AERODYNAMIC SUMMARY SHEET

Nomenclature Subscripts
A Aspect Ratio n Load Factor (g’s) Γ Circulation (Ft2/sec) A Aileron S Static
Flow Cross Section Area (Ft2) P pressure (psf) γ Flight Path Angle (Deg) ac aerodynamic center T Total
a Speed of Sound (Ft/Sec) Roll Rate Body Axis (Rad/sec) Specific Heat Ratio CP/CV am ambient True
Acceleration (Ft/Sec2) Time to Oscillate One Cycle (sec) Δ Increment Notation C calibrated Tropopause
Lift Curve Slope (1/Deg) Q Pitch Rate Body Axis (Rad/sec) δ Pressure Ratio P/P0 Compressible Thrust
b Wing Span q Dynamic Pressure (Psf) Boundary Layer Thickness (Ft) Chord t tail
C Coefficient R Yaw Rate Body Axis (Rad/sec) Control Surface Deflection (Deg) CG Center of gravity W Wind
c Wing Mean Aerodynamic Chord (Ft) Gas Constant ε Temperature Probe Recovery Factor D Drag Wing

D Drag Radius (Ft) Atmospheric Eddy Viscosity DP Positive Drag Y Side Force
e wing efficiency factor RN Reynolds Number Downwash Angle (Deg) d Damping
F Thrust (Lbs) R/C Ratio of Climb (Ft/Min) ζ Damping Ratio E Elevator
Force (Lbs) S Wing Area (Ft2) θ Temperature Ratio T/T0 e Equivalent
FC Compressibility Factor Take Off Distance (Ft) Pitch Attitude Earth Axis System f Friction
G(s) Forward Loop Transfer Function T Thrust (Lbs) Λ Sweep Angle (Deg) G Gross
g Acceleration of gravity (Ft/Sec2) Temperature (0R) λ Taper Ratio Ground
H Altitude Geopotential (Ft) TSFC Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption μ Friction coefficient I Indicated
H(s) Feedback Transfer Function t Time (sec) Viscosity (Lb·Sec/Ft2) i Incidence
K Gain V Velocity (Ft/Sec) ν Cinematic Viscosity (Ft2/Sec) L Lift
L Lift (Lbs) Volume (Ft3) ρ Mass Air density (slug/Ft3) l Roll
Ln Natural logarithm W Gross Weight (Lbs) σ Density ratio ρ/ρ0 m Pitch
L’ Rolling Moment (Ft·Lbs) WA Mass Flow Air (Lbs/Sec) Side Angle (Deg) n Yaw
L Characteristic Length (Ft) Wf Fuel Flow(Lbs/Hr) τ Time Constant (Sec) North
M Pitching Moment (Ft·Lbs) w Specific Weight ф Bank Angle (Earth Axis System) Natural
M Mach Number Y Side Force (Lbs) Runway Gradient (deg) 0 Sea level
m mass (slugs) α Angle of Attack (Deg) ψ Yaw Angle (Earth Axis System) p Pressure
N Yawing Moment (Ft·Lbs) β Angle of Sideslip (Deg) ω Frequency (Rad/sec) R Rudder

ATMOSPHERE Altitude (Ft) Sea Level->36,089 A1=6.87536·10-6

Alt Pressure Density TEMP Pressure ratio δ=(1-A1H)5.2563 H=145,448(1-δ0.19026)
0
Ft PSF δ SLUG/FT3 σ R Density ratio σ=(1-A1H)4.2563 H=145,448(1-σ0.23496)
0 2,116.22 1.0000 .002377 1.0000 518.67 Temperature ratio θ=(1-A1H) H=145,448(1-θ)
10,000 1,455.32 .6877 .001766 .7385 483.01 Altitude (Ft) 36,089->65,617 65,617->104,987;
20,000 972.48 .4595 .001266 .6328 447.35 A2=4.80634 10-5 A3=3.17176 10-5
30,000 628.43 .2970 .000689 .3741 411.69 Pressure ratio δ=0.22336·e-A2·(H-36,089) δ=A3θ-34.1632
40,000 391.69 .1851 .000585 .2452 389.97 Density ratio σ=0.29708·e-A2·(H-36,089) σ=A3θ-34.1632
50,000 242.22 .1145 .000362 .1522 389.97 Temperature ratio θ=0.75187 θ=0.68246+1.05778·10-6

THERMODYNAMICS Airspeed/Mach/Dynamic Pressure/Total Conditions

P=Pressure (PSF) V= Volume (Ft3/Slug) T=Temp (0R)

PV  RT P  gRT  1716 T  1 V

Dynamic Pressure
VT2 V 2 ( Kts)
q  1481    M 2  e ( PSF )
Isentropic (reversible Adiabatic)
 1  1
2 295
V  P   P2    M2
P2  P1  1  V2  V1  1  T2  T1 
P  
Impact Pressure
(Pitot-Static Measure) qC  PT  PS ; qC  q  FC ; FC  1  
 V2   P2   1  4

 T2
P2  P1 
T
  1



 T1
 V2  V1  
1
  1 T  T  V1
2 1


 1

qC  1  0.2  M 2  3.5

 1  PS
 1  T  V2 
 2    2 3 .5 
 VC ( Kts )  
Mach No
For Air Atmospheric Temperature, below 50,000Ft
 P  
CV 0F.1715BTU /Lb C M  5   0 1  0.2      1
CP  .240 BTU / Lb P CV  1.40
0
F P
  661.5  
 
 

 P w=ρg
 TLbs/Ft
 3

  0.002327      0  Indicated Airspeed VI = VC + ΔVpitot Static Source Error

 P0   T  Calibrated Airspeed
 P _ PS 
0.28571
Speed of sound, Standard Day sea level a=1116.45Ft/sec
Vc  1479.1  1  T   1 ( Knots)
a  49.02  T ( 0 R ) ( Ft / Sec)  29.04  T ( 0 R) ( Knots )  P0 
BOUNDARY LAYER Equivalent Airspeed

 PT  PS 
0.28571


Flat Plate Laminar Flow 5.2Turbulent
l Flow 0.37l Ve  32.174  PS 1    1
      PS  
RN RN
0.2  
VT l VT l 2.2697  108 T T
RN   
  T  198.72
Standard Day sea level μ=3.7372·10-5 Lb·Sec/Ft2 ν=μ/ρ

AERODYNAMICS BASIC LAWS

Continuity Equation Momentum Equation

AV  Cons tan t F  m V Conversion Factors
Bernoullis Equation
bars x 75.006 =CM Hg 00C Ft/sec x0.6818 =MPH
Incompressible Compressible
BTU x 778.169 =Ft·Lbs Ft/sec x1.0973 =Km/Hr
V 2
 P  P V 2 BTU/sec x1054.118x =Watts Ft·Lbs/Sec x1.1818·10-3 =H.P.
PT  P   T    CM Hg x 27.845 =Lbs/Ft2 Fluid Oz x29.6 =Cu CM

  1 T   1 
3
Ft x 28.317 =Liter Gals Imp x1.201 =U.S. Gal
2 2 dynes x2.248·10-6 =Lbs Kilogram x2.205 =Lbs
Ergs x7.376·10-8 =Ft·Lbs Knots x1.688 =Ft/sec
Ft x0.3048 =Meters Liters x0.2642 =U.S. Gals
AERODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS Ft/sec x0.5925 =Kts Rad x57.29 =Deg

Prepared Constants
by Vladimir SMOLKO Weigths Lbs/Gal At 0C
g=32.174 Ft/Sec2 JP-4 6.55 20
R= 63.35 Ft·Lbs/LB0R Water 8.345 4
γ=1.4
 AERODYNAMIC SUMMARY SHEET
2
L D M P
CL  CD  CM  CP 
qS qS qSc q
L' C N Y T
Cl  N  CY  CT 
qSb qSb qS qS

GEOMETRY
For Straight Tapered Surface

Aspect Ratio b2 2  2    1 
A c  
 Ct 
S 3   1 
Taper Ratio Ct b  1  2 
 v   
Cr 6  1  
Area b   Ct  C r 
S
2

LONGITUDINAL STABILITY LATERAL DIRECTIONAL STABILITY

Longitudinal Axis System Lateral –Directional Axis System

Small perturbation Assumption Small perturbation Assumption

XE, ZE - Earth Axes XE, YE - Earth Axes

XSo, ZSo – Initial Stability Axes XSo, YSo – Initial Stability Axes
XS ZS – Disturbed Stability Axes XS YS – Disturbed Stability Axes
βo=0

Perturbation Equation
Perturbation Equation
U  U 0  u  w U 0
V  V0  v  v U 0
W  W0  w   w U0
P  P0  p   v U 0
Q  Q0  q   0  
R  R0  r    0  
   0   Lateral-Directional Equation of motion
Longitudinal Equation of motion
v  U 0 r  g  cos 0  Y   Yp p  Yr r  Y A  A  Y R  R
Ft/Sec2
u   g  cos 0  X u u  X Tu u  X    X  E  E
Ft/Sec2

w  U 0 q   g  sin 0  Z u u  Z   Z   Z q q  Z E  E p   I xz I xx   r  L   Lp p  Lr r  L A  A  L R  R

Ft/Sec 2 Rad/Sec2

q  M u u  M Tu u  M    M T   M    M q q  M  E  E r   I xz I zz   p  N    N p p  N r r  N A  A  N R  R
Rad/Sec 2 Rad/Sec2

Longitudinal Dimensional Stability Derivatives Lateral-Directional Dimensional Stability Derivatives

‘Speed damping’ derivative Z-force due to Elevator Side force due to sideslip Roll moment due to aileron deflection

 qS (CDu  2CD0 )  qSC qSCY qSCl A

Xu  1 L
Z E (sec )  E ( Ft  Sec  2  Deg 1 ) Y  ( Ft  secL2 A)  ( Sec  2  Deg 1 )
mU 0 m m I xx

 
Thrust changes due to speed ‘Speed effect stability’ Side force due to roll rate Roll moment due to rudder deflection

qS (CT X u  2CT X )  qSc Cmu  2Cm0 qSbCY qSCl

X Tu   1 )
M u (sec ( Ft 1  Sec Y1p)  L1 )
( Ft  sec ( Sec  2  Deg 1 ) p R

mU 0 IYYU 0 2 mU 0 I xx
R

 
X-force due to AoA M due to Thrust / Speed changes Side force due to rate of yaw Aircraft’s directional stability

 qS (CD  CL0 )  qS c CmTu  2CmT 1

qSCn  qSbCYr
2 Y 1 ( Ft  sec
N ) ( Sec  2 )
X  M T(uFt sec ) 1
( Ft  Sec ) 2mU
r 
I zz
m IYYU 0 0
Side force due to aileron deflection
‘Trim drag’ ‘AoA stability’
qSC A qSCnT
 qSCD E qSc C Y A 
Prepared by Vladimir SMOLKO
( Ft  sec 2
Deg 1 )  ( Sec  2 )
NT  
X E    Deg )
 sec
( Ft M 2 1 m
( Sec  2 ) m I zz
m I YY
Side force due to rudder deflection Yaw moment due to roll rate
Z-force due to forward speed M due to Thrust / AoA changes
 AERODYNAMIC SUMMARY SHEET
3

AXIS TRANSFORMATION
Earth to body Axis X Component Along Wind Axes
Y
Yaw-Pitch-Roll Sequence Z
XW YW ZW

Vector Transformation Matrix

Body
Axes
XB
cos   cos   cos   sin sin
Earth to body Axes (Yaw-Pitch-Roll Sequence) Component YB
sin cos  0
ZB
sin  cos   sin  cos  cos 
X Component Along Earth Axes Angular Velocity relations
Y

P    sin    R  sec   P  csc 

Z
XE YE ZE
Body
Axes
XB
cos  cos cos  sin  sin Q     Q
Component YB
sin  sin  cos sin
cos sin
 sin cos  cos
 sin  sin  R     cos 
cos 0  P  R  tan 
ZB
sin sin
cos   sin  cos cos sin
sin sin cos   cos 
Body Axis to stability Axis
Angular Velocity relations Angular Velocity relations

P      sin   Q  sin  sec  R  cos   sec P Ps  cos  Rs  sin

Ps  P  cos  R  sin
Q    cos    sin
  Q
cos    R  sin
 cos
R    sin      Pcos
cos Q  sin  tan   R  cos   tan 
LONGITUDINAL
Static trim
X Z qt LATERAL-DIRECTIONAL
CM CG  CM a .c .  CL   CD   CM NACStatic
 Ctrim
Lt   VH
WB
c c q Cl    Cl  A  Cl  R  L'T qSb  0
For symmetrical Airfoil

CLt  at  W   i   t i    A R

Cn    Cn  A  Cn  R  NT qSb  0

Static Stability A R

X dC Z dC q  d C   C   C   C  sin  cos 
CM   CL   D   M NAC  CL H  t  VH  1   Y Y A Y R L
d c d d 
A R
c q 
Static Stability
Elevator/g
  q   d  S
A  1 For PullUp Cn   aV   t   VV  1   VV 
d e W S  dCm C m c gA  q  d 
   q   1 
dnZ q  CM  e  dCL 4 W S A  Roll
1  Performance
 Turn
      n2  L A   A L A   A
     N0  M . P. 
CG  M . P .
 (t )  
LP
t 
L2P
 
 e LP t  1
Neutral Point (N0)

 t
 L 
 dC M  P(t )  Pss  1  e TR  Pss    A A
N 0  X CG      LP
 dC L  Airplane
P  b Cl A
   A Helix Angle Rad
2  V Cl P
C M   C L   X CG  N 0 
Roll Time Constant

N 0  N 0WING BODY 
dC M a
 t
q
  t

  V H

 1 
d 

S l
VH  H H 1 SU 0b 2  Cl  2  I ZZ
  Cl P      CL
dC LNac a w  q   d  S c TR 4 I XX  Cn   m  b 2
Manoeuvre Point (M.P.)
  Pull Up
       Turn
    
C M q Sc q C M q Sc q  1 
N0  N0   N0   1  2 
4 W 4 W  n 
Short Period Approximation
Natural Freq.,Damping  Z 
  M q    M  
Z M q U0
n   M  Rad / Sec;    
sp
U0 2  n sp
Phugoid Approximation
 ZU g  XU
np  Rad / Sec;  
U0 2  n p
Hinge Moments

Prepared by Vladimir SMOLKO

 AERODYNAMIC SUMMARY SHEET
4
HM
CH  CH  CH 0  CH   TAB  C H    c  C H  
q  S c  cc TAB c Stability Derivative Effect

Oscillatory Motion Stability Quantity Most How affected

Derivative Affected
2 Cmq Damping of the Increase Cmq to
d  Cmα
short period
Natural frequency
increase the damping
Increase Cmα to
Pd Longitudinal of the short period increase the
frequency
CXu Damping of the Increase CXu to
   n Czu
phugoid
Natural frequency
increase the damping
Increase to increase
of phugoid the frequency
Cnr Damping of the Increase Cnr to
d  n  1   2 Dutch Roll increase the damping
Cnβ Natural Frequency Increase Cnβ to
Lateral of the Dutch Roll increase the natural
X  Directional frequency

Ln 1  Clp Roll subsidence Increase Clp to

increase 1/TR
X
   2
Clβ Spiral divergence Increase Clβ for
spiral stability
T2  T1
0.693
T1 
2
Amp   n

Table of Laplace Transforms

Time Function Laplace Transform
Unit Impulse
δ(t) 1

Unit Step
u(t) 1
s
Unit Ramp
Feedback Control system
t 1
Transfer Function Block Diagram
s2
Closed Loop Polinomial
tn n!
Y (s)  G (s) 
 s n 1
X ( s ) 1  G ( s )  H ( s ) 
Manoeuvres

Steady State Pull Up

Exponential e-at 1
Open loop
sa
G (s) H (s)
Root Locus Analysis
Z  Sine
RP WaveRP2  X 2 sin(ωt) 
Y (s) G ( s)
N ( s) ( s  Z 1 )  ( s  Z 2 )    ( s  ZRmP ) V  11 .29  ( n  cos  )
2 s 22

X ( s) N (s) K K ( Ft ) ( Kts )
1 K D( s) ( s  P1 )  ( s  P2 )    ( s  Pn )
D( s) g  ( n  cos  )
Q   
s ~ Laplace operator (o) Zeros~Roots of Nominator Z , Z ,···Z
(x) Poles~Roots of Denominator P , P ,···P
1
1
2
2
m
( Rad / Sec )
n
V
Jet Airplane Performance Steady State Turn
Ground

n 1
cos 
g  tan   Rad 
   
V  Sec 
ax 
g
 TT  W   CD  CL   qS  W  sin  RT  V
2
 2132.5  g  tan 
( Kts )
W ( Ft )
For average Values TT, W, CD, CL, μ, ф (Runway Gradient) At 0.707 VT.O.
Q    sin R    cos 
0.0444  W  A  BV 2
 Stability Axis

Dis tan ce   Ln W

 ( Feet ) g  1 g
Q  n   R   n2  1
 A  BV
2
B T .O .  ( Rad / Sec ) V  n ( Rad / Sec ) n V
Time To Turn 360   0.0055  V tan  (min utes )
Prepared by Vladimir SMOLKO
0
Kts
TRAJECTORY
 AERODYNAMIC SUMMARY SHEET
5

0.026  W  1  B A  VT .O.  1  B A  VW 

Time   Ln   ( Sec)
A B     
 1 B A VT .O.  1  B A  VW 
VT .O.  KTAS  VW  Kts  A   TT  W  W  sin 
B  0.00339    S   CD  CL 
In Flight

u  Long Accel X S Axis

  Vert Accel
w Z S Axis

Wing level ф=0

g
u    T  cos a  D  W  sin 
W
g w
   V 
w    L  W  cos   T  sin  nZ  1    
W g g 
Energy Equation T.E. =P.E.+K.E.=W·h+1/2mVT2

Specific Energy

V 2
dEh dh V dV  T  D   V
Eh  h     
2g dt dt g dt W
T.E. – Total Energy, P.E. – Potential Energy, K.E. – Kinetic Energy

Navigation
Two points A and B
Lat  Latitude ( Deg  West )
Long  Longitude ( Deg  Nothern)
Straight Line Navigation (Rhumb line Navigation)- Loxodromia

 
Jet Airplane Performance

   Long A  Long B  Descent

Climb__
1    T  D  
  tan  0     VT ( Kts ) 
 Deg North
   
 180  Ln tan 45  0.5  Lat B  Ln tan 45  0.5  Lat A
0 0
    R C  101.28   

W 
 V dV  
 Ft / mi

  0   
    if cos  1     
Lat B  Lat A   g dH  
S  60  cos  60   Long B  Long A   cos( Lat )
 N .M .  V dV 
For
constant
JET ENGINE PERFORMANCE    VC Ve M

 g dH 
Gross Thrust Great Circle Station
P&W Engine Navigation - Orthdomia

S  60  cos  sin( Lat )  sin( LatB )  cos( Lat A )  cos( LatB )  cos( LongB  Long A )
1 (J-57 and TF-33)
Above 36089 --- 0.7M2 0
A Below 36089 -0.014055 M+0.65667M2-0.214204M3 0.567M2 -0.133M2
  W
N .MF.  a
 V9  A9   P9  P0 
Range
a0    M  L  W WNAM 
Range
W 
Factor
G
g R      Ln 1Lb  W  Ln 1 
W
( N .M .) TSFC  D  W2   W2 
Fn  a  V9  V0   A9   P9  P0  Endurance Nautical
g 1 L  W1  WAir  W1 
T      Ln NAM  Miles
Ln  
  ( Hours ) TSFC  D   W2 Lb
 VFuel  W2 
Per Lb
 
Fn  Ah   Fr  t 2   Wa Parabolic
 t 2  Drag
Pt 2 Polar
a –Speed Sound knots at Sea level
 Pt 1 
0

 P0  f  C f  A f  P0  p  C g  Ac            
Ac   Wa  t 2    t 2   Pt 1   P

 am         C L1 2 

2
 am 

34.40
  
CW
R C  C  1 
         L
TSFC    S   D0
Fan
   MAX
           Pr  imary
      t 2           ( N.M .)
D
 C D  MAX eA
Gross Thrust RANGE
Ram Drag

  1
 1  CL
1 2

2  Pt   P  2   1 
 C 

 unchoked      1  choked  2  t  
  1   MAX
  1  Pam 
  Pam    1 
D
RANGE

 

Fan Gross Thrust Coefficient
Cf f ( PT3 Pam )
Primary Gross Thrust Coefficient
Cg f ( PT7 Pam )
Prepared by Vladimir SMOLKO
Exhaust Exit Area Fan, Primary
A f , Ac
Ratio A9 hot to cold
Ah Ac f ( TT7 Pam )
AERODYNAMIC SUMMARY SHEET
6
Drag Coefficient Data
One side Laminar Flow 1.328 Turbulent 0.455
Flat Plate
Cf  Flow
Cf 
Rn  log 10 Rn  2.5
Wetted
CD Rn 104 To 106 Based on Frontal Area Area
Direction Rn=9106
   60 0
| t/c=12%
Of Flow

Prepared by Vladimir SMOLKO