Unit 5 PDF

UNIT - V SETTLEMENT SYSTEM IN A CHANGING WORLD 25th HOUR
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Criteria – Global city:
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Global city status is considered to be beneficial and desired, and because it e
of this many groups have tried to classify and rank which cities are seen r c h
as world cities or non-world cities.
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Although there is a consensus upon leading world cities, the criteria
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upon which a classification is made can affect which other cities are
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The criteria for identification tend f either to be based on a yardstick
osector is the largest sector then city X is
value (e.g., if the producer-service
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a world city) or on an imminent s t . determination (if the producer-service
sector of city X is greater A s
than the combined producer-service sectors of N
other cities then citynX, is a world city.)
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General criteria’s
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M AR 1316 HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND PLANNING
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Economic characteristics
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Serve as the corporate headquarter sites for multinational corporations,
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international financial institutions, law firms, conglomerates, and stock
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exchanges that influence the world economy
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Contribute significant financial capacity/output to the city's, region's, or
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even nation's, Gross domestic product (GDP) c h
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House the major stock market indices/market capitalisation.
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Provide a variety of international financial services, notably in the FIRE
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industries, banking, accountancy, and marketing
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Appear near the top of cost of living.
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world cities are the headquarterss of transnational companies. They are key
A and producer services such as banking,
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centres for financial institutions
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insurance, marketing,yaccounting, advertising, and legal matters.
World cities are i g e
also transportation and communications centres, with
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efficient intraurban movement and various interregional and international
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Political characteristics
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Active influence on, and participation in, international events and world
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affairs; for example, Beijing, Berlin, London, Moscow, New Delhi, Paris,
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Tokyo, and Washington are capitals of influential nations.
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Hosting headquarters for international organizations such as the United
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Nations (New York City), the World Bank (Washington, D.C), or NATO
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A large city proper, population of the municipality (the centre of a
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metropolitan area, typically several million) or agglomeration
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Diverse demographic constituencies based on various indicators:
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mobility, and n ,
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urbanisation
Quality of life standards or city development
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Expatriate (emigrant) communities
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Political characteristics
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Typically, world cities are home to national and/or subnational governments.
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An example is The Hague, in the Netherlands. Although not the official
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capital city of the country, this city is a political centre and has achieved
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significant stature as home to several international organizations.
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Criteria – Global city: ctu
Cultural characteristics it e
Renowned cultural institutions (often with high endowments), such as r c h
notable museums and galleries, notable opera companies, major ballet f A
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companies, orchestras, notable film centres, and theatre centres. A lively
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cultural scene, including film festivals (such as the Toronto International
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Film Festival), premieres, a thriving music scene, nightlife, an opera
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company, art galleries, street performers, and annual parades.
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Several influential media organisations with an international reach,
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including Thomson Reuters, Bloomberg, The New York Times, International
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Herald Tribune, Agence France-Presse, or Associated Press.
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A strong sporting community, including major sports facilities, home
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teams in major league sports, and the ability and historical experience to
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host international sporting events such as the Olympic Games, FIFA World
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Cup, or Grand Slam tennis events.
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Educational institutions; e.g., renowned universities, international
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student attendance, research facilities
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Cultural characteristics it e
Sites of pilgrimage for world religions (for example, Mecca, Jerusalem r c h
or Rome) f A
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Cities containing World Heritage Sites of historical and cultural o
significance o o
Tourism throughout c h
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City as site or subject in arts and media, television, film, video games,
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music, literature, magazines, articles, documentary
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City as an often repeated historic reference, showcase, or symbolic
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World cities are usually culturally heterogeneous, serving as home to
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diverse ethnic identities and likely sites of various spectacles and
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international events.
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Infrastructural characteristics it e
An advanced transportation system that includes several highways r c h
and/or a large mass transit network offering multiple modes of f A
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transportation (rapid transit, light rail, regional rail, ferry, or bus).
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Extensive and popular mass transit systems, prominent rail usage, road
vehicle usage, major seaports c h
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A major international airport that serves as an established hub for
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several international airlines. Airports with significant passenger traffic and
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international passengers traffic or cargo movements.
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An advanced communications infrastructure on which modern trans-
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national corporations rely, such as fiberoptics, Wi-Fi networks, cellular
phone services, and other high-speed lines of communications.
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For example, Seoul and Tokyo are known as the digital and technology
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capitals of the world.
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Infrastructural characteristics it e
Health facilities; e.g., hospitals, medical laboratories r c h
Prominent skylines/skyscrapers (for example, Hong Kong, New York City,
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Shanghai, Tokyo, Dubai, Chicago, Guangzhou, Bangkok, Shenzhen, l o
Singapore). o o
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Cities' telephone and mail services, airport flights-range, traffic
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congestion, availability of water, train facilities, nearby parks, hospitals,
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The Hierarchy of World Cities
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There are three or four principal world cities—London, New York,
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Tokyo, and, in some listings, Paris.
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Are all cities world cities?
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All cities are world cities and are connected with other cities. Some
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cities are more powerful than others—economically, culturally, politically,
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and technologically— but this fact does not dispute the importance of
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From Hierarchies to Networks P r
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World cities form a network, with cities as nodes linked through
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transnational flows of capital, knowledge, information, commodities,
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economic activities, and people.
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World cities are often tied to experiences elsewhere.
Connectivity between world cities retains a significant regional
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dimension, with European, North American, and Pacific Asian networks
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being evident.
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More and More World Cities - effects?
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Many scholars argue that the new geography of centrality is evident in
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the emergence of a limited number of key world cities that, among them,
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effectively manage the global economy.
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However, many corporations may choose to locate their headquarters
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in suburban peripheral areas or perhaps even in smaller cities.
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The rising number of telecommuters in many parts of the world is also
part of this larger trend. S )
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There may be an optimal size of city; ‘bigger is better’ may not always
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hold true. P r
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locating in less densely populated areas and the social benefits of more
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family-friendly settings, with the advantages of telecommunications, may
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help explain the shift away from the centres of large cities.
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Type of classification of global cities:
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One example is AT Kearney’s list, developed in conjunction with the Chicago it e
Council on Global Affairs. Their most recent version is the 2012 Global Cities
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Index. This study uses criteria across five dimensions:
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1. Business Activity (headquarters, services firms, capital markets value,
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number of international conferences, value of goods through ports
and airports) c h
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2. Human Capital (size of foreign born population, quality of universities,
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number of international schools, international student population,
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number of residents with college degrees)
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3. Information Exchange (accessibility of major TV news channels,
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Internet presence (basically number of search hits), number of
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international news bureaus, censorship, and broadband subscriber
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rate)
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4. Cultural Experience (number of sporting event, museums, performing
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arts venues, culinary establishments, international visitors, and sister
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city relationships).
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5. Political Engagement (number of embassies and consulates, think
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New York, London, Paris, and Tokyo Come Out on Top in 2012 -- A.T. Kearney
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Global Cities Index
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New York and London remain the world's most global cities,cwhile
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emerging-market cities strengthened their ability to challenge Aglobal leaders
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in the next 10 to 20 years, according to the 2012 A.T. Kearney
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Index.
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The Global Cities Index, conducted every two S
, years since 2008, provides a
unique measure of global engagement forS66
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S cities across five dimensions—
business activity, human capital, information f ( exchange, cultural experience,
and political engagement. The 2012 r oGlobal Cities Index was developed by
A.T. Kearney and The Chicago Council t . P on Global Affairs.
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Rachel Bronson, Chicago
a n Council on Global Affairs Vice President of Studies
y city rankings limit their focus to business or quality
noted, "While most eother
of life measures,h i g
the Global Cities Index provides a holistic look at what
t in generating, attracting and retaining global capital,
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people, andKideas.“
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Mike Hales, A.T. Kearney partner and study co-leader commented, t"The
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Global Cities Index is a tool that business executives can use toteidentify
locations for regional headquarters that have the potential toch
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attract and
retain top talent. Many cities are also using the Global A r Index to
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benchmark their development initiatives." o f
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Findings from the 2012 Global Cities Index:c
Despite the financial turmoil of the past few ,) Syears, New York and London
have consistently led the rankings in all S S editions of the Global Cities
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Index. f (
r o positions this year, are always far
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Paris and Tokyo, although they alternate
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above the rest of the top ten. st
The top four cities demonstrate
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across several dimensions a
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positions at the top of
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Indian cities are showing potential, but they have a more balanced ctu
positioning of strengths and vulnerabilities. it e
Kolkata, New Delhi, Bangalore, and Mumbai are grouped near the center of r c h
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the ranking because the trends in their economic indicators still lag those of
Chinese cities. l o
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Human settlement in space:
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spreading life throughout the solar system
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"I know that humans will colonize the solar system and one day
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Mike Griffin, former NASA Administrator.
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o In a phenomenal
A billion years ago there was no life on c hland.
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development, by 400 million years ago land,life was well established.
We are at the very beginning of Sa
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important, development.
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Today Earth teems with life, but P r as far as we know, in the vast reaches of
space there are only a handfuls t . of astronauts, a few plants and animals, and
s on the International Space Station.
some bacteria and fungi;Amostly
We can change that. n ,
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spreading life throughout the solar system
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In the 1970's Princeton physicist Gerard O'Neill, with the A help of NASA
f that we can
Ames Research Center and Stanford University, discovered o
build gigantic spaceships, big enough to live in. ol
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These free-space settlements could be wonderful
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the size of a California beach town and
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recreation, fantastic views, freedom, Selbow-room S in spades, and great
wealth. f (
In time, we may see millions r oof free-space settlements in our solar
system alone. t . P
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Building them, particularly
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Who?
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You. Or at least people a lot like you. Space settlements will be a place for
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ordinary people. A
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Presently, with few exceptions, only highly trained and carefully
selected astronauts go to space. ho
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Space settlement needs inexpensive, safe launch systems to deliver
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thousands, perhaps millions, of people into orbit.
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If this seems unrealistic, note that a hundred and fifty years ago nobody
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had ever flown in an airplane, but today nearly 500 million people fly each
year. t . P
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Some special groups might find space settlement particularly attractive:
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The handicapped could keep a settlement at zero-g to make
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wheelchairs and walkers unnecessary.
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Penal colonies might be created in orbit as they should be fairly escape
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People who wish to experiment with very different social and political
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forms could get away from restrictive social norms.
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Who?
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Although some colonies may follow this model, it's reasonable to expect
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that the vast majority of space colonists will be ordinary people. A
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Indeed, eventually most people in space settlements will be born there,
and some day they may vastly exceed Earth's population. ol
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Based on the materials available, the human population in orbit could
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one day exceed ten trillion living in millions of space colonies with a
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combined living space hundreds of times the surface of the Earth.
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What?
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A space settlement is a home in orbit. Rather than live on the outside of
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a planet, settlers will live on the inside of gigantic spacecraft.
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Typical space settlement designs are roughly one half to a few
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kilometers across. A few designs are much larger.
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Settlements must be air tight to hold a breathable atmosphere, and
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must rotate to provide pseudo-gravity. Thus, people stand on the inide of
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the hull.
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Enormous amounts of matter, probably lunar soil at first, must cover
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the settlements to protect inhabitants from radiation. On Earth our
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atmosphere does this job, but space settlements need about five tons of
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matter covering every square meter of a colony's hull to protect space
settlers from cosmic rays and solar flares.
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Each settlement must be an independent biosphere. All oxygen, water,
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wastes, and other materials must be recycled endlessly.
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What?
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Eg: Pictures of space settlements.
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Pictures of Kalpana One.
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Lewis One space settlement design.
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Pictures of Kalpana One: c h
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Free space settlements are man-made, hollow planetoids in orbit. The
colonists live permanently on the interior. S )
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Kalpana One is intended to improve on the free space settlement
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designs of the mid-1970s: the Bernal Sphere, Stanford Torus, and O'Neill
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cylinders, as well as on Lewis One, designed at NASA Ames Research
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Center in the early 1990s. As
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These systems are intended to provide permanent homes for
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communities of thousands of people.
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The Kalpana One structure is a cylinder with a radius of 250m and a
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length of 325m.
The population target is 3,000 residents.
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What? it e
Pictures of Kalpana One: r c h
The Kalpana One design is named after NASA astronaut Kalpana
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Chawla. l o
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Born in India, she was one of the seven crew members killed in the
Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. c h
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The name "Kalpana-1" was first coined by an entry to the NASA Ames
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Student Space Settlement Design Contest in 2005 by a team from New
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Delhi, India. of
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Pictures of Kalpana One:
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D. Exterior view
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D. Cutaway view of interior
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.r D Interior view from near the hub of the settlement
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D. closer interior views
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D. Automated robotic farming
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Where?
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In orbit, not on a planet or moon. Why should we live in orbit rather than on a
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planet or moon? Because orbit is far superior to the Moon and Mars for
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colonization, and other planets and moons are too hot, too far away, and/or
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have no solid surface.
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For an alternate view, see Robert Zubrin's powerful case for Mars
exploration and colonization. S )
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Mars' biggest advantage is that all the materials necessary for life may be
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found on Mars. While materials for orbital colonies must be imported from the
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Moon or Near Earth Objects (NEO's -- asteroids and comets), there are many
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advantages to orbital colonies. Advantages include:
Earth-normal 'gravity‘: n ,
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The Moon and Mars have a surface gravity much less than Earth normal
(which called 1g - the g stands for 'gravity'). The lunar surface is at
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roughly 1/6g and Mars is a 1/3g planet. Children raised in low-g cannot be
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expected to develop bones and muscles strong enough to visit Earth
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except in desperation -- it will be too painful and exhausting.
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Where?
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For example, this author weighs 73kg (160 pounds). If I went to a 3g
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planet, the equivalent of moving from Mars to Earth, I would weigh 225
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kg (almost 500 pounds) and would have great difficulty getting out of bed.
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For children raised on the Moon or Mars, attending college on Earth will be
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out of the question. c h
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By contrast, orbital colonies can rotate
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S to provide any g level desired,
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( the colony creates a force called
although it's not true gravity. Spinning f
pseudo-gravity, that feels a lotP rogravity.
like
Pseudo-gravity is much like s t .what you feel when a car takes a sharp turn
at high speed. Your body A sis pressed up against the door. Simillarly, as an
orbital space colony n , turns, the inside of the colony pushes on the
y athem to go around. The amount of this force can be
inhabitants forcing
controlled and i g e
for reasonable colony sizes and rotation rates the force
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can be about 1g.
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Where?
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For example, a colony with an 895 meter (a bit less than 1000 yards) radius
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rotating at one rpm (rotations per minute) provides 1g at the hull. Children
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raised on orbital colonies should have no trouble visiting Earth foro f
extended periods. ol
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Rapid resupply from Earth: S c
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The Moon is a few days away from Earth, and trips to Mars take many
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months. Early colonies in Earth orbit will be only hours away. This is a
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huge logistical advantage for a large project like building space
settlements. t . P
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Continuous, ample, reliable solar energy:
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In orbit there is no night. Solar power is available 24/7. Most places on
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the Moon or Mars are in darkness half of the time (the only exception is
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the lunar poles).
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Mars, in addition, is much farther from the Sun and so receives about
.r D half the solar power available at Earth orbit. Mars also has dust
storms which interfere with solar power.
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Where?
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Great views from Earth (and eventually other planets):
r c h
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Space colonization is, at its core, a real estate business. The value of real
f
estate is determined by many things, including "the view."
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Any space settlement will have a magnificient view of the stars at night.
o
c h
Any settlement on the Moon or Mars will also have a view of unchanging,
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starkly beautiful, dead-as-a-doornail, rock strewn surface.
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However, settlements in earth orbit will have one of the most stunning
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f
views in our solar system - the living, ever-changing Earth.
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Weightless recreation: s t .
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Although space colonies will have 1g at the hull, in the center you will
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experience weightlessness. If you've ever jumped off a diving board,
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you hit the water. ge
you've been weightless. It's the feeling you have after jumping and before
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The difference in a space colony is that the feeling will last for as long as
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you like. Acrobatics, sports and dance go to a new level when constraints
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of gravity are removed.
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Where?
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Zero-g construction means bigger colonies:
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Space colonists will spend almost all of their time indoors.
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It is impossible for an unprotected human to survive outside for more
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than few seconds. In this situation, obviously bigger colonies are better.
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Colonies on the Moon or Mars won't be much bigger than buildings on
Earth, especially at first. , S
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However, in orbit astronauts can easily move spacecraft weighing many
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tons by hand. Everything is weightless and this makes large scale
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construction much easier. P r
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Colonies can be made so large that, even though you are really inside,
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it feels like the out-of-doors.
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Where?
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Much greater growth potential:
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The Moon and Mars together have a surface area roughly the size of
f A
o
Earth. But if the single largest asteroid (Ceres) were to be used to build
l
orbital space colonies, the total living area created would be
o o
approximately 150 times the surface area of the Earth. c h
, S
Since much of the Earth is ocean or sparsely inhabited, settlements built
S )
from Ceres alone could provide uncrowded homes for more than a trillion
( S
people.
of
P r
Economics. s t .
As
Near-Earth orbital colonies can service Earth's tourist, energy, and
n ,
materials markets more easily than the Moon.
y a
i ge
Mars is too far away to easily trade with Earth. Space colonies, wherever
they are built, will be very expensive.
t h
ar
Supplying Earth with valuable goods and services will be critical to
K
.
paying for colonization.
.r D
r e
ctu
Why?
it e
Growth
r c h
Why build space settlements?
f A
Why do weeds grow through cracks in sidewalks?
l o
Why did life crawl out of the oceans and colonize land?
o o
c h
Because living things want to grow and expand. We have the ability to live
, S
in space therefore we will -- but not this fiscal year.
S )
( S
The key advantage of space settlements f
oelse. is the ability to build new land,
rather than take it from someone P r
This allows a huge expansion s t . of humanity without war or destruction of
Earth's biosphere. A s
The asteroids alone ,
n provide enough material to make new orbital land
a
y greater than the surface of the Earth, divided into
hundreds of times
i g e
millions of colonies.
t h
r can easily support trillions of people.
a
This land
K
.
.r D
r e
ctu
A Nice Place to Live
it e
A few features of orbital real estate are worth mentioning:
r c h
Great Views: A
Many astronauts have returned singing the praises of their view of o f
Earth from orbit. ol
ho
Low earth orbit settlements, and eventually settlements near Jupiter
S c
,
and Saturn, will have some of the most spectacular views in the solar
)
system.
SS
f (
Of course, all space settlements will have unmatched views of the stars,
r o
unhindered by clouds, air pollution, or (with some care) bright city lights.
Low-g recreation: t . P
s s
Consider circular swimming pools around and near the axis of rotation.
, A
n
You should be able to dive up into the water! Sports and dance at low or
a
y
zero-g will be fantastic.
e
i g
For dancers, note that in sufficiently low gravity, always available near
h
art
the axis of rotation, anyone can jump ten times higher than Baryshnikov
K
ever dreamed.
.
.r D
r e
ctu
A Nice Place to Live
it e
A few features of orbital real estate are worth mentioning:
r c h
Environmental Independence: A
On Earth we all share a single biosphere. o f
ol
We breathe the same air, drink the same water, and the misdeeds of
some are visited on the bodies of all. ho
S c
,
Each space settlement is completely sealed and does no share
)
S
atmosphere or water with other settlements or with Earth. Thus if one
S
f (
settlement pollutes their air, no one else need breathe it.
r o
Custom living: t . P
s s
Since the entire environment is man-made, you can really get what you
, A
want.
an
y
Like lake front property? Make lots of lakes.
e
i g
Like sunsets? Program sunset simulations into wether system every
h
hour. art
. K
Like to go barefoot? Make the entire environment foot-friendly.
.r D
r e
ctu
When?
it e
How long did it take to build New York? California? France? Even given
r c h
ample funds the first settlement will take decades to construct.
f A
No one is building a space settlement today, and there are no
l o
o
immediate prospects for large amounts of money, so the first settlement
o
will be awhile. c h
, S
If Burt Rutan's prediction of affordable orbital tourism in 25 years is
S )
correct, however, it's reasonable to expect the first orbital colony to be
( S
built within about 50 years.
of
r
If the first settlement is designed to build additional settlements,
P
t .
colonization could proceed quite rapidly.
s
As
The transportation systems will already be in place and a large,
n ,
experienced workforce will be in orbit.
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
When?
it e
Unless...
r c h
Space settlement is extraordinarily expensive because launch vehicles
f A
are difficult to manufacture and operate.
l o
o
For example, the current (2004) cost to put an individual into orbit for a
o
short time is about $30 million. c h
, S
To enable large scale space tourism by the middle class, this cost must
S )
be reduced to about $1,000-$10,000, a factor of 3 to 4 orders of
( S
magnitude.
of
r
Space tourism has launch requirements similar to space settlement
P
t .
suggesting that a radical improvement in manufacturing technology may
s
As
be necessary to enable space settlement.
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
Utopian concepts: tu
c
The concept of Utopia was devised by the philosopher Sir Thomas i t e More
h
in a book published in 1516. In the book, Utopia is the namercof a fictional
island in the Atlantic which supports an ideal community f A with a
seemingly perfect social, political and legal system. l o
o o
c h
It is significant that Utopia was conceived S as an island; the perfect
, of the world to avoid being
society had to be isolated from the rest S )
corrupted by it. ( S
o f
P r
Crucially, More did not believe
t . that such an ideal society was possible -
s concept.
s
it was a purely philosophical
A
,
n Utopia comes from the Greek term ‘no place’,
In fact, the word a
y More Utopia was an impossible dream.
indicating that i g e
for
rt h
K a
.
.r D
r e
Utopian concepts:
tu c
However, many architects and town planners have been preoccupied i t e
with the idea of the perfect society and devised hugely r c h ambitious
schemes, believing that a rationally planned environment
f Acould create a
l o
more rational, more efficient society. In particular, Modernism was fueled
by utopian optimism for the future. However, history o o has proved that it is
misguided, even dangerous, to build such grandiose c h schemes.
,) S
Modernist architects of the 20thSS century devised ‘ideal’ cities –
completely new environments based
(
f on new social theories.
r o
t . P
They tried to create thesenvironment of the future. An example is Le
Corbusier’s Ville Radieuse
s
A – the Radiant City (1927). This was Le
,
ndream.
Corbusier’s Utopian
y a
i g e
It consists
t h of identical monolithic blocks located in vast greenbelts. The
r linked up by high speed expressways. This is a supremely
a
blocks are
K environment, but the anonymous blocks are repetitive; they deny
.
rational
D
.r individuality.
r e
Utopian concepts:
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D Ville Radieuse – the Radiant City
r e
Utopian concepts:
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
h
Ville Radieuse – the Radiant City
t
K ar
.
.r D
r e
Utopian concepts:
ctu
it e
The Ville Radieuse was
r c h
never fully implemented,
but Le Corbusier did manage f A
l o
to construct the Unité
o o
d’habitation in Marseilles,
c h
which embodies his concept , S
of communal living. S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
This is a monolithic block raised off the ground on stilts and elevated
As
above the decay and disorder of the city.
n ,
a
The block houses an indoor market, a school and communal recreation
y
i ge
areas all in one building.
h
Again, this seems ultra-efficient, but it is overly rational. It is
t
ar
dangerous for an architect to think he can anticipate the needs of all
K
.
users. Even the name habitation unit is dehumanising.
.r D
r e
Utopian concepts:
ctu
Utopian schemes were an attempt to it e
improve on the conventional city. r c h
Modernists disliked like real cities –
f A
they thought they were chaotic and l o
uncoordinated. o o
Modernists were obsessed with c h
, S
order and rationality, so they devised
S )
schemes to simplify the city. In
( S
particular, they separated it out of
according to function. P r
s t
For example, they believed that
.
As
people should live in residential
n ,
a
areas that were separate from the
y
i ge
business areas. The blocks were to
h
be linked up by a road network. It
t
ar
was believed that this would
K
.
make society more rational.
.r D
r e
Utopian concepts:
ctu
The problem is that a space designed for only one purpose can
it e
become sterile.
r c h
Cities need variety, diversity and interaction. In the 1960s and 70s
f A
o
there was a crticial backlash against Modernism. The American writer
l
o
Jane Jacobs published a book called The Death and Life of Great
o
c h
American Cities (1961), which was a brilliant critique of Modernist
architecture. , S
S )
S
Jacobs examined Modernist planning schemes and argued that they
(
f
were dehumanising because they denied individuality.
o
P r
People can’t relate to the environment, and that leads to alienation.
s t .
In contrast, she cited her own neighbourhood of Greenwich Village in
A
New York as a better model.s
n ,
Greenwich Village is a space of varied use. It has social and ethnic
y a
i ge
diversity and it’s characterised by vigorous life. It was part of a real,
h
organic city, not an artificial Modernist one.
t
K ar
.
.r D
r e
Utopian concepts:
ctu
Brasilia it e
Few of the utopian cities were fully realised, but Brasilia in South r c h
A
America is a rare example of Modernist ‘utopia’ that actually was built.
f
The original capital of Brazil was Rio de Janeiro, but in 1956 the
l o
o o
government decided to build a new capital in the centre of the country.
c h
The site was a wasteland; so they built an artificial city in the middle of
, S
nowhere. It was completed in only 41 months.
S )
S
This is the closest thing we have to a Modernist Utopia, although the
(
of
art critic Robert Hughes calls it a ‘utopian horror’.
P r
s t .
Much of it was designed by Oscar Neimeyer, a Modernist architect who
As
was born in South America but studied under Le Corbusier.
n ,
a
Like the Ville Radieuse it consists of monolithic housing buildings
y
i ge
located in the suburbs and separated from the city by huge distances.
h
The road network links up the separate areas, but as you can see it
t
ar
also acts as a barrier unless you have a car.
K
.
.r D
r e
Utopian concepts:
ctu
Brasilia it e
Like Paris, Brasilia was designed to prevent revolution. It has been r c h
described as a city without crowds because the planners abolished allf A
the spaces where people could gather. l o
o o
The streets were replaced by high speed expressways, so there is no
real public space in the entire city. c h
, S
)
Public space is important; it is the arena in which we represent
S
ourselves as a public. ( S
of
Public space can be used as a platform for political action. In fact,
P r
revolutions are often referred to as a ‘taking to the streets’.
s t .
Public space is crucial for democracy. The Brazilian government tried
As
to abolish public space. Without it, people had nowhere to congregate,
n ,
a
nowhere to express their views.
y
i ge
The design has been interpreted as a ‘counter-revolutionary strategy’.
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
Utopian concepts:
ctu
Carbon-Neutral Island it e
Carbon-Neutral Island is a carbon emission free island ruled by women. r c h
A
Analogous to Atlantis, this city is located on a mystical island, where
f
o
society is self-sustaining, carbon-neutral and where there is no place for
l
religion. o o
c h
Women and men live apart and can only meet in the middle, in a
, S
place called the Garden of Eden.
S )
( S
Plutopia of
P r
The city Plutopia consists of several worlds in which work, religion,
s t .
entertainment and living are separated in different spheres, much like
As
the idea of Le Corbusier in the twentieth century.
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
Utopian concepts:
ctu
Brain City it e
The population of this Utopian city is bound together by ties sustained r c h
through a strong participation of its members in civil society.
f A
o
In Brain City, characterized by a culture of tolerance, a plethora of
l
religious, ethnic and cultural differences exists. o o
c h
This is part and parcel of the vision of Utopia of its architects.
, S
)
Such differences are overcome through continuous debate, being at the
S
S
root of a lively, yet ultimately harmonious society.
(
of
Wireless-Water-World P r
s t .
Anticipating global warming, the Wireless-Water-World Group
As
envisioned a city floating on water, thriving on state-of-the-art
n ,
a
technology, but still with a sense of old-worldly charm, combining living,
y
i ge
working and entertainment in one compact city.
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
Utopian concepts:
ctu
Sense City: it e
Sense City appealed to our senses. r c h
It’s a place of pleasure and relaxation and Buddha, in case its
f A
inhabitants crave for some Zen. l o
o o
Sensibility is a central characteristic of Sense City’s society.
c h
The creators of Sense City applaud creativity and diversity: it’s a lot
, S
)
better to have a city which favors homosexuality and crazy geniuses
S
than mediocrity.
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
Utopian concepts – Examples:
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D Utopia City
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D Smog
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar Cross Fate City Concept
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D Future City
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D City Of The Future 2
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D Future City Too
r e
Utopian concepts: tu c
The central problem is that an ideal society is a logical impossibility,i t e
societies are made up of millions of individuals and individuals r c h will never
agree on what constitutes an ideal society.
f A
To try to create an ‘ideal’ society wouldl omean suppressing
individuality. o o
For that reason, one person’s utopia inevitably c h becomes a dystopia.
, S
The utopian cities of the 20th century )are megalomanical nightmares
for everyone but their creators. S S
f (
r o
Conclusion
t . P
There have been many sattempts to create the ideal environment for
the ideal society. A s
,
n devised ideal cities and some of these were
Modernist architects
y a
partially realised.
i g e
However, t hthe concept of a planned city is dangerous because no single
r anticipate the needs of millions. Real cities have grown
plan cana
K they reflect the variety and complexity of society.
.
organically;
.r D
r e
Information Technology & Communication – future of the cities:
ctu
The term Information Technology (IT) includes in general every
it e
technology which is capable to provide and/or transmit or exchange
r c h
information.
f A
l o
o
To be able to discuss the impacts of recent or current developments in
o
c h
information technologies on the spatial development in certain countries
or even globally one needs to be more specific. , S
S )
IT can be divided into old IT which is usually a synonym for traditional
( S
f
telecommunication devices and new IT which includes computers,
o
r
cellular phones and in general, wireless technological devices such as
P
t .
laptops, palm computers etc. as well as the World Wide Web.
s
sA
These technologies ,
n are more and more combined with media and
a
yestablishing new digitalised technologies and services.
Internet services
i g
These combinations
e of old and new IT with media services is called
rt h
a
Telematics or Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) (de
Kand Jensen-Butler 2000).
.
Castro
.r D
r e
ctu
Applications and Growth of ICT
it e
Telematics provide three main improvements in information technology.
r c h
Telematics provide
f A
(1) faster access to information,
l o
(2) access to higher quantities of information, and
o o
(3) access to higher quality of information. c h
S ,
Almost the only communication technology S ) available until the 1970s
S
( facsimile and telex.
was the telephone and its close ‘allies’, f
oand internet connections were added
To this the mobile telephony P r
throughout the 1980s and 1990s.s t .
Information technology A s
was dominated by the television until the 1980s
when the World Wide n ,Web was established.
y athese techniques are combined offering several new
Since the 1990s
g e
services andhidevices, e.g. videoconferencing, global positioning systems,
a
cable and r t
satellite television.
. K
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
Moreover, many single devices were connectable to networks, e.g. Local
r c h
Area Networks (LAN) or Wireless Area Networks (WAN).
f A
Information and media devices became connectable to digital,
l o
broadband or satellite networks.
o o
c h
Already these networks are not separated anymore but highly
connectable. , S
S )
They offer flexible and fast access from almost anywhere in the world to
( S
f
a high quantity of information of good quality.
o
P r
s t .
A s
Perhaps both the Agricultural and the Industrial Revolution do not
n
deserve this name. The, former unfolded over more than 5000 the latter
over more thaney
a
200 years. Since then the pace of change accelerated
i g
enormouslyh(Gardner 2001).
a rt
. K
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
According to Gardner it took the US 46 years to endow a quarter of the
US population with electricity.
f A
o
This time horizon reduced to 35, 26, 16, 13 and 7 years for the
l
o
telephone, the television, the computer, the cellular phone and the
o
internet, respectively. c h
S,
Although, the density of cellular phones,
)
S PC’s and Internet connections
is high in 2002 their estimatedf growth( S rates of 7%, 5%, and 8%,
respectively, for 2005 remain much r o higher than average real growth rates
of GDP. t . P
This means that A
s
s techniques will become relative more
these
important. The growthn , rate of DSL-connection was extremely high in
2000 with moreethanya 1000%.
h i g
a rt
. K
.r D
r e
ctu
The Impact of ICT on Spatial developments
it e
Interactions Between ICT and Cities
r c h
A
There is a wide range of literature on the relation of technology and spatial
f
development in general and the future of cities especially.
l o
o
Technological innovations occur for some reason and will directly cause
o
a change in urban development. c h
S ,
ICT have two contrary effects on urban development. S )
S
( and make information available
First, they remove urban barriers
o f
anywhere anytime. P r
Due to this effect physical s t .
appearance for certain interactions between
individuals become lessA s
important.
Individuals are able n , to organise there daily life with remote
relationships. ey
a
Urban centresh i g will tend to decentralize.
a rt
. K
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
ICT have two contrary effects on urban development.
f A
o
The second effect operates in the opposite direction, i.e. urban centres
l
will tend to centralize even more than today.
o o
c h
Due to ICT the number of relationships may increase and thus generate
a desire for more face-to-face (FtF) contacts. , S
S )
Moreover, ICT networks create some economies of scale and scope.
( S
f
The existence of one network makes it more likely that a new one which
o
r
is more efficient will be installed, i.e. companies and therefore labour
P
t .
supply centralizes within established networks.
s
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
The two effects
f A
(1) decentralization and
l o
(2) centralization depend on ICT themselves.
o o
c h
, S
 If ICT are substitutes for FtF contacts decentralization takes place but if
they are complements centralization takes place. S )
( S
f
 FtF contacts in this context should be understood in a broader sense as the
o
need for proximity in relationships. P r
t .
 What are substitutes and what are complementary technologies?
s
As
Technologies which may substitute FtF contacts are telecommuting,
n ,
teleconferencing, tele-marketing, tele-shopping, tele-banking, tele-
y a
i ge
medicine, and tele-education. Whereas complementary usage occurs in
management practices, advanced logistical systems, and Intelligent
t h
ar
Transportation Systems (ITS) (Haynes et al. 1999).
K
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
 The examples for substitutes are well known and need not be explained
f A
any further, all make proximity obsolete.
l o
o
 ICT make just-in-time production possible and may reduce inventory
o
investments even further than today. c h
, S
 The roots of just-in-time management strategies go back to the 1960s in
S )
Japan. Today even more complex management strategies, e.g. supply-
( S
f
chain strategies, are implemented by many international corporations
o
(Keuper 2001). P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
These supply-chains often require physical proximity at least in the
f A
production and the management section of a corporation. Those
l o
o
management strategies also include advanced logistical systems.
o
c h
ITS can be regarded as a part of ICT which may well be a panacea for the
ills of urban transport systems. , S
S )
They will reduce pollution, noise, accidents and thus make cities again
( S
more worth living.
of
r
What are possible interactions between these new technologies, substitutes or
P
complements, and urban development?
s t .
As
There are four main effects to mention:
(1) time, n ,
y a
(2) social needs,
i ge
(3) efficiency, and
t h
ar
(4) specialisation.
K
.
(1), (2), and (3) more or less affect substitution technologies and (4) affects
.r D
complementary technologies.
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
The use of telecommuting, tele-banking and tele-shopping will reduce
f A
the time for many daily tasks.
l o
o
If a worker can work at home his physical commuting time is in fact
o
close to zero. c h
, S
Assuming that the average commuting time in a city with more than 1
S )
million inhabitants is 1.5 hours per day this saves 7.5 hours in a week
( S
f
with five working days. This is almost one complete working day.
o
r
The same applies to the usual shopping activities, i.e. buying food and
P
drinks for the daily living. s t .
As
Everything else being the same it is no exaggeration to assume that
n ,
everything an individual has done in seven days without ICT can be done
y a
i ge
in five days with ICT.
The increased amount of leisure will be spend in social and cultural life,
t h
ar
e.g. ‘traditional’ shopping in a city centre, cinema or theatre visits. This
K
.
argument is also used by Pannetier (1995) for the Lille metropolitan
.r D
region.
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
Substitution technologies will probably increase the desire for social
f A
contacts. This is indirectly implied by the above time argument.
l o
o
Other arguments for that are a lag of social proximity at work and in the
o
daily social life. c h
, S
If an average individual may spend a large amount of time only together
S )
with some close family members and with non-FtF contacts the desire to
( S
f
establish FtF contacts in the leisure time will increase.
o
P r
t .
The efficiency effect is also an argument against decentralisation.
s
As
ICT is first installed in huge metropolitan areas which then operate as
n ,
information hubs and “reinforce the functions of the principal cities” (Fox-
y a
i ge
Przeworski 1991, p 365).
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
This argument revives the original theoretical argument o of agglomeration
l their growth.
economies as the main reason for the existence of citiesoand
h o
Cities with an extended ICT network seems to be c seedbeds of innovations.
Harris (1988) found that large enterprises located ,) S in core regions in the UK
experience higher rates of innovation. S S
f (
Another example where clearly positive r o network externalities are at work is
Silicon Valley in the US. t . P
s s
It is only fair to assume that A this cluster of high-tech corporations have the
, available but the businesses are nevertheless
most advanced technologies
a n
clustered. e y
On the one hand h i g substitution technologies may cause decentralization but
a rt
there is a counter effect which will at least dampen the decentralization effect
.
it may even Kturn it into a centralization effect.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
Furthermore, ICT networks may reduce the costs to obtain information
f A
o
but they also generate positive network externalities and these tend to
l
o
have a strong local element as de Castro and Jensen-Butler (2000) show.
o
c h
New management strategies may lead to more specialisation which in
turn may lead to decentralisation. , S
S )
Global supply-chains, e.g. modern car manufacturers, may develop sub-
( S
supply-chains.
of
P r
t .
These sub-chains will individually look for their optimal location.
s
sA
,
There are two effectsnthen included, first a centralisation effect, because a
a
single sub-chaineisy a cluster of corporations and second a decentralisation
effect becauseh i gevery sub-chain may operate at a different location.
a rt
. K
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
Note that in the case of a multinational supply chain the
f A
o
decentralisation effect is of global importance whereas the centralisation
l
effect is only of regional or local importance.
o o
c h
, S
Due to these interactions in the ICT-city relationship there is no ready-
made blueprint for urban development. S )
( S
of
r
The role of cities depends on the adoption of new technologies and on
P
t .
the adoption of new technologies of competing cities (Hepworth 1991).
s
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
The Use of New Technologies – some examples
r c h
A
To evaluate if the centralisation or the decentralisation effect of new
f
o
technologies is greater it is important to understand how individuals and
l
o
corporations use new technologies. Are they used as substitutes or
o
complements for FtF contacts? c h
S ,
Gaspar and Glaeser (1998) found
)
Sclear evidence for a positive
S
relationship between businessf ( travel and telecommunication
improvements. r o
They also argue that most t . P
telephone calls are made between people
s s
who are close physically.
, A
Communication traffic
a n over a distance of more than 500 miles is less
than 10% of total e y communication traffic, in fact, 60% of the traffic
typically occurs
h i g within an office building or a local complex (Fox-
a
Przeworski rt1991).
K carriers generated 50% of their turnover in the mid 1990s with
Telecom
.
.r D 3% of their customers (Floeting 1999).
only
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
Floeting adds that E-Commerce is growing fast in Germany but the
f A
o
turnover in general is still small compared to traditional retailers and
l
wholesailers.
o o
c h
He argues that in 1998 only online-banking was ‘revolutionary’ and was
, S
supposed to lead to a major reorganisation of traditional banking
businesses. S )
( S
f
As a matter of fact this is in part history already. Today, the revolution in
o
German retail banking is yet to come. P r
t .
It is argued in section one that ICT are growing rapidly even when they
s
As
are on a high level already. However, that does not necessarily imply that
n ,
these technologies are used as substitutes even if substitution is possible.
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
One example are daily newspapers. Literally every daily and also other
f A
o
newspapers and magazines in Germany and in other industrial countries
l
o
provide online access to their print editions and to their archives. Figure
o
c h
2.1 shows daily webpage-visits and print runs for six major daily
newspapers in Germany. , S
S )
In January 1998 the number of webpage-visits per day was non-
( S
f
significant for all papers compared to their daily print runs.
o
P r
t .
Visits increased considerably until February 2003 but they are still small
s
As
for all papers but the Financial Times Deutschland (the paper remains a
n ,
special case as a relatively young newspaper in Germany; it is the only
y a
i ge
major newspaper with a complete free access to the whole print edition
and a valuable archive).
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
Although the number of readers who used the online editions of these
f A
newspapers increased considerably every paper but the Bild Zeitung,
l o
o
Germany’s main tabloid, managed it to keep the print runs stable or even
o
c h
increased the number of prints sold from 1998 to the turn of the year
2002/2003. , S
S )
Although, these figures neither provide decent empirical evidence for
( S
f
print medias nor for the whole range of products available on the World
o
r
Wide Web, it provides some insight into the current development of
P
online services. s t .
As
Online services are not necessarily perfect substitutes for traditional
n ,
services. But they may well be.
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
A
The music industry seems to suffer from online file-sharing and illegal
f
o
private copies. However, if the current state of the world in the music
l
o
industry is only due to new technologies should not be discussed in this
o
c h
essay but other reasons such as high prices can be observed.
, S
Finally, Robert Cohen (1992) provides an examples of the impact that a
S )
broadband network had on Johnson & Johnson’s strategic development.
( S
f
On the one hand the company decentralised conferences using video
o
r
transmitting devices, on the other hand broadband technology is used to
P
t .
centralize the companies accounting department.
s
A s
Empirical evidence and examples of how new technologies are used in
n ,
the real world support the fact that a general conclusion about how ICT
y a
e
will change urban economies cannot be drawn.
i g
If ICT a t h
r to a more centralized or a more decentralized urban world
lead
. K from country to country and even from region to region.
will differ
.r D
r e
ctu
Conclusions
it e
ICT generate two opposing trends on the urban economy, a
r c h
decentralising and a centralising.
f A
o
This essay has provided theoretical an empirical arguments for these
l
two trends.
o o
c h
Neither theoretical nor empirical arguments lead to a clear conclusion
, S
which of these two trends dominate. In stead the development depends
S )
on the degree of implementation of new technologies and on their usage.
( S
of
r
However, this essay showed that future urban development cannot be
P
t .
assumed to follow a simple path in one direction but that it will cause a
s
As
complex change in more than one direction.
n ,
Specifically, it will cause decentralization in inner cities and on the other
y a
i ge
hand centralization in broader metropolitan areas thus creating
metropolitans which may affect urban economies beyond national
t h
borders.
K ar
.
.r D
r e
Future of the cities:
ctu
Have you ever heard the phrase “the person that thinks the world revolves
it e
around them?” If that person lived in the City of the Future, that statement
r c h
might not be far from the truth.
f A
l o
o
A smarter energy grid could cut energy costs in half. More personal
o
c h
retail experiences could use location-based technology. More efficient
health care could be available. , S
S )
For example, innovation will change public transportation – and the
( S
f
resident’s experience. Thanks to next-generation internet routing
o
r
technology enabling “internet everywhere” and near field communication
P
t .
(NFC) technology, public transportation will become more personal.
s
s
A
,
Smart devices willnbe able to load your personal profile onto the bus
y a for physical objects like seat height or populating
a public screen i e
and make specifications
gwith your personal workspace for productivity on the go.
rt h
K a
.
.r D
r e
ctu
Transit systems in the City of the Future could also serve as a depot for
it e
mail delivery, food pick up or even dropping off dry-cleaning.
r c h
Improvements will be made by embedding technology into city
f A
development.
l o
o o
c h
“The City of the Future” will revolve around the needs of its inhabitants,
, S
effectively building a living and breathing human network.
S )
How close are we to living in a city of the future?
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i g e
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i g e
t h
r South Korea, a city built from
NewK a
Songdo,
.
scratch next to Incheon airport.
D
r.
r e
ctu
In the 21st century, efficient, large, well-connected airports matter to
it e
prosperity above everything else.
r c h
A
"The fastest, best-connected places will win", and the future belongs to
f
o
the "city that can see the writing on the wall before the competition can
l
even see the wall".
o o
c h
While China is roaring away with $250bn of investment in airports.
S ,
So, almost, says John Kasarda, travelling
)
S preacher for the concept of
S
aerotropolis, the idea that a new typef (of city will and must appear, where
"the airport is not at its periphery but r oat its core".
t . P
There is, Kasarda says, A
s
a s"new metric based on time and cost", and
"location, location, location n , has been replaced by accessibility, accessibility,
y a
accessibility".
Kasarda supports i g e
his arguments with batteries of statistics and predictions
rt h
a
– that in 2030 there will be 13bn passenger journeys a year, compared with
K or that an iPhone 5 is assembled from parts flown in from
4.9bn in. 2010,
.r Dcountries
several
r e
ctu
As airports grow, argues it e
Kasarda, they become more city- r c h
like. The shopping zone of
f A
Indianapolis International, he l o
says, "really gives the feeling" of o o
a town square. There are 6,000 c h
, S
weddings a year at Stockholm
S )
Arlanda, the Rijksmuseum
( S
exhibits art in Amsterdam's f
oArlanda airport in Sweden, a
Schiphol, and the London P r
Philharmonic is performing at s t . popular wedding venue.
Heathrow. As
n ,
a
"If you want to see the future,"
y
i g e
he says, "look at the Squaire" – a
h
sleek, glassy slug in Frankfurt
t
ar
where KPMG has moved some of
K
.
its operations, on the basis that it
.r D
is only a few minutes' walk from
M
workplace to check-in.
AR 1316 HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND PLANNING
r e
ctu
Kasarda's favourite examples of an aerotropolis are Las Colinas, Texas,
it e
which is handily placed for Dallas Fort Worth and "hosts four Global
r c h
A
Fortune 500 headquarters", and New Songdo, a development built (with
f
advice from Kasarda) near Incheon airport in South Korea.
l o
o
Also, Dubai, "an airport with an emirate attached", and Singapore,
o
c h
whose growth has been assisted by its impressive airport.
S ,
He shows a plan of an ideal city, with
)
S runways at its dead centre and
S
( as "E-fulfilment facilities" and a
"aerolanes" connecting such things
o f
"medical and wellness cluster".Pr
This city is shown as being s t .built on virgin greensward, a site very unlike
London, which already A s a large number of buildings and services, and
has
people who might resist n , relocation.
Kasarda calls ethe ya existing fabric "sunk cost", which roughly means
"money down h i g the drain", before acknowledging that they might have
a
some value:rt "You can't get rid of it, so you have to leverage it as best you
can.". K
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
The Squaire, an office building inside
r c h
Frankfurt airport: 'minutes' walk
f A
from workplace to check-in'.
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i g e
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
Future of the cities: tu
c
Kasarda is right that international air travel is a growing force,itand that e
London will suffer if it fails to find an intelligent response. But, r c h
as currently
described, aerotropolis is chilling: a model of a city driven by aAcombination of
business imperatives and state control, with the high levels o f of security and
ol
control that go with airports.
h o
Under the dictatorship of speed, individual cmemory and identity are
, S
abolished.
S )
An airport shopping mall is, actually, notSlike a town square, for the reason
that everything there is programmed f (
and managed, and spontaneity and
r o
initiative are abolished.
t . P
s s
, A
a n
e y
h i g
Dubai rtInternational, 'an
a
K with an emirate
airport
D .
.r attached'.
r e
ctu
There may be palliatives. According to Kasarda's 10 points for planning
it e
aerotropolises, "thematic architectural features, public art and iconic
r c h
structures should make aerotropolis developments interpretable,
f A
navigable and welcoming".
l o
o o
c h
New Songdo includes a Jack Nicklaus golf course and areas modelled on
, S
Venetian canals and Central Park. But, according to sociologist Richard
S )
Sennett, it's a "stupefying" place where "there is nothing to be learned
( S
from walking the streets".
of
r
Nor are airport cities precisely pure expressions of the market, as some
P
t
19th-century railway towns were.
s .
A s
,
The South Koreanngovernment has invested heavily in New Songdo,
ya that it will be the humming metropolis promised by
which has yet toeprove
its makers. hig
a rt
. K
.r D
r e
ctu
Of the plan to build a new airport in the Thames estuary, Kasarda tells
it e
me that "most airport transportation connectivity will need to be based
r c h
on public funding, and this will be expensive. I know of no significant
f A
o
commercial airport that has been privately built that had not received
l
substantial public funding support, at least indirectly."
o o
c h
The deal, in other words, is this: taxpayers would be expected to pay
, S
handsomely for an environment created almost entirely to serve the
needs of business. S )
( S
f
If they don't, as Kasarda says of a Britain without enhanced airports in
o
r
London, "the city and nation will become markedly weakened in the
P
coming decades". s t .
As
And if the public does foot the bill, the bet might not pay off. "The
n ,
Thames estuary airport is a high-risk but potentially very high-return
y a
i ge
option," says Kasarda. In other words, the taxpayer might be asked to
stake billions upon billions on something that may not work.
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
When London meets aerotropolis, it is quite a face-off. If the game is
it e
simply to see who can build airports (and everything that goes with them)
r c h
biggest, fastest and most efficiently, then London, which carries the
f A
baggage of history and democracy, cannot beat Asian cities.
l o
o o
c h
On the other hand, London has qualities to which the aerotropolis idea
, S
adds little value, like an existing fabric that works and gives pleasure and
S )
affords space for the accidental (including the colossal and largely
( S
f
unplanned success, over the decades, of Heathrow).
o
r
The evidence of property prices, and of international investment, is that
P
t .
these things are worth quite a lot.
s
As
London can never afford to be complacent – not least about the current
n ,
state of its airports – but the aerotropolis idea offers a too simplistic view
y a
of cities.
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
£24 million investment will make Glasgow a city of the future
it e
Glasgow has been given a boost today after it was chosen to receive
r c h
£24 million of government investment to demonstrate how a city of the
f A
future will work.
l o
o
Glasgow beat off competition from 30 other UK cities to host the
o
Technology Strategy Board’s ‘Future Cities Demonstrator’. c h
, S
The city will demonstrate how providing new integrated services across
S )
health, transport, energy and public safety can improve the local
( S
f
economy and increase the quality of life of Glasgow’s citizens, and will
o
r
allow UK businesses to test new solutions that can be exported around
P
the globe. s t .
As
Announcing the investment during a visit to Glasgow, Minister for
n ,
Universities and Science David Willetts said:
y a
i ge
“With more people than ever before living in our cities, they need to
be able to provide people with a better quality of life and a thriving
t h
K ar
economy. This £24 million investment will make Glasgow a city of
. tomorrow, demonstrating how cities can work more efficiently with a
.r D reduced environmental impact.
r e
ctu
£24 million investment will make Glasgow a city of the future
it e
“We are in a global race and Glasgow can keep the UK at the forefront
r c h
A
of innovative technology ideas. From transport systems to energy use and
f
o
health, this demonstrator will play a key part in the government’s
l
o
industrial strategy and give real insight into how our cities can be shaped
o
in the future.” c h
, S
The Glasgow Future Cities Demonstrator aims to address some of the
S )
city’s most pressing energy and health needs.
( S
f
For example, developing systems to help tackle fuel poverty and to
o
r
look at long-standing health issues such as low life expectancy.
P
s t .
The demonstrator willAalsos show how innovative use of technology can
improve the Council’s n , service provision, while additional potential
a
benefits includeeyimproved crime prevention, a reduction in anti-social
behaviour andh i gimprovements in travel infrastructure.
a rt
. K
.r D
r e
Cities of the future:
ctu
LILYPAD: Floating City for Climate Change Refugees
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
There are very few urban design r c h
solutions that address housing the
f A
inevitable tide of displaced people l o
that could arise as oceans swell o o
under global warming. c h
, S
Certainly none are as
S )
spectacular as this one. The ( S
Lilypad, by Vincent Callebaut, is a of
concept for a completely self- P r
s t
sufficient floating city intended to
.
As
provide shelter for future climate
n ,
change refugees.
y a
i ge
The intent of the concept itself is
t h
laudable, but it is Callebaut’s
ar
phenomenal design that has
K
.
captured our imagination.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
Biomimicry was clearly the
inspiration behind the design. f A
l o
The Lilypad, which was designed
o o
to look like a waterlily, is
c h
intended to be a zero emission , S
city afloat in the ocean. S )
Through a number of ( S
of
technologies (solar, wind, tidal,
P r
biomass), it is envisioned that
s t .
s
the project would be able to not
A
,
only produce it’s own energy, but
n
y a
be able to process CO2 in the
i ge
atmosphere and absorb it into
t h
ar
its titanium dioxide skin.
K
.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
Each of these floating cities are r c h
designed to hold approximately
f A
around 50,000 people. A mixed terrain l o
man-made landscape, provided by an o o
artificial lagoon and three ridges, c h
, S
create a diverse environment for the
S )
inhabitants.
( S
Each Lilypad is intended to be either of
near a coast, or floating around in the P r
s t
ocean, traveling from the equator to
.
As
the northern seas, according to where
n ,
the gulf stream takes it.
y a
i ge
The project isn’t even close to
h
happening anytime soon, but there is
t
ar
value in future forward designs like the
K
.
Lilypad.
.r D
r e
ctu
it e
r c h
f A
l o
o o
c h
, S
S )
( S
of
P r
s t .
As
n ,
y a
i ge
t h
K ar
They inspire creative solutions, which at some point, may actually
.
.r D provide a real solution to the climate change problem.

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UNIT - V SETTLEMENT SYSTEM IN A CHANGING WORLD 25th HOUR

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