ITT575 - Wireless and Mobile

Computing
Chapter 1
Introduction

Mohd Faisal Ibrahim

Faculty of Computer and Mathematical
Sciences, UiTM,
UiTM, Shah Alam

Contents

1 History

2 Current Technologies Issues & Limitations

23 Future
Future Works of Wireless Technology
Directions

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Learning Outcomes

Upon completion of this chapter, you should be

Upon
able to:-
to:-
Describe emerging technologies in wireless and mobile computing
area,
Assess their physical and technological constraints,
Describe their future directions.

Wireless & Cellular Network - History

In 1905, Guglielmo Marconi invented the first Radio
application for Naval requirements.

In 1912, with the drowning of the Titanic,

Radio communications became essential.

In 1924, the first mobile transmitter was developed.

First Simplex communications.

In 1935, FM Frequency Modulation developed. Later used in

World War 2 by the US.

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Wireless & Cellular Network - History

In 1942, a patent for Frequency
Hopping was registered by actress
Hedy Lamarr and composer George
Antheil. Later developed to CDMA.
They called it Secret
Communication System.

During the years 1946-1968, wireless communications developed

for government services Police, Fire departments etc

1979 in Tokyo, Japan. Later in the early 80s in the US and Europe
the first real mobile phone, including handoff.

In the early mid 80s, various technologies came, like Wireless Local
Loop (WLL), Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS) and
Wireless LAN.

Wireless & Cellular Network - History

1992 Start of GSM
 in D as D1 and D2, fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels
 automatic location, hand-over, cellular
 roaming in Europe - now worldwide in more than 200 countries
 services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice, ...

1994 E-Netz in Germany

 GSM with 1800MHz, smaller cells
 As Eplus in D (1997 98% coverage of the population)

1996 HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network)

 ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15 - 5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s
 recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) as wireless ATM-networks (up to
155Mbit/s)
1997 Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11
 IEEE standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s
 already many (proprietary) products available in the beginning

1998 Specification of GSM successors

 for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as European proposals for IMT-2000
Iridium
 66 satellites (+6 spare), 1.6GHz to the mobile phone

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Wireless & Cellular Network - History
1999 Standardization of additional wireless LANs
 IEEE standard 802.11b, 2.4-2.5GHz, 11Mbit/s
 Bluetooth for piconets, 2.4Ghz, <1Mbit/s
Decision about IMT-2000
 Several members of a family: UMTS, cdma2000, DECT,
Start of WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and i-mode
 First step towards a unified Internet/mobile communicaiton system
 Access to many services via the mobile phone
2000 GSM with higher data rates
 HSCSD offers up to 57,6kbit/s
 First GPRS trials with up to 50 kbit/s (packet oriented!)
UMTS auctions/beauty contests
 Hype followed by disillusionment (50 B$ payed in Germany for 6 licenses!)
2001 Start of 3G systems
 Cdma2000 in Korea, UMTS tests in Europe, Foma (almost UMTS) in Japan
2002 DVB-T Digital Television
 Broadcast of Television programmes terrestrial digital
 will replace analog Television in the next years

Why Wireless

4
Wireless Technologies Comparison

Mobile Communication Technologies

5
Wireless Markets

Wireless Networking Technologies

Standards typically define the

Medium Access Control (MAC)
and the Physical layers

6
Current Technologies Issues &
Limitations

Although wireless technology is maturing rapidly, several limitations
stand in the way of widespread adoption.

Good decisions about technology need to be based on a realistic
understanding of current performance and how limitations can be
addressed.

Current Technologies Issues &

Limitations (Continued)

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Why We Need 4G

Future Directions of Wireless

Technology - IEEE 802.22 WRAN
Scope

Scope
To specify the air interface (PHY and MAC)
Fixed point-to-multipoint wireless regional area networks operating
in the VHF/UHF TV broadcast bands between 500MHz and 862 MHz.
Purpose

Purpose
Alternatives to wireline broadband access to diverse geographic
areas (rural areas, etc),
Use of TV bands.

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Future Directions of Wireless
Technology - IEEE 802.22 WRAN

Future Directions of Wireless

Technology - IEEE 802.22 WRAN

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Wireless Technology Usage
Segments

Future Directions of Wireless

Technology Wearable Technology

Wearable technology is related to both the
field of ubiquitous computing and the history
and development of wearable computers.

With ubiquitous computing, wearable
technology share the vision of interweaving
technology into the everyday life, of making
technology pervasive and interaction
frictionless.

Nokia Research Center

Nokia
Gaze-Tracking Eyewear

Augemented Wearable

Augemented
Technology
Contact Lenses

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Future Directions of Wireless
Technology - Body Area Networks
Body area network (BAN), wireless body
area network (WBAN) or body sensor Usage Scenarios

Usage
network (BSN) are terms used to describe Body sensor network
the application of wearable computing
Fitness monitoring
devices.
This will enable wireless communication Wearable audio/video
between several miniaturized body Mobile device centric
sensor units (BSU) and a single body Remote control &
central unit (BCU) worn at the human
body.
I/O devices
The development of WBAN technology
started around 1995 by considering
wireless personal area network (WPAN)
technologies for communications on, Konica Minolta

Konica
near and around the human body. Photocopy Machine
Later around 2001, this application of
WPAN has been named as body area Healthcare Monitoring

Healthcare
network (BAN) to represent the
communications on, in and near the body
only. A WBAN system can use WPAN
wireless technologies as gateways to
reach longer ranges.

Future Directions of Wireless

Technology - Body Sensor Network
Medical application

Medical
Vital patient data
Wireless sensors
Link with bedside monitor
Count on 10 20 sensors
Five similar networks in range

Five
Minimum setup interaction

Minimum
Potentially wide application

Potentially
Total traffic / patient < 10 kbps

Total

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Future Directions of Wireless
Technology Smart home
Radio chip heralds the smarter home

Radio
A WIRELESS network designed to let people remotely control every electrical appliance
in their home could finally make the dream of the smart home a reality. Called ZigBee,
the radio technology is being readied for a 2005 launch by a clutch of electronics
companies.
To build a ZigBee network, low-power, two-way radio microchips will have to be installed
in many electrical devices or appliances, so that they can be controlled or monitored
remotely.
What will it do? Imagine, while at work, being able to check if you have left your garage
door open. Or if you've left a light on. Or set the heating too high. Did you leave the oven
on? Is the alarm set? Such questions could be answered at a stroke simply by using
your cellphone to call into a ZigBee base station at home. This controller would
communicate with every ZigBee-enabled device and either send you ...

www.newscientists.com

Last Mile Connections

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Baseband vs. Broadband

Thank You!

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