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Pythagoras
Pythagoras
Pythagoras
Pythagoras of Samos
(US: /pɪˈθæɡərəs/;[2] UK: /paɪˈθæɡərəs/;[3]
Greek: Πυθαγόρας ὁ Σάμιος Pythagóras
ho Sámios "Pythagoras the Samian", or
simply Πυθαγόρας; Πυθαγόρης in Ionian
Greek; c. 570–495 BC)[Notes 1][4] was an
Ionian Greek philosopher and the
eponymous founder of the
Pythagoreanism movement. His political
and religious teachings were extremely
influential in Magna Graecia throughout
antiquity and exerted a profound impact
on the philosophies of Plato, Aristotle,
and, through them, Western philosophy
at large.
Pythagoras
Born c. 570 BC
Samos
School Pythagoreanism
Notable Communalism
ideas
Metempsychosis
Musica universalis
Attributed ideas:
Five climactic zones
Five regular solids
Proportions
Pythagorean theorem
Pythagorean tuning
Sphericity of the Earth
Vegetarianism
Influences
Thales • Anaximander • Pherecydes •
Themistoclea
Influenced
Philolaus • Alcmaeon • Parmenides •
Plato • Euclid • Empedocles •
Hippasus • Nicolaus Copernicus •
Johannes Kepler •
Henry David Thoreau
Biographical sources
Bust of Bust of
Pythagoras of Pythagoras,
Samos in the Vatican Museum,
Capitoline Vatican City
Museums, Rome
Life
“
There is not a single detail in
the life of Pythagoras that
stands uncontradicted. But it is
possible, from a more or less
”
critical selection of the data, to
construct a plausible account.
— Walter Burkert, 1972[23]
Metapontum Tarentum
Sybaris
Croton
Acragas
Family
Influences
Teachings
Achievements
Mathematical discoveries
The Pythagorean theorem: The sum of the areas of
the two squares on the legs (a and b) equals the
area of the square on the hypotenuse (c).
“
The so-called Pythagoreans,
who were the first to take up
mathematics, not only
advanced this subject, but
saturated with it, they fancied
that the principles of
”
mathematics were the
principles of all things.
— Aristotle, Metaphysics 1–5, c. 350 BC
Pythagorean theorem
A visual proof of the Pythagorean theorem
Other discoveries
Scientific discoveries
Pythagoreanism
Influence
Influence on Plato
References
1. Dillon 2005, p. 163.
2. "American: Pythagoras" . Collins
Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 25 September
2014.
3. "British: Pythagoras" . Collins
Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 25 September
2014.
4. Biographies
5. Joost-Gaugier 2006, p. 11.
6. Grafton, Most & Settis 2010, p. 796.
7. Ferguson 2011, p. 4.
8. Ferguson 2011, pp. 3-5.
9. Kahn 2001, p. 2.
10. Burkert 1985, p. 299.
11. Joost-Gaugier 2006, p. 12.
12. Riedweg 2005, p. 62.
13. Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 36
14. Joost-Gaugier 2006, pp. 12-13.
15. Joost-Gaugier 2006, p. 13.
16. Joost-Gaugier 2006, pp. 14-15.
17. Joost-Gaugier 2006, p. 16.
18. Joost & Gaugier 2006, p. 16.
19. He alludes to it himself, Met. i. 5. p.
986. 12, ed. Bekker.
20. Burkert 1972, p. 109.
21. Kahn 2001, p. 5.
22. Zhmud 2012, p. 9.
23. Burkert 1972, p. 106.
24. Kahn 2001, p. 6.
25. Ferguson 2008, p. 12.
26. Clemens von Alexandria: Stromata I
62, 2–3, cit. Eugene V. Afonasin, John M.
Dillon, John Finamore, ed. (2012).
Iamblichus and the Foundations of Late
Platonism . Leiden and Boston: Brill. p. 15.
27. Joost-Gaugier 2007, p. 21.
28. Ferguson 2008, pp. 11-12.
29. Riedweg 2005, pp. 5–6, 59, 73.
30. Apollonius of Tyana ap. Porphyry, Vit.
Pyth. 2.
31. Porphyry, Vit. Pyth. 9
32. Riedweg 2005, pp. 5-6, 59, 73.
33. Cornelli & McKirahan 2013, p. 64.
34. Ferguson 2011, p. 5.
35. Boyer, Carl B. (1968). A History of
Mathematics .
36. Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth. 28; Porphyry, Vit.
Pyth. 9
37. Cornelia J. de Vogel: Pythagoras and
Early Pythagoreanism. Assen 1966, pp.
21ff. Cfr. Cicero, De re publica 2, 28–30.
38. Cornelia J. de Vogel: Pythagoras and
Early Pythagoreanism, Assen 1966, S.
148–150.
39. Porphyry, Vit. Pyth. 18; Iamblichus, Vit.
Pyth. 37, etc.
40. Kahn 2001, pp. 6-7.
41. Kahn 2001, p. 7.
42. Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth. 255–259;
Porphyry, Vit. Pyth. 54–57; Diogenes
Laërtius, viii. 39; comp. Plutarch, de Gen.
Socr. p. 583
43. Simoons 1998, p. 227.
44. Simoons 1998, pp. 225-228.
45. Ferguson 2008, p. 58.
46. Ferguson 2008, p. 59.
47. Riedweg 2005, p. 10.
48. Riedweg 2005, p. 8.
49. Porphyry, Vit. Pyth. 2, Diogenes
Laërtius, viii. 2.
50. Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth. 9.
51. Porphyry, Vit. Pyth. 2.
52. Aristoxenus and others in Diogenes
Laërtius, i. 118, 119; Cicero, de Div. i. 49
53. Riedweg 2005, p. 9.
54. C. B. Boyer (1968)
55. Zhmud 2006, pp. 2, 16.
56. Diogenes Laërtius, Lives of Eminent
Philosophers , viii. 1, 8.
57. Mary Ellen Waithe, Ancient women
philosophers, 600 B.C.–500 A.D., p. 11
58. Malone, John C. (30 June 2009).
Psychology: Pythagoras to present . MIT
Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-262-01296-6.
Retrieved 25 October 2010.
59. Porphyry, Life of Pythagoras , 41.
60. Gilles Ménage: The history of women
philosophers. Translated from the Latin
with an introduction by Beatrice H. Zedler.
University Press of America, Lanham
1984, p. 48. "The person who is referred to
as Themistoclea in Laertius and Theoclea
in Suidas, Porphyry calls Aristoclea."
61. Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth. 25; Porphyry, Vit.
Pyth. 17; Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 3.
62. Ariston. ap. Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 8,
21; Porphyry, Vit. Pyth. 41.
63. Porphyry, Vit. Pyth. 6.
64. Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 1, 3.
65. Plutarch, On Isis And Osiris , ch. 10.
66. Antiphon. ap. Porphyry, Vit. Pyth. 7;
Isocrates, Busiris, 28–9; Cicero, de Finibus,
v. 27; Strabo, xiv.
67. Press 2003, p. 83.
68. Bruhn 2005, p. 66.
69. Burkert 1972, pp. 106-109.
70. Kahn 2001, pp. 5-6.
71. Kahn 2001, pp. 9-11.
72. Burkert 1972, pp. 29-30.
73. Kahn 2001, p. 11.
74. Zhmud 2013, p. 232.
75. Burkert 1985, pp. 300-301.
76. Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 36, comp.
Aristotle, de Anima, i. 3; Herodotus, ii. 123.
77. Kahn 2001, p. 12.
78. Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 3–4
79. Cornelli & McKirahan 2013, pp. 164-
167.
80. Porphyry, Vit. Pyth. 26; Pausanias, ii.
17; Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 5; Horace, Od. i.
28,1. 10
81. Cornelli & McKirahan 2013, pp. 164-
165.
82. Cornelli & McKirahan 2013, pp. 165-
166.
83. Cornelli & McKirahan 2013, p. 167.
84. Aulus Gellius, iv. 11
85. Riedweg 2005, pp. 29-30.
86. Riedweg 2005, p. 30.
87. D. S. Hutchinson and Monte Ransome
Johnson (25 January 2015). "New
Reconstruction, includes Greek text" .
p. 48.
88. Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 12; Plutarch,
Non posse suav. vivi sec. Ep. p. 1094
89. Porphyry, in Ptol. Harm. p. 213;
Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 12.
90. Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 14 ; Pliny, Hist.
Nat. ii. 8.
91. Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 12, 14, 32.
92. Cicero, de Divin. i. 3, 46; Porphyry, Vit.
Pyth. 29.
93. Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth. 25; Porphyry, Vit.
Pyth. 17; Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 3, 13;
Cicero, Tusc. Qu. v. 3.
94. Kahn 2001, pp. 1-2.
95. Burkert 1972, pp. 428-433.
96. Kahn 2001, pp. 2-3.
97. Kahn 2001, p. 3.
98. Burkert 1972, pp. 467-468.
99. Burkert 1972, p. 265.
100. Burkert 1972, p. 433.
101. Burkert 1972, p. 467.
102. Burkert 1972, p. 465.
103. Kahn 2001, pp. 32-33.
104. Riedweg 2005, pp. 26-27.
105. Riedweg 2005, p. 27.
106. Burkert 1972, p. 428.
107. Burkert 1972, pp. 429, 462.
108. Kahn 2001, p. 32.
109. Ferguson 2011, pp. 6-7.
110. Burkert 1972, p. 429.
111. Kahn 2003, p. 32.
112. Kahn 2001, p. 33.
113. Bruhn 2005, pp. 65-66.
114. Riedweg 2005, p. 29.
115. Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth., 29
116. Riedweg 2005, pp. 27-28.
117. Riedweg 2005, p. 28.
118. Christensen 2002, p. 143.
119. Burkert 1972, p. 306.
120. Burkert 1972, pp. 307-308.
121. Burkert 1972, pp. 306-308.
122. Kahn 2001, p. 53.
123. Dicks 1970, p. 68.
124. Riedweg 2005, p. 1.
125. Riedweg 2005, p. 2.
126. Ferguson 2008, p. 60.
127. Porphyry, Vit. Pyth. 20; Iamblichus,
Vit. Pyth. 31, 140; Aelian, Varia Historia, ii.
26; Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 36.
128. McKeown 2013, p. 155.
129. Comp. Herodian, iv. 94, etc.
130. Ferguson 2008, p. 10.
131. See Antoine Faivre, in The Eternal
Hermes (1995)
132. Joost-Gaugier 2007, p. 47.
133. Ferguson 2008, pp. 58-59.
134. Cornelli & McKirahan 2013, p. 160.
135. Ferguson 2008, pp. 60-61.
136. Ferguson 2008, p. 61.
137. Plato, Republic, 600a, Isocrates,
Busiris, 28
138. Cornelli & McKirahan 2013, p. 168.
139. Aelian, Varia Historia, ii. 26; Diogenes
Laërtius, viii. 13; Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth. 8,
91, 141
140. Porphyry, Vit. Pyth. 19
141. Thirlwall, Hist. of Greece, vol. ii. p.
148
142. Riedweg 2005, p. 31.
143. comp. Cicero, de Leg. i. 12, de Off. i.
7; Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 10
144. Cornelli & McKirahan 2013, p. 65.
145. Aristonexus ap. Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth.
94, 101, etc., 229, etc.; comp. the story of
Damon and Phintias; Porphyry, Vit. Pyth.
60; Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth. 233, etc.
146. Cornelli & McKirahan 2013, pp. 68-69.
147. John Dillon and Jackson Hershbell,
(1991), Iamblichus, On the Pythagorean
Way of Life, page 14. Scholars Press.; D. J.
O'Meara, (1989), Pythagoras Revived.
Mathematics and Philosophy in Late
Antiquity, pages 35–40. Clarendon Press.
148. Kahn 2001, p. 8.
149. Scholion ad Aristophanes, Nub. 611;
Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth. 237, 238
150. Cornelli & McKirahan 2013, p. 69.
151. Pomeroy 2013, p. xvi.
152. Pomeroy 2013, p. 1.
153. Pomeroy 2013, pp. xvi-xvii.
154. Riedweg 2005, pp. 33-34.
155. comp. Porphyry, Vit. Pyth. 32;
Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth. 96, etc.
156. Zhmud 2012, pp. 137, 200.
157. Zhmud 2012, p. 200.
158. Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 19, 34; Aulus
Gellius, iv. 11; Porphyry, Vit. Pyth. 34, de
Abst. i. 26; Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth. 98
159. Kahn 2001, p. 9.
160. Plutarch, de Esu Carn. pp. 993, 996,
997
161. Eudoxus, frg. 325
162. Zhmud 2012, p. 235.
163. Aristo ap. Diogenes Laërtius, viii. 20;
comp. Porphyry, Vit. Pyth. 7; Iamblichus,
Vit. Pyth. 85, 108
164. Aristoxenus ap. Diogenes Laërtius,
viii. 20
165. comp. Porphyry, Vit. Pyth. 7;
Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth. 85, 108
166. Iamblichus, Vit. Pyth. 98; Strabo, vi.
167. Kahn 2001, pp. 55-62.
168. Metaphysics, 1.6.1 (987a)
169. Kahn 2001, p. 1.
170. Tusc. Disput. 1.17.39.
171. Kahn 2001, p. 55.
172. Hare 1999, pp. 117-119.
173. Russell 2008, pp. 33-37.
174. Russell 2008, p. 37.
175. Homann-Wedeking 1968, p. 63.
176. Homann-Wedeking 1968, p. 62.
177. Carpenter 1921, pp. 107, 122, 128.
178. Homann-Wedeking 1968, pp. 62-63.
179. Bowra 1994, p. 166.
180. Homann-Wedeking 1968, pp. 62-65.
181. "Each part (finger, palm, arm, etc)
transmitted its individual existence to the
next, and then to the whole": Canon of
Polykleitos, also Plotinus, Ennead I.vi.i:
Nigel Spivey, pp. 290–294.
182. Borlik 2011, p. 192.
183. Grafton, Most & Settis 2010, p. 798.
184. Ferguson 2008, p. 265.
185. Ferguson 2008, pp. 264-274.
186. Ferguson 2008, p. 274.
187. Borlik 2011, p. 189.
188. Borlik 2011, pp. 189-190.
189. 2011, pp. 189-190.
190. Borlik 2011, p. 190.
191. French 2002, p. 30.
192. Sherman 1995, p. 15.
193. Bregman 2002, p. 186.
Sources
Sources
Classical secondary sources
External links
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