1.1.

5 – Illustrate Armature Winding Layout

Basically armature winding

of a DC machine is wound by
one of the two method, lap
winding or wave winding.
The difference between these
two is merely due to the end
connections and commutator
connections of the conductor.
1.1.5 – Illustrate Armature Winding Layout
To know how armature winding is done, it is essential to know the
following terminologies -
1.Pole pitch: It is defined as number of armature slots per pole. For
example, if there are 36 conductors and 4 poles, then the pole pitch is
36/4=9.
2. Coil span or coil pitch (Ys): It is the distance between the two sides of
a coil measured in terms of armature slots.
3. Front pitch (Yf): It is the distance, in terms of armature conductors,
between the second conductor of one coil and the first conductor of
the next coil. OR it is the distance between two coil sides that are
connected to the same commutator segment.
1.1.5 – Illustrate Armature Winding Layout

4. Back pitch (Yb): The distance by

which a coil advances on the back
of the armature is called as back
pitch of the coil. It is measured in
terms of armature conductors.

5. Resultant pitch (Yr): The

distance, in terms of armature
conductor, between the beginning
of one coil and the beginning of the
next coil is called as resultant pitch
of the coil.
1.1.5 – Illustrate Armature Winding Layout
TWO TYPES OF ARMATURE WINDINGS IN D.C MACHINES
a. Lap Winding (Belitan Tindih)

In lap winding, the finishing end of the coil is connected to a

commutator segment and starting end of the following coil.

The lap winding has many paths and hence it is used for the larger
current applications. The only disadvantage of the lap winding is
that it requires many conductors which increase the cost of the
winding
1.1.5 – Illustrate Armature Winding Layout

Lap winding is the winding in which successive coils overlap each other. It
is named "Lap" winding because it doubles or laps back with its
succeeding coils.
1.1.5 – Illustrate Armature Winding Layout
b. Wave Winding (Belitan Gelombang)
In wave winding, a conductor under one pole is connected at the back
to a conductor which occupies an almost corresponding position under
the next pole which is of opposite polarity coil.
1.1.6 - What is number of parallel paths in DC machine?

Lap winding, the conductors are joined in such a way that their parallel
paths and poles are equal in number. The end of each armature coil is
connected to the adjacent segment on the commutator. The number of
brushes in the lap winding is equal to the number of parallel paths, and
these brushes are equally divided into negative and positive polarity.
1.1.6 - What is number of parallel paths in DC machine?
a = number of parallel path
between brushes
m = multiplex
a=mP
P = pole

The lap winding is mainly used in low voltage, high current machine
applications. They are TWO types
i. Simplex Lap Winding
ii. Duplex Lap Winding
1.1.6 - What is number of parallel paths in DC machine?

1. Simplex Lap Winding: In simplex lap

winding, the terminating end of one coil is
joined to the commutator segment and the
starting end of the next coil is placed under
the same pole. Also, the number of parallel
paths is similar to the number of poles of
the windings.
1.1.6 - What is number of parallel paths in DC machine?

2. Duplex Lap Winding: In duplex winding

the number of parallel paths between the
pole is twice the number of poles. The
duplex lap winding is mainly used for heavy
current applications. Such type of winding is
obtained by placing the two similar winding
on the same armature and connecting the
even number commutator bars to one
winding and the odd number to the second
winding.
1.1.6 - What is number of parallel paths in DC machine?

a = number of parallel path

between brushes
m= multiplex

a=2m

Wave winding, only two parallel paths are provided between the
positive and negative brushes. The finishing end of the one armature
coil is connected to the starting end of the other armature coil
commutator segment at some distance apart.
1.1.6 - What is number of parallel paths in DC machine?

In wave winding, the conductors are connected to two parallel paths

irrespective of the number of poles of the machine. The number of
brushes is equal to the number of parallel paths. The wave winding
is mainly used in high voltage, low current machines.
1.1.6 - What is number of parallel paths in DC machine?
Basis For
Lap Winding Wave Winding
Comparison
The coil is lap back to the The coil of the winding
Definition
succeeding coil. form the wave shape.
The end of the armature
The end of the armature coil is
coil is connected to
Connection connected to an adjacent
commutator segments
segment on the commutators.
some distance apart.
The numbers of parallel path
The number of parallel
Parallel Path are equal to the total of
paths is equal to two.
number poles.
EMF Less More
Comparison between Lap Winding and Wave Winding
1.1.6 - What is number of parallel paths in DC machine?
Number of Equal to the number of parallel
Two
Brushes paths.
Progressive and
Types Simplex and Duplex lap winding. Retrogressive
wave winding
Efficiency Less High
Additional Coil Equalizer Ring Dummy coil
High (because more conductor is
Winding Cost Low
required)
In high voltage,
In low voltage, high current
Uses low current
machines.
machines.
Comparison between Lap Winding and Wave Winding
1.1.7 – Compare the field excitation method for DC Generator.

D.C GENERATORS
1.1.7 – Compare the field excitation method for DC Generator.

By excitation, the DC Generators are classified as Separately excited DC

Generators and Self-excited DC Generators. There is also Permanent
magnet type DC generators.

The self-excited DC Generators are further classified as Shunt wound DC

generators; Series wound DC generators and Compound wound DC
generators.

The Compound Wound DC generators are further divided as long shunt

wound DC generators, and short shunt wound DC generators.
1.1.7 – Compare the field excitation method for DC Generator.

The behavior of a dc generator on load depends upon the method of

field excitation adopted.

i - Separately Excited D.C. Generators

A dc generator whose field magnet winding is supplied from an
independent external d.c. source (e.g. a battery etc.) is called a
separately excited generator. Figure shows the connections of a
separately excited generator. The voltage output depends upon the
speed of rotation of armature and the field current (Eg = φZNP/60 A).
The greater the speed and field current, greater is the generated e.m.f.
1.1.7 – Compare the field excitation method for DC Generator.

a. Separate - Excited DC Generator

The field winding is excited

separately, so the field current
depends on supply voltage and
resistance of the field winding.
For armature side, we can see
Vt
that it is supplying a load,
demanding a load current of IL at
a voltage of Vt which is
called terminal voltage.
Now Ia = IL
1.1.7 – Compare the field excitation method for DC Generator.

b. Self-Excited D.C. Generators

A d.c. generator whose field magnet
winding is supplied current from the
output of the generator itself is called
a self-excited generator. There are
three types of self-excited generators
depending upon the manner in which
the field winding is connected to the
armature, namely;
 Series generator
 Shunt generator
 Compound generator
1.1.8 – Illustrate the self excitation
1. Separate - Excited DC Generator
Vt
Voltage and current Relations
Ia = IL
Eb = Vt + IaRa + Vbrush
Eb has three components namely
i) Terminal voltage Vt
ii) Armature resistance drop IaRa
iii) Brush contact drop Vbrush
Where Eb= ϕPNZ / 60A
Generally Vbrush is neglected as
is negligible compared to other
voltages.
1.1.8 – Illustrate the self excitation
2. Self Excited DC Generator
Self-excited DC Generator is a device, in which the current to the field
winding is supplied by the generator itself. In self-excited DC generator,
the field coils must be connected in parallel with the armature in the
series, or it may be connected partly in series and partly in parallel with
the armature windings.

a. Series generator b. Shunt generator c. Compound generator

1.1.8 – Illustrate the self excitation
Shunt Generator
a. Shunt Generator : In a shunt
wound generator, the field winding
is connected across the armature
winding forming a parallel or shunt
circuit. Therefore, full terminal
voltage is applied across it. A very
small field current 𝐼𝑠ℎ , flows
through it because this winding has
many turns of fine wire having very
high resistance 𝑅𝑠ℎ .
A- Shunt Generator
1.1.8 – Illustrate the self excitation
A- Shunt Generator Voltage and Current Relations
Ia = IL + Ish
Now voltage across load is Vt which
is same across field winding as both
are in parallel with each other.
Ish = Vt / Rsh
Vt
While induced e.m.f. Eb, still
required to supply voltage drop
IaRa and brush contact drop.
Eb = Vt + IaRa + Vbrush
Eb = ϕPNZ / 60A
In practice, brush contact drop can
be neglected.
 1.1.8 – Illustrate the self excitation

b. Series Generator - A series-wound

generator the field coils are connected in
series with the armature winding. The
series field winding carries the armature Vt
current. The series field winding consists of
a few turns of wire of thick wire of larger
cross-sectional area and having low
resistance usually of the order of less than
1 ohm because the armature current has a
very large value.
Series Generator
1.1.8 – Illustrate the self excitation
Series Generator Voltage and Current Relations
As all armature, field and load are in
serious they carry the same current.
Ia = Ise = IL
Where Ise = Current through series field
winding
Vt
Now in addition to drop IaRa, induced
e.m.f. has to supply voltage drop across
series field winding too. So voltage
equation can be written as,
Eb= Vt + IaRa + IaRse + Vbrush
Eb= Vt + Ia (Ra + Rse ) + Vbrush
Where Eb = ϕPNZ / 60A
1.1.8 – Illustrate the self excitation

a. In a long shunt compound

generator, the shunt field winding is
parallel with both armature and
series field winding.

b. In a Short Shunt Compound

Generator, the shunt field winding is
connected in parallel with the armature
winding only
1.1.8 – Illustrate the self excitation Voltage and current relations are as
follows.
a. Long shunt compound generator Ia = Ise
and
Ia = Ish + IL
Voltage across shunt field winding
is Vt.
Ish = Vt / Rsh
Where Rsh = Resistance of shunt
Vt
field winding.
And voltage equation is,
Eb = Vt + IaRa + IaRse + Vbrush
Where Rse = Resistance of series
field winding.
1.1.8 – Illustrate the self excitation
b. Short Shunt Compound Wound Generator
Voltage and current relations are as
follows.
Ia = Ise + Ish
Ise = IL
Ia = IL + Ish
Vt
The drop across shunt field
winding is drop across the
armature only and not the total Vt,
int his case. So drop across shunt
field winding is Eb – IaRa.
Ish = Eb-IaRa / Rsh
1.1.8 – Illustrate the self excitation
b. Short Shunt Compound Generator

Now the voltage equation is

Eb = Vt + Ia Ra + IseRse + Vbrush
Ise = IL
Eb = Vt + IaRa + IL Rse + Vbrush
Vt
Neglecting Vbrush, we can write,
Eb = Vt + IaRa + IL Rse
Eb - IaRa = Vt + IL Rse
Ish = [Vt + ILRse] / Rsh