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  • Abstract Algebra by D.C. Mishra

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    Sanjeev Shukla
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    Notes for net jrf students

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    Abstract Algebra by D.C. Mishra

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    Notes for net jrf students

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    Download as pdf
    2K views602 pages

    Abstract Algebra by D.C. Mishra

    Uploaded by

    Sanjeev Shukla
    Notes for net jrf students

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    relom[ Reale CAFE NUM Lt ~ Theory w classification of Fundamental sets:- P= x+y = Set ofcomplex No- C a Cee : Emogi| ’ R= Real No- OF NaTy ie (Seto Reat Numbers ) Lb Tsvotiona\ Rotonal= Ca of ‘atonal mee L Noumbeys Feachion Integes= Zuset oF Imegess Negative {03 fositive Somber Si N+ eB Srlege Talley Note: Ni N= § (AB S Al Bea 0 Op dt, ta, — _ - Qe PB] nto, m)nez} One-ones- A maphing (> is said to be ene~anc aF (x9 =-Fly) De Hf jttory y CA E86 fg v-92 de Fined Pex) =22 jg one-one ¢ £s FCN = Get , Buk Fol in then (x)= x4 Is not one-one Ques, 42 N77 defined by f= x2 jg one-one ? sol” fet P(x) = FY) 3 ats go 3S x= ty —@® Now 9F x= 4 then f(x) =x? Is one-one 9f MC=~4 then P(e) = xXis not one-one But -$ EW thee SS £tx)=x% is always one-one Mi Q- -£2 Zp Zo defined by Roce tix ig one-one? ~ Zio = LOatyd- adi OE Zio Such that f(o)= 4-o=0 and FE Ty such that f(s)=4o = 0 ( wwe coe Now F(o)so= FL) But oF5 in Zio then €(f)= oe ig not One- one. Quesg F2 Ze > Ze defined by Cae % (x)= 5x js one-one? sos 7 F034, 56) and P(e) = Sa ae co- domain Flo)= 5-0=0 F(Os & F(2y= BQ =lo=y FI3)= 5-32 15=3 F(4)= Sea 20-0 Fig-1 F(S)= 5-552551 From Fig d shown that £(sc) = 52 Is one-one In Fi Ze OZ Ques: €: Ze— Ze defined by F(x)= 2 | aT, igone-one? 501% _ ue Ze=} 1,2 3/4, s3 f(x)= 0% £0) = Q% 4 f@=o=f@) But 045 fon= Ot — 9 flejso=fQ@) But 0 #2 $00 = Gre aye Not one-one: SS £-(0) =o=f(3) _ pus 0S and -F(x)= 1% Flo) = 5 ave one~ one. dete bevm is one-one 1F decd: is 1 PEzn 2 Ly defined by » F@=ax 9 Ae%n “is one-one If Gus ¢ 48 Zig Zig defined by Leys at, AETIg, How many one One mabbing > 9 set a= WAtha Ty Sy Wy 13_ 4 thea exactly, § one-one mopping: ad 48 Zg5 3 Zag defined by P(aty=a% a€ Zags. How many one-one mapping - Ans: exacth gy Qo one-one mapping ~ Onto mabbing2- A mobbing £2 A~PB is dvie +e be onto mopping. TE Foe each Ye there exists TEA Such that F=y GUes8- £8 Zs -w defined by peey= 22 is oF Soi” fet f(x)= 3 J x423 9 wat ly But tIS¢ 7 then f= x2 IS not onto Quess #8 2% —» w defined by P(x) = x Is onto 9 Sols £002 6 x= Bey fous %wig onte- * ‘ as f8 Ze Ze £(x)= ga Is onto 7 Sel” Bsc) = ac 26 = F011 2314, 87 f(0)= © F(rye2 fijey f(=2-3=0 Fue 4s 2 F[s)- 9-55 fon 4 50 (oc) =94 IS Not onto SIMRO gers ae 4 ACOH 4 Sleds 0 SHS alse net onto mopping. in PS Z6~ 92 Now fF) = 1% 9 in Fi 2 ~9 Ze oes 43 Zn-y Zn defined by f(a)=ax is onto iF g.cd-Carn) <1 hots fe A398, where JAl=" and \8l=m then {otal ne CF mopping -fsem A to 8 =m” Hint | A=o e ws a 1 8j- *, : ( / Possibility of 1 mapon any clement of B= mM Possiviity of & map on ang. clement of B=m Possipiity oF nou " w n Bom Yhen total mapping = Mem ~- —m a n dimes = mm” SF n=m +then total mapping = n? one-one mapping. “OO a B Possibity OF | mab on any. element oF B= n Possi byt ©F A mab on element of B= nl For One My Possibrtity of hw " n BE! Total No- of one~ One ™Mabbing. = NCH-N(n-g) - =n Fov . Onte_mapbing, LAI [Blan then ee of onto emaphings x4: OF one-one mabbr netics - in case of | 7 Finite, = |p ; case 2 2 9F nem then © 4 OF one-one mapping me, in ©) Ne Onto mapping. ' SESE nym QD No ane-ene mapping @ Noe of ( + of) onto mating = ome (m-H\" SS . SES" [Ala and j61=¢ then hows mony mopping One- one Mabbrag and onto mapping. Total mabprag= 9% y "O "BY ctr of one~one ™o bbing, = [ax @ and. (a) ive Cii) axe one-one mabbing . Sol? tfof onto mabbing- wero @ and (1) ove onto mapping. ay Powakition Of the Set8- 9 non empty Set P is Called Partition of the Set X {RF Ho ¢P @) YA=X* AeP (3) af Aer, BEP and A+B then ANB=¢ Quse SP a get contoining thee elements. then Oe how many pasion of the Set? Gol? 3- oe \et x= LO. bsc}then [xls 3 Now 3-2 @ far c3 ati —2?® fab} fej ca) fac} fb} CD {4163 §93 Itl+1 —9 © £93. § 63, §3 Homeworks Ques gg Set containing _ two elements then how mong paxatton of the Set ? 7 tet X= Farb3 then [x)=2 23 © Fa1b3 It, —> ® $93, 5b} aletes FE get containing +t elements then the ~~ at of pasttiton of the set Is Pénti)= Ub Mey, PCH) , Yeo Ques Find eR? ees gol? plas PCitis Tf log P(e) noo 1 9 = le, Plo) 4 Fo, Pu) Buss — Find (3) v SIS PLa)= P(AHD =H de, C3) Aza bittisd = Ry P (0) + Rey PUD eg PLR) = lt Qt yg =5 Ques Find PON) ? (4) = P(SH= V Bo, Ath) Y=o = Bc, Plo) + 3¢, PO + Be, PO) +3, FC3) P+ SO+ 3x4 (+ C1) (5) 2 = lt34e45 ‘5 fins Homework _ Ques Fin a PEs) pi eis) = cat =H MenPlon WH=0 Ug, PCa) + He POD FG PLD Hog PL3) + ey Pep = Ve ah Re +85 = $8 Pa) PCa) na (3) il, (Sy —9/s cat POH) EK OK > + + Ps) KSX—9 CAA a) + Pte) LS —\34/- Ns 205 Notes H of equivalence Yelaton= # of paxHton of Set Divisen Algorithm § let aQ€w 4 beX Bnd bro then thore exigt nique (3!) Qand ¥ tn Z St Q=bath, where when 2 called quotent and (e \gexi +34 WSQ5 Q\xS+1g — . QU = \BXIT6 WR= Cxsto acd (\a34 87 3054) =ag 4 Euclidean Algorithms ( €-A‘] AL AY A let a and 6 ave two positive integers en St @ and H in 7 Guach that A= both, where ones oan gf ho then pe 84a $y SF B40 then O OH) fox equ (nd and (i) di= da gecrd of (8b) = 94 (1H) Notes a= bUtY. ~~ be yuri gea of Coin) ded (7H) = WLAt MH - = = 1 Fer =P py Unt ¥n Vn = Mn Inti +e acd ( Yn4q Fn) =F od (% 10) = Yn where Mn is the last non geo Bemainder ta EA Qus a= 84 b= 18 tre Qu= 1RXI+E 19> 6x3 40 hed (24,18) =ged Ce) acd (14,6) -gcd (619) Ques ¢ A= 64 and b= a3 then Find Ged (64493) by C-A CH = Q3dxQ t+ 1 Sica nledcpaentine 235 \8xl4s5 18 = 5x343 ged (64,23) = 1 5 = 3xit9 S = ax ty 2= VXa +o Bd (1,0) = Ques 2 SF d= ged (arb) then there exist a and ane Hint © let an bth where og Heb ~~ b= BUttir-y Hire be vay T= UN +0 3 Ye b- (a-bq) 41 YM b- ad +bq0, = OK (91) +5 (1 F001) S Y= at by whee 5 -4) Ys 1444, 3 Vis Fed aye) = axe yh hen dean be weitten 9g the tineay combination oF aandb- Rus 3- lo= qur3y Pind x and 4 gorPE AH 3, b= 2 we B= axltl l= 3xl+Qxen RE IVRHO P= axes ant DIS Qxxtsy wheve x=~| and ¥=4 D Ixlo~Qx(-10) +3 vJ0 9 fe saocray whee xc=—lo glo QX3 BF ale and ble with ded Caysye Cee then able 2 ae" Yes given Jed (ayb)=1 then there exrst on hex Seth thet acthy — @xe then cs cx + bey —() Now ge a\e then a tew Such that Cat —— fan) and fe ble then J S@z sip. c= bb ny From (9 ,CN) and civy Cx abbr + baty 3 CF abl b:e4 ty) eS] ablc Ques IF Albe and ged (415) = 1 then alc . 2 96 te gcq C18) HEN Fey ey St Ls autey __@ Oxc then C= text bey. — (ip Now O] ae ang a] be (given) 3 | dcx + bey Dale (fom w)) Ques & A tinea equn Ax+by=c has q Fol” KE d\c whee de ded (aja) Sol? Hints == let Axtby =¢ —_— ® es and d= gcd (4,0) Now . let x6 440 be the Soin of “ON Wet b¥y=c then AXet bos c —__ @) IF de ged (aia) then dla and d\b Sazdt and be db, whore tobew —— ii) From equ (i) ane cin) toe Ob al Xot ddyo = ¢ 3 d (txt bYo)ec 9 dle . convessl3e- gp die then 3 kew St. cedk Nowi® d= gcd (arb) then 3 x,yew7 Sit. ds arc by 3 dk=akxt bey Dc=axXot bys where toe kM EZ and Yo=x ky CU then 20 Yo bethe SolM oF axtbysc So rastamd TH Pode andy gai” Ged Caaret But 7 fig 9 sos bac aty has ha soi Q loo = ITA Yt AY. Find wand y- Soi” a= b=@o 42 = Lo KVt LA V= & yele Buk five Le dle how tt hes gel ayo. ond day Y= Sed of (42420) Ulery (ry ya la- ext =\a- (Qo~ 12 ¥I)x) Ys 12 x(a) ~ dX 1 = (Ma-gox)x a ~ Qox! = 1T48X 2 QoxI1 = WAX A+ Qox (-) 4Y¥RS = MAX 504 Jox(-425) foo = ax 5otdox C435) hue sce So and Y= —4Q5 pen OE ow + Sy = Zo Oo Sel" ged(2015)= 5 and 530 then foxr4 54= 30 has SolM LO = SKBtS Se Qox]+5 C3) Sx6r1Q0+ 5(-19) Bo=Qoxe t+ 5X c~ 1p) —O FromO4O weg = L= 6 Yu 1g ‘ an / Piste 98 d= gcd (arb) sner ged (2 1) =| Sol oF d= ged (%1b) then 3 ot and Y in Ze Suchthet d= axt bh —o ats gutey—® equ? (2) has a sol? becog EGaNW Aas fol" then ‘ag ged (3-4)] 1 Since, divisey of | ade fand-1 But ged (3 et 70 2fged/a, py) Pa] fov Excample 2 a \6 = gcdl(te,39) then ged (ig rgeyet QM ae ged (6,10) then ged (£, te )= a auss SF Xo, Jo be the solution of lineas equation ax+by.=.c) then other Son fs. + xls Xot BE, — ote and y= 408 at 9 teu whee d= Jed Cayb) go letaxtby=c —_@ “and d= ged (aye) then dla andd]b =) a=d¥ andb= dé where 1667 TT Net XorYo be the Soin of ax thy = c then AX + bYo=c (3) Now, Suppose x! and Y! be the other » Sol of equn® then aut byl — Fvom equn @) and (a) AXet bYo= ax'4byl J a(ak x)= b(Yo- 3) — @ From equn @® and (a), we get A¥ (20! %0)= 46 (45-3!) 3 v(x! xo)= £ (Yo~ yt) —__& # ) Now From equ (* #) 4] ¥ ( x!-x9) ‘ : 38 [ (ch 2c0) Since ged (Hh )=I 1 le +) J wbx = bt) bez So obs xt gt a[* =Rot bt ~———Fyom (ea) and (Rx) viet beer =F) bt = b(Be- a) Jo- 4! = Yrs Yor vt 3] y= yor &. [foe #] Que [ATHSY = 1K Xo= -! and Yo=l be the S01 of Iineaxcqun Re43 HHI then Find other Soin. naa ee Qx+34. 51 —o let xland y' be the other $0ID OF the equn@® then ols b = tot bt and y= go- St 3 xls 143 t and yt Ps t- 2 zp 9 tex Put +tx=0 then HIS 143.0 22) and yl= I~ eps} t J cls, gle Put t=t then xt “143% Q and yl= t Put +=~-1 then sole yy And yt= 3 aimilav! 4 Emilee: cee Find move than one gain of the eqan Ct BY =lo aa [5x = ind n ques, 5B dog = 8, Find Sor x 6 xteg sso —O x grtuy = § CB) yl al and yt be tha Other SoIMoP Cou @ then tt = te tee € g's dome ¥ x % a 'fa" M=6y beg ged (6,8)-9 B= Cxi4+2 C= Qk 40 2 = 8-6) Posd= sx cas 5 lo= 665) + 8x5 Me-By Y=5 Other FoI” 9p a. —5 and Yors ol = tet b 4 a °n" Ys Yo- 94 P-5+ ge ge 5-se alt= along 2 attso gles te} gle th ft gig - Ans Tyime Numbesse fin. integer 71 Ig. Said TO be baie a No if mn hag exactly two positive divisors bay 1 and {tseif) Fox Estample § he 2 3 5 7 tH BLL, ave byime numbess. : F n= hy 6; 8, Glo, -.---. ave Not primenumbe Co- sime OR Relof'vel ime 2 a b lafively byime sto integers a’ a b ave Helatively: Palme OX “Com pyime TR gcd (arb) =4 : : fox example 2 ged (4,9) =1 then 4 and 9 ave Hetatvely, pvime number. (ged (togujs! then fo and m ave Helattvely byime numbers, Gusss How Mang. integess ave e Hetattvely _puime ~~ to gere. Sel? aew and gcd (ayo)=! then a ig Helatively bvime- then a= | and 1 : Mhen exaclly two integowd ave | Helatively prime to 0. Q How many Integers axe Helattvely prime fo | Ans pit foteguis aye Helat'vely poime Fo | How many integer are telaHue prime te ~) All integeu- Qua oF P isa psime no. and P fay QQ Gn then blor Foy Some i 1aten gol” af Pfay then wesott ighold oF OK iF pb Yay then god (brass! J Pf eras ~~ an Nowif plag then ok ie B fag then b/a39¢ ~= 4 joni rss See P [aor then OK IF b Xan-1 then ban Pa B SLE Pf bropa bye ther Mth p=p for Some c ee by —— be cn) pp | bi & u (ave prime no- aw) pypi ok Cy bobo, ams Cw) Hint Tet b/pr then possibitives of pave Iya bY is a prime numbed: because pi Since pis apytme No- then lg-tand = pir ! not bosstb\e then p= pt Twin patme § “Two byime Nombess pand p! /) g modulo 4 ie. 8= 8 (mod 4) (ny 6 = 8(mod 4) 2 4 X 6-3 then Cis Not congruent +o 3 moduled fe 6 # 3 (mod 4) os BF jet noi and abod axe any ‘integer: Qy as a(modn) al = &(medn) then bs a (modn) () OF as b(modn) and 5 = < (modn) hen a= c(medn) vy if ASb(medn}and cs d (medn) eM ates bed (modn) Wf as b (modn) ang. C= q (mod n) then a. ©= bed (mod n) Hee wy JF A=b(Medn). then aezbe (med n) Ow Sas 5 (medn) then a = 6K (edn) twhete k= 1,2)3, 0 — . cut) Te As6(medn) Han +088 nfo nla~b 4 a-b=e ky —O + nla-a kez 3 A aCmedn) «iy b=cCrhedn) then SE az=b(modn) « D[b-e 3 bc = ken @ then n(a-b ale Now 5 n/- Ca-b) O-C= A-btELc Dnfo-a “it kan 3) bs a (modn) aes kan ksez 4 anc 3 a z¢fmodn) dv) 9F asb(medn}) 3 a-b= kin —@O Kee & 2 d(medn)3 c-d= kin —@ U N Cad = Ched) = Caray Cord) = kinthko = (hytken = ken oy kin, kl kit Koez 3 | Catey- (ta) 9 ates (b+4)( mod n) (vy) 9F as b(medn) 3 as btkn —@ € cxad(medn)3 c= bt kon 6) gt. Kip ko GZ A= (b+ kin) + (4 kon) = bdt’ bantdpintkikenn Jo = bed + (beat dK FR, Kan) M 4 Nlac-bd 5 -Acs bdlmed n) iy oF az b(medrl 9) axb = Kin 3 a= kant we Knowthat c= © (modn) ——(ii) From, pyep erty 6) a.c,=be( mod) kKyez conves> wok ve Note gf Aes be, (modn) then A= (moda) 2 eg: 12 =. 8((mod te) 6A = 1-3 Cmodio) But oF4 t (Med jo) then tt i'g not trae vitt* Q SP as b(medn) and a= b(medn) _@ 3) qh=b? Cmodn) Sintlaxly 93-3 ¢mod a) t i aks EK (moda) KA converse, Note ie aks yk (medn) then az b(modn) @3. Need not Br = Qh (med 5) But 34 2 (mods) Quese gp ace he (med 4 then a= b( med 3) wshete d= gcd (con), PRE ac = be(medn) C$ Ine 2 (mod >) aes bet+kn : oe I (medic ) SJac ~bc= kn 3 6=1(med5) 3c (a~b) = kn-—-® if d= ged (n) 3 dle and d[o 3 cxdy and n=dé —— E whee vse From equh @® and e®) fv Ea~b) =k dd 3 ¥(a-b)= ké 5\ t(a~b) Since ged (4))=1 then S|@-0) 9 = b(mod 4 J] [eee] Og 0 “— aus 4 (mod lo), 6-4 =1-4° (med Ie) 9 C=1 (med f0 _ ded (4, 10) » 6= | (mods) QL 8H =B(modio) 4 [PEI mods < tyel{med te =e ( sed a = [e!(med te] Notes “~~ ge bye and acz he Cmod fp) then as b (mod f) Mint > df Xe tun ged (be)=! New aczba (modp) ~ 2 Q=b (med) 3 a= b(modh) Lineax Congruences. Medulo n Ln A _D AA Ax = b (medn) ig called Linear congruent Modulo n. “9 &s\(med3) Ne O11, xed Ouse AL Mtheax congzence Qxeb(modn) has — & Boih SFR d\bh whee de 3¢d (q,n) et axczb(medn) —_@ 9 Ox = b+ kn Kez 9 oxtekin=b —_(i) CANT CD has SoM TFE A), where d= ged (an) ax =b(medn) has agin CL d\b fox example ef eS, 4 = &lmod 8) has gol? 2 ded (ns) = 4 But "XQ then 425 A( mod) hag: no Rolut'on ) & > Pind the §0l® oF Joe | (mod n) go ged (Sen)=1 and ‘\t nt ey Mead le Now IL= 3x 3ta 3=8 x14 A= ly¥2lto t= 3~axt = 3~ (ne 3x3)! M=3xhtnxe-n i. @® ' Given equn gcc< (modi) 3m=ltik kew 9 824 xk) = 1 _Ga From equ @ and CRA) we get oc ely 7 Next QuBs Showthat —az na (edn) — nin ( Bren 5 nja-n-a =) n\-a=nto =m\~ (a 4n-a) = n| ~a-Cn-a) 3-4 = Cn-a)(modn) PF wy ES ~13 (moda) Hint, ~I3 (med Ia)=-| ~l=1a-1 (mod 12) l= 1 (mod) [- co-a)gard ) fan o\ze 0 (mod ta) ( +o glam 44 ~épchieEmsd 7) ee Ce Ke -4= M4 (mod 1) he TCmod i) Buse find SoiNoF 3x =I (med too) Se" foo= ax334 (Mn B= 1X340 \ {= loot (3)¢33) = looxl+ 3 (-33) -@® from @) X= ~33 but it not exist Hun -335 )oo~33(mediee) = §1 Cmodioo) es ey _ then x= 67 QNo* Solve 4x=Q (mod fo) lo = ha t@ H= axato Qs 1+ 4x Ca) = 1OX1 + 4x(-2) = -2 ~Z= 10-8 (mod Io) ~2= & (mod fo) X= 8 (mod to) cic ye a (Mod to) 39-4 = A Cmed to) 3 axe i (meds) —— ® god Ca5)=1 € I\t has goin. From equn @&) Fe Qxat A= (x240 b= 5xi+(-a) x=~ 2 -&= 5-a(mods) = 3(moeds) XE 5) ¥ Cmod5) . —~ GRAD escent 3 x= 3t5k | Kew ree (on = = Al (meds) _ Pu k=0 inGeags A®) ae ere) X= 346 Las ~ Por Ka] weg oc= 8 then 0=3 and X= 3 ave JolNol eqy? « 4x = A (med to) pees OE b(modn] and gcd (a ynJ=d SO sith Alb then ax=b(modn) has eocactly- dq Solutton wee te mModulog@ n- yintS. tet d= ged (an) + and d|b then axeb (modn)has goin Now , axe b (med) XS asc =ba nk 3 ac# N(- Keb Suppose x'be the other Sel” then x!= Xt N+ Pat t2091,Q,--d-} ave given dif Fey Solution e&-Hit-“Modutlo n. Put ted then x! =x + ae d Sale xp4n Now xt ns xe (modn) then Zotn can be coritten as Linea’ combinatan OF Xo W-Ht Medulo n- ass Solve tye 9( mod 1) Soles gcd (taial=4 and |g then Hocz & (mod i2) has evactly 4 sel? totets modulo 4 Now ys = g (moda) m= (med3) acd (1,3) <1 3 m=a43k—@ pew Keo -whin Ke 8 Ta Q whey wepwh AX yan 54} ke | mee wv ues, Solve ALE 5 (mod hoy as Sel, THE 5 (mod ty) @ Now ay. 1 (med to) 4Ho=1XK54+5 T=E5XItQ 5 > &xr A=\kX2+0 nee (2 *%a) ~ (@- Gxy)xa) l= 5X3 BUxg = [4o~- (1x5)) ¥3 = 4K2 = 4ox3— 1X11 = hoxgt 1x) Sd Pa-11= 93 S med (te) Neat a 7s Ye -11 283 wel madule all 5 (mod yo) xs ilxs (mod he) gee &3%5(mod yo) “X= 35 wen Quy exe (mod 14) Bove it: SME (med1)— ® Cs) Now 34 <1 (med +) T= BxRHDA - Sageo | a le = BKa z143 (a) 3 Yo -Q= 1-a= 5 went: module + de gis Next 3x24 (med 1) we 3! 4 Cmed 1) Sy = 5-4 (mod) 2 2 6(medt) — -® E=641k — GAD Put K=O then mee Put Kal than aH 13 # Chrnese Remaind 1 MaINdeyY e ESE Remaindes Theayem CORT) Let mg mar---- mp ave positive integer earth / ged (me, mj)et / ie (4 then xz QyCmod mm) LE Ag (med mal th \ X=4n (med Mn) hag Unrque Sot™ ott Modulo my.ma:mg.— mn SET ML $49 Mg Mg) + ——. (modm,) : (mod ma) ~ = On Ma Mn! (Mod 1) (med my) + whote M= MI mg. ~-— nan and Me = M_ 9 Ieitsn CSE. a (Ne: Sotve x= 1 (med 3) R= (mod 4) =3 (mods) 2 2m 3, mgs and mg=5 and (miymjky fe Cey oy ded (me, myer then chinese R-Theovem is Oppicabie M= 3-4-5 = 65 MY= Go 99 Nas ts M35 (2 and qy=tg age Q193=3 Now x = am, wf! 42 Ng Ma! Fg Mapp (Bede Caio : (modmy og) =| - 5 TE |.Q9o- +3-1 ! 7 5 BORO yt AISNE) Byars (mod yy (meas, 4 - “1 =}. . . ! . X= bdo J emeagst & 5X3 emeagt 2 AX neds) ( a1 (medn) Ot. 1 (mod 9 ) LS 1 AoKK + BxIsy34 3xI2K 3(mod se) &® x= 58 (Mod i: a C 6) Xnods)". tk &" (med 3) = LUBE Solve Qeé 21 (mod 3) 320 = I(mods Axr=Q(mody). |. © 7 ™ X= 3(mod 5) 90\% 2 uy equation oO Can be whitten a3 / = Blcmed3)9 2= 9 (mod3) Te ag! Cmedg)s de 1 (med 2) 2 X= 3.(med5) Now M= 3-4-5 = 30 Mts lo Moe 15 Mo=6 J ie MEAG Analy age 8 n - -) KEUMM — Oatia tl taghe pel Mod (med 3Ma Ng } eam) (medma). (modms) = &-1o tol Kteys ipl (meds) 1S + 3.6%! (Mode) (med 9) (Mod$) SAMOXI $ Telg » + 8x6x! (Med 30 ) r= 43 (mod 30), > x= 934 30k — (sx Pud K= 0 fn 0283 kK | fan 53 nue act bye T (mada) S aE cx 4 dy= 6 (modn) hds o unique Som ff greed. Cad-be, nde! 6 Solutfon em astey,= x(meda) ~ © Corrdy = 5 (mod 0) —() Oxd-(@)xb (ad ~be)x syd $b (modn) — a) since gcd (ad- be, n)\ =1 and 1 always divide ¥d-Sb Then equh Un) fas unique gotahon» yom equt Cin) olen ge sdesb (modn) Cad~be 4 2 Cad-bey" (vd- gb) (med 0) —~ ® ax noes @xa- @xec (ad- be) Y= ba~ ae (mod n) —— (% Sinte Ged (agebe gn) cl and | ga-¥e then equr (Gd) has Unique goin then Ys (ad~ be)! (ha- ¥e) (Mod a} en a®) From equn &) and AF) gives Unique goin. NOS solve 424+34=10 (med te} OS det} = 9 (neat Now ged (1x5 ~8x3 4 16)= 1 then equ” (1) has unique Sol” Now Ix+ 342 (o(mod I¢) —_. (®) Ax+ 54 = 49 (mod Ig) —~ Ct) Qn xs - Cu ¥3 thin (rvs ~ 3x) = loxs-4x3( mod «) a4 = Q3 (mod Is) . © 9 T3oce (med is) 1G =13xt43 B= 3x44 B= 1X8 40 bs. 13-3 yy! b= 13= (16-13x1)x4 1 =13x5-16x4 3 igl=5) Fyom equ’ (F) x= 1x13! (mod Ic) X= 1x5 (medic) XE 3 (mods) See? | (HI) RA =u) xa Lot 84 E VK T~ loyg Cmodls) Add = 43( med te) 134 = (med l6) 3 Ye! nw (Mod 16) Ys 5+ (mod 1s) Suet (med 16) g=71 Hence m=Q and yet be thesoin of given equ, Ful lewls >- FunctHon o- ee nA? 8 Mapping. bea —2N defined by dim = | 5 Sem] $xsn and ged Gamer} gu = | en] rest and ged Coyle | Hes] b(aye | {ocee!| | <0ts2 and 4cd (otr2)©1] = 103] ta) = | a aad Lemsh and'ged (o14)e] ) “toa o(s)= 4 bea P18) =] a aajf = $ (s)=] Css] ea Queso Euler's >- Function i¢ one one n SY ete 1 = ba) tr But 1#2 in Ke funce E.6.F is not one-one. Note § O [eC poe [© tommy go a6 ip gcd Cost] ~ 6)= bCaxsd = $¢a). 6¢3) (al a!) (s'-3 “ah: » *(a-1)(8-1) oC) = 2 @ $(8) = $(3) . 3-84 _ 3 9 aun ae (ia PR) = $ (5x4) - P(5)xg (4) = Ka =& $(teo) = HCasx4)= 4} (as) x 4¢4) = (58) x ¢ (2%) =(5%-5') x (aha!) = (20) xa (to0) = Yo P(looo) = $ ¢ 10x (0) = (lov) X (10) =o x $(s)*xo (a =Hox Wx] oS (10°) = 10% lo” (ss) K (3 (185 a5) X (4) $ (to0e) = nn] (8) x 408 hoo Aus, ) x E ‘Tu eod ay @-NO- deny fs alway cuen if Aya WJomle 7.5 ~Cased 8 on ‘Sel? Tet ny and nz2k white KZA then gen) =g(ak) = aka gl gk yg 5 a = gt! if kya then ak! js always even a A eH 5 O(n) is even Casell ¢ kK +" SF NERY then nis divisiblepy deme odd byime Say P — ome pam and ged Cpe 7G = BPE m) = pC oR) becom) SPE PE oom) btn) = pk(p-1) ¢m) Since bisan odd prime then p-I IS always even 3400) = PE (p19 gem ig even. 9 $(") I's even. Pyom case (Z) and (i) weger $(n) is always evendt n7g Ques 8 ¥ €ul ils o- PuncHon is Qnto 2 Co + ALAA . Rol P(N =B iS not possible because Gin) 15 always ever if AZ g Hen bray fo rod onto Notes Since Cale? > Function fs Aelther Our our a? mow outo {hon o {ey Bales 5 ¢ function . Inuvex: doe not exist eal SNL _Otn)= 13 And n? Jt does not exist - . Since Fulutls d Functou 4 nether ore Our NOFA wo tten gf) Le govoue of 4 Funchou dots not Ct Ist (“ Alse @cn)ig evea My 078 hoe P(n)= |g which Ab odd QNo- (m= 29 Find ne does not exist Q.No- The Sum of positive tntegers less than 4\ i ; 7 nN and exact 3 prime ton is en Qt) ‘f nal ~~ otny he. ba ae coh ow tel es sn and F(x g n) =] Sol" roy ty) Net Mer === Mehemy OE besttive inkegees tess to? mand Melatively prime te *H. SS ~~ —~— Since ged{a@tyn)=1 4 1¢ 24) pee OF acdlamet then gcd (n-acqn) =} SC _sihen pores Since n has exactly o(n) +ve * Jockny =| Integexs less than m1 and Helakively, See paime tom fron N-ac 48 eotactly equal to One oF Ai gq ele Cn). (M-a) x) 4 ninge Cn-alacly NCHtY)= | (nea) ¢n gl =t 3 atagt - +@b(n) = n-ai+ wheu xl=~s0 f° Glas y % ESOC Lg cd (naa gn)e} -Agn)= =) Attant ~— FIG em = NFO) = (areart +296 ») . n D> A(MFAL* -—— +A gery) = 1 Gen) (in) 4 at at=nbtn fet ~ En gtr) Pox n7) Qo The sum of positive integ-eis less thao — , . A ——~ mand kelalively. poime to n ts equal ty Onan Men Cind bin) Sol” ¢ Tae =a es fej 18 given § we know that ge age | ¢ 5rd —© lsacen C=) From @ £@ 2uon=1nNgCn) 4 Bed (A¢yn)=1 2 Moxr= HCn) 4B = Gm) [_ #090] Q: nNo- $m . ae = 13 t0 +o prove eee tn) =? (at Sol <= NBlo= tn $¢n) b(n) = C20 ge p is buime and bxa + Fowmart's Theover & Soe then a= 1 Cmedp) TS) (moda) ' 4! = 1 Cred n) 5-1 ie BE 1 (meds) eg. HIE 5 divide 3!" then what & semainder? lor So)" — SSss-Cmeds) 3” (med 5) =) Now 5 XS then 8y F.Theoxem 5-1 | 3 =1CMeds) @zb(moda) 3" = 1 (meds) ——~ &) b=a (mode a 3° - gle? 38 _ 25 = (3") + zt ce +32 2 Next al mods XC) 2 med 5 = 32 Feom equ @ +) 3% cmed5)= » 4 3° 4 (meds) Que 8 Find the value of (ar)! (meds) > x Gore (a2f"" emods) ‘ \ 93)P° . By", z x & _ °F cos ) KR toned 5) = (2 BT od § ov > (31)°*"( mod 5) = 95! “3 (a7)82! 95a ( mod) 9 And weknow that 5x9 thin by Fexmat th” QP '21 (mods ) 3 gles a5 ve d and gS = 1 guylas nS os (me } 9h el (modg} sn, 414 gues, Find the value of (4444) Cmeds) fon UYU) = Omega) BELLE Hew 8] Yuny (4 yyy) (med3) =) C444 999% mods)

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