Formula Sheet.

Electricity and Magnetism,

Coulomb’s law and electric fields
kq q Constants
F12 = 12 2 r12 e = 1.602 × 10–19 C
r12 1eV = 1.602 × 10–19 J
is the force on charge 1 due to charge 2. me = 9.11 × 10–31 kg
The unit vector points from charge 2 to mp = 1.67 × 10–27 kg
charge 1. k = 1/(4πεo) = 8.99 × 109 N m2/C2
kq εo = 8.85 ×10–12 F/m ( or C2/N m2)
F(on q 0 ) = q 0 E where E = 2 r µo = 4π ×10–7 T m/A
r
1 T = 104 G
Principle of n
E net = ∑ E i Differential area element: dA
Superposition i =1
dA = (circumference)x(thickness)
Field from an infinitesimal kdq
dE = 2 r ring: dA = 2πr dr
charge element. r
Discontinuity at the surface Differential volume elements: dv
σ
of a charged plane ∆E = dv = (surface area)x(thickness)
ε0 thin sheet: dv = A dy
thin cylindrical shell: dv = 2πrL dr
Gauss’s law thin spherical shell: dv = 4πr2 dr
Flux: defined: φnet = ∫ E ⋅ ndA = ∫ E n dA Capacitors
S S

Gauss’s Law: φ net = 4π kqenclosed Q ε0A

C= parallel plate : C =
V d
q enclosed
= n
ε0 parallel: C equiv = C1 + C 2 + … = ∑ C i
i =1
Electric potential
kq series:
V (r ) = and U = q 0 V 1 1
r C equiv = =
1 + 1 +… n
1
The above potential is the potential from C1 C2 ∑C
i =1
a point charge as well as the potential i

outside a spherically symmetric charge Electrostatic Potential Energy

distribution, with V=0 at infinity. n
Point charges: U = ∑ q i Vi ; bringing in
kdq potential from an infinitesimal
dV = charge element.
i =1
r each charge sequentially
Potential calculated from the electric field Conductors at potential V: U = 12 QV
dV Energy in a capacitor:
dV = −E ⋅ d and − = E tan
d Q2
U = 12 CV 2 = 12 QV = 12
b C
∆V = Vb − Va = − ∫ E ⋅ d Energy density of electric fields
a

u e = 12 ε 0 E 2
DC Circuits Magnetic Fields
∆Q dQ µ 0 qv × rˆ
I= = = qnAv d B= (point charge : not in the book)
∆t dt 4π r 2
L V µ Idl × rˆ
R =ρ R= dB = 0 Biot − Savart Law
A I 4π r 2
n
series: R equiv = R 1 + R 2 + … = ∑ R i In the center of a single current loop
i =1
µ o 2πI
Bloop =
parallel: 4π R
1 1
R equiv = = On the axis of a single current loop
1 + 1 +…
n
1
R1 R2 ∑
i =1 Ri Bloop ( x) =
µ o 2πR 2 I
(x = 0 in the center)
4π (x 2 + R 2 )3 / 2
Ohm’s Law
Inside a long solenoid
V = IR
Bx = µ0nI (n is loops/m = N/L)
Power dissipated in a resistor
Due to a very long straight wire
V2
P = IV = I 2 R = µ 0 2I
R B=
4π R
Kirchhoff’s rules
Due to a short straight segment
(1) at a junction: Σ Iin = Σ I out
µ I
(2) around a closed loop: Σ∆V = 0 B = 0 (sin θ 2 − sin θ1 )
4π R
Time dependent circuits Ampere’s Law
charge on a capacitor:
derive I(t)and V(t) from Q(t) ∫ B ⋅dl = µ 0 I encircled
RC, charging : Q (t ) = ε C 1 − e ( ), τ
C
− t / τ RC
RC = RC Induction
− t / τ RC
RC, discharging : Q (t ) = Qo e Flux in a single loop
current through an inductive circuit: Φ B = ∫ B ⋅ nˆdA = BA cos(θ )
derive V(t) from I(t) S

RL, close switch : I (t ) =

ε (1 − e − t / τ LR
), τ =
L Faraday’s law
ε = − N dΦ B
LR
R R
RL, open switch : I (t ) = I o e −t / τ LR dt
Magnetic Force Self inductance Mutual inductance

FB = qv × B [ FLorentz = q( E + v × B) ] L = NΦ B M = N 2 Φ 21 = N 1Φ 12
I I1 I2
Self-induced (back) emf
dFB = Idl × B F = IL × B
Magnetic Torques on current loops
ε = − L dIdt or ε = − M dIdt
Magnetic moment: µ = NIAnˆ Magnetic Energy
U m = 12 LI 2 stored in an inductor
τ = NIAB sin(θ ) τ = µ×B
B2
potential energy of a current loop um = 1
energy density in a B field
2
µ0
U = −µ ⋅ B
Alternating Current
ε = ε peak sin(ωt + δ )
1
I rms = ( I 2 ) av = I peak
2
resistor
I rms = V R ,rms R
inductor
I rms = V L ,rms ωL = V L ,rms X L
capacitor
I rms = VC ,rms (1 / ωC ) = VC ,rms X C

transformers
V2 = N 2 V1
N1

I 2 = N1 I1
N2