16th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference and Exposition Antalya, Turkey 21-24 Sept 2014

Real Time Symmetrical Coordinate Transformation

Applied for Detection of Imbalanced Fault in Utility
Power System
Noriyuki Kimura*, Koji Niijima*, Toshimitsu Morizane* and Hideki Omori*
*Electrical and Electronic Systems Engineering Dept.,
Osaka Institute of Technology,
Osaka, Japan
Email: n.kimura@ieee.org

Abstract— This paper has investigated the possibility of a real 41 deg. Fig. 2 (b) shows the voltage change when 2-line short
time symmetrical coordinate transformation. Simulation is (2LS) fault occurs. The line-to-line voltage Vab is reduced to
performed when it is applied for detection of imbalanced fault in 20% of the rated voltage. The line-to-line voltage Vab and Vca
utility power system. The power conditioner is required to are reduced to 74% of the rated voltage and the phase shift is
remain connected when the fault occurs in the utility power 24 deg.
system under certain condition. This is called as the fault ride
through (FRT) ability. The most popular fault is 1 line-to-
ground fault. This fault causes the imbalance voltages and Connection Point
currents in 3-phase power system. To optimize the output from Ld Lf Cf Lac Vac
Diode
the power conditioner of the photovoltaic system, the detection of
the imbalanced condition is important factor. In this paper, the
signal processing method by using the complex number algebra Photo- Cd
in real time system is shown at first. The fast detection of the Voltaic
imbalanced condition is verified by the computer simulations. Panel Power
System
Then the effects of the harmonic components existing in the Boost DC-DC conv. Inverter
system voltage have been investigated. The generation of the
offset output and the oscillating waveforms are indicated. (b) Photo-Voltaic generation system

Keywords— symmetrical coordinate transformation; complex Connection Point

number algebra; imbalanced fault; power conditioner; low voltage
ride through (LVRT)
I. INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic generation systems (PVs) are rapidly
increasing in Japan. Wind power generation systems using
Permanent Magnet type Synchronous Generator (PMSG) are
also increasing to better efficiency. These distributed
generation systems (DGs) have inverters to connect to the
utility system. This fact leads to rise the anxiety about the
occurrence of the power system instability when large amount
of these DGs stop generation suddenly. Fault ride thorough
(FRT) is important function for the inverters of DGs.
Fig. 1 shows the examples of the power conditioner of DGs.
Fig. 1 (a) shows the typical circuit configuration of the power
conditioner for the photovoltaic source. Fig. 1 (b) shows the
circuit configuration of the wind power generation system
using PMSG.
Fig. 2 shows the vector diagrams of the voltage at the point
of connection to the utility system. Fig. 2 (a) shows the voltage
change when 1-line to ground (1LG) fault occurs. Phase-a
voltage is reduced to zero. The line-to-line voltage Vab and Vca
are reduced to 52% of the rated voltage and the phase shift is
L Lf Cf Lac Vac
PM
SG
Permanent Magnet type
Synchronous Generator
Power
System
Inverter
(b) Wind power generation system with PMSG (Permanent
Magnet type Synchronous Generator)
Fig. 1. Typical output circuit to power system for DC energy source
In Fig. 3, requirements for the power conditioner of low
voltage ride through (LVRT) from 2017 in Japan [1]. When the
remained voltage is larger than the 20% of rated voltage and
the duration of the fault is within 1 s, the power conditioner has
to remain connected. After the fault is cleared, the output
power of the power conditioner has to be recovered to 80% of
the power before the fault.
In Fig. 3, the requirements are differs at 52% of rated
voltage. When the remained voltage is more than 52% of rated
voltage, then LVRT is requested if the phase shift is less than
41 degree. When the remained voltage is less than 20% of the
rated voltage, the gate blocking is allowed. However, when the

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remained voltage is just 20%, the power conditioner must Various control methods, such as vector current controller with
recover its output power within 1 s. feed-forward of negative sequence grid voltage (VCCF) [4],
and dual vector current controllers (DVCC) [4,5], have been
proposed.
Then the positive sequence and the negative sequence
Vca reactive current compensation control is proposed for the DGs
interface converter to support AC grid voltages during the fault
and to meet the LVRT requirement[4,5]. It proposes a new
Vbc Vab LVRT technique by taking both the positive sequence reactive
current and the negative sequence reactive current into account.
The proposed method can inject the reactive current demanded
Vdrop=52%
by the grid code and alleviate the grid voltage imbalance
Phase change =41 deg. without exceeding the peak current limit of power transistors’
of the grid-connected converter.
(a) Va drop
To realize the proper output power control in imbalanced
fault condition, the quick measurement of the negative
sequence component is very important. This paper proposes the
Vc new symmetrical coordinate calculation by using the complex
number algebra.
II. SIMULATION OF FAULT CONDITION
Vdrop= Va Fig. 4 shows the simulation results when the 1LG fault
20% occurs.

Vdrop=87% Vsys_ab Vsys_bc Vsys_ca

Vb Phase change =24 deg. 200

0
(a) Vbc drop
-200
Fig. 2. Phase diagrams in case of a 2LS fault with 20% residual voltage
0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22
Time (s)
[%]
100 (a) AC line-to-line system voltage

80 I(L1) I(L2) I(L3)

Voltage

Area-1 Power 100

52 50
0
-50
Area-2 -100
20 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22
Area-3 Time (s)

(b) Inverter output ac current without fault detection

0 1.0 2.0 [sec.]
1.1 I(L1) I(L2) I(L3)
Time
10

Fig. 3. Requirement for Low Voltage Ride Through 0

-10
Area-1 : Fault Ride Through with phase shift of 41 degree.
Area-2 : Fault Ride Through with no concern about the phase shift. 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.22
Time (s)
Area-3 : Fault Ride Through or Gate Block.

(c) Inverter output ac current with ideal fault detection

Detection of unbalanced fault using the symmetrical Fig. 4. Simulation results when1-Line to ground (1LG) fault
coordinate has been proposed previously [2]. For LVRT, the occurs at 0.15 sec.
reactive power control at low voltage has been investigated [3].

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ª 1 3 1 3 º
Fig. 4(a) shows the voltage change at the point of «Var  Vbr  Vbi  Vcr  Vci »
connection. Phase-a voltage reduced to 0V at 0.15 sec. Then ªV pr º « 2 2 2 2 »
the line-to-line voltage Vab and Vca are reduced from 282V- «V » «V  1 V  3 V  1 V  3 V » …(4)
peak to 148V-peak (52%) of the rated voltage and the phase « nr » « ar 2 br 2 bi 2 cr 2 ci »
shift is about 40 deg. Fig. 4(b) shows the current change of the «¬V0 r »¼ « Var  Vbr  Vci »
inverter ac side without the FRT control. The modulation « »
factor of the inverter PWM control is kept 1 and the current
increases largely. Fig. 4(c) shows the current change of the ¬« »¼
inverter ac side with the ideal FRT control. The modulation ª 1 3 1 3 º
factor of the inverter PWM control is reduced to 0 at 0.15 sec. «Vai  Vbi  Vbr   Vci  Vcr »
and the phase-a current is decreased. The other phase currents ªV pi º « 2 2 2 2 »
are kept at the rated value. This fact shows that it is necessary «V » 2« 1 3 1 3 »
« ni » Vai  Vbi  Vbr   Vci  Vcr
to detect the fault condition as fast as possible.
3« 2 2 2 2 »
III. REAL TIME SYMMETRICAL COORDINATE TRANSFORM
«¬V0i »¼ « Vai  Vbi  Vci »
« »
The authors propose to use memorized data at 90 degree
before to calculate the symmetrical components.
¬« ¼»
…(5)
The symmetrical coordinate calculation is performed by the where Vpr, Vnr, V0r are the real part and Vpi, Vni, V0i are the
complex number algebra. 3-phase voltages are expressed as imaginary part. And Var, V br, Vcr are the real part and Vai, V bi,
follows. Vci are the imaginary part.
ªv a º ª Va cos(Zt ) º ªVar º ª Va cos(Zt ) º
«v » «V cos(Zt  2S / 3)» «V » «V cos(Zt  2S / 3)» ǃ
« b» « b » …(1) « br » « b »
«¬vc »¼ «¬Vc cos(Zt  4S / 3) »¼ «¬Vcr »¼ «¬Vc cos(Zt  4S / 3) »¼
ªVai º ª Va sin(Zt ) º
In complex number expression, «V » «V sin(Zt  2S / 3)» …(6)
« bi » « b »
ªVa º ª Va ej (I T )
º «¬Vci »¼ «¬Vc sin(Zt  4S / 3) »¼
« » « j (I T 2S / 3) » The above equations can be replaced by
«Vb » «Vb e »
«Vc » «Vc e j (I T 4S / 3) » ª S º
¬ ¼ ¬ ¼ …(2) ªVai º « Va cos(Zt  2 ) »
Va ^cos(Zt )  j sin(Zt )` «V » « 2S S »
ª º «Vb cos(Zt   )» …(7)
«V ^cos(Zt  2S / 3)  j sin(Zt  2S / 3)`» « bi » « 3 2 »
« b » «¬Vci »¼ «V cos(Zt  4S  S ) »
«¬Vc ^cos(Zt  4S / 3)  j sin(Zt  4S / 3)`»¼ «¬ c 3 2 »¼
where Va, V b, Vc are the amplitude, and Z is angular The above equation means that the memorized data at 90
frequency. degree advance can be used for the imaginary part of the
3-phase symmetrical coordinate transformation are present voltage.
expressed as, Table I shows the parameters of simulation. Fig. 5 shows
the simulation results of the symmetrical coordinate
ªVp º ª1 e j 2S 3 e j 4S 3 º ªVa º transformation of 3-phase balanced voltage in the steady state.
« » 1« »« » Fig. 5(a) shows the 3-phase balanced voltage. Fig. 5(b) shows
«Vn » «1 e j 4S 3 e j 2S 3 » «Vb » …(3) the phase-a voltage and its 90 degree shifted data. The latter is
3
«V0 » «1 1 1 »¼ «¬Vc »¼ used as the imaginary component of the complex expression of
¬ ¼ ¬ the phase-a voltage. Fig. 5(c) shows the transformed positive
and negative sequence components. In this case, the negative
where subscript p, n and 0 denote the positive, negative and sequence component is zero since the 3-phase voltages are
zero-sequence components, respectively. balanced. The positive component depicts the peak voltage of
By dividing the real and imaginary part, each phase.

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Va Vb Vc

200
TABLE I. PARAMETERS OF SIMULATION

Element Value 100

AC system voltage Vac 200Vrms(L-L)

0
DC source voltage Edc㻌 300V
-100
AC system
Ls,Rs㻌 0.1mH, 0.1:
impedance
-200
Filter capacitance Cf㻌 1000uF
0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14
Filter inductance Lf㻌 4mH Time (s)

Switching frequency fsw 10kHz

Sampling frequency fsamp 10kHz (a) Balanced 3-phase AC voltage

Va Va_90

SIMULATION RESULTS OF FAULT DETECTION 200

Simulation results are shown in Fig. 7.
100
In Fig. 7(a), the fault in the power system occurs at
time=0.15 s. The phase-a voltage lowered to almost zero at the 0
phase of 90 degree. The phase-c voltage is also increased by
the affection of the system impedance. -100

Fig. 7(b) shows the positive and negative sequence signal -200
by the previously proposed method [2]. The rising time to 20V
0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14
in the negative sequence is more than 10ms. Time (s)

Fig 7(c) shows the positive and negative sequence signal by

the proposed method. The rising time of 20V in the negative
(b) Sampled AC voltage Va and its 90 degree shifted data Va_90
sequence is less than 1ms, that is 1/10 of the d-q filtering
method. It must be noted that there are large dips in the
waveforms after the fault. This is because the imaginary part is pos neg

not correctly recognized because the voltage data is 90 degree 200

prior to the measurement and these old data is during the
balanced condition. 150

Table II and Fig. 7 show the detection time of the 100

imbalanced fault when the threshold is set to be 20V. The
detection time of the proposed method is much shorter than the 50
previously proposed in the reference [2]. It is because the
proposed method does not need to use the low pass filter to 0
remove the oscillating components. 0.1 0.11 0.12 0.13 0.14
Time (s)

(c) Calculated positive and negative components of symmetrical coordinate

conversion

Fig. 5. Symmetrical coordinate conversion of balanced AC voltage

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TABLE II. DETECTION TIME OF THE IMBALANCED FAULT

Phase of fault Previous method Proposed

(deg)㻌 with LPF fc=10Hz 㻌 method 㻌
0㻌 11.0㻌 2.00㻌
30㻌 12.0㻌 0.31㻌
60㻌 9.7㻌 0.23㻌
90㻌 13.0㻌 0.21㻌
120㻌 13.6㻌 0.23㻌
150㻌 12.8㻌 0.30㻌
180㻌 11.5㻌 2.10㻌
(a) Phase voltage Va, V b, Vc when the fault occurs at 90 degree 210㻌 10.2㻌 0.32㻌
240㻌 9.6㻌 0.23㻌
270㻌 13.5㻌 0.22㻌
300㻌 13.6㻌 0.23㻌
330㻌 12.8㻌 0.31㻌

Detection Time (mS)

Conventional w. LPF
fc=10Hz
(b) Positive and negative component outputs with LPF (10Hz)
and BRF (120Hz)
Phase of Fault (deg.)

Fig. 7. Imbalanced fault detection time vs. phase-angle of fault

IV. REAL TIME SYMMETRICAL COORDINATE TRANSFORM

WITH HARMONIC COMPONENTS
The authors propose to use memorized data at 90 degree
before to calculate the symmetrical components.

For the fundamental components, V1a, V1b, V1c, 3-phase

symmetrical coordinate transformation are expressed as,
ªV1 p º ª1 a a 2 º ªV1a º ª1 e j 2S 3 e j 4S 3 º ªV1a º
« » 2« »« » 2« »« »
(c) Positive and negative component outputs with coplex «V1n » 1 a2 a » «V1b » 1 e j 4S 3 e j 2S 3 » «V1b »
number algebra 3« 3«
«V10 » «1 1 1 »¼ «¬V1c »¼ «1 1 1 »¼ «¬V1c »¼
¬ ¼ ¬ ¬
…(8)
Fig. 6. Simulation results of imbalanced fault detection when the fault For the k-th higher harmonic components, Vka, Vkb, Vkc, 3-
occurs at 90 degree of phase-a voltage
phase symmetrical coordinate transformation is expressed as,

ªVkp º ª1 a a 2 º ªVka º ª1 e j 2S 3 e j 4S 3 º ªVka º

« » 2« »« » 2« »« »
«Vkn » 1 a2 a » «Vkb » 1 e j 4S 3 e j 2S 3 » «Vkb »
3« 3«
«Vk 0 » «1 1 1 »¼ «¬Vkc »¼ «1 1 1 »¼ «¬Vkc »¼
¬ ¼ ¬ ¬
…(9)

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ଶ௞ିଵ
In the above equation, the harmonic component measured has By using replacement of ൌ ଶ
, real part is as follows.
the phase shift of (kS/2) for the imaginary part. Therefore the ͳ ͵ ʹ ʹ݇
ʹܸଵ௣௥ ܸ௞௣௥ ൌ ͲǤͳܸ ଶ ൜൬ ൅ ሺെͳሻ௠ ൰ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬൬߮ሺ݇ െ ͳሻ ൅ ߨ െ ߨ൰
phase of 3rd and 7th are inversed. Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵
ͳ ͵ ʹ ʹ݇
൅ ൬ െ ሺെͳሻ௠ ൰ …‘• ൬߮ሺ݇ ൅ ͳሻ െ ߨ െ ߨ൰
Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵
§ kS · ξ͵ ξ͵ ʹ ʹ݇
Vka coskZt   j cos¨ kZt  ¸ ௠
൅ ቆ ሺെͳሻ ൅ ቇ •‹ ൬߮ሺ݇ ൅ ͳሻ െ ߨ െ ߨ൰
© 2 ¹ Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵
k 1 ξ͵ ξ͵ ʹ ʹ݇
coskZt    1 2 j sin kZt  ൅ ቆ ሺെͳሻ௠ െ ቇ •‹ ൬߮ሺ݇ െ ͳሻ ൅ ߨ െ ߨ൰
Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵
§ 2kS · § kS 2kS · ͳ ͵ ʹ Ͷ݇
Vkb cos¨ kZt  ¸  j cos¨ kZt   ¸ ൅ ൬ െ ሺെͳሻ௠ ൰ …‘• ൬߮ሺ݇ െ ͳሻ ൅ ߨ െ ߨ൰
Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵
© 3 ¹ © 2 3 ¹ ͳ ͵ ʹ Ͷ݇
௠
2kS · 2kS · ൅ ൬ ൅ ሺെͳሻ ൰ …‘• ൬߮ሺ݇ ൅ ͳሻ െ ߨ െ ߨ൰
§ k 1
§
¸   1 2 j sin ¨ kZt 
cos¨ kZt  Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵
¸ ʹ Ͷ݇
© 3 ¹ © 3 ¹ ξ͵ ξ͵
൅ ቆെ ሺെͳሻ௠ ൅ ቇ •‹ ൬߮ሺ݇ ൅ ͳሻ െ ߨ െ ߨ൰
Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵
§ 4kS · § kS 4kS ·
Vkc cos¨ kZt  ¸  j cos¨ kZt   ¸ ξ͵ ξ͵ ʹ Ͷ݇
© 3 ¹ © 2 3 ¹ ൅ ቆെ ሺെͳሻ௠ െ ቇ •‹ ൬߮ሺ݇ െ ͳሻ ൅ ߨ െ ߨ൰
Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵
§ 4kS · k 1
§ 4kS · ͳ ͵ Ͷ ʹ݇
cos¨ kZt  ¸   1 2 j sin ¨ kZt  ¸ ௠
൅ ൬ െ ሺെͳሻ ൰ …‘• ൬߮ሺ݇ െ ͳሻ ൅ ߨ െ ߨ൰
© 3 ¹ © 3 ¹ Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵
ͳ ͵ Ͷ ʹ݇
…(10) ൅ ൬ ൅ ሺെͳሻ௠ ൰ …‘• ൬߮ሺ݇ ൅ ͳሻ െ ߨ െ ߨ൰
Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵
ξ͵ ௠ ξ͵ Ͷ ʹ݇
By separating the real and imaginary parts, ൅ ቆ ሺെͳሻ െ ቇ •‹ ൬߮ሺ݇ ൅ ͳሻ െ ߨ െ ߨ൰
Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵
ξ͵ ξ͵ Ͷ ʹ݇
ܸ௣௥ ൌ ܸଵ௣௥ ൅ ܸ௞௣௥ …(11) ൅ ቆ ሺെͳሻ௠ ൅ ቇ •‹ ൬߮ሺ݇ െ ͳሻ ൅ ߨ െ ߨ൰
Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵
ܸ௡௜ ൌ ܸଵ௡௜ ൅ ܸ௞௡௜ …(12) ͳ ͵ Ͷ
൅ ൬ ൅ ሺെͳሻ௠ ൰ …‘• ൬߮ሺ݇ െ ͳሻ ൅ ߨ െ ߨ൰
Ͷ݇
Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵
ଶ ͳ ͵ ௠
Ͷ Ͷ݇
൅ ൬ െ ሺെͳሻ ൰ …‘• ൬߮ሺ݇ ൅ ͳሻ െ ߨ െ ߨ൰
ܸ௣ ଶ ൌ ൫ܸଵ௣ ൅ ܸ௞௣ ൯ Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵
ଶ ଶ ξ͵ ξ͵ Ͷ Ͷ݇
ൌ ൫ܸଵ௣௥ ൅ ܸ௞௣௥ ൯ ൅ ൫ܸଵ௣௜ ൅ ܸ௞௣௜ ൯ ൅ ቆെ ሺെͳሻ௠ െ ቇ •‹ ൬߮ሺ݇ ൅ ͳሻ െ ߨ െ ߨ൰
Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵
ൌ ܸଵ௣௥ ଶ ൅ ܸ௞௣௥ ଶ ൅ ʹܸଵ௣௥ ܸ௞௣௥ ξ͵ ξ͵ Ͷ Ͷ݇
൅ ቆെ ሺെͳሻ௠ ൅ ቇ •‹ ൬߮ሺ݇ െ ͳሻ ൅ ߨ െ ߨ൰ቋ
൅ܸଵ௣௜ ଶ ൅ ܸ௞௣௜ ଶ ൅ ʹܸଵ௣௜ ܸ௞௣௜ …(13) Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵
…(15)
Here, the power terms are the amplitude of the symmetrical ଶ௞ିଵ
coordinate components and they are the constants. On the By using replacement of ൌ , imaginary part is as
ଶ
other hand, the rests are the oscillating terms. Developing the follows.
oscillating terms induces the following equations. ʹܸଵ௣௜ ܸ௞௣௜
ͳ ͵ ʹ ʹ݇
ʹܸଵ௣௥ ܸ௞௣௥ +ʹܸଵ௣௜ ܸ௞௣௜ …(14) ൌ ͲǤͳܸ ଶ ൜൬ ሺെͳሻ௠ ൅ ൰ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬൬߮ሺ݇ െ ͳሻ ൅ ߨ െ ߨ൰
Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵
ͳ ͵ ʹ ʹ݇
൅ ൬െ ሺെͳሻ௠ ൅ ൰ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬൬߮ሺ݇ ൅ ͳሻ െ ߨ െ ߨ൰
By dividing it into the real axis component and the Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵
imaginary part component, the solution can be derived. Setting ξ͵ ξ͵ ʹ ʹ݇
൅ ቆെ െ ሺെͳሻ௠ ቇ ‫ ݊݅ݏ‬൬߮ሺ݇ ൅ ͳሻ െ ߨ െ ߨ൰
the voltage after the fault as V1a=0, V1b= V1c = V, Vka=0, Vkb= Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵
Vkc = 0.1V. Then the real axis component is as eq. (15) and the ξ͵ ξ͵ ʹ ʹ݇
൅ቆ െ ሺെͳሻ௠ ቇ ‫ ݊݅ݏ‬൬߮ሺ݇ െ ͳሻ ൅ ߨ െ ߨ൰
imaginary axis component is as eq. (16). Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵
ͳ ͵ ʹ Ͷ݇
In these equations, the frequencies generated are the k+1 ൅ ൬ ሺെͳሻ௠ െ ൰ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬൬߮ሺ݇ െ ͳሻ ൅ ߨ െ ߨ൰
Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵
order component and the k-1 order component. The amplitude ͳ ͵ ʹ Ͷ݇
is proportional to the amplitude of the harmonic component. ൅ ൬െ ሺെͳሻ െ ൰ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬൬߮ሺ݇ ൅ ͳሻ െ ߨ െ ߨ൰
௠
Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵
ξ͵ ξ͵ ʹ Ͷ݇
൅ቆ െ ሺെͳሻ௠ ቇ ‫ ݊݅ݏ‬൬߮ሺ݇ ൅ ͳሻ െ ߨ െ ߨ൰
Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵
ξ͵ ξ͵ ʹ Ͷ݇
൅ ቆെ െ ሺെͳሻ௠ ቇ ‫ ݊݅ݏ‬൬߮ሺ݇ െ ͳሻ ൅ ߨ െ ߨ൰
Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵

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ͳ ͵ Ͷ ʹ݇ V. SIMULATION RESULTS OF EFFECTS OF HARMONICS

൅ ൬ ሺെͳሻ௠ െ ൰ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬൬߮ሺ݇ െ ͳሻ ൅ ߨ െ ߨ൰
Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵ Simulation results are shown in Fig. 9-11. Large oscillation
ͳ ͵ Ͷ ʹ݇
൅ ൬െ ሺെͳሻ െ ൰ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬൬߮ሺ݇ ൅ ͳሻ െ ߨ െ ߨ൰
௠
appears in the positive and negative sequence components.
Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵
ξ͵ ξ͵ Ͷ ʹ݇ Fig. 9 shows the simulation results when the 3 rd harmonic
൅ ቆെ ൅ ሺെͳሻ ቇ ‫ ݊݅ݏ‬൬߮ሺ݇ ൅ ͳሻ െ ߨ െ
௠
ߨ൰ component exists in the system voltage.
Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵
Fig. 9(a) shows the system voltage containing the 3 rd
ξ͵ ξ͵ Ͷ ʹ݇
൅ቆ ൅ ሺെͳሻ௠ ቇ ‫ ݊݅ݏ‬൬߮ሺ݇ െ ͳሻ ൅ ߨ െ ߨ൰ harmonics. Fig. 9(b) shows the positive and negative sequence
Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵
ͳ ͵ Ͷ Ͷ݇ components. The frequency of 200Hz is dominant as seen in
൅ ൬ ሺെͳሻ௠ ൅ ൰ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬൬߮ሺ݇ െ ͳሻ ൅ ߨ െ ߨ൰ Fig. 9(d). This frequency is k+1 order component
Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵
ͳ ͵ Ͷ Ͷ݇ corresponding to the 3rd harmonics, i.e. 150Hz. The 100Hz
൅ ൬െ ሺെͳሻ ൅ ൰ ܿ‫ ݏ݋‬൬߮ሺ݇ ൅ ͳሻ െ ߨ െ ߨ൰
௠
Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵ component corresponding to the k-1 order component is also
ξ͵ ξ͵ Ͷ Ͷ݇ seen as the modulation of amplitude. Fig. 9(c) shows the
൅ቆ ൅ ሺെͳሻ ቇ ‫ ݊݅ݏ‬൬߮ሺ݇ ൅ ͳሻ െ ߨ െ
௠
ߨ൰
Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵ positive and negative sequence components before the fault.
ξ͵ ξ͵ Ͷ Ͷ݇ The offset of the negative component can be seen. It should be
൅ ቆെ ൅ ሺെͳሻ௠ ቇ ‫ ݊݅ݏ‬൬߮ሺ݇ െ ͳሻ ൅ ߨ െ ߨ൰ቋ
Ͷ Ͷ ͵ ͵ notified that it may cause the erroneous detection of the fault.
…(16) Fig. 10 shows the oscillating component of 5 th harmonics.
The frequency of 300Hz corresponding to k+1 order
If the coefficient of cosine and sine are much smaller than 1,
the following approximation is valid. component and the 200Hz component corresponding to the k-
1 order component together generate the difference frequency,
ଵ
ඥͳ െ ߙܿ‫ ߮ݏ݋‬െ ߚ‫ ߮݊݅ݏ‬؆ ͳ െ ሺߙܿ‫ ߮ݏ݋‬൅ ߚ‫߮݊݅ݏ‬ሻ 100Hz.
ଶ
…(16) Fig. 10 (b) shows the positive and negative sequence
Numerical calculations are performed by using Excel components. The frequency of 200Hz is dominant as seen in
software. The results are shown in Fig. 8. Fig. 8(a) shows the Fig. 10(d). This frequency is k+1 order component
oscillating component of 3rd harmonics. The frequency of corresponding to the 5th harmonics, i.e. 150Hz. The 100Hz
200Hz is dominant. This frequency is (k+1) order component component corresponding to the k-1 order component is small.
corresponding to the 3rd harmonics, i.e. 150Hz. The 100Hz Fig. 10(c) shows the positive and negative sequence
component corresponding to the (k-1) order component is also components before the fault. The offset of the negative
seen as the modulation of amplitude. component can be seen. It should be notified that it may cause
Fig. 8(b) shows the oscillating component of 5 th harmonics. the erroneous detection of the fault.
The frequency of 300Hz corresponding to (k+1) order Fig. 11 shows the oscillating component of 7 th harmonics.
component and the 200Hz component corresponding to the (k- The frequency of 400Hz is dominant. This frequency is (k+1)
1) order component together generate the difference order component corresponding to the 7 th harmonics, i.e.
frequency, 100Hz. 350Hz. The 300Hz component corresponding to the k-1 order
Fig. 8(c) shows the oscillating component of 7 th harmonics. component cannot be seen though.
The frequency of 400Hz is dominant. This frequency is (k+1) Fig. 11 (b) shows the positive and negative sequence
order component corresponding to the 7 th harmonics, i.e. components. The frequency of 200Hz is dominant as seen in
350Hz. The 300Hz component corresponding to the (k-1) Fig. 11(d). This frequency is (k+1) order component
order component cannot be seen though. corresponding to the 5th harmonics, i.e. 150Hz. The 100Hz
For verifying the analytical results and the numerical results, component corresponding to the (k-1) order component is
computer simulation was performed. The simulator for power small. Fig. 11(c) shows the positive and negative sequence
electronics circuit, PSIM ver. 9.1, was used[7]. To simulate the components before the fault. The offset of the negative
digital controller for the symmetrical coordinate component can be seen. It should be notified that it may cause
transformation, the built-in C-Language block can be used. By the erroneous detection of the fault.
using this block, we can simulate the digital controller without
preparing the c-language developing environment. The
calculation time when this block is used is as fast as when the
DLL block, made by Visual C++ is used.

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16th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference and Exposition Antalya, Turkey 21-24 Sept 2014

Va Vb Vc

200
200
Vp
180
100

160
0
140

120 -100

100
-200
80
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
60 Time (s)

40 200 [Hz]
(a) Power system voltage with 3rd harmonics
20

0
DC offset Vpf Vnf

0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04

200

(a) Oscillation components when 3rd harmonics exists

150
200
Vp
180 100

160
50
140

120
0
Enlarged-1 Detection
on Enlarged-2
100
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
80 Time (s)

60

40 (b) Positive and negative components with 3rd harmonics

20 DC offset 200 [Hz]
Vpf Vnf
0
25
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04

20
(b) Oscillation components when 5th harmonics exists
200
150 [Hz]
15
Vp
180
10
160

140
2 [V]
5

120
0
100
0.115 0.12 0.125 0.13 0.135 0.14 0.145
80 Time (s)

60
400 [Hz]
40 (c) Enlarged part of “(b)Enlarged-1”
20

0
DC offset Vpf Vnf

0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04

120

(c) Oscillation components when 7th harmonics exists

100

10.5 [V]
10
Fig. 8. Calculated oscillation components of positive sequence 80

amplitude 11.0V] 200 [Hz]

60

40

0.175 0.18 0.185 0.19 0.195

Time (s)

(d) Enlarged part of “(b)Enlarged-2”

Fig. 9. Simulation results of proposed system (Effect of 3rd

harmonics[10%]; Fault occurs at 90 degree)

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16th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference and Exposition Antalya, Turkey 21-24 Sept 2014

Va Vb Vc Va Vb Vc

200 200

100 100

0 0

-100 -100

-200 -200

0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time (s) Time (s)

(a) Power system voltage with 3rd harmonics (a) Power system voltage with 3rd harmonics
Vpf Vnf Vpf Vnf

200 200

150 150

100 100

50 50

0
Enlarged-1 Detection
on Enlarged-2 0
Enlarged-1 Detection
onn Enlarged-2
0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Time (s) Time (s)

(b) Positive and negative components with 5th harmonics (b) Positive and negative components with 7th harmonics
Vpf Vnf

25

20

15

10

15 [V] 15 [V]
5

300 [Hz] 150 [Hz]

0
0.125 0.13 0.135 0.14 0.145
Time (s)

(c) Enlarged part of “(b)Enlarged-1” (c) Enlarged part of “(b)Enlarged-1”

Vpf Vnf
Vpf Vnf

120
120

100
100
10.2 [V]
80
11.1 [V] 200 [Hz] 80 400 [Hz]
21.5 [V] 20.1 [V]
60 60

40 40

20
20

0.18 0.185 0.19 0.195

0.175 0.18 0.185 0.19 0.195
Time (s)
Time (s)

(d) Enlarged part of “(b)Enlarged-2” (d) Enlarged part of “(b)Enlarged-2”

Fig. 11. Simulation results of proposed system (Effect of 7 th harmonics
Fig. 10. Simulation results of proposed system (Effect of 5 th [10%]; Fault occurs at 90 degree)
harmonics[10%]; Fault occurs at 90 degree)

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16th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference and Exposition
CONCLUSIONS
This paper proposes the real time symmetrical coordinate
transformation from the memorized 3-phase voltage data.
Simulation results show the fast detection of the unbalanced
fault. And the effects of the harmonic components included in
the system voltage are also investigated by the analysis and the
simulation.
Analytical results show the generation of offset even when
the 3-phase balanced condition. They also show the generation
of oscillating component in the positive and the negative
sequence components. Simulation results certified these facts.
Simulation results show that the existence of harmonic
component till 10% of the rated voltage does not affect the
detection of severe unbalanced fault because of the limited
amplitude of the oscillation component. However, the
existence of the offset component when the voltages are in
balance may cause some error of the lighter fault condition.
The correction for these errors and the development of
proper control system will be the future work.
REFERENCES
[1] Japanese Grid-interconnection Code, JEAC 9701-2010, addendum-
2011-No.1.
PEMC 2014
Antalya, Turkey 21-24 Sept 2014
[2] P. Rodriguez, R. Teodorescu, I. Candela, A.V.Timbus, M. Liserre and F.
Blaabjerg, “New Positive-sequence Voltage Detector for Grid
Synchronization of Power Converters under Faulty Grid Conditions”,
37th IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference (PESC '06), 2006.
[3] Che-Wei Hsu, Chia-Tse Lee, Po-Tai Cheng, “A Low Voltage Ride-
Through Technique for Grid-Connected Converters of Distributed
Energy Resources”, Proceedings of ECCE-2010, pp.3388-3395, Sep.
2010.
[4] S. Alepuz, S. Busquets-Monge, J. Bordonau, J. A. Martinez-Velasco, C.
A. Silva, J. Pontt, and J. Rodriguez, "Control Strategies Based on
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Voltage Dips," Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 56, pp.
2162-2173, 2009.
[5] F. A. Magueed, A. Sannino, and J. Svensson, "Transient performance of
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Electronics Specialists Conference, 2004. PESC 04. 2004 IEEE 35th
Annual, 2004, pp. 1163-1168 Vol.2.
[6] Noriyuki Kimura, Koji Niijima, Toshimitsu Morizane and Hideki Omori,
" New Real Time Symmetrical Coordinate Transformation using
Complex Number Calculation to Detect Imbalanced Fault in Utility
Power System", Proceedings of The Fifteenth IEEE Workshop on
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[7] Powersim website, http://powersimtech.com/products/psim/, 2014.
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