BRITISH STANDARD BS 6399:

Part 2:1995

Loading for
buildings
Part 2. Code of practice for wind loads

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BS6399:Part2: 1995

Committees responsible for this

British Standard

‘rhe preparation of this Britiih Standard was entrusted by ‘lbchnical

Committee B/525, Buildings and civil engineering structures, to Subcommittee
B/525/1, Actions (loadings) and basis of desigrr, upon which the following
bodies were represented:

British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd.

British Iron arrd Steel Producem’ Association
British Masonry Society
Concrete Society
Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment)
Department of the Environment (Property and Buifdings Directorate)
Department of Trarrsport (Highways Agency)
Institution of Structural En@reers
National House-building Council
Royal Institute of British Architects
Steel Construction Institute

This British Standard, having

bee” prepared under the
direction of the Building and
Chil Engineering %ctor Board,
was published tinder the
authority of the Standards
Bozwd and comes into effect on
15 Ausust 1995
0 BSI 1!295
Nmt published (as CP 4)
November 1944
First revision (as CP 3:
Amendments issued since publication
Chapter V) Ausust 1952
%rfitd second revision (as CP3:
Amd. No. Date Text affected
Chapter V : Part 1)
Becember 1967
Completion of second revision
(= CP 3: Chapter V : Part 2)
July 1970
Published as KS 6399: Fart 2:
Au@st 1995
The following 9S1 references
relate ro the work on this
sta”dati. I I
Committee reference 9/525/ 1
Draft for comment 91 I 16625 DC

ISBN06S0 23651 X
 BS6299:Part2:

Contents

Fage
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword iv
Section 1. General
1.1 Scope 1
1.2 Informative references 1
1.3 Definitions 1
1.4 Main symbols 2
1.5 Outline of proceducc for calculating wirrd loads 3
1.6 Dyrramic claasiiication 7
1.7 Site exposure 7
1.8 Choice of method 8
Section 2. Standard method
2.1 Standard wind loads 9
2.2 Standad wind speeds 12
2.3 Standard pressure coefficients 20
2.4 External pressure coefficients for walls 20
2.5 External pressure coefficients for roofs 25
2.6 Internal pressure coefficients 39
2.7 Pressure coefficients for elements 41
Section 3. Directional method
3.1 Dwectional wind loads 44
3.2 Directional wind speeds 46
3.3 Dnctional pressure coefficients 51
3.4 Hybrid combinations of standard arrd dkectional methods 72
Annexes
A (normative) Necessary pruviaions for wind tunnel testing 73
B (irrfOmative) Derivation of extreme wind information 73
C (informative) Dynamic augmentation 75
D (nonnative) PmbabiIity factor and seasonaf factor 77
E (informative) ‘l&rain categories and effective height 79
F (informative) Gust peak factor 81
‘lhbles
1 Buifding-type faCtOr & 7
2 Dynamic pressure g= [in Pa) 9
3 Valves of dwection factor S,j 17
4 Factor .%,for standard methud 20
L ExcemaA pressure cucfficients Cw for verticaI walk 21
6 Frictional drag coefficients 25
7 External pressure Cw coefficients for walls of circulm-plan buildhrgs 25
8 Extemaf pressure ceefficienta Cw for flat roofs of buiIdings 26
9 External presarrc coefficients Cw for monOpirch mOfs Of buildin@ 31
10 External pressure coefficients C& for duopitch roofs of build@s 31
11 External pressure coefficients Cw for hipped roofs of buildings 32
12 Reduction factor for multi-bay roofs 35

i
Dcr 0.s33 : - z : 1330

Page
13 Net pressure coefficients CP for free-standing monopitch canopy roofs 36
14 Net pre~um coefficients CP for free-standing duopitch canopy roofs 37
15 Reduction factors for free-standing multi-bay camopy roofs 37
16 Internal pressure coefficients CPi for enclosed build@s 39
17 Internal pressure coefficients Cpi for buildings with dominant
opmings 40
HI Internal pressure coefficients Cpi for open-sided buildings 40
19 Internal pressure coefficients Cpi for open-tOpped vertical ~lindem 40
20 Net pressure coefficients CP for long elements 41
21 Net pressure coefficients CP for free-standing W* 42
22 Factom .SCind $ 48
23 A@stment factors I“c and Tt for sites in town terrain 49
24 Gust peak factor gt 50
25 Values of L, and .Sh 51
26 External pressure coefficients Cp, for vertical walls of
rectangular-plan buildings 52
27 Reduction factom for zone A on verticaf walls of polygon&plan
buildings .52
28 External pressure coefficients CP, for vertical gable w~k adjacent tO
non-vertical walls and roofs 54
29 External pressure coefficients Cw for windward-facing nOn-vefiical
walls 55
30 ExtemaJ pressure coefficients Cw for flat roofs with sharp eaves 59
31 Reduction factor for zones A to D, H to J and Q to S of flat roofs
with parapets 60
32 External pressure coefficients Cm for flat roofs with curved eaves 60
33 External pressure coefficients Cw for flat roofs with mansard eaves 61
34 External pressure coefficients CP, for pitched roof zones A to J 63
35 Extemaf pressure coefficients CR for pitched roof zOnes K tO S 66
36 External pressure coefficients Cw for additional zones T to Y of
hipped roofs 70
37 Intemaf pressure coefficients Cpj for open-sided buildings 72
D. 1 Values of seasonal factor 78
Figures
1 Flowchart illustrating outline procedure 4
2 Basic deftitions of building dimensions 6
3 Dynamic augmentation factor C, 8
4 Size effect factor Ca of standard method 11
5 Definition of diagonal of loaded areas 12
6 Basic wind speed Vb (in rds) 13
7 Definition of significant topography 14
8 Definition of topographic dimensions 15
9 lbpogmphic location factors for hills and ridges 16
10 ‘f@ographic kxation factors for cliffs and escarpments 17
11 Division of buildings by parts for lateral loads 19
12 Key to wall pressure data 21
13 Typical examples of buildhygs with m-entrant comers and recessed
bays 22

ii
 Page
14 Examples of flush irregular walls 23
15 Key for walls of inset storey 24
16 Key for flat roofs 26
17 Key to cave details for flat roofs 27
18 Key for inset stomy 28
19 Key for monopitch roofs 29
W Key for duopitch roofs 30
21 Key for hipped roofs 33
22 Key for mansard and multipitch roofs 34
22 Key for multi-bay roofs 35
24 Key for free-standing canopy roofs 38
25 Reduction factor for length of elements 41
26 Key for free-stamding walls 42
27 Shelter factor for fences 43
26 Key for signboards 43
29 Wind directions for a rectarrgulm-plan building 44
26 Key to overall load P 46
31 Key for vertical walls of builrlii 52
32 Key to vertical gable wrdls 54
23 Key for walls of buildings with m-entrant comers 56
24 Key for walls of buildings with recessed bays 57
35 Key to general method for flat rcofs 58
26 Examples of zones of flat roof of arbM’ary Plan shape 59
37 Additional zones around inset storey 62
28 Key for monopitch roofs 64
39 Synrmetries for pitched roofs 65
40 Key for duopitch roofs 67
41 Key for hipped roofs 69
42 Key to multi-bay roofs 71
E. 1 Effective heights br towns so
F. 1 Gust peak factor gt 82
L&t of references Inside back cover

In
 Foreword

This Part of this British Standard has been prepared by Subcommittee B/525/1,
Actions (loadings) and basis of design, and supersedes CP3 : Chapter V : Part 2:
1972.
‘Rds part of BS 6399 is a technical revision of CP3 : Chapter V : Part 2 and
incorporates the considerable advances made and experience gained in wind
engineering since that time. CP3 : Chapter V : M 2 will not be withdrawn
immediately so as to allow an overlap period with this Part of BS 6399.
The b=ic wind speed in thk British Standard is given as an hourly mean value;
this differs from CP3 : Chapter V : Part 2 in which it was based on a 3 s gust
value. However, the hourly mean basic wind speed is subsequently converted
into a gust wind speed for use in design (by a gust peak factor wh]ch takes
account of gust duration time, height of structure above ground and the size of
the structure). The adoption of the hourly mean value for the basic wind speed is
for technical reasons. Primarily it allows a more accumte treatment of
topography, but it alao provides the starting pohrt for serviceability calculations
involving fatigue or dynamic response of the stmcture. Its use is akw a move
towards harmonization as mean values (sometimes 10 min means) are often the
basis for wind loading calculations in European and international standards.
Structure factors are used to check whether the response of the structure can be
considered to be static, in which caae the use of the calculation methods in thk
standard is appropriate. If the response is found to be mildly dynamic the
methods can still be used but the resulting loads will need to be augmented.
Structures which are dynamic will alsu be identified but their assessment is
outside the scope of the standard.
TWO alternative methods are given:
a) a standard method, which uses a simplified procedure;
b) a directional method, from which the simplified method was derived.
The standard method gives a conservative result within its range of applicability.
Calibration haa shown that loads on typicaf buildings obtained by the standard
method are around 14 % larger than obtained from the directional method. The
degee of conservatism can be much larger close to the ground and in towns, but
decreaaes to zero around 100 m above the gruund.
In addition to reduced conservatism, the directional method assesses the loadhg
in more detail, but with the penalty of increaaed complexity and compukitional
effort. Because of this it is anticipated that the standard method will be used for
most hand-baaed calculations and that the directional method wifl be
implemented principally by computer
Procedures are alao given to enable the standard effective wind speed to be used
with the directional pressure coefficients and for the directional effective wind
speeds to be used with the standard pressure coefficients.
CP3 : Chapter V : Part 2 allowed for the effect of ground roughness, building
size and height above gound by a single factor. This required the calculation of
separate wind speeds for every combination of reference height above gruund
and the size of the loaded area. However, a simp~] cation has been introduced in
the standard method which involves the calculation of only a single wind speed
for each reference height. The effect of size is allowed for by a separate
factor, Cc
BS 6399: Part 2 also gives values for external pressure coefficients for a greater
mnge of building configurations than did CP3 : Chapter V : Part 2.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itseff confer immunity from
legaf obligations.

iv

Section 1. General
1.1 Scope
‘lidsRut of BS 6399 gives methods for determining
the gust peak wind loads on buildings and
components thereof that should be taken into
account in design using equivalent static
procedures.
Two alternative methods are given:
a) a standard method which uses a sirnpliiled
pnxedure to obtain a standard effective wind
speed which ix uacd with standard pressure
coefficients to determine the wind loads for
orthogonal design cases.
NOTE 1. This procedure is virtually the same win CP3 :
Chapter V : Parr 2.
b) a directional method in which effective wind
s~ds ~d Preasurc coefficients arc determined
to derive the wind loads for each wind dtiction.
Other methods may be used in place of the two
methcds given in thix standard, provided that they
can be shown to be equivalent. Such methods
include wind tunnel tests which should be taken as
equivalent only if they meet the conditions defined
in armex A.
NUTE2. Wind tunnel tests are recommended when the form of
the building is not covered by the data i“ this standard, when
the form of the b.ifdimg cm be changed in response to the test
resulf.? in order to give an optimized design, or when loading
data are required in more derail than is awe” in this standard.
Specialist advice should be sought for building
shapes and site locations that are not covered by
this standard.
The methods given in this Part of BS 6399 do not
apply tO bufldkgs which, by virtue of the
structural properties, e .g, maas, stiffness, natural
frequency or damping, are particularly susceptible
to dynamic excitation. These should be asaeased
using established dynamic methods or wind tunnel
tests.
NOTE 3. See references [1] to 14] for examples of established
dynamic methcds.
NUI’E 4. If a building is susceptible to excitaticm by vortex
shedding or other aemelastic instability, tie maximum dynamic
respome may occur at wind speeds lower than the maximum.
1.2 Informative references
Thii British Standard refers to other publications
that provide information or guidance. Editions of
thexe publications current at the time of issue of
this standard am listed on the inaide back cover,
but reference should be made to the latest
editions.
BS6399:Part 2:1995
1.3 Defiitionx
For the purposes of this British Standard the
following definitions apply.
1.3.1 Wind speed
1.3.1.1 basic wind speed
The hourly mean wind speed with an annual risk Q
of being exceeded of 0.02, irrespective of wind
direction, at a height of 10 m over completely flat
terrain at sea Ievei that would occur if the
ruughneas of the terrabr w uniform everywhere
(inclu~l:g urban areas, inland lakes and the sea)
and equwalent to typical open country in the
United Kingdom.
1.3.1.2 site wind speed
The basic wind speed modtiled to account for the
altitude of the site arrd the direction of the wind
being considered (arrd the aeaaon of exposure, if
required).
NUlll, In the standard metbcd only, effectsof topographic
featuresare includedin tbe sitewind speed.
1.3.1.3 effective wind speed
The site wind speed modfied to a gust speed by
taking account of the effective height, size of the
building or structural element Ming considered and
of permanent obstmctions upwind,
NCII’E. 1“ the direcriomd method only: the effects of
topographic featwes are omitted from the site wind s~ed.
1.3.2 Pressure
1.3.2.1 dynamic pressure
‘f’he potential pressure available from the kinetic
energy of the effective wind speed.
1.3.2.2 pressrrre coefficient
The ratio of the pressure acting on a surface to the
dy-c pKS.SUP2.
1.3.2.3 exterfud pressrrre
The pressure acting on a.frexternal surface of a
building caused by the dmct action of the wind.
1.3.2.4 intemaf pressure
The preasffrc acting on an internal surface of a
buildbrg caused by the action of the external
pressures through porosity and openings in the
external surfaces of the buildlng.
1.3.2.5 net pressure
The pressure dtiference between opposite faces of
a surface.
1
BS63Y9:Part2:lYY5 Section 1

1.3.3 Height 1.3.5 Distance

1.3.3.1 altitude 1.3.5.1 fetch

a) when topography is not si@lcant: the height The distance from the site to the upwind edge of
above mean sea level of the ground level of the each category of terrain, used to determine the
site; effect of termirr roughness changes.
b) when topography is significant: the height
above mean sea level of the base of the 1.4 Main symbols
topographic feature,
For the purposes of this Rut of BS 6399 the
1.3.3.2 building height following symbols apply.
The height of a building or part of a building above
its base. A Area
a Largest diagonal dimension of the loaded area
1.3.3.3 reference height
envelope (figure 5)
The reference height for a part of a structure is the
datum height above Wound for the pressure B Crosswind breadth of building (figure 2b)
coefficients and is defined with the pressure b Scaling length used to define loaded areas for
coefficients for that part. pressure coefficients (2.4.1.3, 2.5. 1.2)
1.3.3.4 obstruction height c. Size effect factor of standard method (2.1.3.4)
The average height above ground of buildings, Cp Net pressure coefficient (2. 1.3.3)
structures or other permanent obstmctions to the c External prewure coefficient (2. 1.3.1)
wind immediately upwind of the site.
c: Internal pressure coefficient (2. 1.3.2)
1.3.3.5 effective height
c, Dynamic augmentation factor (1.6. 1)
The height used in the calculations of the effective
D Inwind depth of buifding (figure 2b)
wind speed determined from the reference height
with slfowance for the obstmction height. d Disnreter of circular cylinders
1.3.4 Length G gap across recessed bay or weU (figure 34)
9t gust peak factor
1.3.4.1 buifding length
The longer horizontal dimension of a buildhrg or H Buildhrg height (fw 2), eaves height or
part of a building. 1, height of inset or lower storey
He Effective height (1.7.3)
1.3.4.2 building width
H, Reference height (1. 7.3)
The shorter horizontal dimension of a building or
part of a building.’) Ho Obstruction height (1. 7.3, figure 2), or
average height of roof tops upwind of the
1.3.4.3 crosswind breadth building
The horizontal extent of a buiIding or part of a
h Pa.rspet height (2.5.1.4, f~re 17),
building norrmd to the direction of the wind. l]
free-standhrg waif height (2.7.5.4, figure 23),
1.3.4.4 inwind depth or signboard height (2.7.6, figure 24)
The horizontal extent of a building or part of a Kb Building-type factor (1.6. 1)
building paralfel to the direction of the wind. 11 L Building length (figure 2) or length of element
1.3.4.5 diagonrd dirnenaion between free ends (2.7.3)
The largest diagonal dimension of a loaded area, LD Length of downwind slope of topogmphic
i.e. the dimension between the most distant points feature (2.2.2.2.5, figure 8)
on the periphery of the area. L, Effective slope length of topographic feature
1.3.4.6 scaling length (2.2.2.2.4)
A reference length determined from the Lu Length of upwind slope of topographic feature
proportions of the building used to define zones (2.2.2.2.4, figure 8)
over which the pressure coefficient is Sas”med to P Net load (2.1.3.5)
be constant.
P Net pressure (2. 1.3.3)
P, Pressure on external surface (2. 1.3.1)

l) For COmPIeX pla shaWs, these lengths may be detemined from the Smalleat enclming rectangle or circle

2
Section 1 BSS399:Part 2:1995

Pi Pressure on intemaf surface (2.1.3.2) Reduction factor for length of elements

(2.7.3)
Q Annual risk (pmbabi!lty) of the baaic wind
speed being exceeded (2.2.2.4, 2.2.2. 5,) Average slope of the gmmnd
9 Dynamic pressure Effective slope of topographic feature
(2.2.2.2.4)
9. Dynamic pressure of directional method for
external pressures (3. 1.2.2) ‘fhngent of downwind slope of topographic
feature (figure 7)
9i Dynamic presxure of dkectional method for
internal pressures (3. 1.2.2) lkrrgent of upwind slope of topographic
feature (figure 7, 2.2.2.2.4)
9s Dynamic pressure of standard method (2.1.2)
Whfd direction in degrees eaat of north
r Radius (figure 17)
(2.2.2.3)
s, Altitude factor (2.2.2.2)
Solidity ratio of walls or frames (2.7.5) or
s~ Terrain and building factor (2.2.3. 1) blockage ratio of canopies (2.5.9, figure 24)
s= Fetch factor (3.2.3.2) Wind direction of degrees from normal to
s~ Dnction factor (2.2.2.3) building faces (figure 2) or angle around
periphery of circular-plan buildhrg (2.4.6)
s~ lbpogmphic increment (3.2.3.4)

SP
Probability factor (2.2.2. 5)
s, Seasonal factor (2.2.2.4)
1.5 Outline of procedure for calculating
wind loads
st Turbulence factor (3.2.3.2)
s lbpographic location factor (2.2.2.2) 1.5.1 The outline of procedure is illustrated in the
flow chart given in figfmc 1. This shorn the stages
T, Fetch adjustment factor (3. 2.3.2) of the standard method, together with the relevant
Tt ‘fhrbulence adjustment factor (3.2.3.2) clause numbem, as the boxes outlined and
v~ NIC wind speed (2.2.1, figure 6) connected by thick lines. The stages of the
directional method are shown as boxes outlined
v, Effective wind speed (2.2.3, 3.2.3) with double lines and are directly equivalent to the
v, Site wind speed (2.2.2) stages of the standard method. Various input data
are shown in boxes outlined with singfe lines.
w Buildlng width (figure 2)
w width of wedge in re-entnmt comers 1.5.2 The wind loads should be calculated for each
(figure 33) of the loaded areas under consideration, depending
on the dimensions of the building, defined in
x D~tance of site from crest of topographic figure 2. These may be:
feature (2.2.2.2.5, figure 8) or distance in
wind direction for buifding spacing ( 1.7.3.3) a) the structure ax a whole;
b) parts of the structure, such as walls and roofs
z Height of crest of topographic feature above
or
the upwind baae altitude (figure 8)
c) individual stmctural components, including
a Pitch angfe (from horizontal) of roof (2.5) or
cladding urrits arrd their ftinga.
non-vertical W* (3.3.1.4)
Nc71Z. Wind load on a partially completed structure may he
b comer angle of walls (3.3.1.2) critical and will be dependent on the method and sequence of
construction.
AS .%te altitude in metres above mean sea level
(2.2.2.2)
AT Altitude of upwind baae of topographic
feature in metres above mean sea level
(2.2.2.3)

3
Wstww:rartz:lxm CSSULIU1l 1

Stage 1: Dynamic augmentation Input building height H, input

factor C, (1 .6.1) building type factor K, (table 1 )
■
■

Stage 2: Check limits of Building is dynamic. This Pert

No
applicability C, < 0.25, does not apply (see references
H <300 m (1.6.2) [1] to [41)

Basic wind speed map [Figure 6)

Stage 3: Basic wind speed V,
(2.2.1)

Stage 4: Site wind speed V. Altitude factor S,, directional factor

S~, seaaonal factor S,
(2.2.2)
■

Stage 5: Terrain categories,

Site terrain type, level of upwind I
rooftops Ho, separation of buildings
effective height H. (1.7.3)
x
9

Stage 6: Choica of method (1 .8) Directional and topographic

G
9

------’’------=
Stage 7: Standard effective wind Directional effective wind speed

--

------’:-----E=
Directional pressure coefficients

Stage 10: Wtnd Ioada P (2.1 .3) Directional wind loads P (3.1)
[ 1

Figure L Flowchart illustrating outline procedure

4
Section 1 BS63YY:MZ:1YY6
Notes to figure 1
Stage 1 Determines the dynamic augmentation factor
fmm the basic geometric and stnctuml pmpenies of the
building,
Stage 2 Depending on this value, a check is p+?rformed
on the level of dynamic excitatim to determine:
a) whether the methods given in this k%rt of ss 6399
aPPIY and the a%ew.ment may proceed; or
b) whether the methcds given in this ~ of ss 6399
do not apply and the building should be assessed by
one of the methwls for dynmnic buildings (see
references [1] to [4]) or by wind tunnel tesfs
(see annex A).
SW, % Determines the basic hourly mean wind speed
from the map for the UK.
Sfage 4 Determines a site wind speed, still
corresponding to the hourly mean wind speeds at a
height of 10 m above ground in the standard exposure,
from the basic wind speed by applying corrections for the
site altitude, wind dbwmion and season. Up to this point,
no allowance for the exposure of the particular site has
been made and the procedure is common (except in ifs
treafment of the effectsof topography) to both the
sti”dard and dkectional metbd.
NCflE The derivations of the b~ic wind speed map, the
adjustments for site altitude, wind direction and season
are given in annex B.
Stage 6 .ksses.ses the exposure of the site in term of the
terrain mugtmes and the effective height. llu?e
categories of terrain roughness are used to define the site
exposure. The effective height depends cm the degee of
shelfer provided by neighbo”ri”g buildings or other
permanent obstmcfiom.
Stage k Having assessed the exposure of the site, this
St&3e offers the choice between the standard nwtbcd a“d
the directional method. The standard method @ves
conservative values for standard orthogonal load czses,
and a simplified method for buildin@ up to 1C4 m in
height and for signirlcant to fmgmphy. The directional
methcd gives a more precise value for any given wind
direction, particularly for sites in towns, and where
topography is significant. A simple rule for assessing the
significance of to fmsraphy is provided.
Stage 7 Determines the effective wind W&&S required
by either method. The effective wind speed is a gust
wind sp+ed appropriate to the site exposure and the
height of the building. h! the scmdard method this
correspmds to a datum size of loaded area, while in the
directional method this cm’resfmnds to the size of the
loaded area under consideration.
s~e 8 Converts the effective wind speed into an
equwalent dynamic pressure.
Stage 9 Selects pressurecoefficients corresponding to
the form of the building. In the standard method these
coeffkienb correspond to a number (usually two or
three) of orthogonal load cases, while in the directional
methcd they correspond to the wind directions being
considered (usually twelve).
St-x. 10 Determines the wind loads from the dynamic
pressure,pressurecoefficients, dynamic augmentation
factor and, in the standard method, by the size effect
factor, to gtve the characteristic wind load for static
design.
5
Bsw99:Partz:lYY5 Section 1

a) Fixed dimensions length, width, height

~
—.

‘B

44
k~x
Wind D
rml
General caae Orthogonal caaas

h) Variable dimemiom: crosswind breadth, imvind depth, wind angle

c) Obstruction height and upwind $paci”g

Figure 2. Basic definitions of building dimensions

6
Section 1 BS 6299: Part 2:1995

1.6 Dynamic classtilcation 1.7 Site exposure

1.6.1 Dynamic augmentation factor
The methods of this standard employ equivalent
static loads to represent the effect of fluctuating
loads which is applicable only to buildings which
are not susceptible to dynamic excitation.
The standard permits equivalent static loads to be
used for the design of mildly dynamic structures by
the introduction of a dynamic augmentation factor.
The value of this factor depends upon the actual
height H of the building above ground and on a
building-type factor ~b obtained from table 1, for
the form of construction of the buildlng.
The dynamic augmentation factor C, is given for
typical buildings in figure 3.
‘fhble 1. Building-type fsctor ~b
&p-e of buUdf@ f&
Welded steel unclad frames ?3
Bolted steel and reinforced concrete 4
unclad frames
Fort-d sheds and similar light structures 2
with few internal walls
Framed buildings with structural walls 1 L 7.3.1 The reference height H, is defined for the
around M- and staim only (e.g. office
build~ of open plan or with
partitioning)
Framed buildmf@ with structural walk 0.5
around lifts and stairs with additional
masonry subdivision walls (e. g.
aptiment buildings), buildings of
ma.?arry construction and
timber-framed housing
:
NOTE. The valuesof the facfarsKb and C, have been derived
for typical building structures with typical frequency and
damping chamcfe!tstics, under typical UK wind speeds, without
accounting for topogmphyor tsme.in roughness effects. More
accurate values of these factam may be derived using annex C
when tbe buifding characteristics am “ot typical, or when the
effectsof topographyand terrain mugtmessneed tobe taken
into account.
1.6.2 Lfndts of applicability
This Part of Ef3 6399 does not apply when the
value of dynamic augmentation factor exceeds the
limits shown in figure 3. Buildin@ faffing outside
these !imk? should be assmsed using established
dynamic methods.
NCllll See referemes[1] to [4] for f“rtber information o“
analysis of dynamic structures.
1.7.1 Genersf
The site wind speed V, refers to a standard open
country exposure at a height of 10 m above
ground. ‘lb obtain the effective wind speed the
effects of varying gruund roughness, the height
and d~tance of obstructions upwind of the site and
the effects of topography should be taken into
account.
1.7.2 Ground roughness categories
Three categories of terrain are considered:
a) sea the sea, and inland areas of water
extending more than 1 km in the wind direction
when closer than 1 km upwind of the site;
b) country: all terrain which is not defined as sea
or town;
c) bum: built up aress with an average level of
mof tops at least Ho = 5 m above ground level.
NOTE 1. Permanent forest and woodland may be treated 8..s
town categmy.
NUIT 2. ‘l&rain Categories are explained i“ more detail in
annex E.
1.7.3 Reference height and effective height
building form in the appropriate pressure
coefficient tables and deftition figures, but can
conservatively be taken as the maximum height of
the building above ground level.
1.7.3.2 For buifdings in country terrain, or
conservatively for buildings in town terrain, the
effective height Ife should be taken as the
reference height HP
1.7.3.3 For buildings in town terrain, the effective
height & depends on the shelter affofied by the
avemge level of the height Ho of the roof tops of
the buildings, or of the height of other permanent
obstructions, upwind of the site and their upwind
spacing X. These dimensions are defined in
figure 2. The effective height He should be
determined as follows.
a) Ifxs2Ho
then He is the greater of
He = Hr – 0.8H0 or He = 0.4H,;
b) If X > 6H0
tiien He is given by He = Hr;
c) fn the range 2Jfo < X c 6H0
He is the greater of
He = H, - 1.2H0 + 0.2X or He = 0.4HP
NOTE. 1. the absence of more accurate information, the
obstmction bwgbt Ho may be estimated from the average
number of storeys of .pwi”d buildings by raking the typical
storey height as 3 m. Furrher guidance is given i“ annex E.

7
BsfxfYY: I’artz:lYY5 section 1

“-)

Limits of applicability
@
Shaded region outaidescope of this Part

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
1 10 100 1000

Building height, H (m)

Figure 3. Dynamic augmentation factor C,

1.8 Choice of method L 8.4 However, m the standard method gives

conservative values of both effective wind speed
1.8.1 For alf structures less than 100 m in height (below 100 m) and pressure coefficient, it may
and where the wind loading can be represented by sometimes be appropriate to use a hybrid
equivalent static loads (see 1.6), the wind loading combination of both methods, either
can be otained either by the standard method
a) standard effective wind speeds with
described in section 2 or by the directional method
directional pressure coefficients; or
given in section 3,
b) directional effective wind speeds with
1.8.2 The standard method provides values of standard pressure coefficients.
effective wind speed to be used with the standard
Combination a) k aurxouriate when the form of
pressure coefficient (clauses 2.3 to 2.5) to
the building is ‘well ‘defied, but the site is not; the
determine orthogonal load cases, corresponding to
caaes of relocatable buildings or standard
the wind direction notionally normal or parallel to
mass- pruduced designs are typical examples.
the faces of the buifding. The standard method
Combination b) is appropriate when only the
uses a simplilled allowance for signiilcant
standmd orthogonal load cases are required, but a
topography, as defined in figure 7.
better allowance for site exposure is desired
1.8.3 The directional method gives values of the because topogmphy is signifkant and/or the site is
effective wind s~ed for different wind directions, in a town. Such hybrid combinations should be
taking into account the term.in appropriate to the app~ed only in accordance with 3.4.
wind dnction behrg considered, to be used with
the directional pressure coefficients. It gives better
estimates of effective wind speeds in towns and for
sites affected by topography.