 Ma. These geochronological data are augmented by new UPb apatite age
Peru data from other segments along the Eastern Cordillera of Peru. A regional synthesis of existing geochronological
Eastern cordillera constraints from the Eastern Cordillera of Peru demonstrates that the margin has experienced a polycyclic oro-
UPb geochronology genic history. Deformation and magmatism occurred at c. 480 Ma and c. 435 Ma during the Famatinian orogenic
Orogeny
cycle, was followed by a Late Silurian to Early Carboniferous (c. 420350 Ma) magmatic and metamorphic gap,
and terminated with Gondwanide magmatism and metamorphism at c. 315 Ma and c. 260 Ma. These Famatinian
and Gondwanide orogenic phases can be correlated into the Proto-Andean margin of Argentina and Chile and are
thus of regional extent. The evolution of the Proto-Andean margin is thus best explained by changes in tectonic
plate reorganization in a long-lived Paleozoic accretionary orogen which was undergoing phases of advance and
retreat, resulting in magmatic pulses and orogenic phases which can be correlated along the length of the plate
boundary.
2016 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction be difcult to identify in metasedimentary basement rocks where

The Eastern Cordillera of Peru represents one of the longest
(N 1200 km) Paleozoic metamorphic and magmatic belts exposed on
the western Andean margin of South America (Fig. 1). Whereas Andean
deformation and magmatism have been extensively studied (e.g.
Jaillard and Soler, 1996; Ramos, 2009; Pffner and Gonzalez, 2013),
the Paleozoic evolution of much of the Proto-Andean margin is more
complex (e.g. Pankhurst et al., 1998; Thomas et al., 2004; Chew et al.,
2007; Miskovic et al., 2009) and more difcult to unravel. This is
because even in regions such as the Eastern Cordillera of Peru where
pre-Andean basement rocks are not buried by recent volcanism or
foreland basin sediments, it is difcult to correlate orogenic phases in
the basement rocks without comprehensive geochronological studies.
This problem is exacerbated by the polycyclic orogenic history of the
Paleozoic Proto-Andean margin (the Andes represent the locus of
continued plate convergence through much of the Phanerozoic),
and even the effects of Andean (EoceneOligocene) tectonism can
Corresponding author.
lithostratigraphic correlation is difcult.
The Eastern Cordillera of Peru consists of a series of Paleozoic
metasedimentary rocks, termed the Maran Complex north of 11S,
and the Huaytapallana Complex south of 11S (Mgard, 1978; Pffner
and Gonzalez, 2013; Fig.1). The metasedimentary basement is intruded
by several intrusive suites, including a series of OrdovicianEarly
Silurian granitoids, CarboniferousEarly Permian I-type granitoids and
diorites, and Late PermianTriassic granodiorites and S-type granites
(Fig. 1, Miskovic et al., 2009). Ordovician plutonism is also observed
on the coast in the Arequipa basement (Fig. 1), a Proterozoic crustal
block that experienced 0.91.2 Ga Grenville metamorphism (Loewy
et al., 2004; Wasteneys et al., 1995), and in the offshore continuation
of this crustal block on the outer shelf rise (Isla de las Hormigas Afuera,
Fig. 1; Romero et al., 2013).
The timing of deformation in the metasedimentary basement of the
Eastern Cordillera of Peru was originally regarded as Neoproterozoic in
age based on bulk, unabraded UPb zircon data (ca. 630610 Ma lower
intercepts) from granulitic gneisses in central Peru (Dalmayrac et al.,
1980). Recent studies demonstrate that it is Paleozoic in age and
comprises at least two orogenic cycles, an Ordovician magmatic and

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2016.03.016
1342-937X/ 2016 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
60 D.M. Chew et al. / Gondwana Research 35 (2016) 5978

80 W 76 W 72 W
0
Quito Cordillera Real

ECUADOR

ote
G uam
Late Cretaceous Salado
N accreted oceanic
terranes Amazonic

o
craton

Ala
Golfo de Loja
Guayquil

A
4 S
PT P
Amotape
PT
Precordillera
P
ba
m
ba
n ca ion C PERU
a ct
Hu efle
D

8 S C
Maran Complex
OS J
BRAZIL

P
Ou

Paracas
ter

Terrane
Sh
PA

elf
OC

PT
CI

Hi
gh
FI
EA

Huaytapallana Complex
OS
C

PT
N

Isla de OS
12 S las Fig. 2 E
A
Lima ST
Hormiga Huancayo ERN
Legend COR
J Early Jurassic quartz syentites DIL
LE
? RA
T Late Triassic Carabaya granitoids T C
PT PT
Permo-Triassic granodiorites/ OS T
PT S-type granites - monzogranites
C Carboniferous - Permian rhyodacites/
I-type diorites - granitoids J
OS Ordovician - Early Silurian granitoids OS Proterozoic
gneisses of the
Arequipa -
P Undifferentiated Palaeozoic metasediments Antofalla Basement
Precambrian gneisses /
Arequipa - Antofalla Basement
OS
16 S
Arequipa
0 100 200km

Fig. 1. (A) Map of South America illustrating the major tectonic provinces and the ages of their most recent metamorphic events from Chew et al. (2007, 2008), adapted from Cordani et al.
(2000). Precambrian and Paleozoic inliers in the Andean belt are shown in black and light gray, respectively. (B) Geological map of Peru and Ecuador illustrating the major Paleozoic meta-
morphic and magmatic belts along with the Proterozoic gneisses of the ArequipaAntofalla block. Adapted after Chew et al. (2007) using the geology of Litherland et al. (1994) and Leon
et al. (2000), the ages of plutonism from Miskovic et al. (2009) and the location of the outer shelf high from Romero et al. (2013). The black boxes highlighted on the Eastern Cordillera
illustrate the sampling localities in this study.

metamorphic event (Cardona, 2006; Chew et al., 2007; Cardona et al., correlated (Chew et al., 2007; Cardona et al., 2009; Ramos, 2009) with
2009; Willner et al., 2014), and a Carboniferous orogenic phase which the Early to Middle Ordovicianage Famatinian metamorphism and
is spatially associated with regional arc magmatism (Cardona, 2006; subduction-related magmatism and a Carboniferous (Early Gondwanide)
Chew et al., 2007; Cardona et al., 2009). These events have been event that affected much of the Proto-Andean margin of South America
 D.M. Chew et al. / Gondwana Research 35 (2016) 5978
(Pankhurst et al., 1998; Thomas et al., 2004). In this study, we examine
the tectonothermal evolution of a key segment of the metasedimentary
basement of the Eastern Cordillera of Peru (the Huaytapallana Complex
east of Huancayo, Figs. 1,2) and demonstrate that it has experienced
a hitherto undocumented high-grade orogenic event at c. 260 Ma
(Middle Permian). These geochronological data are augmented by
new UPb accessory mineral age data from other segments along the
Eastern Cordillera of Peru (Fig. 1). The geological evolution of key
sectors of the Eastern Cordillera is then synthesized by incorporating
data from this work and other recent studies, which are used to make
a tectonic model for the Paleozoic evolution of this segment of the
Proto-Andean margin.
2. Geological setting and samples
Samples for UPb accessory mineral (apatite, rutile, zircon, and mon-
azite) geochronology were collected mainly from metasedimentary
and intrusive rocks in the Huaytapallana Complex east of Huancayo
(Figs. 1, 2). Additionally, apatite UPb geochronology was undertaken
on several samples from the study of Chew et al. (2007) to characterize
the late orogenic cooling history of key segments of the Eastern
Cordillera to the north (sampling areas denoted by black boxes on
Fig. 1). South of 11S, the metamorphic basement inliers of the East-
ern Cordillera have been divided into a series of massifs by Mgard
(1978) based primarily on their metamorphic grade. These inliers
(the ChupnHuasahuasi, MarayniocMarairazo, Huaytapallana,
and Huaytapallanakaru massifs, Fig. 10) were considered to be Precam-
brian in age by Mgard (1978). Although we view these massifs as prob-
able along-strike equivalents of the Maran Complex to the north, they
are grouped here into one unit termed the Huaytapallana Complex.
Three sampling transects (Figs. 2BD) were undertaken in the main
study area (Fig. 2A) and sample descriptions are listed in Appendix A.
The highest-grade rocks occur in the Huaytapallana Massif (Fig. 2C) of
Mgard (1978) and comprise high-grade garnetsillimanitebiotite
bearing paragneisses with abundant development of leucosomes
(Figs. 3A-C). A small foliated metadiorite body was observed cutting
the paragneisses (Fig. 3D, sample TCH-004). Lower-grade rocks occur
to the north in the southernmost portion of the MarayniocMarairazo
massif (Fig. 2B) of Mgard (1978). This unit comprises albite-bearing
and chlorite-bearing mica schists with minor psammites and amphibo-
lites. Its contact with the Muchac Granodiorite (Fig. 3E) to the west is a
thrust fault (Fig. 2B). The southern sampling transect (Fig. 2D) was
undertaken in the northernmost portion of the Huaytapallanakaru
Massif of Mgard (1978). It comprises biotite-grade mica schists and
psammites cut by both the Villa Azul Batholith (Fig. 2D, Fig. 3F) and
minor metadolerite intrusions (Fig. 3G, 3H).
To the west of the Eastern Cordillera in this region, a succession of
Paleozoic sedimentary sequences crop out in semi-grabens in the
Mantaro Valley, which are overlain by remnants of the TriassicJurassic
carbonate platform, the Pucar Group. To the east, Paleozoic units crop
out and comprise continental clastic sequences of the Devonian
Cabanillas Group, the continental and shelf sequences of the Mississip-
pian Ambo Group, the marine Upper Carboniferous Tarma Group, a con-
densed PennsylvanianPermian carbonate platform of the Copacabana
Group, and continental red beds and volcaniclastics of the Triassic
Mitu Group (Fig. 4). The Villa Azul Batholith strikes NW-SE with a strike
length of more than 600 km and an average width of 15 km (Cerrn and
Ticona, 2003) and is mainly emplaced into metamorphic rocks of the
Huaytapallana Complex. The sole existing geochronological constraint
from the region is a KAr biotite age of 251 Ma from the Villa Azul
Batholith near Villa Azul Ranch (Stewart et al. 1974).
3. Analytical technique
Zircon, apatite, rutile, and monazite grains were separated using
standard separation and concentration procedures (jaw crushing,
61
Wiley table, heavy liquids, and magnetic separation) at the Depart-
ment of Geology, Trinity College Dublin (TCD). The fraction between
125 and 250 m was used in the majority of cases. U-bearing accessory
mineral phases were picked under a binocular microscope in ethanol,
mounted in 2.5 cm epoxy mounts, and polished to approximately half
thickness prior to analysis. Cathodoluminescence (CL) images of zircon
grains were acquired at the Centre for Microscopy and Analysis at TCD
using a Tescan MiraXMU Scanning Electron Microscope with a KE
Developments Centaurus Cathodoluminescence Detector.
3.1. UPb LA-ICPMS analyses
All UPb data were acquired using a Photon Machines Analyte Exite
193 nm ArF Excimer laser-ablation system with a Helex 2-volume abla-
tion cell coupled to a Thermo Scientic iCAP Qc at TCD. 0.65 l/min He
carrier gas was split evenly between the large outer sample chamber
and the small inner volume (the cup) where ablation occurs. A small
volume of N2 (ca. 6 ml/min) to enhance signal sensitivity and reduce
oxide formation and 0.7 l/min Ar nebulizer gas was then introduced to
the sample-gas mixture via an in-house smoothing device. 202Hg,
204,206,207,208
Pb, 232Th, and 238U were acquired for all UPb analyses.
91
Zr, 43Ca, 48Ti, and 31P were employed as the internal standards for
zircon, apatite, rutile, and monazite, respectively. Zircon analyses
employed either a 30 m laser spot, a 4 Hz laser repetition rate, and a
uence of 3.9 J/cm2 for detrital analyses, or a 14 m laser spot, a 5 Hz
laser repetition rate, and a uence of 3.9 J/cm2 for dating thin zircon
rim overgrowths in high-grade paragneiss samples (e.g. TCH-002,
-003, and -007). Apatite and rutile analyses were acquired using either
a 30, 47, or 60 m laser spot (kept constant for a given session), a 5 Hz
laser repetition rate, and a uence of 3.9 J/cm2. Monazite analyses
were acquired using a 14 m laser spot, a 4 Hz laser repetition rate,
and a uence of 3.9 J/cm2.
The raw isotope data were reduced using the Vizual Age data re-
duction scheme of Petrus & Kamber (2012) within the freeware
IOLITE package of Paton et al. (2011). User-dened time intervals are
established for the baseline correction procedure to calculate session-
wide baseline-corrected values for each isotope. The time-resolved frac-
tionation response of individual standard analyses is then characterized
using a user-specied down-hole correction model (such as an expo-
nential curve, a linear t, or a smoothed cubic spline). The data reduc-
tion scheme then ts this appropriate session-wide model UThPb
fractionation curve to the time-resolved standard data and the un-
knowns. Sample-standard bracketing is applied after the correction of
down-hole fractionation to account for long-term drift in isotopic or el-
emental ratios by normalizing all ratios to those of the UPb reference
standards. Common Pb in the apatite and rutile standards was corrected
using the 207Pb-based correction method using a modied version of
the VizualAge DRS that accounts for the presence of variable common
Pb in the primary standard materials (Chew et al. 2014).
3.2. UPb accessory mineral standards
For zircon, the analytical procedure utilized repeated blocks of four
zircon standards followed by 20 unknown samples. The four zircon
standard analyses comprised two analyses of the primary standard
91500 zircon (206Pb/238U TIMS age of 1065.4 0.6 Ma; Wiedenbeck
et al., 1995), followed by one analysis of Pleovice zircon (weighted
mean 206Pb/238U TIMS age of 337.13 0.37 Ma; Slma et al. 2008)
and Temora 2 zircon (206Pb/238U TIMS age of 416.8 1.3 Ma; Black
et al. 2003). Pleovice and Temora 2 yielded LA-ICPMS UPb concordia
ages of 337.8 1.3 Ma (MSWD = 5.1; n = 26) and 417.2 1.4 Ma
(MSWD = 0.107; n = 33) in this study.
For apatite and rutile, blocks of six standards and two NIST612 stan-
dard glass analyses were followed by 20 unknown samples. Madagascar
apatite (Thomson et al. 2012) (weighted average ID-TIMS concordia age
of 473.5 0.7 Ma, Cochrane et al. 2014) was used as the primary apatite
 62
B

A C

D.M. Chew et al. / Gondwana Research 35 (2016) 5978

D

Fig. 2. (A) Regional geology of the Huaytapallana Complex northeast of the town of Huancayo, modied after Paredes (1994) and Cerrn & Ticona (2003). (BD) Large-scale geology maps with the sampling localities in this study depicted. The names
of the metasedimentary basement massifs of the Eastern Cordillera are denoted in blue text and follow Mgard (1978).
 D.M. Chew et al. / Gondwana Research 35 (2016) 5978 63

A B

C D

E F
Enclaves

G H

Porphyritic Volcanic (FW2-006)

Huaytapallana Complex
Schists

Fig. 3. (AD) Field photographs of the high-grade metamorphic rocks in the study area. (A) Migmatitic paragneiss from Lake Lasuntay (TCH-001). (B, C) Migmatitic paragneisses from
Cerro Jacallate (BTCH-002; CTCH-003). (D) Foliated metadiorite which cuts the migmatitic paragneisses at Cerro Lasuntay (TCH-004). (EH) Field photographs of the low-grade
metamorphic rocks in the study area. (E) granite outcrop in the village of Muchac (FW2-011). (F) granite outcrop from the Villa Azul batholoth with abundant mac enclaves close to
the town of Pahual (FW2-010). (G) outcrop near the town of Ocoro where the contact relationships between a metadolerite (a porphyritic subvolcanic body, FW2-006) and schists of
the Huaytapallana Complex are evident. (H) Metadolerite outcrop near the town of Pariahuanca (FW2-003).

reference material. McClure Mountain syenite apatite (weighted mean
207
Pb/235U age of 523.51 2.09 Ma, Schoene & Bowring, 2006) and
Durango apatite (31.44 0.18 Ma, McDowell et al., 2005) were used
as a secondary standards. McClure Mountain apatite yielded a UPb
TeraWasserburg concordia lower intercept age of 521.2 2.6 Ma
(MSWD = 1.6; n = 56), anchored using a 207Pb/206Pb value of
value of 0.88198 derived from an apatite ID-TIMS total UPb iso-
chron (Schoene and Bowring, 2006). The Durango apatite standard
(McDowell et al., 2005) yielded an unanchored UPb TeraWasserburg
concordia lower intercept age of 31.18 0.89 Ma (MSWD = 0.99;
n = 75).
R10 rutile (UPb TIMS age of c. 1090 Ma (Luvizotto et al., 2009) was
used as the primary rutile standard while R19b rutile (weighted mean
TIMS 206Pb/238U age of 489.5 0.9 Ma, Zack et al., 2011) and RZ-3 rutile
(SIMS UPb a mean 207Pb/206Pb age of 1780.2 9.6 Ma, Shi et al., 2012)
were used as secondary standards. R19 rutile and RZ3 rutile yielded
64 D.M. Chew et al. / Gondwana Research 35 (2016) 5978

LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC THICKNESS
ERA PERIOD EPOCH (m) LITHOLOGY
UNITS

PLEISTOCENE HOLOCENE
Colluvium 10 Gravels in sandy matrix, and layers of silt

QUATERNARY
CENOZOIC Alluvium 40 Sub-rounded gravels in sandy-clay matrix

Sandy claystones intercalated with

Lacustrine deposits micro-conglomerates
60
Poorly-consolidated conglomerates, intercalated
Alluvium
with thick and massive claystone beds
Disc.

Limestones, composed mainly of thickly bedded

Pucar Group 250 micrites with chert nodules, passing upwards into
UPPER (Lower units)
MESOZOIC

mudstones intercalated with red claystones and

TRIASSIC

fossilliferous limestone layers

Mitu Group 1500 Red sandstones and claystones intercalated with

felsic lava flows and volcanic breccia
MIDDLE
Disc. (= JURUA OROGENY)

Yellowish white limestones intercalated with

N

Copacabana
IA

LOWER 150 sandstones and red claystones, passing upwards

M

Group
R

into gypsum layers

PE
PALEOZOIC

Disc.
CARBONFEROUS

Dark gray siltstones intercalated with thick beds

UPPER Tarma Group 500 of medium-grained sandstones and calcareous
sandstones

Dark, fine-grained, thickly-bedded sandstones

LOWER Ambo Group 500 intercalated with gray claystones

Disc.

Cabanillas Dark, thinnly-bedded carbonaceous siltstones

DEVONIAN 1200
Group intercalated with thin beds of coarse-grained
sandstones

Disc.
Huaytapallana

Phyllites Albite-bearing and chlorite-bearing mica schists

Complex

with minor psammites and amphibolites

Schists
Pre-Devonian
sequences High-grade gamet-sillimanite-biotite bearing
Gneisses,
amphibolites paragneisses with abundant development of
leucosomes

Fig. 4. Stratigraphic column depicting the Phanerozoic cover sequences overlying the Huaytapallana Complex, adapted from Cerrn and Ticona (2003) and Rosas et al. (2007).

concordia ages of 490 12 Ma (MSWD = 0.45; n = 12) and 1783 data for all analyses are listed in Appendices BE. Representative SEM-
36 Ma (MSWD = 5.0; n = 12), respectively. 44069 monazite (TIMS CL images are presented in Fig. 6. The MSWD of the UPb concordia
UPb concordia age of 424.9 0.4 Ma, Aleinikoff et al., 2006) was ages employs both the MSWD for XY equivalence and the MSWD for
used as the primary monazite standard and A49 and A276 monazite concordance. The UPb systematics of individual samples are discussed
(TIMS UPb monazite ages of 1874.8 5.4 Ma and 1915.6 5.6 Ma, in the following section, whereas the geological signicance of the UPb
Yann Lahaye, unpublished data) were used as secondary standards. data from the Huaytapallana Complex is discussed in Section 5.1.
A49 monazite yielded a LA-ICPMS UPb concordia age of 1877
10 Ma (MSWD = 0.023) and a weighted average 208Pb232Th age of 4.1. Apatite UPb data from the Huaytapallana complex
1877 26 Ma (MSWD = 1.5). A276 monazite yielded a LA-ICPMS U
Pb concordia age of 1906.8 7.8 Ma (MSWD = 2.7) and a weighted av- Apatite UPb data were acquired from eight samples (metasedimentary
erage 208Pb232Th age of 1906 21 (MSWD = 1.9). In both cases, there is rocks and pre-tectonic intrusives) from the low-grade portions of
very good agreement between the LA-ICPMS UPb concordia ages and the the Huaytapallana Complex (Fig. 2B, 2D, Fig. 5) and for four high-
weighted average 208Pb232Th ages of the secondary monazite standards. grade paragneiss samples and one intrusive rock from the high-grade
portion of the Huaytapallana Complex (Fig. 2C, Fig. 7). In the low-
4. Results grade portions of the Huaytapallana Complex, the apatite UPb data
all lie on TeraWasserburg discordias, yielding lower intercept ages
UPb apatite, rutile, zircon, and monazite concordia diagrams are ranging from 281.9 7.8 Ma (FW2-010, Fig. 5R) to 228.1 5.1 Ma
presented in Figs. 5, 79, and summarized in Table 1. The raw UPb (FW2-007, Fig. 5Q). All eight of these TeraWasserburg discordias are
 D.M. Chew et al. / Gondwana Research 35 (2016) 5978 65

unanchored, i.e. the upper intercept (the initial Pb composition) and the -006) yielding large uncertainties because individual analyses cluster
lower intercept age are determined exclusively from the spread in the close to common Pb. Three samples from the high-grade portion of
UPb data on TeraWasserburg concordia. Six of the eight samples the Huaytapallana Complex lie on TeraWasserburg discordias, yielding
(Fig. 5; FW2-002, -004, -007, -010, -014, -015) have a sufciently unanchored lower intercept ages ranging from 229.9 20 Ma (TCH-
large spread in UPb ratio that they yield lower intercept age uncer- 001, Fig. 7C) to 250 16 Ma (TCH-003, Fig. 7F). Two samples (TCH-
tainties less than 3% (Table 1), with two samples (Fig. 5; FW2-003, 002, -004) do not lie on a TeraWasserburg intercept, implying

0.188
1160
310 0.195 Pariahuanca Intrusive
0.049
1120 common Pb 0.184 FW2-002 (zircon)
1023.5 2.9 Ma
300 0.185 1080 1080
0.180 MSWD = 1.4
Pb/238U

Pb/238U
0.047

Pb/238U
0.175 1040
290 0.176
1000
206

206

206
0.045 0.165
960 0.172
280
Lampa Granodiorite 0.155 920 Pariahuanca Intrusive
0.168
FW2-001 (zircon) FW2-002 (zircon)
0.043
290.3 4.0 Ma 880 Pb loss
0.145 0.164
MSWD = 2.2 980
207 235
Pb/ U A 207
Pb/235U B 207
Pb/235U C
0.041 0.135 0.160
0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 1.55 1.65 1.75 1.85 1.95

360
0.056 Pariahuanca Intrusive Pariahuanca Intrusive
Pariahuanca mafic intrusive 1.0 0.5
FW2-002 (apatite) FW2-002 (rutile)
FW2-003 (zircon)
257.8 2.3 Ma
0.052 274.1 1.2 Ma
320 0.8 Tera Wasserburg intercept age: 0.4 MSWD = 2.0
MSWD = 1.3
Pb/238U

257.3 5.5 Ma, MSWD = 2.1

Pb/206Pb
0.048 inherited 207
Pb/206Pb initial: 0.8793 anchored at 207Pb/206Pb
grains 0.6 0.3 initial = 0.852
206

0.044

207
0.4 4000 0.2
0.040
Pb/206Pb

240
00

750
0.2 0.1

550
E F

350
0.036 24
800

Pb loss
D
207

207 235
0.032 Pb/ U 0.0
238 206
U/ Pb 0.0
238
U/ Pb206

0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.40 0.44 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 8 12 16 20 24 28 32

0.049 1.0
Pariahuanca mafic intrusive 5200
Ocoro Porphrytic intrusive 300 Ocoro Porphryitic intrusive
0.8 FW2-003 (apatite)
0.047 FW2-006 (zircon) FW2-006 (apatite)
260.1 3.9 Ma 290 0.8
Tera Wasserburg intercept age: MSWD = 2.3 Tera Wasserburg intercept age:
0.6 27818 Ma, MSWD = 2.0 0.045 229 61 Ma, MSWD = 1.3
280
Pb/238U

4400 207
Pb/206Pb initial: 0.8447 0.6 207
Pb/206Pb initial: 0.8546
inherited grains 4400
0.043 270
0.4
206

0.4
4000 0.041
260
4000
Pb/206Pb

0
Pb/206Pb

0.2 360 0 250 0

0 0.039
0.2 360 0
00

20 0
400

00

20 I
400
12

G
12

240
H
207

238
U/206Pb
207

207
0.0 0.037 Pb/235U 238
U/206Pb
0.0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 0.25 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.33 0.35 0.37 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28

1.0
30
0.23 Yerba Buena Psammite 1300 Yerba Buena Psammite Yerba Buena Psammite
FW2-004 (detrital zircon) FW2-004 (detrital zircon) FW2-004 (apatite)
0.21 25 0.8
n = 104/117 n = 104/117
Tera Wasserburg intercept age:
1100
Relative probability

0.19 20 236.11.9 MSWD = 2.7

Number
Pb/238U

0.6 207
Pb/206Pb initial: 0.8692
0.17 15
206

0.15 900 0.4 4000

10
0.13
Pb/206Pb

700
5 0.2 00
24
800

0.11
J 0
K L
207

207
0.09 Pb/235U 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 0.0
238
U/206Pb
0.6 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.6 206
Pb/238U age (Ga) 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28

Fig. 5. UPb zircon Wetherill concordias (A, B, C, D, H, J, M, O, S), UPb detrital zircon probability density diagrams (K, N), UPb apatite TeraWasserburg concordias (E, G, I, L, Q, R, T, U) and
UPb rutile TeraWasserburg concordias (F, P) for the FW2 sample suite.
66 D.M. Chew et al. / Gondwana Research 35 (2016) 5978

0.4 0.053
30 Chuyas Psammite
1800 FW2-007 (detrital zircon) 0.051 320
25 n = 87/100

Relative probability
0.3
Pb/238U

Pb/238U
Number
1400 20 0.049
206

206
0.2 15
1000 0.047
Chuyas Psammite Pahual Granite
10
FW2-007 (detrital zircon) FW2-010 (zircon)
0.1 600 n = 87/100 0.045 302.0 3.7 Ma
5
MSWD = 2.0
0
N 280
207
Pb/235U O
0.0
207
Pb/ U235 M 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0.043
0.30 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40
206
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pb/238U age (Ga)

0.16
Chuyas Psammite Pahual Granite
0.8 FW2-007 (apatite) FW2-010 (apatite)
0.14 Chuyas Psammite 0.8
FW2-007 (rutile)
Tera Wasserburg intercept age: Tera Wasserburg intercept age:
250.9 7.4 Ma
0.12 0.6 228.1 5.5 Ma, MSWD = 2.1 281.9 7.8 Ma, MSWD = 1.06
MSWD = 1.1 0.6
Pb/206Pb

207
4400 Pb/206Pb initial: 0.8409 207
Pb/206Pb initial: 0.8112
4400
0.10 anchored at
207
Pb/206Pb 0.4 0.4
207

initial = 0.852 4000

0.08 4000

Pb/206Pb
0
Pb/206Pb

360 0 0
0.2 0.2 360 0
500

400

0 0
300

0.06 20
P
00

00

400
400
2
Q R
12

12
207
238
U/206Pb
207

238
0.04 0.0
238
U/206Pb U/206Pb
0.0
12 16 20 24 28 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 0 4 8 12 16 20 24

1.0 1.0
0.058 Muchac Granite Puquian Pegmatite Puquian Psammite
360 FW2-014 (apatite) FW2-015 (apatite)
FW2-011(zircon)
278.9 2.9 Ma inherited 0.8 0.8
0.054 MSWD = 1.9 340 grains Tera Wasserburg intercept age: Tera Wasserburg intercept age:
236.7 4.1 Ma, MSWD = 5.1 246.0 4.5 Ma, MSWD = 3.3
Pb/238U

207
320 0.6 Pb/206Pb initial: 0.8465 0.6
207
Pb/206Pb initial: 0.8718
0.050
300
206

common Pb 0.4 4000 0.4 4000

0.046
280
Pb/206Pb

0.042 0.2 00 0.2 00

260 24 T 24
800

800

207 S U
Pb/235U
207

238
0.038 0.0 0.0 U/206Pb
0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.40 0.44 0.48 0.52 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28

Fig. 5 (continued).

open system behavior most likely associated with the samples residing using an initial 207Pb/206Pb composition of 0.852 (the Stacey and
for a duration in the temperature window for Pb retention (closure Kramers model calculated at 255 Ma) with a conservative uncertainty
temperature estimates are c. 425 C to 500 C; Chamberlain and of 0.02 (2.3%). The samples were anchored due to the relatively small
Bowring, 2001). In these samples, individual 207Pb-corrected ages spread in UPb ratios, but as they plot so close to radiogenic composi-
(essentially a TeraWasserburg lower intercept age for a specied tions, they are very insensitive to the choice of initial Pb composition.
initial 207Pb/206Pb composition; Williams, 1998) are presented. The
207
Pb-corrected ages are calculated using a starting estimate for the 4.3. Zircon UPb data
age of the apatite and adopting an iterative approach using the Stacey
and Kramers terrestrial Pb evolution model (Chew et al. 2011a). Zircon UPb data were acquired from six intrusive rocks in the low-
207
Pb-corrected ages in these samples range from 200.3 4.4 Ma to grade portions of the Huaytapallana Complex (Fig. 2B, 2D, Fig. 5), along
310.6 16 Ma (Fig. 7E) and from 157.1 9.7 Ma to 220.3 3.1 Ma with detrital zircon spectra from two psammites in this same unit. UPb
(Fig. 7H). zircon data were also acquired from zircon rims associated with
leucosome development from three paragneisses in the high-grade por-
4.2. Rutile UPb data tions of the Huaytapallana Complex (Fig. 2C, Figs. 67). The six intrusive
rocks yield concordia ages ranging from 260.1 3.9 Ma to 302.0
Rutile UPb data were acquired for two samples from the low-grade 3.7 Ma (Fig. 5), with one Late Mesoproterozoic age of 1023.5 2.9 Ma
portions of the Huaytapallana Complex (Fig. 2D, Fig. 5). Both samples (FW2-002, Fig. 5C). Two intrusive samples (FW2-001, -010) yield en-
yield rutile UPb data that lie on TeraWasserburg discordias, yielding tirely concordant data, while the remainder yield concordant analyses
lower intercept ages of 257.8 2.3 Ma (FW2-002, Fig. 5F) and with discordant analyses interpreted as older inherited grains (FW2-
250.9 7.4 Ma (FW2-007, Fig. 5P). The UPb data lie close to radiogenic 006, Fig. 5h), inherited grains and Pb loss (FW2-003, Fig. 5d), common
compositions on the TeraWasserburg concordia and were anchored Pb and Pb loss (FW2-002, Fig. 5b) and inherited grains and common
Table 1
Summary of the geochronology data.

Sample Locality UTM UTM UTM Elevation Description UPb zircon UPb apatite UPb rutile age2 UPb monazite age1 Th-Pb monazite
name east north square (masl) age1 age2 age3

FW2-001 Lampa 511,410 8,672,822 18 L 2788 Granodiorite 290.3 4.0 Ma

FW2-002 Pariahuanca 516,401 8,670,733 18 L 2164 Microgranite 1023.5 2.9 Ma 257.3 5.5 Ma 257.8 2.3 Ma
FW2-003 Pariahuanca 516,402 8,670,663 18 L 2161 Mac intrusive 274.1 1.2 Ma 278 18 Ma
FW2-004 Yerba Buena 520,991 8,671,229 18 L 2520 Psammite detrital (720 Ma)4 236.1 1.9 Ma

D.M. Chew et al. / Gondwana Research 35 (2016) 5978

FW2-006 Ocoro 518,778 8,669,841 18 L 2351 Porphyritic volcanic 260.1 3.9 Ma 229 61 Ma
FW2-007 Chuyas 512,833 8,673,097 18 L 2446 Psammite detrital (445 Ma)4 228.1 5.5 Ma 250.9 7.4 Ma
FW2-010 Pahual 510,256 8,673,770 18 L 3144 Granitic Intrusive 302.0 3.7 Ma 281.9 7.8 Ma
FW2-011 Muchac 483,587 8,698,990 18 L 3897 Granitic Intrusive 278.9 2.9 Ma
FW2-014 Puquin 487,985 8,704,142 18 L 3364 Pegmatite 236.7 4.1 Ma
FW2-015 Puquin 488,068 8,704,074 18 L 3420 Psammite 246.0 4.5 Ma
TCH-001 Lasuntay Lake 492,919 8,681,706 18 L 4665 Paragneiss 229 20 Ma 261.6 1.8 Ma 264.0 2.9 Ma
TCH-002 Mt. Jacallate 493,037 8,682,128 18 L 4759 Leucosome in gneiss 260.4 2.5 Ma5 200310 Ma6 262.9 2.0 Ma 260.9 2.5 Ma
TCH-003 Mt. Jacallate 493,327 8,682,523 18 L 4860 Paragneiss 260.4 2.5 Ma5 250 16 Ma 267.5 1.4 Ma 262.8 2.1 Ma
TCH-004 Mt. Lasuntay 494,034 8,681,915 18 L 4840 Metadiorite 157220 Ma6
TCH-007 Mt. Yanauksha 496,436 8,678,999 18 L 4400 Paragneiss 230.3 6.5 Ma 264.1 1.9 Ma 260.9 2.7 Ma
DC 5/5-7 Maraon Complex 168,481 9,243,396 18 M 1422 Leucosome in gneiss 477.9 4.3 Ma7 349.3 5.8 Ma
DC 5/5-10 Balsas 171,840 9,228,140 18 M 1067 Microgranite dyke 343.6 2.6 Ma7 344.3 4.5 Ma
DC 5/6-5 Pomabamba 239,567 9,058,652 18 L 1857 Orthogneiss 445.9 2.4 Ma7 393.8 9.5 Ma
SU 03-20 Hualluniyocc 438,679 8,752,628 18 L 2753 Adamellite 325.4 0.6 Ma7 315 12 Ma
SU 03-21 Huacapistana 446,986 8,761,090 18 L 1662 Granite 310.1 2.3 Ma7 363 44 Ma
DC 4/5-2 Sitabamba 199,248 9,111,706 18 L 3063 Orthogneiss 442.4 1.4 Ma7 365 14 Ma8 titanite age: 437.1 5.3 Ma8
1
Wetherill Concordia age.
2
TeraWasserburg lower intercept age.
3
Weighted average ThPb age.
4
Detrital sample, youngest population or grain in parentheses.
5
Composite concordia age from samples TCH-002 and TCH-003.
6
Does not dene a clear intercept on a TeraWasserburg Concordia, range in 207Pb-corrected ages presented.
7
UPb zircon ages from Chew et al. (2007).
8
UPb apatite and titanite data from Chew et al. (2014).

67
68 D.M. Chew et al. / Gondwana Research 35 (2016) 5978

Pb (FW2-011, Fig. 5s). The detrital zircon spectrum from the psammite
TCH-002 092
1 sample FW2-004 (Fig. 5K) yields a relatively restricted detrital
1: 264.08.2 Ma 3: 1081.212.4 Ma
2: 257.29.5 Ma 4: 1066.417.8 Ma zircon population with peaks at c. 750 Ma and 10001200 Ma. Sample
2
FW2-007 (Fig. 5N) yields a detrital zircon population with peaks at
3
470550 Ma, 750 Ma, and a broad range of detrital zircons from 900
4
to 1800 Ma with the most signicant peaks at 1050 and 1200 Ma.
A very small population of approximately thirty zircon grains was
5 obtained from three high-grade paragneisses (TCH-002, -003, and
TCH-003 081 -007) in the high-grade portions of the Huaytapallana Complex. SEM-
4
1: 259.13.9 Ma CL imaging of these zircons (representative images in Fig. 6) shows
TCH-002 076
2: 1033.023.8 Ma 3 that the zircons range in size from c. 50 to 100 m. The cores of the
1: 254.710.7 Ma
3: 293.84.5 Ma
3: 1001.626.8 Ma
zircons have textures consistent with magmatic zoning with variable
1 CL response from grain to grain and are interpreted as detrital zircons
4: 980.623.9 Ma
3 5: 976.818.5 Ma incorporated into the metasedimentary protolith. These cores are man-
2 tled by thin (c. 5200 m) zircon rims with crudely developed zoning,
1 interpreted as recording high-grade metamorphism and leucosome de-
50 microns velopment. The cores yield ages between 550 and 1100 Ma with Th/U
ratios between 0.1 and 0.5 (Fig. 7a), consistent with a magmatic precur-
Fig. 6. Representative SEM cathodoluminescence (CL) images of zircon from samples TCH- sor. The rims with the lowest Th/U ratios (b0.01; Fig. 7b) yield a
002 and TCH-003 with UPb LA-ICPMS analysis spots and ages illustrated. concordia age of 260.4 2.5 Ma, with the low Th/U ratios consistent

0.24
TCH 002,003,007 TCH 002,003,007 zircon Lasuntay Lake paragneiss
0.049
zircon cores and rims Concordia age: 0.8 TCH-001 (apatite)
0.20 300
0.45 - 0.46 260.4 2.5 Ma
0.047 0.04 Tera Wasserburg intercept age:
1000 0.34 - 0.35 MSWD = 1.08
0.03 22920 Ma, MSWD = 4.0
Pb/238U

0.16 0.11 - 0.54 0.6 207

0.34 - 0.5 0.045 4400 Pb/206Pb initial: 0.8513
0.10 - 0.43
0.12
206

0.18 - 0.25 0.043 0.006 0.007 0.4

600 0.006
0.08 0.38 - 0.39 TCH-002: blue 4000
0.041 0.014 0.009
0.11 TCH-003: red
Pb/238U

0
360

Pb/206Pb
TCH-007: green 250 0.006 0.2
0.04 200
0.07 00
20

00
Th/U ratio: italics 0.039

400
0.005
B C
12
inset figure
206

filled ellipses
to right A
207

207
207
Pb/ U 235
0.037 Pb/235U used in age calc. 0.0
238
U/206Pb
0.00
0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 0.24 0.28 0.32 0.36 0.40 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28

1.0 400 1.0

5200 Mt. Jacallete paragneiss 5200 Mt. Jacallete paragneiss
Pb-corr. age

310.6 16 Ma
TCH-002 (apatite) 360 TCH-003 (apatite)
MSWD = 1.5
0.8 320 0.8
Tera Wasserburg intercept age:
280 25016 Ma, MSWD = 3.2
207

207
0.6 240 0.6 Pb/206Pb initial: 0.8597
4400 4400
200
0.4 160 200.3 4.4 Ma 0.4
4000 120 MSWD = 0.19 4000
Pb/206Pb

Pb/206Pb

0 0
0.2 360 0 80 0.2 360 0
0 0
00

20 Mt. Jacallete paragneiss 20

00

400
400

D F
12

40
12

TCH-002 (apatite) E
207

207

238
0.0
238
U/206Pb 0 0.0 U/206Pb
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28

1.0 250 1.0

5200 Mt. Lasuntay metadiorite 5200 Mt. Yanauksha paragneiss
Pb-corr. age

TCH-004 (apatite) TCH-007 (apatite)

Pb/206Pb

230
0.8 0.8
210 Tera Wasserburg intercept age:
220.3 3.1 Ma 230.36.5 Ma, MSWD = 3.6
207

190 MSWD = 1.02

207

207
0.6 0.6 Pb/206Pb initial: 0.8402
4400 4400
170
0.4 150 157.1 9.7 Ma 0.4
4000 MSWD = 4.2 4000
Pb/206Pb

0 130
0.2 360 0 0.2 0
360 0
0 Mt. Lasuntay metadiorite 0
00

0
0

400

20
400

2 G 110
I
0

12
12

TCH-004 (apatite)
H
207

238
0.0
238
U/206Pb 90 0.0 U/206Pb
0 10 20 30 40 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28

Fig. 7. UPb zircon Wetherill concordias (A, B), UPb apatite TeraWasserburg concordias (C, D, F, G, I) and UPb apatite 207Pb-corrected ages (E, H) for the TCH sample suite.
 D.M. Chew et al. / Gondwana Research 35 (2016) 5978 69

with a metamorphic origin (Hoskin and Schaltegger, 2003). Analyses
marginally older than the concordia age on Fig. 7b are interpreted as ei-
ther core-rim mixtures with relatively low Th/U ratios indicating that
only a small inherited component is present (two oldest red ellipses
on Fig. 7b) or a young c. 285 Ma magmatic grain with igneous Th/U
ratios of 0.10.43 (green ellipses on Fig. 7b).
4.4. Monazite UPb and ThPb data
Monazite UPb and ThPb data were acquired for four high-grade
paragneiss samples from the Huaytapallana Complex (Fig. 8, samples
TCH-001, -002, -003, -007). UPb Wetherill Concordia ages range
from 261.6 1.8 Ma (Fig. 8a, TCH-001) to 267.5 1.4 Ma (Fig. 8e,

232
Lasuntay Lake paragneiss Th-208Pb age (Ma)
0.045 TCH-001 (monazite) 290
280
Concordia age:
261.6 1.8 Ma 280
0.043 MSWD = 1.4

270
Pb/238U

0.041
260
206

0.039
250
240 Weighted average age:

0.037
207
Pb/235U A 240
264.0 2.9 Ma, MSWD = 1.8 B
0.24 0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34

285
232
Mt. Jacallete paragneiss Th-208Pb age (Ma)
0.047
TCH-002 (monazite)
Concordia age: 290
275
0.045 262.9 2.0 Ma
MSWD = 0.9
265
Pb/238U

0.043 270

255
206

0.041

250
0.039 245
Weighted average age:
0.037
207
Pb/235U C 260.9 2.5 Ma, MSWD = 2.5 D
235
0.26 0.28 0.30 0.32 0.34

Mt. Jacallete paragneiss 300 295

232
Th-208Pb age (Ma)
0.047 TCH-003 (monazite)
Concordia age: 285
0.045 267.5 1.4 Ma
MSWD = 0.9 275

0.043 270 265

Pb/238U

255
0.041
206

245
0.039
235
240 Weighted average age:
207
Pb/ U235 E 262.8 2.1 Ma, MSWD = 2.9 F
0.037 225
0.25 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.33 0.35

232
Mt. Yanauksha paragneiss Th-208Pb age (Ma)
0.045 TCH-007 (monazite) 285
280
Concordia age:
264.1 1.9 Ma 275
0.043 MSWD = 1.4

265
Pb/238U

0.041
255
206

0.039
245 Weighted average age:
240 260.9 2.7 Ma, MSWD = 2.1

0.037
207
Pb/235U G 235
H
0.25 0.27 0.29 0.31 0.33 0.35

Fig. 8. UPb monazite Wetherill concordias (A, C, E, G) and UPb monazite 232Th208Pb ages (E, H) for the TCH sample suite.
70 D.M. Chew et al. / Gondwana Research 35 (2016) 5978

TCH-003) whereas ThPb ages range from 260.9 2.5 Ma (Fig. 8d, TCH- age from Chew et al. 2014 (Figs. 9f,g). The ve apatite UPb ages
003) to 264.0 2.9 Ma (Fig. 8b, TCH-001). With the exception of sample (Figs. 9ae) all lie on TeraWasserburg discordias, yielding lower inter-
TCH-003, all UPb ages and ThPb ages from the same sample are cept ages ranging from 315 12 Ma (SU 03-20, Fig. 9d) to 393.8
within analytical uncertainty, clustering at c. 262 Ma. 9.5 Ma (DC 5/6-5, Fig. 9c). The initial Pb composition of four of the sam-
ples (DC 5/5-7, 5/5-10, 5/6-5, and SU 03-20) was anchored using an ini-
4.5. Apatite UPb data from other localities in the Eastern Cordillera tial 207Pb/206Pb composition derived from the Stacey and Kramers
model with a conservative uncertainty of 0.02 (2.3%), as otherwise
Apatite UPb and ThPb data were acquired for ve samples (one they exhibit a relatively poorly constrained intercept age due to the
leucosome and four granitoids) from the sample suite of Chew et al. small spread in UPb ratios. The samples have moderately radiogenic
(2007) in the central and northern portions of the Eastern Cordillera compositions so they are not particularly sensitive to the choice of initial
of Peru (black boxes highlighted on Fig. 1). These data are presented Pb composition. One apatite sample (SU 03-21, Fig. 9e) was not
on Fig. 9ae, along with one apatite UPb age and one titanite UPb anchored as individual analyses cluster close to common Pb.

Maraon leucosome Balsas Microgranite dyke Sitabamba orthogneiss

0.8 0.8 0.8 DC 5/6-5 (apatite)
DC 5/5-7 (apatite) DC 5/5-10 (apatite)

Tera Wasserburg intercept age: Tera Wasserburg intercept age: Tera Wasserburg intercept age:
0.6 349.3 5.8 Ma, MSWD = 0.91 0.6 344.3 4.5 Ma, MSWD = 0.85 0.6 393.8 9.5 Ma, MSWD = 1.5
4400 anchored at 207Pb/206Pb 4400 anchored at 207Pb/206Pb 4400 anchored at 207Pb/206Pb
initial: 0.8589 0.02 initial: 0.8585 0.02 initial: 0.8621 0.02
0.4 0.4 0.4
0 0 0
360 360 360
Pb/206Pb

00 00 00
Pb/206Pb

Pb/206Pb
0.2 28 0.2 28 0.2 28
00 00 00
0

0
20 A 20 B 20 C

400
120

120

120
400

400
207
207

207
238
238
U/206Pb U/206Pb 238
U/206Pb
0.0 0.0 0.0
0 4 8 12 16 20 0 4 8 12 16 20 0 4 8 12 16 20

Hualluniyocc Adamellite Huacapistana Granite

0.8 SU03-20 (apatite) 0.8 SU03-21 (apatite)

Tera Wasserburg intercept age: Tera Wasserburg intercept age:

0.6 315 12 Ma, MSWD = 1.9 0.6 363 44 Ma, MSWD = 1.3
4400 anchored at 207Pb/206Pb 4400 207
Pb/206Pb initial: 0.8714
initial: 0.8566 0.02 (no anchor)
0.4 0.4
0 0
360 360
00 00
Pb/206Pb

Pb/206Pb

0.2 28 0.2 28
00 00
0

20 D 20
120

120
400

E
400
207

207

238
U/206Pb 0.0
238
U/206Pb
0.0
0 4 8 12 16 20 0 4 8 12 16 20

500 250 0
U-poor apatite Age (Ma)
FT ap 1.0 DC 4/5/1 and DC 4/5/2 titanite:
0.8 and K-fsp
437.1 5.3 Ma, MSWD = 4.4
U-Pb ap
600
U-Pb ttn
0.8
0.6
Pb

Pb

U-Pb zr
G T (C) 1200 DC
206

206

0.6 tita 4/5

nit /1
Pb/

Pb/

0.4 e
207

207

DC 4/5/2 apatite: 0.4

365 14 Ma DC
0.2 MSWD = 2.1 tita 4/5
0.2 nit /2
2800 e
2000 F 2000 H
1200 1200
400 400
0.0 0.0
0 4 8 12 16 20 0 4 8 12 16
238
U/206Pb 238
U/206Pb

Fig. 9. UPb apatite TeraWasserburg concordias from samples from the Eastern Cordillera of Northern (AC) and Central (DE) Peru. UPb apatite (F) and titanite (H) TeraWasserburg
concordias from the Sitabamba orthogneiss taken from Chew et al. (2014).
 D.M. Chew et al. / Gondwana Research 35 (2016) 5978 71

5. Synthesis of the timing of metamorphism and magmatism in the
Peruvian Eastern Cordillera
This section synthesizes the geological evolution of the Huaytapallana
Complex (5.1) before summarizing recent studies on other sectors of
the Eastern Cordillera of Peru (Fig. 10). These regional syntheses are
then incorporated into a model which summarizes the development
with the Eastern Cordillera of Peru with time (Section 6).
5.1. Evolution of the Huaytapallana Complex (Fig. 10a)
The UPb monazite and zircon and ThPb monazite data from the
garnetsillimanite paragneisses south of Glaciar Huaytapallana (TCH
sample suite, Fig. 2c) are interpreted as recording crystallization during
peak metamorphism, and these high-temperature chronometers
constrain the timing of high-grade metamorphism and leucosome
development in this sector of the Huaytapallana Complex at 260 Ma
(latest Middle Permian). The UPb apatite system records post-
orogenic cooling in the high-grade paragneisses (closure temperature
estimates are c. 425 C to 500 C; Chamberlain and Bowring, 2001).
Several samples (TCH-001, TCH-003, TCH-007) yield apatite UPb
TeraWasserburg lower intercept ages consistent with post-orogenic
cooling from the 260 Ma metamorphic peak, but two samples
(paragneiss TCH-002 and metadiorite TCH-004) do not yield a Tera
Wasserburg intercept array, with 207Pb corrected ages ranging
from 310.6to 200.3 Ma (TCH-002) and 220.3 to 157.1 Ma (TCH-004).

Fig. 10. Geological map of the Eastern Cordillera of Peru based on Fig. 1B. The age of the major metamorphic events are based on the geochronology data of Chew et al. (2007)
(boxes B, C, D, G, H), Cardona (2006, 2007) and Cardona et al. (2009) (box E), Castroviejo et al. (2009), Tassinari et al. (2011) and Willner et al. (2014) (box G) and this study (box A). The
locations of ultramac ophiolitic rocks are taken from Castroviejo et al. (2010). The interpolation of the ages of peak metamorphism in between these study areas is speculative. The names
of the metasedimentary basement inliers (massifs) of the Eastern Cordillera south of 11S are denoted in red text and follow Mgard (1978).
72 D.M. Chew et al. / Gondwana Research 35 (2016) 5978
Although the metadiorite (TCH-004) cuts the Huaytapallana Complex, it
does share the same regional tectonic foliation and the cause of this late
open system behavior in the apatite UPb data from this sample is
uncertain.
The lower-grade, southern sample suite (samples FW2-001FW2-
010, Fig. 2D) did not yield monazite, but rutile was recovered in sample
FW2-002 (Parihuanca microgranite intrusive) and sample FW2-007
(Chuyas psammite). The UPb rutile system has a closure temperature
of c. 620 C (Vry and Baker, 2006; Cherniak, 2000). UPb rutile Tera
Wasserburg lower intercept ages (FW2-002, 257.3 5.5 Ma, Fig.4F;
FW2-007, 250.9 7.4 Ma, Fig. 5P) are thus interpreted as recording
crystallization and are consistent with the 260 Ma metamorphic peak
documented in the high-grade paragneisses. The detrital zircon spec-
trum in sample FW2-004 (Yerba Buena Psammite, Fig. 5K) yield a detri-
tal zircon population with two peaks at c. 750 Ma and 10001200 Ma.
Sample FW2-007 (Chuyas Psammite, Fig. 5N) yields a more dispersed
detrital zircon population more characteristic of the Proto-Andean mar-
gin of the Eastern Cordillera of Peru (cf. Chew et al., 2008), with peaks at
470550 Ma, 750 Ma, and a broad range of detrital zircons from 900 to
1800 Ma with the most signicant peaks at 1050 and 1200 Ma. The
Pariahuanca microgranite sample has yielded a UPb zircon crystalliza-
tion age of 1023.5 2.9 Ma. Given that the youngest detrital zircons
peaks which place maximum deposition ages on the psammites in
this sector are c. 750 Ma (FW2-004, Yerba Buena Psammite, Fig. 5K)
and c. 470 Ma (FW2-007, Chuyas Psammite, Fig. 5N), the c. 1023 Ma
age for the Pariahuanca microgranite implies that it must be a locally re-
stricted basement inlier, but unfortunately, its contact relationships
with the metasedimentary rocks of the Huaytapallana Complex are
not exposed. Isolated occurrence of foliated Mesoproterozoic granitoids
have been documented elsewhere in the Eastern Cordillera of Peru
south of 11S by Miskovoic et al. (2009), including the 985 14 Ma
Satipo tonalite, the 1071 23 Ma Mariposa alkali feldspar granite,
and the 1123 13 Ma Querobamba granite).
All younger igneous intrusive samples in this southern sector of the
studied area have been affected by tectonism (either weakly to moder-
ately developed foliations, or chloritization and kinking of FeMg
phases such as biotite and strained extinction in quartz). UPb zircon
crystallization ages in the Villa Azul Batholith (Fig. 2D) range from
302.0 3.7 Ma (FW2-010, Pahual Granite, Fig. 5 O) to 290.3 4.0 Ma
(FW2-001, Lampa Granodiorite, Fig. 5A), whereas intrusions cutting
the Huaytapallana Complex immediately to the east yield UPb
zircon crystallization ages ranging from 274.1 1.2 Ma (FW2-003,
Pariahuanca metadolerite, Fig. 5D) to 260.1 3.9 Ma (FW2-006,
Ocoro metadolerite, a metamorphosed porphyritic intrusive, Fig. 5H).
With the exception of sample FW2-010 from the Villa Azul Batholith
(Pahual Granite, Fig. 5R), all samples from the southern sector of the
studied area (FW2-002, FW2-003, FW2-004, FW2-006, FW2-007)
yield apatite UPb TeraWasserburg lower intercept ages consistent
with cooling from the 260 Ma metamorphic peak. Sample FW2-010 in-
stead yields an older apatite UPb TeraWasserburg lower intercept age
of 281.9 7.8 Ma and may have been only partially reset during peak
metamorphism at 260 Ma. Only three ages were obtained from the
northern sampling transect in the Huaytapallana Complex. These in-
clude a UPb zircon age of 278.9 2.9 Ma for the Muchac Granite
(FW2-011; Fig. 5S), which is within analytical uncertainty of the UPb
zircon age of 292 20 Ma reported by Miskovic et al. (2009) for the
same pluton. The two apatite UPb TeraWasserburg lower intercept
ages (samples FW2-014 and FW2-015, Fig. 5T and 5U) from this tran-
sect are consistent with cooling from a c. 260 Ma metamorphic peak.
In summary, the evolution of this sector of the Eastern Cordillera east
of Huancayo (Fig. 2A, Fig. 10a) can be considered to represent a
metasedimentary sequence (maximum deposition ages of c. 750 Ma
and c. 470 Ma from psammite samples FW2-004 and FW2-007), which
were possibly deposited on Late Mesoproterozic basement. The contact
relationships with the Late Mesoproterozic basement rocks (UPb zircon
age of 1023.5 2.9 Ma from sample FW2-002, Fig. 5C) are not exposed
and it is likely now tectonically interleaved within the Huaytapallana
Complex. The timing of high-grade metamorphism and leucosome
development in the high-grade paragneisses of the Huaytapallana
Complex is constrained to 260 Ma by UPb and ThPb monazite age
data and UPb dating of zircon rims from leucosomes, consistent with
c. 255 Ma rutile growth in the lower-grade schists and psammites to
the south. The majority of UPb apatite data (c. 260230 Ma) in all
units are compatible with cooling from this 260 Ma metamorphic peak.
5.2. BalsasCallangate (Fig. 10b)
The geology of the BalsasCallangate region consists of high-grade
biotitegarnet paragneisses of the Maran Complex intruded by the
post-tectonic BalsasCallangate pluton. Leucosome development in
the Maran Complex paragneisses is constrained by a UPb SIMS zir-
con concordia age of 477.9 4.3 Ma (sample DC 5/5-7, Chew et al.,
2007). A post-tectonic microgranite dyke has yielded a UPb SIMS zir-
con age of 343.6 2.6 Ma (sample DC 05/5-10, Chew et al., 2007),
with a prominent inherited population of xenocrystic zircon which de-
ne a UPb SIMS zircon concordia age of 483.8 3.6 Ma. Detrital zircons
from the paragneisses yield no zircons younger than ca. 750 Ma (sample
DC 5/5-4, Chew et al., 2007). Snchez (1983, 1995) reported KAr dates
of 346.7 7.3 Ma and 329 10 Ma for the Balsas and Callangate
monzogranitic plutons, which have subsequently yielded 40Ar39Ar
ages of c. 350330 Ma (Snchez et al., 2006) and UPb zircon LA-ICPMS
ages of between 320 and 313 Ma (Miskovic et al., 2009). The c. 478 Ma
Maran Complex leucosome (DC 5/5-7) and c. 344 Ma post-tectonic
microgranite dyke (DC 5/5-10) yield apatite UPb TeraWasserburg
lower intercept ages of 349.3 5.8 Ma (Fig. 9A) and 344.3 4.5 Ma
(Fig. 9B), respectively. This northernmost portion of the Paleozoic
metamorphic belt of the Peruvian Eastern Cordillera is interpreted as a
high-grade paragneiss unit which underwent Famatinian orogenesis at
c. 478 Ma prior to intrusion of the BalsasGollnCallangate batholith
at c. 320313 Ma. Any subsequent tectonothermal events were not
sufciently hot to reset the UPb apatite and KAr biotite systems.
5.3. SitabambaPomabamba (Fig. 10c)
The protolith of the Sitabamba orthogneiss intruded the Maran
Complex in the southwest portion of the Maran Complex outcrop
(Wilson et al., 1995; Chew et al., 2007). Thermobarometric estimates
for the peak garnet-bearing metamorphic assemblage is c. 700 C and
12 kbar (Chew et al., 2005). Crystallization of the granodioritic protolith
is constrained by UPb zircon concordia ages of 442.4 1.4 Ma (TIMS)
and 444.2 6.4 Ma (LA-ICPMS) (sample DC 4/5-2 from Sitabamba,
Chew et al., 2007). Approximately 65 km along strike to the SE at
Pomabamba, a similar orthogneiss body yields a UPb zircon SIMS
concordia age of 445.9 2.4 Ma (sample DC 5/6-5, Chew et al., 2007).
LA-ICPMS dating of xenocrystic cores in the Sitabamba orthogneiss
yield a broad spectrum of detrital zircon ages (cf. Bahlburg and
Berndt, 2016), with a youngest inherited zircon core of 473 18 Ma
(Chew et al., 2007). Titanite from the peak metamorphic assemblage
of the Sitabamba orthogneiss has yielded a LA-ICPMS TeraWasserburg
lower intercept age of 437.1 5.3 Ma (Fig. 9H, Chew et al., 2014). Post-
metamorphic peak cooling is constrained by UPb apatite Tera
Wasserburg lower intercept ages on the cooling path of 365 14 Ma
(DC 4/5-2; Fig. 9F, Chew et al., 2014) and 393.8 9.5 Ma (DC 5/6-5,
Fig. 9C). The SitabambaPomabamba unit is interpreted as a high-
grade orthogneiss terrane which underwent orogenesis at c. 437 Ma,
demonstrably younger than the age of peak metamorphism in the Bal-
sas sector to the north.
5.4. PatazParcoy (Fig. 10d)b
In the PatazParcoy region, the Eastern Cordillera is characterized by
a pre-Silurian metamorphic basement and cover sequences intruded by
 D.M. Chew et al. / Gondwana Research 35 (2016) 5978
Mississippian calc-alkaline plutons. The pre-Silurian rocks comprise
the type region of the metasedimentary rocks of the Maran
Complex, structurally overlain by volcaniclastics of the Vijus Formation,
turbiditic rocks of the Contaya Formation, and felsic volcaniclastics and
turbitiditic rocks of the Atahualpa Formation. The greenschist to lower
amphibolite-facies Maran Complex is believed to have undergone
four phases of deformation (Schreiber, 1989), in contrast to the Lower
Paleozoic cover sequences which have experienced two moderate fold-
ing phases and lower greenschist-facies metamorphism. The Maran
Complex is in faulted contact with its cover sequences, and opinion is di-
vided on whether the contact is conformable or an orogenic unconfor-
mity (Haeberlin, 2002). A c. 470 Ma maximum depositional age for
the Maran Complex in the Pataz has been obtained from UPb detri-
tal zircon dating (Sample AM076, Chew et al., 2007). The middle and
upper portions of the Contaya Formation have yielded a graptolite
fauna of Didymograptus sagitticaulis, Climacograptus ruedemanni,
Diplograptus sp., and Dictionema sp. (Wilson and Reyes, 1964) of middle
to Upper Darriwilian age (formerly Llanvirn, 465.7458.4 Ma; Cooper
et al., 2012). This is consistent with a UPb zircon maximum deposition-
al age of 466.8 8.1 Ma from the overlying volcaniclastic Atahualpa
Formation (Witt et al., 2013).
The arc-related Pataz batholith (Schreiber et al., 1990) is a
60-km-long, dioritic to monzogranitic, composite intrusion. The batho-
lith and its aureole are well studied as they form the central part of a
160-km-long orogenic gold belt extending along the Eastern Cordillera
in northern Peru. 40Ar39Ar dating of the Pataz Batholith granodiorites
(Haeberlin et al., 2004) has yielded plateau ages between 329.2
1.4 Ma (biotite) and 319 3.2 Ma (hornblende). UPb zircon ages
from the batholith are typically older, ranging from 338 to 336 Ma
(Schaltegger et al., 2006; Witt et al., 2013). UPb zircon dating of samples
from intrusions spatially associated with the Pataz batholith, including
quartz syenite and quartz monzonite, has yielded ages ranging from c.
293 to 332 Ma (Miskovic et al., 2009). The youngest detrital zircon ages
from the Maran Complex rocks and the biostratigraphical ages from
its Early Paleozoic cover in the Pataz region imply the Maran Complex
must have undergone post-470 Ma orogenesis, and we tentatively corre-
late this event with the c. 437 Ma event experienced by the Sitabamba
orthogneiss, consistent with the Late Ordovician (c. 435 Ma) low-grade
metamorphic event inferred in the Maran Complex by Macfarlane
(1999) based on RbSr whole-rock data. Any post-Carboniferous
tectonothermal events in the PatazParcoy region were not sufciently
hot to reset the 40Ar39Ar biotite system.
5.5. HunucoLa Unin (Fig. 10e)
Cardona et al. (2009) have subdivided the Maran Complex in the
HunucoLa Unin region into four main units. These comprise (1) a
small inlier of amphibolite-facies gneisses with peak metamorphic tem-
peratures of 590615 C (Cardona et al. 2007) and intruded by a
mylonitized granitoid. UPb SIMS dating of metamorphic zircon rims
from this gneiss yield an age of 484 12 Ma while the protolith of
the mylonitized granitoids is constrained by a UPb TIMS zircon age of
468 5 Ma (Cardona et al., 2009).
This inlier is enclosed within unit (2), the Eastern Schist Belt com-
prising micaceous schists with sporadic intercalations of metabasite
and calc-silicate rocks. Calculated PT conditions range from 3 to 5 kbar
and 350450 C to 710 kbar and 540660 C. Mac and ultramac ical characteristics (Castroviejo et al., 2009; Tassinari et al., 2011). The
rocks crop out as discontinuous lenses along the eastern margin of
this belt (Grandin and Navarro, 1979). The youngest detrital zircons in
the Eastern Schist Belt cluster at c. 465 Ma (Cardona et al., 2009) with
40
Ar39Ar and RbSr muscovite metamorphic ages as old as c. 420 Ma
(Cardona et al., 2007). Fossiliferous Carboniferous sedimentary rocks
unconformably overlie the eastern schists (Dalmayrac et al., 1988).
Unit (3) of Cardona et al. (2009) comprises a series of isolated
migmatite bodies spatially associated with some undeformed granitoids
within the Eastern Schist Belt. UPb SIMS dating of metamorphic zircon
73
rims (Th/U ratios b1) from one of these migmatites has yielded an age
of 325 8 Ma (Cardona et al., 2009), while a garnetiferous gneiss asso-
ciated with a banded migmatite body from the same region has yielded
a SmNd garnetwhole rock isochron of c. 295 13 Ma (Cardona,
2006). Both these ages were obtained from the same area where
Dalmayrac et al. (1988) reported a Neoproterozoic UPb zircon lower
intercept age from a garnetiferous paragneiss.
The greenschist-facies Western Schist Belt (4) is characterized by
signicant intercalations of metabasite. Peak metamorphic conditions
of 34 kbar and 350400 C were documented by Cardona et al.
(2007). The youngest detrital zircons cluster at c. 320 Ma (Cardona
et al., 2009), KAr muscovite ages cluster at c. 300 Ma (Cardona,
2006), and the belt is covered by Permian sedimentary rocks. The geo-
chronology data of Cardona et al. (2009) for the HunucoLa Unin re-
gion demonstrate that the Eastern Schist Belt (youngest detrital zircons
at c. 460 Ma, mica cooling ages as old as c. 420 Ma) most likely
underwent deformation during the Early Silurian, possibly contempora-
neous with the c. 437 Ma event in the Sitabamba and Pataz regions to
the north. Famatinian events (c. 480 Ma) are also recorded by the
small inlier of amphibolite-facies gneisses within the Eastern Schist
belt, which has also experienced isolated development of c. 315 Ma
migmatites. This c. 315 Ma event is also recorded in the lower-grade
Western Schist Belt (youngest detrital zircons at c. 320 Ma, mica cooling
ages as old as c. 300 Ma). There is a large range in the 40Ar39Ar and K
Ar muscovite and biotite cooling age data of Cardona (2006), with some
ages as young as c. 180 Ma, demonstrating that this sector of the Eastern
Cordillera experienced either tectonothermal events in the Mesozoic, or
partial resetting of the ArAr sytem during Cenozoic Andean orogenesis.
5.6. Pacococha (Fig. 10f)
The Pacococha adamellite intrudes the metasedimentary basement
of the ChupnHuasahuasi massif of Mgard (1978). It is post-tectonic
with respect to the ductile deformation fabrics in the metasedimentary
basement and is overlain unconformably by Mississippian sediments
(Mgard, 1978). It is undeformed on a hand specimen scale, but mag-
matic biotite is pervasively chloritized and the pluton is prominently
jointed with a series of vertical basic dykes exploiting the ssures
(Mgard, 1978). UPb SIMS zircon dating yields a concordia age of
474.2 3.4 Ma (Sample SU 03-19; Chew et al., 2007), implying that
the ductile deformation within the metasedimentary basement oc-
curred prior to c. 474.2 Ma and is most likely Famatinian (c. 480 Ma)
in age (Chew et al., 2007). Mgard (1978) reports a KAr biotite age of
346 10 Ma from the Pacococha adamellite demonstrating that any
post-Carboniferous tectonothermal events in the ChupnHuasahuasi
massif were not sufciently hot to reset the 40Ar39Ar biotite system.
5.7. Tapo (Fig. 10g)
The Tapo ultramac massif crops out east of the town of Tarma,
40 km to the southeast of the Pacococha adamellite in the Chupn
Huasahuasi massif. It is one of a series of isolated occurrences of ultra-
mac rocks that occur scattered along a 300 km long NNWSSE
trending belt from the Hunuco region in the north to the Tarma region
(Castroviejo et al., 2010). These ultramac rocks are interpreted as a se-
ries of dismembered ophiolites with ocean ridge or ocean island chem-
Tapo ultramac massif was thrust onto early Carboniferous sedimenta-
ry rocks of the Ambo Group, and the basal thrust plane is affected by
Andean folds (Castroviejo et al., 2009). The age of the igneous protolith
of the Tapo ultramac massif is constrained by a SmNd whole-rock
(gabbro and chromitite) isochron of 718 47 Ma (Tassinari et al.,
2011) interpreted as the time of oceanic crust formation, while
Nd(718 Ma) values of +8.0 for the chromites and +8.4 for the gabbro
imply both the chromite and host gabbro formed at the same time
from the same depleted magma source. Willner et al. (2014) calculated
74 D.M. Chew et al. / Gondwana Research 35 (2016) 5978
high-pressure conditions (1113 kbar at 500540 C) for garnet am-
phibolites within the Tapo ultramac massif using a PT pseudosection
approach, which contrasts with pressuretemperature conditions of
2.5 0.5 kbar, 320 20 C in the adjacent phyllites and greenschists
of the metasedimentary basement massif. An SmNd mineral (garnet,
chlorite)whole-rock isochron of 465 24 Ma from a rodingite within
the Tapo ultramac massif is interpreted as recording a pulse of uid in-
ux into the disrupted ultramac body along major shear zones during
peak metamorphism (Willner et al., 2014), and this age is within error
of the K/Ar amphibole age of 448 26 Ma of Tassinari et al. (2011).
The high-pressure metamorphism indicates that the ophiolitic relic
body was subducted at a convergent margin or submerged in a collision
zone during the Famatinian orogenic cycle (Willner et al., 2014).
5.8. TarmaLa Merced transect (Fig. 10h)
The MarayniocMarairazo massif is composed of polyphase-
deformed schists and paragneisses cut by a suite of pre- to post-
tectonic Carboniferous intrusive rocks (Mgard, 1978; Chew et al.,
2007) with abundant development of syn-tectonic migmatites and
anatectic melts. The syn-D2 migmatitic Huacapistana granite (sam-
ple SU 03-21) and syn-D2 migmatic paragneisses in the
metasedimentary basement (sample SU 03-24) yield UPb SIMS zircon
ages of 310.1 2.3 Ma and 312.9 3.0 Ma (Chew et al., 2007). The
timing of this Late Carboniferous (c. 312 Ma) tectonothermal event is
corroborated by UPb TIMS zircon dating of deformed plutons at
325.43 0.57 Ma (the strongly foliated Hualluniyocc adamellite, sam-
ple SU 03-20, Chew et al., 2007) and entirely undeformed plutons at
307.05 0.65 Ma (Utcuyacu granite, sample SU 03-22, Chew et al.,
2007). The Utcuyacu Granite is a non-deformed monzonitic granite
that cuts all fabrics in the metasedimentary basement and was original-
ly regarded as Andean (Cretaceous to Neogene) in age (Mgard, 1978).
LA-ICPMS UPb zircon dating of inherited zircon cores in the anatectic
Huacapistana Granite (SU 03-21) and the migmatitic paragneiss (SU
03-24) yield ages which range between 500 and 340 Ma, demonstrating
that the sedimentary protolith was Carboniferous in age and cannot
have experienced Famtinian (c. 480 Ma) or c. 435 Ma orogenesis. A
garnetbiotite schist from the metasedimentary basement (sample SU
03-25) has yielded pressuretemperature conditions of 600 C and
11 kbar (Chew et al., 2005) and an unpublished 40Ar39Ar biotite age
of 204.2 0.8 Ma. The c. 325 Ma Hualluniyocc adamellite (SU 03-20)
and c. 310 Ma anatectic Huacapistana granite (SU 03-21) yield apatite
UPb TeraWasserburg lower intercept ages of 315 12 Ma (Fig. 9D)
and 363 44 Ma (Fig. 9E), respectively. This implies that post-
Carboniferous tectonothermal events in the MarayniocMarairazo mas-
sif were sufciently hot to reset the apatite 40Ar39Ar biotite system, but
not the apatite UPb system.
6. Proto-Andean evolution of the Eastern Cordillera of Peru
6.1. Pre-Phanerozoic evolution
No basement exposures older than Late Mesoproterozoic (1200
1000 Ma) have been identied in the Peruvian Eastern Cordillera.
The isolated Late Mesoproterozoic basement exposures identied
by Miskovic et al. (2009) and this study comprise foliated granitoids
and crop out between 12 and 11S. The tectonic history of the
Mesoproterozoic basement inliers elsewhere in the northern Andes
(e.g. the Garzn Massif, Santa Marta Massif, the Guajira Peninsula and
the Santander Massif in Colombia) clearly demonstrates the presence
of a dismembered orogenic belt of Grenvillian age in the Northern
Andes. Although Phanerozoic tectonics may have redistributed some
of the basement terranes, particularly in Colombia, they are still viewed
as para-autochthonous domains that have remained in proximity to the
margin of Amazonia (Cardona et al. 2010; Chew et al., 2011b), and a
similar scenario is envisaged for the Late Mesoproterozoic basement
in the Peruvian Eastern Cordillera.
There is little evidence on the western Gondwanan margin for
magmatism during the late Neoproterozoic. A-type granitic plutonism
has been documented (775690 Ma) in the Eastern Cordillera of Peru
(Miskovic et al., 2009) while juvenile extensional magmatism (dacite
dikes) has been dated at 635 4 Ma in the Antofalla Basement of north-
ern Chile (Loewy et al. 2004). Tassinari et al. (2011) attribute the forma-
tion of the igneous protolith of the Tapo ultramac massif to the early
stages of Rodinian breakup and formation of oceanic lithosphere on
the Proto-Andean margin at 720 Ma. Late Neoproterozoic extension in
the Antofalla Basement probably resulted in the partial detachment of
the Antofalla Basement, which was subsequently re-accreted during
the Early Paleozoic Famatinian Orogeny (Loewy et al., 2004; Ramos,
2008), although the inferred collisional suture in the Argentinian Puna
has been demonstrated to be pre-Famatinian in age (Zimmermann
et al., 2014).
The Neoproterozoic age previously assigned to metamorphism of
the Maran Complex (Dalmayrac et al., 1980) is now regarded to be
a result of unresolved multiple inheritance in bulk, unabraded zircon
fractions (Chew et al., 2007). However, UPb detrital zircon dating of
autochthonous Neoproterozoic to early Phanerozoic sedimentary se-
quences from the northern and central segments of the western
Gondwanan margin yield a major peak at 550650 Ma (Chew et al.,
2008). These authors suggested the source of this detritus could be a
late Neoproterozoic magmatic arc buried beneath the modern Andean
foreland. By at least 530 Ma, segments of the western Gondwanan mar-
gin were clearly a destructive margin (the onset of subduction-related
plutonism in the Sierra Pampeanas, Rapela et al. 1998).
In discussing the Paleozoic evolution of the Eastern Cordillera of Peru
below, we employ the terminology of the well-established Paleozoic
orogenic and magmatic phases documented in Argentina and Chile.
6.2. c. 480 Ma (~Early Famatinian) metamorphism
Famatinian magmatism and metamorphism in Northern Argentina
(Pankhurst et al., 1998) is broadly contemporaneous with the timing
of metamorphism and magmatism documented in the Balsas
Callangate (Fig. 10b), La Unin-Huanuco (Fig. 10e) and Pacococha
Tapo (Fig. 10f, Fig. 10g) sectors of the Eastern Cordillera of Peru
(Chew et al., 2007; Miskovic et al., 2009). In the BalsasCallangate
and La UninHuanuco sectors, these units are characterized by high-
grade rocks (paragneisses with abundant leucosome development in
Balsas-Callangate; orthogneisses cut by mylonitized granitoids in La
UninHuanuco). In the PacocochaTapo sector, peak metamorphic
temperatures did not result in anatexis, but the PT and geological
constraints from the Tapo ultramac massif indicate that this relic
ophiolitic body was subducted at a convergent margin or submerged
in a collision zone during the Famatinian orogenic cycle (Willner
et al., 2014), contemporaneous with the docking of the Paracas terrane
(Ramos, 2008; Miskovic et al., 2009) which is discussed below. A key di-
agnostic test for identifying metasedimentary sequences which have
experienced Famatinian tectono-magmatic events in the Proto-Andes
is the presence or absence of Famatinian peaks in their detrital zircon
spectra, as detritus of this age is ubiquitous in post-Ordovician
(meta)sedimentary units in the northern and central Andes (Chew
et al., 2008).
The cause of Famatinian metamorphism in the Eastern Cordillera has
proven controversial in the past. At the same latitude as the Eastern
Cordillera, a lack of sialic basement beneath the Peruvian Western
Cordillera has been inferred since at least the Middle Cretaceous based
on the isotopically extremely primitive intrusives of the Coastal Batho-
lith and the Cordillera Blanca of Peru, a dominantly mac underlying
crust with average density of up to 3.0 g/cm3 and a complete absence
of zircon inheritance (e.g. Polliand et al., 2005; de Haller et al., 2006).
Chew et al. (2007) inferred that the disposition of the Early to Middle
 D.M. Chew et al. / Gondwana Research 35 (2016) 5978
Ordovician metamorphism and the associated magmatic arc which they
identied in the north and central portions of the Eastern Cordillera of
Peru arc was related to the presence of an original embayment in the
western Gondwanan margin during the early Paleozoic. This was sug-
gested to explain the present 400 km distance from the present trench
to the Ordovician magmatic front, which must be a minimum gure
as at least 100 km of crust has been eliminated by subsequent subduc-
tion erosion on the margin (von Huene and Scholl, 1991) and a
minimum Andean shortening of 175 km must be also be taken into ac-
count (Ramos, 2008). Ramos (2008) favored an alternative hypothesis,
with the Western Cordillera being underlain by a continental (i.e. sialic)
basement block, the Paracas para-autochthonous terrane, which collid-
ed during the late Early Ordovician against the Gondwana margin caus-
ing Famatinian metamorphism and the development of its associated
magmatic arc. The Paracas terrane is inferred to have separated from
the ArequipaAntofalla micro-continent along the Paracas fault which
denes the northern limit of the ArequipaAntofalla block (Miskovic
et al., 2009). Ramos (2008) considered the sialic basement in the
offshore platform of central Peru, termed the Paracas High on the conti-
nental shelf (Ramos and Alemn, 2000), to represent a portion of the
Paracas terrane. The continental shelf high is exposed on the Las
Hormigas de Afuera Islands (Fig. 1, Fig. 10), and subsequent UPb zircon
SIMS geochronology demonstrates that it represents a continental base-
ment block (predominantly high-grade hypersthene-bearing gneisses)
of Famatinian age (467.9 4.5 Ma, Romero et al., 2013), contempora-
neous with the arc-derived c. 475465 Ma San Nicols batholith sited
on the Arequipa basement of southern Peru (Mukasa and Henry,
1990; Loewy et al., 2004). A collisional origin for the Paracas terrane
against the Western Gondwanan margin is also supported by the recog-
nition of the ophiolitic suture within the western margin of the
Maran Massif by Castroviejo et al. (2009, 2010) and Tassinari et al.
(2011), and the recognition of high-pressure Famatinian metamorphic
conditions in the Tapo ultramac massif (Willner et al., 2014). The
dense, isotopically juvenile crust underlying the Western Cordillera
has been reconciled with a sialic Paracas terrane (Ramos, 2008, 2010;
Romero et al., 2013) based on the evidence that the intra-arc Cretaceous
Huarmney basin of the Western Cordillera was developed by attenua-
tion of pre-existing sialic crust and the corresponding eruption of
large volumes of mac, isotopically juvenile igneous rocks (Mpodozis
and Ramos, 1989).
6.3. c. 435 Ma (Late Famatinian) metamorphism
High-grade c. 435 Ma (Late Famatinian) metamorphism is most
evident in the SitabambaPomabamba orthogneiss (Fig. 10c). In
metasedimentary rocks, this Late Famatinian orogenic event can be
temporally distinguished from older, c. 480 Ma (Early Famatinian)
metamorphism by the presence of Famatinian peaks in their detrital
zircon spectra, and discriminated from younger (c. 315 Ma) Early
Gondwanide orogenesis when they are overlain by Carboniferous
sedimentary rocks such as the Mississippian Ambo Group. Based on
their detrital zircon spectra, the Maran Complex rocks and its
Early Paleozoic cover in the PatazParcoy region (Fig. 10d) have
undergone post-470 Ma orogenesis which is tentatively correlated
with the c. 437 Ma event experienced by the SitabambaPomabamba
orthogneiss. Similarly, in the HunucoLa Unin sector (Fig. 10e), the
Eastern Schist Belt has undergone post c. 465 Ma metamorphism, with
40
Ar39Ar and RbSr muscovite metamorphic ages as old as c. 420 Ma.
Magmatism of Late Famatinian age is somewhat restricted and includes
the c. 442 Ma granodiorite protolith of the SitabambaPomabamba
orthogeniss, an alkali feldspar granite (446.5 9.7 Ma) from the
eastern margin of the Cuzco batholith (Miskovic et al., 2009) and the
possibly co-magmatic, calc-alkaline Ollantaytambo pyroclastic volca-
nics (Bahlburg et al., 2006). We consider this event to mark the last
orogenic episode of the Early Phanerozoic Famatinian cycle along this
segment of the Proto-Andean margin. In this sense, it could be
75
considered equivalent (if slightly younger) to the MiddleLate
Ordovician Oclyic orogenic belt (Ramos et al., 1986; Bahlburg and
Herv, 1997). In the Puna of northwestern Argentina, folding during
the Oclyic orogeny pre-dates the Faja Eruptiva magmatism which is
constrained to 444 Ma (Bahlburg et al., 2016). The Faja Eruptiva plutons
intruded in a sinistral strike-slip regime after the main folding phase of
the Oclyic orogeny had deformed the Ordovician basins of the Puna
and the Cordillera Oriental. Bahlburg et al. (2016) link Oclyic orogene-
sis to compressional movements within the accretionary early Paleozoic
Terra Australis orogen of Cawood (2005).
6.4. The Late SilurianEarly Carboniferous (c. 420350 Ma) magmatic and
metamorphic gap
The central and southern Andes between 4S and 30S, and possibly
as far south as 42S, has no record of subduction and arc magmatism
during the Devonian and early Carboniferous (Bahlburg and Herv,
1997; Chew et al., 2007; Cardona et al., 2009; Bahlburg et al., 2009;
Pankhurst et al., 2016), and the margin may have been a passive one
(Bahlburg and Herv, 1997; Cawood, 2005).
6.5. c. 315 Ma (Early Gondwanide) metamorphism
Following this phase of passive margin sedimentation on the West
Gondwana margin, a continental arc formed during the Middle Carbon-
iferous (Cawood and Buchan, 2007), as indicated by the intrusion of
batholiths in the Chilean Frontal Cordillera (Mpodozis and Kay, 1992)
and the emplacement of composite calc-alkaline hornblende and
biotite-bearing granodioritic and granitic batholiths over 1200 km of
strike of the Eastern Cordillera of Peru (Miskovic et al., 2009). The
depleted HFS elements, mature isotopic signatures, and the presence
of upper crustal xenoliths suggest these Peruvian Eastern Cordillera
granitoids represent arc-derived magmas that extensively assimilated
the basement country rocks (Macfarlane, 1999). This margin switch to
active subduction marks the onset of the pan-Pacic Gondwanide Orog-
eny, a terminal phase in the Terra Australis Orogen of Cawood (2005).
Early Gondwanide (c. 315 Ma) metamorphism is recognized in
the HunucoLa Unin (Fig. 10e) and TarmaLa Merced transect
(Fig. 10h) sectors of the Eastern Cordillera. High-grade Early Gondwanide
metamorphism near Hunuco is restricted to the isolated development
of c. 315 Ma migmatites in the Eastern Schist Belt, which has predomi-
nantly experienced Late Famatinian metamorphism. The Western
Schist Belt has experienced low-grade Early Gondwanide metamor-
phism based on the presence of detrital zircons as young as c. 320 Ma
and mica cooling ages as old as c. 300 Ma. In the TarmaLa Merced tran-
sect (Fig. 10h), high-grade Early Gonwandide (c. 315 Ma) metamor-
phism is recognized in syn-D2 migmatites through the Maraynioc
Marairazo massif of the Huaytapallana Complex and is conrmed by
geochronology of pre- and post-tectonic Carboniferous plutons. This
Early Gondwanide (c. 315 Ma) event broadly overlaps with a short
(c. 5 Ma) gap in arc magmatism in the Eastern Cordillera of Peru attrib-
uted to a temporary at-slab geometry (Miskovic et al., 2009) and with
the timing of the high-pressure, low-temperature Toco tectonic event
that folded the Sierra del Tigre turbidites in northern Chile (Bahlburg
and Breitkreuz, 1991), with an upper age limit provided by the
emplacement of c. 310290 Ma plutons into the folded turbidites
(Bahlburg and Herv, 1997).
6.6. c. 260 Ma (Late Gondwanide) metamorphism
The Late Permian to Late Triassic stage of the Gondwanide orogeny
in Peru saw the emplacement of compositionally restricted, highSiO2
granites slightly inboard of the Carboniferous arc and peaked at
235240 Ma (Miskovic et al., 2009). The magmatic peak is broadly
contemporaneous with a phase of extension and the formation of the
continental epiclastics of the Mitu Group (Mgard, 1978). UPb dating
76 D.M. Chew et al. / Gondwana Research 35 (2016) 5978
of detrital zircons in sedimentary horizons constrains the age of the
Mitu Group to 240217 Ma (Spikings et al., 2016). Late Gondwanide
(c. 260 Ma) metamorphism in the Eastern Cordillera of Peru is rst doc-
umented in this study and has only been identied in the Huaytapallana
Complex (in the southern portions of the MarayniocMarairazo massif,
the Huaytapallana massif, and the north part of the Huaytapallanakaru
massif). This high-grade metamorphic event is contemporaneous with
a Late Permian deformation phase (Jurua Orogeny) that truncates the
Copacabana Group below the overlying 240217 Ma Mitu Group
(Fig. 4; Rosas et al., 2007). All magmatism in this sector is pre- to syn-
tectonic with respect to the regional c. 260 Ma (Late Gondwanide)
metamorphic peak, ranging from c. 300260 Ma. The timing of high-
grade metamorphism and leucosome development in the high-grade
paragneisses of the Huaytapallana Complex is constrained to
c. 260 Ma by UPb and ThPb monazite age data and UPb dating
of zircon rims from leucosomes, consistent with c. 255 Ma rutile growth
in the lower-grade schists and psammites to the south. The majority of
UPb apatite data (c. 260230 Ma) in all units are compatible with
cooling from this c. 260 Ma metamorphic peak. The Late Gondwanide
metamorphism in the Eastern Cordillera is broadly contemporaneous
with the mid-Permian San Rafael (Sanrafaelic) event (Bahlburg and
Herv, 1997; Ramos, 2000). The San Raphael event is marked by intense
folding and thrusting, resulting in a pronounced angular unconformity
between Late Carboniferous to Early Permian turbidites and the exten-
sive Permo-Triassic Choiyoi Volcanics in Argentina and Chile (Kay et al.,
1989; Ramos, 2000; Ramos and Aleman, 2000).
6.7. Origin of Gondwanide metamorphism in the Eastern Cordillera of Peru
During the nal stages of assembly of the Pangean supercontinent
(c.320250 Ma; Cawood and Buchan, 2007), major plate boundary reor-
ganization was accompanied by regional orogenesis (the 305230 Ma
Gondwanide Orogeny) affecting the entire Pacic margin of Pangea. It
marks the nal stage in the Neoproterozoic to late Paleozoic Terra
Australis Orogen of Cawood (2005). It represents an accretionary orog-
eny on a plate margin, which in the absence of colliding tectonic blocks
during subduction and plate convergence must be driven by an increase
in coupling across the plate boundary (Cawood and Buchan, 2007).
Possible mechanisms for increased coupling within accretionary
orogens include subduction of buoyant oceanic lithosphere (resulting
in at-slab subduction), terrane accretion or tectonic plate reorganiza-
tion. Flat-slab subduction is thought an unlikely mechanism for the
Gondwanide deformation on the Proto-Andean margin as it should re-
sult in igneous rocks with adakitic compositions, a cessation of igneous
activity in the established arc and oceanic plateau accretion (Cawood
and Buchan, 2007). These phenomena are not observed on the West
Gondwanan margin; neither is there evidence for terrane accretion dur-
ing the Carboniferous and Permian outboard of the Peruvian Eastern
Cordillera. In contrast, tectonic plate reorganization can result in rapid
increases in the absolute motion of the overriding plate, resulting in oro-
genesis which affects the length of the orogen/plate boundary synchro-
nously. It can therefore be distinguished from the effects of at-slab
subduction or terrane accretion by correlating the timing of tectonic
events along the margin and also coeval tectonic events around the
world that may have led to plate reorganization (Cawood and Buchan,
2007).
Accretionary orogens can be broken into two end-member types:
retreating orogens which undergo extension in response to lower
plate retreat resulting in forearc accretion and opening of back arc ba-
sins, and advancing orogens which develop when the overriding plate
is advancing toward the downgoing plate resulting in arc accretion
and retro-arc fold and thrust belts (Cawood and Buchan, 2007). The
mode of plate convergence may switch between that of an advancing
or retreating orogen, a switching process that appears to be intimately
linked to accretionary orogenesis (Collins, 2002). This process is docu-
mented in the Eastern Cordillera of Peru, where there is a shift from
the syn-orogenic Carboniferous, highLILE/HFSE, calc-alkaline, arc-
derived granitoids to late Permian to late Triassic highThRb, alkali
feldspar granites without signicant HFSE depletion (Miskovic et al.,
2009). This 60 Ma magmatic pulse formed by decompression melting
associated with lithospheric thinning and peaked at 235240 Ma, con-
temporaneous with the formation of the syn-rift continental epiclastics
of the Mitu Group (Miskovic et al., 2009) which is constrained to c. 240
217 Ma (Spikings et al., 2016). This study demonstrates that early in the
late Permian to late Triassic magmatic pulse, there was a c. 260 Ma
phase of high-grade metamorphism and leucosome development in
the southern Peruvian Eastern Cordillera. The origin of the Gondwanide
orogenic cycle along the Proto-Andean margin is thus best explained by
changes in tectonic plate reorganization (Ramos, 1988) along an
accretionary orogen which was undergoing phases of advance and re-
treat, resulting in magmatic pulses and orogenic phases (e.g. the Late
Carboniferous Early Gondwanide/Toco event and the Late Gondwanide
mid-Permian San Rafael event) that can be correlated along the plate
boundary.
7. Conclusions
The Huaytapallana Complex east of Huancayo can be considered to
represent a metasedimentary sequence (maximum deposition ages of
c. 750 Ma and c. 470 Ma from two separate psammite samples) that
was possibly deposited on Late Mesoproterozic basement. The timing
of high-grade metamorphism and leucosome development in the
high-grade paragneisses of the Huaytapallana Complex is constrained
to c. 260 Ma by UPb and ThPb monazite age data and UPb dating
of zircon rims from leucosomes, consistent with c. 255 Ma rutile growth
in the lower-grade schists and psammites to the south. The majority
of UPb apatite data (c. 260230 Ma) in all units are compatible
with cooling from this c. 260 Ma metamorphic peak. UPb zircon geo-
chronology of pre-tectonic plutons yield ages ranging from c. 302 Ma
to c. 260 Ma.
This is the rst documented occurrence of c. 260 Ma metamorphism
in this sector of the Proto-Andean margin, and a regional synthesis of
existing geochronological constraints from the Eastern Cordillera of
Peru demonstrates that the margin has experienced a polycyclic oro-
genic history. The Famatinian orogenic history can be subdivided
into two phases of deformation and magmatism at c. 480 Ma (~ Early
Famatinian) and c. 435 Ma (Late Famatinian). Following the Late Siluri-
anEarly Carboniferous (c. 420350 Ma) magmatic and metamorphic
gap, two phases of Late Paleozoic metamorphism and magmatism at
c. 315 Ma (Early Gondwanide) and c. 260 Ma, and are best developed
in the central and southern portions of the Eastern Cordillera of Peru.
These events, corresponding to the Famatinian and Gondwanide oro-
genic cycles, can be correlated into the Proto-Andean margin of
Argentina and Chile and are thus of regional extent. The evolution of
the Proto-Andean margin is thus best explained by changes in tectonic
plate reorganization in a long-lived Paleozoic accretionary orogen
which was undergoing phases of advance and retreat, resulting in
magmatic pulses and orogenic phases that can be correlated along the
plate boundary.
Acknowledgments
This material is in part based upon works supported by Science
Foundation Ireland under Grant No. 12/IP/1663. GP thanks Dr. Carlos
Cabrera and Msc. Ciro Bedia of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San
Marcos for nancial support, Msc. Hugo Rivera Mantilla, Dr. Luis Reyes
Rivera, and Agapito Snchez Fernndez of the Instituto Geolgico
Minero y Metalrgico (INGEMMET) for comments and suggestions on
the manuscript and the petrology group (GEIPPE) at San Marcos (Luis
ngel Daz, Edison Morales, and Jorge Espejo) for their support in the
eldwork.
 D.M. Chew et al. / Gondwana Research 35 (2016) 5978
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data to this article (Appendix Asample descrip-
tions; Appendices BEapatite, rutile, zircon, and monazite U-Pb age
data) can be found online at Supplementary data associated with this
article can be found in the online version, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/
j.gr.2016.03.016.
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