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GMP Sauces NebEntre PDF
GMP Sauces NebEntre PDF
Control of pH
Many entrepreneurs enter the food industry by
manufacturing sauces and dressings. It is important Dressings,sauces,marinades,relishes,pickledvegetables
to understand the basic scientific principles necessary and similar food products most often depend on their acidity
to provide consumers with safe and superior quality to prevent spoilage. These foods may consist of naturally acid
foods. These scientific principles along with Good foods, such as fruits or tomatoes, or they may be formulated
Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) are your keys to by combining food acids or acid foods with other foods to
safety and success. achieve the desired acidity. Some foods, such as vinegar and
certain pickled vegetables, develop acidity from microbial
Food preservation requires killing or limiting the ability fermentation.
of microorganisms of public health significance to grow along Because foods without adequate acidity could allow
with packaging to limit recontamination. In order to grow and the growth of microorganisms capable of causing illness,
produce toxins, pathogens need nutrients, the proper tem- the federal government regulates the manufacture of these
perature, an adequate water supply, an environment with the products. Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Parts
proper acidity (pH), an environment free of growth inhibitors 114 & 108 (21CFR114 & 21 CFR 108), regulate acidified
and the proper atmosphere (either aerobic or anaerobic). The foods. The process needs to be scientifically established to
food manufacturer, handler and retailer can control pathogen ensure that the final pH is always below 4.6. Processors
growth by limiting one or more of the conditions needed for must test each lot of finished product for equilibrium pH.
growth. The growth of pathogenic microorganisms in food That means a natural pH balance has been reached by all
products can be controlled by: ingredients, which can take as long as 10 days in foods with
very large particulates. Products that require several days
• Control of pH (acidity) to reach equilibrium pH may need to be refrigerated during
• Control of water activity (Aw) this time to prevent growth of Clostridium botulinum or
• Chemical preservatives other pathogens.
• Control through packaging
These means often are used in conjunction with thermal Categories of Foods Preserved by Acids
processing(heat treatment) to providesafe,shelf-stable foods.
Water activity and pH may be directly controlled in foods by Naturally acid foods and fermented foods along with
adding salt, sugar or acids. Microbial growth may be stopped jams, jellies, preserves, certain dressings, sauces with smooth
by adding growth inhibiting chemicals and/or substances such consistencies and carbonated beverages are exempt from
as salt. The food is then confined in containers that eliminate the provisions of 21 CFR Part 114. Generally, if a food is
recontamination with microorganisms (hermetically sealed). formulated predominantly from acid foods, it qualifies for
From a food safety standpoint, packaging serves two functions: exemption. If, however, the food contains a mixture of acid
it prevents contamination of the food, and extends the effective- and low-acid foods, the regulation applies.
ness of food preservation methods. Very often processors use
a combination of these controls, rather than relyingononlyone. Acidity and pH
This is becausea one-controlpreservation system can be harsh,
thus reducing the consumer acceptance of the product. The use The acidity of a food is indicated by its pH value. The
of multiple controls is called the hurdle concept. Microbiologi- pH scale (Figure 1) ranges from 0 to 14, with pH 7.0 being
cal controls using pH, water activity, inhibitors, packaging and neutral. Any pH below 7.0 falls in the acidic range while
atmosphere often are used in combination during the production those above pH 7.0 are in the basic range. The lower the pH
of sauces, dressings and condiments. reading, the more acid is the food.
pH Value Concentration of Hydrogen Ions (acetic acid) to attain the desired acidity. Vinegar is a familiar
and effective source of food acid. Lemon juice is a common
0 10,000,000 source of citric acid, while malic acid is the predominant acid
1 1,000,000 in apples. Lactic acid is found in fermented dairy products and
2 100,000 some fermented vegetable and meat products. Each of these
3 10,000 acids provides a different flavor profile when used in foods.
4 1,000 Acidity Whenlow-acid foods are used in formulations, it is impor-
5 100 tant that the low-acid component be properly acidified before
6 10 spoilage or toxin-producing microorganisms can grow. The
7 0 Neutral pH must reach its equilibrium value before spoilage begins.
The rate of acid uptake by low-acid foods can be influenced
Concentration of Hydroxyl Ions by factors such as particle size or the presence of a waxy
8 10 peel. These factors often can be overcome simply by cutting
9 100 the low acid food into smaller pieces. When oil is used in
10 1,000 the formulation, the low-acid components should reach an
11 10,000 Alkalinity equilibrium pH of 4.6 or less before the oil is added.
12 100,000 Most foods possess a chemical property called buffering
13 1,000,000 capacity that allows them to resist changes in pH. At certain
14 10,000,000 pH levels, greater amounts of acid must be added to the food to
continue to reduce the pH. Buffering can be a useful property
Figure 1. The pH scale because it prevents changes of pH with minor variations in
the amount of acid added.
The regulation requires that foods preserved by acidity
have a pH of 4.6 or less. At these levels, production of deadly Measuring pH
botulism toxin by the organism Clostridium botulinum is
inhibited. Foods that have a pH greater than 4.6 are low-acid The pH of a food usually is determined using a pH
foods, and require a much more severe heat treatment to pro- meter. Electrodes from the meter are inserted into solution
duce a safe, shelf-stable food. Most fruits and fruit products to measure the pH electronically. A variety of pH meters are
are acid foods, and most vegetables and meats are low-acid available from scientific equipment suppliers. Prices range
foods. Remember, low-acid foods have high pH readings. from less than $100 to over $1,000, depending on the type of
Table I lists the pH values of some common foods. meter and its features.
7.0
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