Gondwana Research 26 (2014) 1–4
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Gondwana Research
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Editorial
Tectonics and metallogeny of mainland SE Asia: Preface
Mainland Southeast Asia is a part of the ASEAN (Association of
Southeast Asian Nations) sub-region of Asia, consisting of the countries
Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, part
of Yunnan (China) and Sumatra (Indonesia) that are geographically
south and southwest of China, east of India, and north of Australia.
The region lies on the intersection of a number of tectonic plates and
is one of the most seismically and volcanically active regions in the
world. The region has a diverse social, political, cultural and geographic
landscape with a tropical rain forest belt. The rain forest in SE Asia is the
second largest on earth (with the Amazon being the largest). In addition
to the tropical climate, mountainous areas in the northern region with
higher altitudes lead to milder temperatures and a drier landscape.
Along with this social, economic, geographic and climatic diversity,
the region also has vast and diverse geological settings, mineral deposit
types and commodities. However, mining and geological studies in
these countries have been impeded by political instability, raging wars,
poor infrastructure and accessibility. Countries such as Laos, Cambodia
and Myanmar have lagged behind the other ASEAN countries such as
Indonesia, the Philippines and Papua New Guinea. Official estimates put
the value of the Philippines' mineral reserves at $840 billion in 2002—al-
most double the country's GDP, and a conservative figure given today's in-
flated prices. Similarly, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea received and
enjoyed a high percentage of mining investments and earnings in the
last two decades. Other developing SE Asian neighbors would also be
earning billions if they could exploit their vast, untapped reserves of ores.
Mainland SE Asia connects the northeast, south and southeast re-
gions of Asia, accounting for more than three billion people and
consisting of a sub-regional market of more than 350 million con-
sumers. It is one of the dynamic regions in the world and will rise as a
major economic force in the 21st century, the so-called Asian Century,
along with India, China, Japan and Korea. The area has the resources
that would enable it to alleviate poverty and increase per-capita income
and become similar to today's Europe by 2050. In 2008, ASEAN–
Australia two-way trade was $88.9 billion, more than China, Japan or
USA. In 2010, ASEAN–Australia–New Zealand Free Trade was
Australia's largest FTA with access to a dynamic market of 600 million
people with a combined GDP of A$3.1 trillion. In addition, the Greater
Mekong Sub-region (GMS) Project currently being implemented by
the Asian Development Bank encompasses Thailand, Vietnam, Laos,
Cambodia, and the Guangxi and Yunnan Provinces in South China, and
is moving ahead with considerable speed. The objectives of the GMS
program launched in 1992 are to promote economic integration by im-
proving connectivity, competitiveness, and community in GMS coun-
tries. As of November 2010, the GMS program had implemented 59
investment projects, with a total cost of about US$15 billion, involving
sub-regional roads, airport and railway improvements, hydropower
projects for cross-border power supply, and tourism infrastructure
1342-937X/$ – see front matter © 2014 International Association for Gondwana Research. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2014.01.005
development (Asia Today, June/July 2013). At the same time, recent ir-
revocable political openings and reforms in Myanmar and reconciliation
with ethnic groups will facilitate cross-border geological studies for a
huge tract of land in Kayin, Shan and Kachin states enabling further re-
search for new crustal blocks and terranes in the region. Even with these
opportunities, there are challenges in mainland SE Asia such as income
inequalities, environmental degradation and geohazards including
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis. In particular, energy
and mineral resources are to be studied and managed for the benefit
of people in the region. These countries therefore need investment in
human capital research, training and development in geosciences.
Currently, mining and exploration in Southeast Asia is expanding
very rapidly due to the growing demands for mineral commodities in
nearby China, Korea, Japan, India and the ASEAN area itself. Mining
and exploration will continue to thrive in the region and will attract
mining companies, global investors, financiers and strategic service pro-
viders. It is clear that mining companies, straining to meet soaring de-
mand, are keen to invest heavily in the region and governments in
these countries want them to come, due to recent successful discoveries
and mining of several world-class copper–gold and gold deposits such
as Sepon and Phu Kham Mines in Laos and the Chatree Mine in Thailand.
In this special issue of Gondwana Research, we have assembled a wide
range of new data on geochronology (e.g., U–Pb zircon and monazite dat-
ing), geochemistry (whole rock, mineral and isotope), structural geology,
sedimentology, paleontology, and mineral deposit setting and types of de-
posits in mainland SE Asia. Khin Zaw et al. (2014–in this issue-a) first in-
troduces major tectonic belts and elements of mainland SE Asia,
summarizing historical and current SE Asian geological research and ore
deposit studies and provides a new Phanerozoic tectonic and
metallogenic model including the formation of a diverse range of mineral
deposit types, notably porphyry-related skarn, epithermal and sediment-
hosted/orogenic gold deposits. They indicate that the genesis of these de-
posits was associated with a long and complex tectonic history of the
Gondwana supercontinent break-up, arc magmatism, and backarc basin
development, together with arc–continent and continent–continent colli-
sions that created the present-day mainland SE Asia. They conclude that
incipient arc/backarc basin magmatism is the key to the formation of
many important ore deposits in the Truong Son and Loei fold belts, the
two major metallogenic belts in mainland SE Asia. They also consider
that Triassic to Cenozoic arc–continent and continent–continent collision
and accretion have led to the formation of many sediment-hosted/
orogenic gold deposits in the Sukhothai and the Sibumasu terranes and
that the majority of these deposits are largely confined to fold belts
(e.g., the Sepon deposit in the Truong Son Fold Belt) and in or near suture
zones (e.g., the Selinsing, Tersang, and Penjom deposits). Oblique Creta-
ceous to Recent subduction along the Andaman–Sunda trench was re-
sponsible for gold and copper–gold–molybdenum porphyry and
2 Editorial
epithermal mineralization along the Kawlin–Wutho–Mt. Popa arc in
Myanmar in the north and the Sumatran volcanic arc in the south (Khin
Zaw et al., 2014–in this issue-a). The authors anticipate that the present
emphasis on exploring for shallower level epithermal deposits will in-
creasingly lead to exploration for deeper level porphyry- and porphyry-
related skarn systems in the coming decades.
Burrett et al. (2014–in this issue) have compared U–Pb dated detrital
zircons from Palaeozoic to Mesozoic sedimentary rocks collected in
Malaysia, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia and China. Their results
suggest that detrital zircons from the Tarutao Formation (Thailand)
and from quartzite and granite clasts in Permian glaciomarine mud-
stones (Kaeng Krachan Group, Sibumasu) have age spectra in common
with terranes of western and northern Australia, particularly the Meso-
Neoproterozoic-age Pinjarra–East Antarctic–Eastern Ghats Orogen and
the northern Australian area affected by the ca. 1850 Ma Barramundi
Orogeny. A characteristic widespread assemblage of zircons previously
recognized along the length of the Himalayas by Myrow et al. (2010),
with a dominant peak at 950 Ma, and other peaks at 600 Ma (Pan
African Orogeny), 1200–1000 Ma (Grenvillian Orogeny) and 2500 Ma
are also found in the peri-Gondwana Terranes of Truong Son, South
China, Qiangtang, Lhasa and Sibumasu and suggest a common distal
source region in the Pinjarra–East Antarctic–Eastern Ghats Orogen.
Lai et al. (2014–in this issue-a) investigated the various Paleozoic–
Early Mesozoic magmatic units in the western Ailaoshan (WAL) Fold
Belt. Their study reveals that the magmatic units were formed by (1)
L. Carboniferous–earliest M. Permian (ca. 300–270 Ma) incipient
backarc basin magmatism; (2) M. Permian (ca. 265 Ma) island arc/ma-
ture backarc basin magmatism; (3) early L. Permian (ca. 260–255 Ma)
WAL–Indochina arc–continent collision and the associated syn-
collisional granitic magmatism, as well as subsequent (4) E. Triassic
(ca. 250–245 Ma) post-collisional magmatism. Regional geological com-
parison indicates that post-L. Carboniferous WAL tectonic evolution was
closely related to the Eastern Indochina Block.
Lai et al. (2014–in this issue-b) also studied the Central Ailaoshan
(CAL) ophiolite, which represents an important tectonic component of
the Jinshajiang–Ailaoshan–Song Ma suture zone separating the South
China and Indochina blocks in mainland SE Asia. The CAL ophiolite occurs
as a complex tectonic mélange, and preserves the history of the opening
and closure of the once vast Jinshajiang–Ailaoshan–Song Ma branch of
the Paleotethys. Their study indicates that the CAL ophiolite contains
magmatic rocks generated by: (1) L. Devonian–E. Carboniferous (ca.
380–330 Ma) volcanic passive margin-breakup development in the NW
Gondwana margin; (2) L. Permian (ca. 258 Ma) Emeishan large igneous
province-related continental rift magmatism, together with (and intrud-
ed by) (3) earliest M. Triassic (ca. 244 Ma) continent–continent syn-
collisional S-type granitoids. The Devono-Carboniferous suites of the
CAL ophiolite are highly comparable with many continental margin-
type Alpine Tethyan ophiolites. In addition, the various CAL magmatic
suites have strong South China block-affinities with coeval magmatism
particularly in the western South China block, Jinshajiang-, Song Ma-,
and Song Da terranes.
Kyi Khin et al. (2014–in this issue) investigated the sedimentary re-
sponse to the India–Asia collision in the Arakan–Bengal basins west of
the Indo-Myanmar Range. Their regional stratigraphic and paleontologi-
cal correlations show that prior to the arrival of India, the Arakan–Bengal
basins were in deep marine slope and shelf settings. During the Early Mio-
cene, east-verging underthrusting of the India Plate under Eurasia, along
Western Myanmar, is supported by the forced-regressive sedimentation
in the slope and shelf systems. Subsequent rapid sea level fall led by hin-
terland uplifting during the early Middle Miocene was manifested
through slope bypassing, soft-sediment slumping and deep-marine chan-
nel infilling. Eventually, during the late Middle Miocene/Late Miocene,
erosional off-loading with foreland uplifting may have formed transverse
rivers and further developed into the paleo-Brahmaputra fluvial system.
On the other hand, Robinson et al. (2014–in this issue) focus on the in-
fluence of tectonic and riverine erosion on the paleogeographic
development of the great Yarlung-Tsangpo River in Tibet. Through an ex-
tensive U–Pb and Hf-isotope detrital zircon study, the authors conclude
that the Yarlung-Tsangpo may have drained the Irrawaddy River in Cen-
tral Myanmar during the Middle- to Late Eocene, but may have later
reorganized and disconnected with it during the Early Miocene, due to
the combined effects of the increased eastern syntaxis deformation and
the headward Brahmaputra tributary erosion.
Khin Zaw et al. (2014–in this issue-b) investigated the Middle Eo-
cene Ponduang Formation in Central Myanmar, which hosts the richest
terrestrial mammal fossil deposits in SE Asia. With U–Pb detrital zircon
dating, they constrained the maximum deposition age of the Ponduang
Formation to be ca. 40 Ma, slightly older than the magnetostratigraphic
ages on anthropoid-bearing strata from Egypt (ca. 37 Ma; Seiffert et al.,
2008) and Libya (ca. 38 Ma; Jaeger et al., 2010). This provides support
for an Asian origin for the anthropoids.
Oliver et al. (2014–in this issue) conducted detailed U–Pb zircon geo-
chronology on Permian to Middle Triassic granitoids from Singapore and
neighboring Johor, Malaysia and revised the model for tectonic evolution
of the Singapore region suggesting an Early Permian to Middle Triassic
subduction zone in the Palaeotethys Ocean dipping eastwards under
Eastern Malaysia producing a north–south trending, tin-bearing, I-type,
magmatic arc along the western margin of Indochina (present day coor-
dinates). Subduction zone roll-back caused the locus of magmatism to
migrate from the east to the west across the Eastern and Central Belts
of Peninsular Malaysia. Through this time a slice of continental litho-
sphere (Sibumasu) rifted off Pangea and drifted across the Palaeotethys.
In the Late Triassic, Sibumasu collided with Indochina and overthrusted
the Malaysian Central Belt along the Bentong–Raub Suture: during this
Indosinian Orogeny, subduction zone magmatism shut down causing
thickened continental crust, melting of the lower crust and production
of tin-bearing S-type magmatism in the Eastern Belt.
Tran et al. (2014–in this issue) investigated the complex internal
structural features of the Tam Ky–Phuoc Son Shear Zone (TKPSSZ) in cen-
tral Vietnam which is one of the most pronounced crustal structures in
mainland SE Asia. The TKPSSZ juxtaposes high-grade rocks of the Kontum
Massif against lower grade rocks of the Truong Son Fold Belt. They docu-
mented five deformational events using field structural investigations to-
gether with precise LA–ICP-MS U–Pb dating of zircon and monazite from
D1 associated with regional high-grade schistosity and mylonitization,
through D2 that generated regional northwest–southeast trending fold
arrays and brittle–ductile shear zones, D3 of northeast-trending folds to
the D4–D5 brittle event. Their U–Pb dating of zircon and monazite sug-
gests that D1 involved metamorphism and felsic magmatism at ca.
430 Ma, recording part of a regional collisional orogeny. They demonstrat-
ed that the D1 structure likely represents part of a paleosuture zone,
marking the closure of an ancient ocean basin through terrane assembly
in the Early Paleozoic, whereas monazite and titanite growth at ca.
250–240 Ma in basement rocks is synchronous with widespread syn- to
post-D2 magmatism between ca. 260 and 245 Ma suggesting a second
major collisional event during the Indosinian Orogeny. They emphasized
that the development of D1 shear zones therefore played an important
role in ore-forming and localization processes causing secondary sulfide
mineralization by remobilization of pre-existing gold and sulfides along
local fracture zones during the second deformational event at ca.
260–240 Ma. The Re–Os molybdenite age of ca. 240 Ma records this (re)
crystallization event and provides a lower limit for ore formation and/or
mobilization. They argued that this age is substantially older than previ-
ous estimates of the timing of gold mineralization at ca. 200 Ma (Quynh
et al., 2004) or ca. 113 Ma (Borisenko et al., 2006). Their new geological
evidence demonstrates that the TKPSSZ has a long deformation history
extending from the Ordovician to the Cenozoic. Gold mineralization was
upgraded in various episodes throughout the tectonic evolution of the
shear zones, making the zone one of the most important metallogenic
corridors in eastern Indochina.
Kamvong et al. (2014–in this issue), for the first time, reported the
occurrence of adakitic magmatism in mainland SE Asia associated
 Editorial
with major porphyry related Cu–Au deposits at Phu Kham, Laos (Truong
Son Fold Belt) and PUT1, northern Thailand (Loei Fold Belt). They indi-
cated that LA–ICP-MS U–Pb zircon dating reveals that the Phu Kham
adakites in the Truong Son Belt were emplaced during the Late Carbon-
iferous (ca. 306 to 304 Ma), whereas the Puthep 1 (PUT 1) adakites in
the Loei Fold Belt were formed during the Middle Triassic (ca. 244 to
241 Ma). These rock formation ages are largely coeval with Re–Os mo-
lybdenite ages of mineralization (Phu Kham: ca. 304 Ma; PUT 1: ca.
246 Ma), suggesting close temporal links between adakite formation
and copper–gold mineralization. Although genetic links between
adakites and copper–gold mineralizing processes are still debated, this
discovery of adakites and close temporal relations with the copper–
gold mineralization suggest strong genetic links between the two in
the mainland SE Asia region and the results are useful for regional mag-
matic–hydrothermal ore deposit exploration and research.
In the highly mineralized Truong Son and Loei Fold Belts of SE Asia,
Manaka et al. (2014–in this issue) and Salam et al. (2014–in this issue) doc-
umented mineralization and metallogenic evolution of the Ban Houayxai
and Chatree epithermal gold deposits. Manaka et al. (2014–in this issue)
indicated that the Ban Houayxai Au–Ag deposit in northern Lao PDR is
hosted within an Early Permian volcanosedimentary unit which is a part
of a Late Carboniferous–Early Permian (310–270 Ma) volcanic–plutonic se-
quence of the Truong Son Fold Belt. Their geochronological studies from
LA–ICP-MS zircon U–Pb and adularia Ar–Ar and K–Ar dating identified
Early Permian, Cretaceous and Eocene ages. The Early Permian age is relat-
ed to the emplacement of the mineralized volcanic arc sequence, whereas
the Cretaceous and Eocene ages represent resetting related to Yanshanian
and/or Himalayan Orogenies. They indicated that the Au–Ag epithermal
deposit at Ban Houayxai formed as a result of southward subduction of
an oceanic crust attached to the South China Terrane beneath the Indochi-
na Terrane during the Early Permian and recognition of the old epithermal
system at Ban Houayxai implies that the Truong Son Fold Belt possesses
high potential for the presence of deeper magmatic-related deposits such
as porphyry and porphyry related skarn deposits.
The Chatree deposit is the largest epithermal Au deposit in mainland
SE Asia and hosted in Late Permian to Early Triassic volcaniclastic and
volcanogenic sedimentary rocks in central Thailand. Salam et al.
(2014–in this issue) clearly indicated from detailed field mapping, U–
Pb zircon dating, geochemistry and stratigraphy that the host volcanic
sequence can be divided into two compositionally distinct suites and
suggested that both suites 1 and 2 have been emplaced in an island arc
setting and the magma source may have evolved through time accompa-
nying an increasing input of fertile magma source. The Chatree Au-
mineralization (ca. 250 Ma) may have occurred during this transition.
McCarroll et al. (2014–in this issue) have conducted the first de-
tailed study of the Ojolali epithermal gold–silver prospect. This prospect
represents one of the many important epithermal Au deposits in Suma-
tra, and is hosted by Eocene–Miocene andesitic–dacitic Sunda Arc volca-
nics. Through detailed field, petrological and geochemical investigation,
the authors present a complete paragenetic history for the epithermal
prospect, together with its geochemical relations with the host volcanic
rocks. They suggested that the Bukit Jambi and Tambang deposits are
part of the same mineralizing system which developed in a basalt-
floored small rift basinal setting related to movement along the Sumatra
Fault.
Makoundi et al. (2014–in this issue) investigated the Selinsing gold
deposit which is one of the major economic deposits in central Malaysia
hosted by (meta)-sedimentary units. Their laser ablation ICP-MS U–Pb
zircon dating of the host rocks indicates a Carboniferous (ca.
331–300 Ma) maximum depositional age and their detailed textural
and geochemical studies revealed five distinctive pyrite types, sub-
rounded framboidal pyrite (Pyrite 1), rounded recrystallized pyrite (Py-
rite 2), anhedral inclusion-rich pyrite (Pyrite 3), anhedral to subhedral
clean pyrite (Pyrite 4) and coarse euhedral clean pyrite (Pyrite 5).
Laser ablation ICP-MS trace element analysis of the framboidal pyrite
indicates enrichment in V, As, Mo, Ni, Se, Te, Ag, and Zn relative to the
3
other pyrite types. Based on these results, they suggest a two-stage
model for the formation of the gold deposit at Selinsing. Stage 1 consists
of early enrichment of the elements Au, V, As, Mo, Se, Te, Ni, Ag, and Zn
in framboidal pyrite in the sediments, whereas Stage 2 is characterized
by multiple post-diagenetic deformation and metamorphic processes,
favoring the development of fluid pathways and Au remobilization
into later pyrites. Regionally, the Selinsing gold deposit shares geologi-
cal similarities (in term of host rocks, ore mineralogy and geochemistry)
with many other sediment-hosted, orogenic gold deposits in mainland
SE Asia such as the Sepon gold deposit (Laos), Langu gold deposit
(Thailand), Modi Taung and Meyon gold deposits (Myanmar), and
Phuoc Son gold deposit (central Vietnam). Similarly the TKPSSZ,
which hosts important orogenic gold deposits, comprises five major de-
formation phases (D1–D5). D1 shear zones act as the controlling struc-
ture for most major gold–sulfide mineralization zones along the
suture. Our data support the hypothesis that economic gold deposits
along the TKPSSZ first formed during the regional Silurian (D1) orogenic
event. The continental margin sediments (e.g., black shale) may have
served as an important gold source. Mineralized later-stage structures,
including molybdenite-bearing veins, support an Early- to Middle Trias-
sic (ca. 250–240 Ma) metal remobilization and reconcentration, contem-
poraneously with D2–D3 tectonic events (Tran et al., 2014–in this issue).
There is now a growing body of data on the geological, tectonic and
paleotectonic settings in mainland SE Asia that show that the region
was the most active geodynamic region during the Phanerozoic history
of the earth. It evolved by rifting, subduction, accretion and collision of
India–Asia resulting in active continental margin geodynamics with cat-
astrophic uplifting, erosion and sedimentation and paleogeographic de-
velopment of gigantic and diverse river systems such as the great
Yarlung-Tsangpo in Tibet, Brahmaputra in India and Irrawaddy River
system in central Myanmar as described by Robinson et al. (2014–in
this issue) in this special issue. Burrett et al. (2014–in this issue) also
suggest that widespread derivation of zircons may have been supplied
to the peri-Gondwana terranes in SE Asia by a combination of large riv-
ers and huge alluvial fans (bajada) and also in part by submarine fans.
Due to the rapid and massive uplift and erosion in the India–
Himalaya–Asia region, facilitated by pulses or cycles of oxygenation of
the earth's atmosphere, accumulation of gold occurred together with
other redox sensitive trace elements such as Mo, Ni, As, and V trapped
in organic muds in continental-derived sediments such as black shales
or carbonaceous shales at the margin of terranes such as Sibumasu
(Fig. 1A). Increased oxygenation leads to more active continental erosion
and increased supply of gold to the oceans, consequently producing
higher levels of gold pre-concentration in the carbonaceous shale source
rocks (Large et al., 2011). This first stage involves pre-concentration of
gold in diagenetic pyrites in continental basin margins, with subsequent
drifting and subduction of the terranes associated with repeated and
widespread metamorphic–magmatic processes and collision–accretion
associated with structural deformation that released gold–arsenic-rich
metamorphic fluids in favorable structural sites to form sediment-hosted
or orogenic Au deposits such as Selinsing, Tersang, Penjom, Phuoc Son,
Bong Mieu and Modi Taung (Fig. 1B). We suggest that this two-stage
model may have important implications for mineral exploration and future
research on sediment-hosted/orogenic gold deposits in SE Asia.
We hope that this special issue will provide a broader awareness of
the mineral potential of the region and offer a timely contribution to
the current status of tectonics and metallogeny of mainland SE Asia.
Hopefully it will also stimulate further research, as well as exploration
and mining activity in this emerging region.
Acknowledgements
We express our most sincere and profound gratitude to the follow-
ing reviewers: T. Barber (Royal Holloway, University of London, UK);
R.L. Brathwaite (GNS Science, New Zealand); P. Chaodumrong (Depart-
ment of Mineral Resources, Thailand); P. Charusiri (Chulalakorn
4 Editorial
A Duringer, P., Schuster, M., Valentin, X., Marandar, B., Marivaux, L., Metais, E.,
Shan-Thai
Au
(SIBUMASU) Au
Au
Au
Au Au
Accreted Terrane
Suture Zone
Au
B Au
Au
Au
Fig. 1. Cartoon showing two-stage model for formation of sediment hosted/orogenic gold de-
posits in mainland SE Asia. A. Accumulation of gold occurs together with other redox sensi-
tive trace elements such as Mo, Ni, As, V trapped in organic muds in continental-derived
sediments such as black shale or carbonaceous shale at the margin of terranes such as
Sibumasu. B. Subsequent remobilization and reconcentration along accreted terranes.
University, Thailand); H.Y. Chen (Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry,
China); Y.J. Chen (Peking University, China); P. Clift (Louisiana State
University, USA); N.J. Cook (University of Adelaide, Australia); M.
Crow (former British Geological Survey); D. Curnoe (University of
New South Wales, Australia); W.M. Fan (Guangzhou Institute of Geo-
chemistry, China); C. Fergusson (University of Wollongong, Australia);
P. Emsbo (USGS, USA); A.A. Ghani (University of Malaya, Malaysia); R.
Hall (Royal Holloway, University of London, UK); D.L. Huston (Geosci-
ence Australia, Australia); J.-J. Jaeger (Université de Poitiers, France);
R.R. Large (University of Tasmania, Australia); D. Lentz (University of
New Brunswick, Canada); D. Marshall (Simon Fraser University,
Canada); I. Metcalfe (University of New England, Australia); T. Mizuta
(Akita University, Japan); Y. Najman (Lancaster University, UK); S. Pe-
ters (USGS, USA); I. Sevastjanova (Royal Holloway, University of
London, UK); X.Y. Song (State Key Laboratory of Ore Deposit Geochem-
istry (Guiyang), China); Tran Trong Hoa (Vietnamese Academy of Sci-
ence and Technology, Vietnam); S. Turner (Newmont, Australia); and
T.F. Yui (Academia Sinica, Taiwan).
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Khin Zaw
Guest Editor
CODES ARC Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits, University of Tasmania,
Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: Khin.Zaw@utas.edu.au.
M. Santosh
Guest Editor
China University of Geosciences, No. 29 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District,
Beijing 100083, China
I.T. Graham
Guest Editor
School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences,
University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia