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Trigonometry 1st Edition Blitzer Solutions Manual
Trigonometry 1st Edition Blitzer Solutions Manual
Trigonometry 1st Edition Blitzer Solutions Manual
Chapter 2
Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Connect the five points with a smooth curve and
graph one complete cycle of the given function with
Checkpoint Exercises the graph of y = sin x .
3π π
x= + = 2π Find the x–values for the five key points by dividing
2 2 period 2π π
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π π π
y = 3sin = 3 ⋅1 = 3 , 3
2 2 2
π y = 3sin x = 3 ⋅ 0 = 0 (π , 0) x =π + =
2 2
3π 3π 3π π
y = 3sin 3π x= + = 2π
2 , −3 2 2 2
2 Evaluate the function at each value of x.
= 3(−1) = −3
2π y = 3sin 2π = 3 ⋅ 0 = 0 (2π , 0)
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
1
x y sin x coordinates
2 Find the x–values for the five key points by dividing
=− period 4π
0 1
y = − sin 0 (0, 0) the period, 4π , by 4, = = π , then by
2 4 4
adding quarter-periods.
1
= − ⋅0 = 0 The five x-values are
2
x=0
π 1 π π 1 x = 0 +π = π
y sin ,−
2 2 2 2 2 x = π + π = 2π
= − 1
= − ⋅1 = −
1 x = 2π + π = 3π
2 2 x = 3π + π = 4π
π 1
y = − sin π (π , 0) Evaluate the function at each value of x.
2
1
= − ⋅0 = 0 x y = 2 sin
1
x coordinates
2 2
3π 1 3π 3π 1
y = 2 sin ⋅ 0
y sin , 0 1
(0, 0)
2 2 2 2 2 2
=
=−− 2 ( −1) = 2
1 1 = 2 sin 0
= 2⋅ 0 = 0
2π 1
y = − sin 2π (2π , 0) π 1
2 y = 2 sin ⋅π (π , 2)
2
1
= − ⋅0 = 0 π
2 = 2 sin = 2 ⋅1 = 2
2
2π ⋅ 2π
1
y = 2 sin (2π , 0)
2
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and = 2 sin π = 2 ⋅ 0 = 0
graph one complete cycle of the given function with
the graph of y = sin x . Extend the pattern of each
3π 1
y = 2 sin ⋅ 3π (3π , − 2)
2
graph to the left and right as desired. 3π
= 2 sin
2
= 2 ⋅ ( −1) = −2
4π ⋅ 4π
1
y = 2 sin (4π , 0)
2
= 2 sin 2π = 2 ⋅ 0 = 0
The period is
B
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
2π 2π
= = 4π . 1
2
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
2π π 8π 3π 11π
x= + = + = 5. The equation y = −4 cos π x is of the form
3 4 12 12 12
2 2
Evaluate the function at each value of x.
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
x y = −4 cos π x coordinates
0 y = −4 cos (π ⋅ 0 ) (0, –4) The five x-values are
= −4 cos 0 = −4
π
x =−
2
1 1 1 π π π
y = −4 cos π ⋅ ,0 x=− + =−
2 2 2 2 4 4
π π π
= −4 cos =0 x=− + =0
2 4 4
π π
1 y = −4 cos(π ⋅1) (1, 4) x = 0+ =
4 4
= −4 cos π = 4 π π π
x= + =
3 3 3 4 4 2
y = −4 cos π ⋅ ,0 Evaluate the function at each value of x.
2 2 2
3π
= −4 cos =0
2 3
x y= cos(2x + π ) coordinates
2
2 y = −4 cos(π ⋅ 2) (2, –4)
= −4 cos 2π = −4 π 3 π 3
− y= cos(−π + π ) − ,
2 2 2 2
3 3
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and = ⋅1 =
graph one complete cycle of the given function. Extend 2 2
the pattern of the graph another full period to the left.
π π π
cos − + π
3
− y= − , 0
4 2 2 4
3
= ⋅0 = 0
2
y=
3
cos(0 + π ) 3
0 0, −
2 2
3 3
= ⋅ −1 = −
2 2
π 3 π π
3 3 y= cos + π , 0
6. y = cos(2 x + π ) = cos(2 x − (−π )) 4 2 2 4
2 2 3
The equation is of the form y = Acos(Bx − C ) with = ⋅0 = 0
2
3 3 π 3
A= , B = 2 , and C = −π . π y= cos(π + π ) ,
2 2 2 2
2
3 3
= ⋅1 =
3 3 2 2
Thus, the amplitude is A = = .
2 2
2π 2π
The period is = =π . Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
7. The graph of y = 2 cos x + 1 is the graph of y = 2 cos x shifted one unit upwards. The period for both functions is 2π .
2π π
The quarter-period is or . The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key points.
4 2
x=0
π π
x = 0+ =
2 2
π π
x= + =π
2 2
π 3π
x =π + =
2 2
3π π
x= + = 2π
2 2
Evaluate the function at each value of x.
x y = 2 cos x + 1 coordinates
0 y = 2 cos 0 + 1 (0, 3)
= 2 ⋅1 + 1 = 3
π π π
y = 2 cos +1 , 1
2 2 2
= 2⋅ 0 + 1 = 1
π y = 2 cos π + 1 (π , −1)
= 2 ⋅ (−1) + 1 = −1
3π 3π 3π
y = 2 cos +1
2
,1
2 2
= 2⋅ 0 + 1 = 1
2π y = 2 cos 2π + 1 ( 2π , 3)
= 2 ⋅1 + 1 = 3
By connecting the points with a smooth curve, we obtain one period of the graph.
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
2π π
10. Because the hours of daylight ranges from a The period is 2π . The quarter-period is or .
4 2
minimum of 10 hours to a maximum of 14 hours, the The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to
curve oscillates about the middle value, 12 hours. generate x-values for the key points.
Thus, D = 12. The maximum number of hours is 2 x=0
hours above 12 hours. Thus, A = 2. The graph shows
π π
that one complete cycle occurs in 12–0, or 12 x = 0+ =
2π 2 2
months. The period is 12. Thus, 12 =
B π π
x= + =π
12B = 2π 2 2
2π π π 3π
B= = x =π + =
12 6 2 2
3π π
The graph shows that the starting point of the cycle is x= + = 2π
C 2 2
shifted from 0 to 3. The phase shift, , is 3. Evaluate the function at each value of x.
B
C x y = 4 sin x coordinates
3=
B 0 y = 4 sin 0 = 4 ⋅ 0 = 0 (0, 0)
C
3= π
π π π
6 y = 4 sin = 4 ⋅1 = 4 2 ,4
π 2 2
=C
2 π y = 4 sin π = 4 ⋅ 0 = 0 (π , 0)
Substitute these values into y = Asin(Bx − C ) + D .
3π 3π 3π
The number of hours of daylight is modeled by y = 4 sin , − 4
2 2
π π = 4(−1) = −4
2
y = 2 sin x − + 12 .
6 2
2π y = 4 sin 2π = 4 ⋅ 0 = 0 (2π , 0)
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
4 2 4
C
4. ; right; left
B
2π
5. A;
B
1 2π
6. ;
2 3
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
2π π with A =
1
A =
1
=
1
The period is 2π . The quarter-period is or . . Thus, the amplitude is .
4 2 3 3 3
The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to 2π π
generate x-values for the key points. The period is 2π . The quarter-period is or .
4 2
x=0 The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to
π π generate x-values for the key points.
x = 0+ = x=0
2 2
π π π π
x= + =π x = 0+ =
2 2 2 2
π
3π π π
x =π + = x= + =π
2 2 2 2
3π π π 3π
x= + = 2π x =π + =
2 2 2 2
Evaluate the function at each value of x. 3π π
x= + = 2π
x y = 5sin x coordinates 2 2
Evaluate the function at each value of x.
0 y = 5 sin 0 = 5 ⋅ 0 = 0 (0, 0)
1
x y = sin x coordinates
π π π 3
y = 5sin = 5 ⋅1 = 5 , 5
2 2 2 1 1
0 y = sin 0 = ⋅ 0 = 0 (0, 0)
π y = 5sin π = 5 ⋅ 0 = 0 (π , 0)
3 3
π 1 π 1 1 π 1
3π 3π 3π y = sin = ⋅1 = ,
y = 5sin = 5(−1) = −5 , − 5 2 3 2 3 3 2 3
2 2 2
2π π 1 1
y = 5 sin 2π = 5 ⋅ 0 = 0 (2π , 0) y = sin π = ⋅ 0 = 0 (π , 0)
3 3
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and
3π 1 3π 3π 1
graph one complete cycle of the given function with y = sin ,−
the graph of y = sin x . 2 3 2 2 3
1 1
= (−1) = −
3 3
2π 1 1
y = sin 2π = ⋅ 0 = 0 (2π , 0)
3 3
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
with A =
1
A =
1
=
1 2π π
. Thus, the amplitude is . The period is 2π . The quarter-period is or .
4 4 4 4 2
2π π The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to
The period is 2π . The quarter-period is or .
π y=
1 1
sin π = ⋅ 0 = 0 (π , 0) π y = −3sin π (π , 0)
4 4
= −3 ⋅ 0 = 0
3π 3π 1 3π
, −
1 1 1
y= sin = (−1) = −
2 4 2 4 4 2 4 3π 3π 3π
y = −3sin , 3
2 2 2
2π y=
1 1
sin 2π = ⋅ 0 = 0 (2π , 0) = −3(−1) = 3
4 4
2π y = −3sin 2π (2π , 0)
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and = −3 ⋅ 0 = 0
graph one complete cycle of the given function with
the graph of y = sin x .
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and
graph one complete cycle of the given function with
the graph of y = sin x .
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
6. The equation y = −4 sin x is of the form y = A sin x 7. The equation y = sin 2 x is of the form y = A sin Bx
2π π 2π 2π
The period is 2π . The quarter-period is or . A = 1 = 1 . The period is = = π . The
4 2 B 2
The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to π
quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x = 0. Add
generate x-values for the key points. 4
x=0 quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key
π π points.
x = 0+ = x=0
2 2
π π π
x= + =π x = 0+
2 2 4
π
3π π π π
x =π + = x= + =
2 2 4 4
2
3π π π π
3π
x= + = 2π x= + =
2 2 2 4 4
Evaluate the function at each value of x. 3π π
x y = −4 sin x coordinates x= + =π
4 4
0 y = −4sin 0 = −4 ⋅ 0 = 0 (0, 0) Evaluate the function at each value of x.
π
x y = sin 2 x coordinates
π π
y = −4sin = −4 ⋅1 = −4 , − 4
2 2 2 0 y = sin 2 ⋅ 0 = sin 0 = 0 (0, 0)
π y = −4 sin π = −4 ⋅ 0 = 0 (π , 0) π π π
y = sin 2 ⋅ ,1
4 4
3π 3π 3π
4
y = −4sin = −4(−1) = 4 ,4 π
2 2 2 = sin =1
2
2π y = −4sin 2π = −4 ⋅ 0 = 0 (2π , 0)
π 2π 2π
y = sin 2 ⋅ ,0
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and 2
graph one complete cycle of the given function with = sin π = 0
π y = sin(2 ⋅ π ) (π , 0)
= sin 2π = 0
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
B 4 2 2
π
π 1 π 2π 2π
quarter-period is 2
= ⋅ = . The cycle begins at The period is = = 2π ⋅ 2 = 4π . The quarter-
1
4 2 4 8 B 2
x = 0. Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for 4π
the key points. period is = π . The cycle begins at x = 0. Add
4
x=0
quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key points.
π π x=0
x = 0+ =
8 8 x = 0 +π = π
π π π
x= + = x = π + π = 2π
8 8
4
x = 2π + π = 3π
π π 3π
x= + = x = 3π + π = 4π
4 8 8
3π π π Evaluate the function at each value of x.
x= + =
8 8 2
Evaluate the function at each value of x. x 1
y = 3sin x coordinates
2
x y = sin 4 x coordinates 0 1
y = 3sin ⋅ 0 (0, 0)
2
0 y = sin(4 ⋅ 0) = sin 0 = 0 (0, 0)
= 3sin 0 = 3⋅ 0 = 0
π π π π π 1
y = sin 4 ⋅ = sin =1 , 1 y = 3sin ⋅π (π , 3)
8 8 2 8 2
π
π π π = 3sin = 3 ⋅1 = 3
y = sin 4 ⋅ = sin π = 0 , 0 2
4 4 4
2π 1
y = 3sin ⋅ 2π (2π , 0)
3π 3π 3π
y = sin 4 ⋅ , −1 2
8 8 8 = 3sin π = 3 ⋅ 0 = 0
3π
= sin = −1 3π 1
2 y = 3sin ⋅ 3π (3π , − 3)
2
π y = sin 2π = 0 π 3π
, 0 = 3sin
2 2 2
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and = 3(−1) = −3
graph one complete cycle of the given function.
4π 1
y = 3sin⋅ 4π (4π , 0)
2
Connect the=five 2π = 3with
3sinpoints ⋅ 0 =a0smooth curve and
graph one complete cycle of the given function.
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
3
, − 4
3 3
3π y = 4 sin π ⋅
6π y = 2 sin = 2(−1) = −2 (6π , − 2) 2 2 2
2
3π
8π y = 2 sin 2π = 2 ⋅ 0 = 0 (8π , 0) = 4 sin
2
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and
= 4(−1) = −4
graph one complete cycle of the given function.
y = 4sin(π ⋅ 2)
2 (2, 0)
= 4 sin 2π = 4 ⋅ 0 = 0
Connect the five points with a smooth curve and
graph one complete cycle of the given function.
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
12. The equation y = 3sin 2π x is of the form 13. The equation y = −3sin 2π x is of the form
y = A sin Bx with A = 3 and B = 2π . The amplitude y = A sin Bx with A = –3 and B = 2π . The amplitude
2π 2π 2π 2π
is A = 3 = 3 . The period is = = 1 . The is A = −3 = 3 . The period is = = 1 . The
B 2π B 2π
1 1
quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x = 0. Add
4 4
quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key points.
points. x=0
x=0 1 1
1 1 x = 0+ =
x = 0+ = 4 4
4 4 1 1 1
1 1 1 x= + =
x= + = 4 4 2
4 4 2 1 1 3
1 1 3 x= + =
x= + = 2 4 4
2 4 4 3 1
3 1 x = + =1
x = + =1 4 4
4 4 Evaluate the function at each value of x.
Evaluate the function at each value of x.
x y = −3sin 2π x coordinates
x y = 3sin 2π x coordinates 0 y = −3sin(2π ⋅ 0) (0, 0)
0 y = 3sin(2π ⋅ 0) (0, 0) = −3sin 0
= 3sin 0 = 3⋅ 0 = 0 = −3 ⋅ 0 = 0
1 1
1 1 1 y = −3sin 2π ⋅ 1
, − 3
y = 3sin 2π ⋅ ,3 4 4
4
4 4 4
π
π = −3sin
= 3sin = 3 ⋅1 = 3 2
2
= −3 ⋅1 = −3
1 1
y = 3sin 2π ⋅ 2
1 1 1 1
2 ,0 y = −3sin 2π ⋅ ,0
2 2 2 2
= 3sin π = 3 ⋅ 0 = 0 = −3sin π
= −3 ⋅ 0 = 0
3 3 3
y = 3sin 2π ⋅ , − 3
4 4 3 3 3
4 y = −3sin 2π ⋅ ,3
3π 4 4 4
= 3sin = 3(−1) = −3
2 3π
= −3sin
2
1 y = 3sin(2π ⋅1) (1, 0) = −3(−1) = 3
= 3sin 2π = 3 ⋅ 0 = 0
1 y = −3sin(2π ⋅1) (1, 0)
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and
graph one complete cycle of the given function. = −3sin 2π
= −3 ⋅ 0 = 0
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
Connect the five points with a smooth curve and Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and
graph one complete cycle of the given function. graph one complete cycle of the given function.
B π 3
2 1 The amplitude is A = −1 = 1 .
quarter-period is = .
4 2 2π 2π 3
The period is = = 2π ⋅ 2 = 3π .
The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods B 2
3
to generate x-values for the key points.
x=0 3π
The quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x = 0.
4
1 1
x = 0+ = Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key
2 2 points.
1 1
x = + =1 x=0
2 2 3π 3π
1 3 x = 0+ =
x = 1+ = 4 4
2 2 3π 3π 3π
3 1 x= + = 2
x= + =2 x4 y4= − sin
2 x coordinates
2 2 3π 3π 9π 3
2
Evaluate the function at each value of x. x = 0 + y ==− sin ⋅ 0 (0, 0)
2 4 4 3
x y = −2 sin π x coordinates 9π 3π= − sin 0 = 0
x= + = 3π
4 4
0 y = −2sin(π ⋅ 0) (0, 0) 3π π x.
π value3of
2 3each
y =function
Evaluate the − sin at⋅ , −1
= −2sin 0 = −2 ⋅ 0 = 0 4
π
1 1 1 = − sin = −1
y = −2 sin π ⋅ , − 2
2 2 2
π 3π 2 3π 3π
= −2sin = −2 ⋅1 = −2 y = − sin ⋅ , 0
2 2 3 2 2
= − sin π = 0
1 y = −2sin(π ⋅1) (1, 0)
= −2 sin π = −2 ⋅ 0 = 0 3 4 4
3 3 3 2
y = −2 sin π ⋅ ,2
2 2 2
3π
79 = −2sin = −2(−1) = 2Copyright
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2
2 y = −2sin(π ⋅ 2) (2, 0)
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
9π 2 9π 9π
y = − sin ⋅ , 1
4 3 4 4
4
3π x y = − sin x coordinates
= − sin 3
2
= −(−1) = 1
⋅ 0
4
0 y = − sin (0, 0)
3
3π y = − sin
2
⋅ 3π (3π , 0) = − sin 0 = 0
= − sin 2π = 0 3 3π 4 3π 3π , −1
y = − sin ⋅
8 3 8 8
π
= − sin = −1
Connect the five points with a smooth curve and 2
graph one complete cycle of the given function.
3π 4 3π 3π
y = − sin ⋅ , 0
4 3 4 4
= − sin π = 0
9π 4 9π 9π
y = − sin ⋅ , 1
8 3 8 8
3π
= − sin = −(−1) = 1
2
3π 4 3π 3π
4 y = − sin ⋅ 2 ,0
16. The equation y = − sin x is of the form 2 3 2
3
= − sin 2π = 0
4
y = A sin Bx with A = –1 and B = . Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and
3
graph one complete cycle of the given function.
The amplitude is A = −1 = 1 .
2π 2π 3 3π
The period is = = 2π ⋅ = .
B
4
3
4 2
3π 1 3π
3π
The quarter-period is = 2
⋅ = .
4 2 4 8
The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to
generate x-values for the key points.
x=0
3π 3π
x = 0+ =
8 8
3π 3π 3π
x= + =
8 8 4
3π 3π 9π
x= + =
4 8 8
9π 3π 3π
x= + =
8 8 2
Evaluate the function at each value of x.
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
2π π 2π 2π C
π
π
quarter-period is = . The cycle begins at = = 2π . The phase shift is 2
4 2 = = . The
B 1 B 1 2
x = π . Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for
2π π
the key points. quarter-period is = . The cycle begins at
4 2
x =π
π
π 3π x= . Add quarter-periods to generate
x =π + = 2
2 2 x-values for the key points.
3π π π
x= + = 2π x=
2 2 2
π 5π π π
x = 2π + = x= + =π
2 2 2 2
5π π π 3π
x= + = 3π x =π + =
2 2 2 2
Evaluate the function at each value of x.
3π π
x= + = 2π
x y = sin(x − π ) coordinates 2 2
π
5π
π y = sin(π − π ) (π , 0) x = 2π + =
2 2
= sin 0 = 0 Evaluate the function at each value of x.
3π 3π 3π π
y = sin −π ,1 x y = sin x − coordinates
2 2 2 2
π
= sin =1
2 π π π π
y = sin − = sin 0 = 0 , 0
2 2 2 2
2π y = sin(2π − π ) (2π , 0)
= sin π = 0 π π π
y = sin π − = sin =1 (π , 1)
2 2
5π 5π 5π
y = sin −π , −1
2 2 2 3π 3π π 3π
3π y = sin − , 0
= sin = −1 2 2 2 2
2 = sin π = 0
3π y = sin(3π − π ) (3π , 0) π
2π y = sin 2π − (2π , − 1)
= sin 2π = 0 2
Connect the five points with a smooth curve and 3π
graph one complete cycle of the given function. = sin = −1
2
5π 5π π 5π
y = sin − , 0
2 2 2 2
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
3π 3π 3π
y = sin 2 ⋅ −π , 0
2 2 2
= sin(3π − π )
19. The equation y = sin(2x − π ) is of the form
= sin 2π = 0
y = A sin(Bx − C ) with A = 1, B = 2, and C = π . The Connect the five points with a smooth curve and
amplitude is A = 1 = 1 . The period is graph one complete cycle of the given function.
2π 2π C π
= = π . The phase shift is = . The
B 2 B 2
π π
quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x = . Add
4 2
quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key points.
π
x=
2
π π 3π
x= + =
2 4 4
π
3π π 20. The equation y = sin 2x − is of the form
x= + =π 2
4 4
π 5π π
x =π + = y = A sin(Bx − C ) with A = 1, B = 2, and C = .
4 4 2
π y = sin(2 ⋅ π − π ) (π , 0)
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
4 4 2
π π 3π
x= + =
2 4 4
3π π
x= + =π
4 4
π 5π
x =π + =
4 4
Evaluate the function at each value of x.
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
π π π π B 2 B 2
y = sin 2 ⋅ − , 1 π π
2 2 2 2 quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x = . Add
4 2
2π 2 π
= sin π − = sin = 1
quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key points.
π
x=
3π 3π π 3π 2
y = sin 2 ⋅ − , 0 π π 3π
4 4 2 4 x= + =
2 4 4
3π 2 π
= sin − 2 3π π
2 2 x= + =π
4 4
= sin π = 0
π 5π
x = πx + y == 3sin(2x − π ) coordinates
4 4
π π 5π π 3π
y = sin 2 ⋅ π − (π , −1) x=π + = π π
4 4y = 3sin2 2⋅ −π ,0
2 the function 2at each 2 x.
value of
π Evaluate
= sin 2π − = 3sin(π − π )
= 3sin 0 = 3⋅ 0 = 0
3π
= sin = −1
2 2 3π 3π 3π
y = 3sin 2 ⋅ −π ,3
4
5π 5π π 5π 3π
y = sin 2 ⋅ 2 − , 0 = 3sin −π
4 4 2 4 2
5π π π 4
= sin − = 3sin = 3 ⋅1 = 34
2
= sin 2π = 0 π y = 3sin(2 ⋅ π − π ) (π , 0)
= 3sin(2π − π )
= 3sin π = 3 ⋅ 0 = 0
2 2 5π 5π 5π
y = 3sin 2 ⋅ −π , − 3
4 4 4
5π
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and = 3sin − π
graph one complete cycle of the given function. 2
3π
= 3sin
2
= 3(−1) = −3
3π 3π 3π
y = 3sin 2 ⋅ −π , 0
2 2 2
= 3sin(3π − π )
= 3sin 2π = 3 ⋅ 0 = 0
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Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
π
x y = 3sin 2 x − coordinates
Connect the five points with a smooth curve and 2
graph one complete cycle of the given function.
π π π π
y = 3sin 2 ⋅ − , 0
4 4 2 4
π π
= sin −
2 2
= 3sin 0 = 3⋅ 0 = 0
π π π π
y = 3sin 2 ⋅ − , 3
2 2 2 2
π
π = 3sin π −
22. The equation y = 3sin 2 x − is of the form 2
π
2 = 3sin = 3⋅1 = 3
2
π
y = A sin(Bx − C ) with A = 3, B = 2, and C = .
2 3π 3π π 3π
The amplitude is A = 3 = 3. y = 3sin 2 ⋅ − ,0
4 4 2 4
3π π
2π 2π = 3sin −
The period is = =π . 2 2
B 2
π = 3sin π = 3⋅ 0 = 0
C π 1 π π
The phase shift is = 2
= ⋅ = . π (π , − 3)
B 2 2 2 4
π π
The quarter-period is . = 3sin 2π −
4 2
π y = 3sin 23π⋅ π −
The cycle begins at x = . Add quarter-periods to = 3sin = 32⋅ (−1) = −3
4 2
generate x-values for the key points.
5π 5π π 5π
π y = 3sin 2 ⋅ − ,0
x= 4 4 2 4
4
π π π 5π π
x= + = = 3sin −
4 42 2 2
π π 3π = 3sin 2π = 3 ⋅ 0 = 0
x= + =
2 4 4
3π π
x= + =π
4 4
π 5π
x =π + =
4 4 Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and
Evaluate the function at each value of x. graph one complete cycle of the given function.
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Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
1 π 1 π
23. y= sin x + = sin x − −
2 2 2 2
1 π
The equation y = sin x − − is of the form
π 1
2 2 π 1
y = sin π + π, −
2 2 2
1 π 1 3π
y = A sin(Bx − C ) with A = , B = 1, and C = − . = sin
2 2
2 2 1 1
= ⋅ (−1) = −
1 1 2 2
The amplitude is A = = . The period is
2 2 3π 1 3π π 23π
y= sin + ,0
2π 2π C −π π 2 2 2 2
= = 2π . The phase shift is = 2
=− .
1
= sin 2π
B 1 B 1 2 2
2π π 1
= ⋅0 = 0
The quarter-period is = . The cycle begins at
4 2 2
π
x =− . Add quarter-periods to generate x-values Connect the five points with a smooth curve and
2 graph one complete cycle of the given function.
for the key points.
π
x=−
2
π π
x=− + =0
2 2
π π
x = 0+ =
2 2
π π
x= + =π
2 2
3π π
x =π + = 1 1
2 2 24. y= sin( x + π ) = sin( x − (−π ))
Evaluate the function at each value of x. 2 2
1
The equation y = sin(x − (−π )) is of the form
2
1
y = A sin(Bx − C ) with A = , B = 1, and C = −π .
π
sin x +
1 2
x y= coordinates
2 2
π The amplitude is A =
1 1
= . The period is
− ,0 2 2
π π π
y = sin − +
− 1
2π 2π C −π
2 2 2 2 2 = = 2π . The phase shift is = = −π .
1 1
= sin 0 = ⋅ 0 = 0 B 1 B 1
2 2
2π π
The quarter-period is = . The cycle begins at
π
sin 0 +
1 1 4 2
0 y= 0, 2 x = −π . Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for
2 2
1 π 1 1 the key points.
= sin = ⋅1 = x = −π
2 2 2 2
π 1 π π π
y= sin + , 0
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1 1
= sin π = ⋅ 0 = 0
2 2
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
π π
x = −π + =−
2 2
π π
x=− + =0
2 2
π π
x = 0+ =
2 2
π π
x= + =π
2 2
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
0 π
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and y = −2 sin 2 ⋅ 0 + (0, –2)
graph one complete cycle of the given function. 2
π
= −2 sin 0 +
2
π
= −2sin
2
= −2 ⋅1 = −2
π π π π
y = −2 sin 2 ⋅ + , 0
4 4 2 4
π π
π π = −2 sin +
25. y = −2 sin 2 x + = −2 sin 2 x − −
= −2 sin π2 2
2 2
= −2 ⋅ 0 = 0
π
The equation y = −2sin 2 x − − is of the form
2
y = A sin(Bx − C ) with A = –2,
π
B = 2, and C = − . The amplitude is
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
2
A = −2 2π 2π
= 2 . The period is = = π . The
B 2
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
π π π π
y = −2 sin 2 ⋅ + , 2
2 2 2 2 π
π x=−
= −2 sin π + 4
2 π π
x=− + =0
3π 4 4
= −2sin
2 π π
x = 0+ =
= −2(−1) = 2 4 4
π π π
x= + =
3π 3π π 3π
y = −2sin 2 ⋅ + , 0 4 24
4 4 2 4 π π
3π
x= + =
3π π 2 4 4
= −2sin +
2 2 π value of x.coordinates
Evaluate the function at each
x y = −3sin 2 x +
= −2sin 2π 2
= −2 ⋅ 0 = 0
−π π π π
Connect the five points with a smooth curve and 4 y = −3sin 2 ⋅ 4− 2+ − ,0
graph one complete cycle of the given function. 4
π π
= −3sin − +
2 2
= −3sin 0 = −3 ⋅ 0 = 0
π (0, –3)
0 y = −3sin 2 ⋅ 0 +
2
π
= −3sin 0 +
2
π
= −3sin = −3 ⋅1 = −3
2
π π
26. y = −3sin 2 x + = −3sin 2 x − − π π π π
y = −3sin 2 ⋅ + , 0
2 2 4 4 2 4
π π
= −3sin +
π
The equation y = −3sin 2 x − − is of the form = −3sin π = −3 ⋅ 0 = 0
π π π π
2 y = −3sin 22 ⋅ 2 + ,3
2 2 2 2
π
y = A sin(Bx − C ) with A = –3, B = 2, and C = − . π
2 = −3sin π +
The amplitude is A = −3 = 3 . The period is 2
3π
2π 2π = −3sin = −3 ⋅ (−1) = 3
= = π . The phase shift is 2
B 2
π 3π 3π π
C − 2 π 1 π π y = −3sin 2 ⋅ +
= = − ⋅ = − . The quarter-period is . 4 4
B 2 2 2 4 4 3π π
π = −3sin +
The cycle begins at x = − . Add quarter-periods to 2 2
3π
4 = −3sin 2π =4 −3 ⋅20 = 0 ,0
generate x-values for the key points.
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
π −4 π −4 π −4
y = 3sin π +2 ,3
2π 2π 2π
π −4
= 3sin + 2
2
27. y = 3sin(π x + 2) π
= 3sin − 2 + 2
2
The equation y = 3sin(π x − (−2)) is of the form
π
= 3sin
2
y = A sin(Bx − C ) with A = 3, B = π , and C = –2. = 3⋅1 = 3
The amplitude is A = 3 = 3 . The period is
π −2 π −2 π −2
y = 3sin π + 2 ,0
2π 2π C −2 2 π π π
= = 2 . The phase shift is = =− .
= 3sin(π − 2 + 2)
B π B π π = 3sin π = 3⋅ 0 = 0
2 1
The quarter-period is = . The cycle begins at 3π − 4 3π − 4 5π
4 2 y = 3sin π + 2 , − 3
2 2π 2π 4
x=− . Add quarter-periods to generate x-values
π 3π − 4
for the key points. = 3sin +2
2
x=− 3π
π = 3sin − 2 + 2
2 1 π −4
2
x=− + = 3π
π 2 2π = 3sin 2
2
= 3(−1) = −3
π −4 1 π −2
x= + =
2π 2 π
2π − 2 2π − 2 2π − 2
π − 2 1 3π − 4 y = 3sin π +2 ,0
x= + = π π π
π 2 2π
3π − 4 1 2π − 2 = 3sin(2π − 2 + 2)
x= + =
2π 2 π = 3sin 2π = 3 ⋅ 0 = 0
Evaluate the function at each value of x.
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Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
3π − 8 3π − 8 3π − 8
28. y = 3sin(2π x + 4) = 3sin(2π x − (−4)) y = 3sin 2π +4 , −3
4π 4π 4π
The equation y = 3sin(2π x − (−4)) is of the form 3π − 8
= 3sin + 4
y = A sin(Bx − C ) with A = 3, B = 2π , and
3π
C = –4. The amplitude is A = 3 = 3 . The period = 3sin − 4 + 4
2 2
3π
2π 2π C −4 2 = 3sin = 3(−1) = −3
is = = 1 . The phase shift is = =− . 2
B 2π B 2π π
π − 2 y = 3sin 2π π − 2 + 4 π −2
π ,0
1
The quarter-period is . The cycle begins at
π
4 = 3sin(2π − 4 + 4)
2 = 3sin 2π = 3 ⋅ 0 = 0
x = − . Add quarter-periods to generate x-values
π
for the key points.
2 π
x=−
π
2 1 π −8
x=− + =
π 4 4π Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and
π −8 1 π − 4 graph one complete cycle of the given function.
x= + =
4π 4 2π
3π π− 8x + 4)
πx − 4 y =1 3sin(2 coordinates
x= + =
22π 4 4π
−3π − 8 y1= 3sin 2 2
π − 22π − + 4 − ,0
x= π + =
4π 4 π
Evaluate the=function + 4)
3sin(−4 at each value of x.
= 3sin 0 = 3⋅ 0 = 0
π −4 π −4 π −4
y = 3sin 2π +4 ,0 C −4π 1
2π 2π 2π = = −2 . The quarter-period is . The cycle
B 2π 4
= 3sin(π − 4 + 4) 2
= 3sin π = 3⋅ 0 = 0 begins at x = −2 . Add quarter-periods to generate x-
values for the key points.
x = −2
1 7
x = −2 + =−
4 4
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
5
x
2 4 4
5 1
3
=−
4 4
2
x =−
−
x=− + = −1
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
4 4
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
x y = −2sin(2π x + 4π ) coordinates
30. y = −3sin(2π x + 4π ) = −3 sin(2π x − (−4π ))
–2 y = −2sin(2π (−2) + 4π ) (–2, 0)
= −2sin(−4π + 4π ) The equation y = −3sin(2π x − (−4π )) is of the form
= −2sin 0
y = A sin(Bx − C ) with A = –3, B = 2π , and C = −4π .
= −2 ⋅ 0 = 0
The amplitude is A = −3 = 3 . The period is
7 7 7
− y = −2 sin 2π − + 4π − , − 2
4
2π 2π C −4π
= = 1 . The phase shift is = = −2 . The
7π B 2π B 2π
= −2 sin − + 4π
2
π
= −2sin = −2 ⋅1 = −2 quarter-period is
1
. The cycle begins at x = −2 . Add
2 4 4 4
quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key points.
x = −2
3 3
− y = −2 sin 2π − + 4π
1
x = −2 + =−
7
2 2
4 4
= −2sin(−3π + 4π ) 7 1
x=− + =−
3
= −2 sin π = −2 ⋅ 0 = 0 4 4 2
3 1 5
3 x=− + =−
− ,0 4 π x + 4π )
x 2 y 4= −3sin(2 coordinates
5 2 5 5
− y = −2 sin 2π − + 4π − ,2
4 –2 y = −3sin(2π (−2) + 4π ) (–2, 0)
5 1
x = − + ==−3sin(−4
−1 π + 4π )
5π 4 4
= −2 sin − + 4π = −3sin
Evaluate the 0 =at−3each
function ⋅ 0 =value
0 of x.
3π
= −2sin 4 −
7
y = −3sin 2π −
7
+ 4π −
7
, − 3
2 4 4
= −2(−1) = 2
7π
= −3sin − + 4π
2
2
–1 y = −2sin(2π (−1) + 4π ) (–1, 0) π
= −3sin = −3 ⋅1 = −3
= −2sin(−2π + 4π ) 2
4
= −2sin 2π 4
3 3 3
= −2 ⋅ 0 = 0 − y = −3sin 2π − + 4π − ,0
2 2 2
= −3sin(−3π + 4π )
= −3sin π = −3 ⋅ 0 = 0
5 5 5
− y = −3sin 2π − + 4π − ,3
4
Connect the five points with a smooth curve and 5π
graph one complete cycle of the given function. = −3sin − + 4π
2
3π
= −3sin = −3(−1) = 3
2 4 4
–1 y = −3sin(2π (−1) + 4π ) (–1, 0)
= −3sin(−2π + 4π )
= −3sin 2π = −3 ⋅ 0 = 0
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and Connect the five points with a smooth curve and
graph one complete cycle of the given function. graph one complete cycle of the given function with
0 y = 3 cos 0 = 3 ⋅1 = 3 (0, 3)
x y = 2 cos x coordinates
π π π
0 y = 2 cos 0 (0, 2) y = 3cos = 3⋅ 0 = 0 , 0
2 2 2
= 2 ⋅1 = 2
π π π y = 3cos π = 3 ⋅ (−1) = −3 (π , − 3)
y = 2 cos π
2
,0
2
2 3π 3π 3π
= 2⋅ 0 = 0 y = 3cos = 3⋅ 0 = 0 ,0
2 2 2
π y = 2 cos π (π , − 2)
2π y = 3 cos 2π = 3 ⋅1 = 3 (2π , 3)
= 2 ⋅ (−1) = −2
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve
3π
3π 3π ,0 and graph one complete cycle of the given function
y = 2 cos
2 2 2 with the graph of y = cos x .
= 2⋅ 0 = 0
2π y = 2 cos 2π (2π , 2)
= 2 ⋅1 = 2
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Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
33. The equation y = −2 cos x is of the form y = A cos x 34. The equation y = −3cos x is of the form y = A cos x
with A = –2. Thus, the amplitude is with A = –3. Thus, the amplitude is A = −3 = 3 .
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
35. The equation y = cos 2 x is of the form y = A cos Bx 36. The equation y = cos 4 x is of the form y = A cos Bx
with A = 1 and B = 2. Thus, the amplitude is with A = 1 and B = 4. Thus, the amplitude is
2π 2π 2π 2π π
A = 1 = 1 . The period is = = π . The A = 1 = 1 . The period is = = . The
B 2 B 4 2
π π 1 ππ
quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x = 0 . Add quarter-period is 2
= ⋅ = . The cycle begins at
4 4 2 4 8
quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key x = 0. Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for
points. the key points.
x=0 x=0
π π π π
x = 0+ = x = 0+ =
4 4 8 8
π π π π π π
x= + = x= + =
4 4
2 8 8
4
π π 3π π π
3π
x= + = x= + =
2 4 4 4 8 8
3π π 3π π π
x= + =π x= + =
4 4 8 8 2
Evaluate the function at each value of x. Evaluate the function at each value of x.
x y = cos 2 x coordinates
x y = cos 4 x coordinates
0 y = cos(2 ⋅ 0) (0, 1)
0 y = cos(4 ⋅ 0) = cos 0 = 1 (0, 1)
= cos 0 = 1
8
π π 8 π 2 π
π π π y = cos 4 ⋅ = cos =0 ,0
y = cos 2 ⋅ ,0 8
4 4 4
π π π
= cos =0 π
2 y = cos 4 ⋅ π = −1
=4cos 4 , −1
4
π π π
y = cos 2 ⋅
, −1 3π 3π 3π
2 2 2 y = cos 4 ⋅ ,0
8 8 8
= cos π = −1
3π
= cos =0
3π 3π 3π 2
y = cos 2 ⋅ ,0
4 4 4
π π π
3π y = cos 4 ⋅ = cos 2π = 1 ,1
= cos =0 2 2 2
2
π y = cos(2 ⋅ π ) (π , 1) Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and
= cos 2π = 1 graph one complete cycle of the given function.
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Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
37. The equation y = 4 cos 2π x is of the form y = A cos Bx 38. The equation y = 5 cos 2π x is of the form
with A = 4 and B = 2π . Thus, the amplitude is y = A cos Bx with A = 5 and B = 2π . Thus, the
B 2π 2π 2π 1
= = 1 . The quarter-period is . The cycle
quarter-period is
1
. The cycle begins at x = 0 . Add B 2π 4
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
1
y = A cos Bx with A = –4 and B = . Thus, the
2
2π 2π
= 1 = 2π ⋅ 2 = 4π . The quarter-period is
B 2
4π
= π . The cycle begins at x = 0 . Add quarter-
4
periods to generate x-values for the key points. 1
x=0 40. The equation y = −3cos x is of the form
3
x = 0 +π = π
1
x = π + π = 2π y = A cos Bx with A = –3 and B = . Thus, the
3
x = 2π + π = 3π 1 amplitude is A = −3 = 3 . The period is
x y = −4cos x coordinates
2
x = 3π + π = 4π 2π 2π
1 (0,x.–4) = 2π ⋅ 3 = 6π . The quarter-period is
0 the
Evaluate y =function
−4 cos at⋅ each
2
0 value of B = 13
= −4 cos 0
6π 3π
= −4 ⋅1 = −4 = . The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-
4 2
periods to generate x-values for the key points.
π y = −4 cos
1
⋅π (π , 0) x=0
3π 3π
π x = 0+ =
= −4 cos 2 2
2
= −4 ⋅ 0 = 0
3π 3π
x= + = 3π
2π y = −4 cos
1
⋅ 2π (2π , 4) 2 2
3π 9π 1 x
2 x = 3xπ + y = −3cos
= 3
coordinates
= −4 cos π
= −4 ⋅ (−1) = 4 2 2
0 y = −3cos 1 ⋅ 0 (0, –3)
9π 3π 3
x= + = 6π
3π ⋅ 3π
1
y = −4 cos (3π , 0) 2 = −3cos 0 = −3 ⋅1 = −3
2
2
3π 3π the function
Evaluate 1 at3πeach value of x. 3π
= −4cos y = −3cos ⋅ ,0
2 2
= −4 ⋅ 0 = 20 π
= −3cos = −3 ⋅ 0 = 0
2
4π y = −4 cos
1
⋅ 4π (4π , – 4)
3π y = −3cos
1
⋅ 3π (3π , 3)
= −4 cos 2π 3
= −4 ⋅1 = −4 = −3cos π = −3 ⋅ (−1) = 3
3 2 2
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Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
9π 1 9π 9π 1 π
y = −3cos ⋅ , 0 x y cos x coordinates
2 3 2 2 2 3
3π =−
= −3cos = −3 ⋅ 0 = 0 π
y= − cos ⋅ 0 0, −
0 1 1
2
2 3 2
6π 1 1
y = −3cos ⋅ 6π (6π , − 3) = − cos 0
2
= −3cos 2π = −3 ⋅1 = −3 1
= − ⋅1 = −
1
3 2 2
3 1 π 3 3
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and y = − cos ⋅ , 0
2 2 3 2 2
graph one complete cycle of the given function.
1 π
= − cos
2 2
1
= − ⋅0 = 0
2
1 π 1
3 y cos ⋅ 3 3,
=−2 3 2
1
cos π
1 π =−2
41. The equation y = − cos x is of the form
2 3 1 1
= − ⋅ (−1) =
2 2
1 π
y = A cos Bx with A = − and B = . Thus, the 9 1 π 9 9
2 3 y cos ,0
2 2 3 2 2
1 3π
1 1 cos
amplitude is A = − = . The period is =−2 2⋅
1
= − ⋅0 = 0
2 2 2
=−
2π 2π 3 6 3
= = 2π ⋅ = 6 . The quarter-period is = .
π π 1 π 1
B 3
4 2 6 y= − cos ⋅ 6 6, −
2 3
The cycle begins at x = 0 . Add quarter-periods to
1
generate x-values for the key points. = − cos 2π
2
x=0
1 1
3 3 = − ⋅1 = − 2
x = 0+ = 2 2
2 2
3 3
x= + =3
2 2
3 9
x = 3+ =
2 2
9 3
x= + =6 Connect the five points with a smooth curve and
2 2 graph one complete cycle of the given function.
Evaluate the function at each value of x.
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
1 π
y = A cos Bx with A = − and B = . Thus, the
2 4
1 1
amplitude is A = − = . The period is
2 2
2π 2π 4
= π = 2π ⋅ = 8 . The quarter-period is 84 = 2 .
B 4 π
The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to
generate x-values for the key points.
x=0
π
x = 0+2 = 2 43. The equation y = cos x − is of the form
2
x = 2+2 = 4 1
x y = − cos π x coordinates y = A cos ( Bx − C ) with A = 1, and B = 1, and
x = 4+2 = 6 2 4
π
x = 06 + 2y= 8 1 cos π ⋅ 0 1
0, − C= . Thus, the amplitude is A = 1 = 1 . The
2 2
2
4 at each
Evaluate the function value of x.
1 1 1
= − cos 0 = − ⋅1 = − 2π 2π
2 2 2
period is = = 2π . The phase shift is
B 1
1 π π
2 y cos ⋅ 2 (2, 0)
2 4 C 2 π 2π π
=−1 = = . The quarter-period is = . The
π 1
= − cos = − ⋅ 0 = 0
B 1 2 4 2
2 2 2 π
cycle begins at x = . Add quarter-periods to
2
1 π 1
4 y cos ⋅ 4 4, generate x-values for the key points.
2 4 2 π
=−1 1 x=
1 2
= − cos π = − ⋅ (−1) =
2 2 2 π π
x= + =π
2 2
1 π π 3π
6 y= − cos ⋅ 6 (6, 0)
x =π + =
2 4 2 2
=−
1 3π 1 3π π
= − cos = − ⋅0 = 0 x= + = 2π
2 2 2 2 2
π 5π
1 π 1 x = 2π + =
8 y cos ⋅ 8 8, − 2 2
2 4 2 Evaluate the function at each value of x.
1 1 1
= − cos 2π = − ⋅1 = − x coordinates
2 2 2
π π
, 1
2 2
=−
π (π , 0 )
3π 3π
, −1
2 2
Inc.Inc.(
2π 2π , 0 )
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5π
5π
2 , 1
2
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
Connect the five points with a smooth curve and Connect the five points with a smooth curve and
graph one complete cycle of the given function graph one complete cycle of the given function
π 2π 2π C π
C =− . Thus, the amplitude is A = 1 = 1 . The period is = = π . The phase shift is = .
2 B 2 B 2
2π 2π π π
period is = = 2π . The phase shift is The quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x = .
B 1 4 2
π Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key
C − π 2π π points.
2
= =− . The quarter-period is = . The π
B 1 2 4 2 x=
π 2
cycle begins at x = − . Add quarter-periods to π π 3π
2 x= + =
generate x-values for the key points. 2 4 4
π 3π π
x=− x= + =π
2 4 4
π π π 5π
x=− + =0 x =π + =
2 2 4 4
π π 5π π 3π
x = 0+ = x= + =
2 2 4 4 2
π π Evaluate the function at each value of x.
x= + =π
2 2
3π π
x =π + = x coordinates
2 2
Evaluate the function at each value of x. π π
, 3
x coordinates
2 2
3π 3π
π π , 0
− − , 1 4 4
2 2
π (π , − 3)
0 ( 0, 0 )
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π π 5π 5π
, −1 , 0
2 2
4 4
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
Connect the five points with a smooth curve and Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and
graph one complete cycle of the given function graph one complete cycle of the given function.
2π 2π C π 1 π
= = π . The phase shift is = . The The equation y = cos 3x − − is of the form
B 2 B 2 2 2
π π
quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x = . 1
4 2 y = Acos(Bx − C ) with A = , and B = 3, and
2
Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key
π 1 1
points. C =− . Thus, the amplitude is A = = .
2 2
π 2
x=
2π 2π
2 The period is = . The phase shift is
π π 3π B 3
x= + = π
2 4 4 C −2 π 1 π
= =− ⋅ =− . The quarter-period is
3π π B 3 2 3 6
x= + =π 2π
4 4
2π 1 π π
π 5π
3
= ⋅ = . The cycle begins at x = − . Add
x =π + = 4 3 4 6 6
5π 5π
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
π π π
x= + =
3 6 2
Evaluate the function at each value of x.
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
π
x coordinates x =−
2
π π 1 π π π
− − 6 , 2 x=− + =−
6 2 4 4
π π
0 x=− + =0
(0, 0) 4 4
π π
π π 1 x = 0+ =
,− 4 4
6 6 2 π π π
x= + =
4 4 2
π π
, 0 Evaluate the function at each value of x.
3 3
x coordinates
π
,
1
π π π2 21
2 2 − − ,
Connect
2 the five points with a smooth curve and 2
graph one complete cycle of the given function
−π −
π
, 0
4 4
0, −
0 1
2
π π
, 0
4 4
π π 1
1 1 ,
48. y = cos(2 x + π ) = cos(2 x − (−π )) 2 2 2
2 2
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and
1
The equation y = cos(2x − (−π )) is of the form graph one complete cycle of the given function.
2
1
y = Acos(Bx − C ) with A = , and B = 2, and
2
1 1
C = −π . Thus, the amplitude is A = = . The
2 2
2π 2π
period is = = π . The phase shift is
B 2
C −π π π
= = − . The quarter-period is . The cycle
B 2 2 4
π
begins at x = − . Add quarter-periods to generate
2
x-values for the key points.
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
π π
49. The equation y = −3cos 2 x − is of the form 50. The equation y = −4 cos 2 x − is of the form
2 2
y = Acos(Bx − C ) with A = –3, and y = Acos(Bx − C ) with A = –4, and B = 2, and
π π
B = 2, and C = . Thus, the amplitude is C= . Thus, the amplitude is A = −4 = 4 . The
2 2
2π 2π 2π 2π
A = −3 = 3 . The period is = = π . The period is = = π . The phase shift is
B 2 B 2
π π
C π 1 π C π 1 π π
phase shift is = 2
= ⋅ = . = 2
= ⋅ = . The quarter-period is . The
B 2 2 2 4 B 2 2 2 4 4
π π π
The quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x = . cycle begins at x = . Add quarter-periods to
4 4 4
Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key generate x-values for the key points.
points. π
x=
π 4
x=
4 π π π
x= + =
π π π 4 2 4
x= + =
4 4
2 π 3π π
x= + =
π π 3π 2 4 4
x= + =
2 4 4 3π π
x= + =π
3π π 4 4
x= + =π
4 4 π 5π
x =π + =
π 5π 4 4
x =π + = Evaluate the function at each value of x.
4 4
Evaluate the function at each value of x.
x coordinates
x coordinates π
π
, −4
π π 4 4
, − 3
4 4
π π
π π ,0
, 0 2 2
2 2
3π 3π
3π 3π ,4
,3 4 4
4 4
π (π , 0 ) π (π , 0)
5π 5π 5π 5π
, − 3 , −4
4 4 4 4
Connect the five points with a smooth curve and Connect the five key points with a smooth curve
graph one complete cycle of the given function and graph one complete cycle of the given function.
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Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
The equation y = 2 cos(2π x − (−8π )) is of the form The equation y = 3cos(2π x − (−4π )) is of the form
C = −8π . Thus, the amplitude is A = 2 = 2 . The C = −4π . Thus, the amplitude is A = 3 = 3 . The
2π 2π 2π 2π
period is = = 1 . The phase shift is period is = = 1 . The phase shift is
B 2π B 2π
C −8π 1 C −4π 1
= = −4 . The quarter-period is . The cycle = = −2 . The quarter-period is . The cycle
B 2π 4 B 2π 4
begins at x = –4. Add quarter-periods to generate x- begins at x = –2. Add quarter-periods to generate x-
values for the key points. values for the key points.
x = −4 x = −2
1 15 1 7
x = −4 + =− x = −2 + = −
4 4 4 4
15 1 7 7 1 3
x=− + =− x=− + =−
4 4 2 4 4 2
7 1 13 3 1 5
x=− + =− x=− + =−
2 4 4 2 4 4
13 1 5 1
x = − + = −3 x = − + = −1
4 4 4 4
Evaluate the function at each value of x. Evaluate the function at each value of x.
x coordinates x coordinates
–4 (–4, 2) –2 (–2, 3)
7 7
−
15 15
− , 0 − − , 0
4 4
4 4
3 3
−
7
− , − 2
7 − − , − 3
2 2
2 2
5 5π
−
13 13
− , 0 − − , 0
4 4
4 4
–3 (–3, 2) –1 the(–1,
Connect five3)
key points with a smooth curve and
graph one complete cycle of the given function.
Connect the five points with a smooth curve and
graph one complete cycle of the given function
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Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
53. The graph of y = sin x + 2 is the graph of y = sin x 54. The graph of y = sin x − 2 is the graph of y = sin x
shifted up 2 units upward. The period for both shifted 2 units downward. The period for both
2π π 2π π
functions is 2π . The quarter-period is or . functions is 2π . The quarter-period is or .
4 2 4 2
The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to
generate x-values for the key points. generate x-values for the key points.
x=0 x=0
π π π π
x = 0+ = x = 0+ =
2 2 2 2
π π π π
x= + =π x= + =π
2 2 2 2
π 3π π 3π
x =π + = x =π + =
2 2 2 2
3π π 3π π
x= + = 2π x= + = 2π
2 2 2 2
Evaluate the function at each value of x. Evaluate the function at each value of x.
x y = sin x − 2 coordinates
x y = sin x + 2 coordinates
0 y = sin 0 − 2 = 0 − 2 = −2 (0, –2)
0 y = sin 0 + 2 (0, 2)
π π π
= 0+2 = 2 y = sin − 2 = 1 − 2 = −1 , −1
2 2 4
π π π
y = sin +2 π
2 2 2
, 3
y = sin π − 2 = 0 − 2 = −2 (π , − 2 )
= 1+ 2 = 3
3π 3π 3π
π y = sin − 2 = −1 − 2 = −3 , − 3
y = sin π + 2 (π , 2 ) 2 2 2
= 0+2 = 2
2π y = sin 2π − 2 = 0 − 2 = −2 (2π , − 2)
3π
3π y = sin +2 3π
2 , 1 By connecting the points with a smooth curve we
2 = −1 + 2 = 1 2 obtain one period of the graph.
2π y = sin 2π + 2 ( 2π , 2 )
= 0+2 = 2
By connecting the points with a smooth curve we
obtain one period of the graph.
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
55. The graph of y = cos x − 3 is the graph of y = cos x 56. The graph of y = cos x + 3 is the graph of y = cos x
shifted 3 units downward. The period for both shifted 3 units upward. The period for both functions
2π π 2π π
functions is 2π . The quarter-period is or . is 2π . The quarter-period is or . The cycle
4 2 4 2
The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to generate x-
generate x-values for the key points. values for the key points.
x=0 x=0
π π π π
x = 0+ = x = 0+ =
2 2 2 2
π π π π
x= + =π x= + =π
2 2 2 2
π 3π π 3π
x =π + = x =π + =
2 2 2 2
3π π 3π π
x= + = 2π x= + = 2π
2 2 2 2
Evaluate the function at each value of x. Evaluate the function at each value of x.
2π
for both functions is 1
= 2π ⋅ 2 = 4π . The quarter-
2
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
4π
period is = π . The cycle begins at x = 0. Add
4
quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
points. 1
x=0 58. The graph of y = 2 cos x + 1 is the graph of
2
x = 0 +π = π 1
3π y = 2 cos
1
⋅ 3π + 1 (3π , 1)
2
= 2⋅ 0 + 1 = 0 + 1 = 1
By connecting the points with a smooth curve we
obtain one period of the graph. 4π y = 2 cos
1
⋅ 4π + 1 (4π , 3)
2
= 2 cos 2π + 1
= 2 ⋅1 + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
2π
for both functions is = 1 . The quarter-period is
2π
1
. The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to
4
generate x-values for the key points.
x=0
1 1
x = 0+
=
4 4
1 1 1 60. The graph of y = −3sin 2π x + 2 is the graph of
x= + =
4 4 2 y = −3sin 2π x shifted two units upward. The
Evaluate the function at each value of x. period is . The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter–
4
x y = −3cos 2π x + 2 coordinates
periods to generate x-values for the key points.
x=0
0 y = −3 cos(2π ⋅ 0) + 2 (0, –1)
1 1
= −3cos 0 + 2 x = 0+ =
4 4
= −3 ⋅1 + 2
1 1 1
= −3 + 2 = −1 x= + =
4 4 2
1 1 1 1 1 3
y = −3cos 2π ⋅ + 2 , 2 x= + =
4 4 4 2 4 4
π 3 1
= −3cos +2 x = + =1
2 4 4
= −3 ⋅ 0 + 2 Evaluate the function at each value of x.
= 0+2 = 2
1 1 1
y = −3cos 2π ⋅ +2 ,5
2 2 2
= −3cos π + 2
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= 3+ 2 = 5
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
x y = −3sin 2π x + 2 coordinates
0 y = −3sin(2π ⋅ 0) + 2 (0, 2)
= −3sin 0 + 2
= −3 ⋅ 0 + 2 = 0 + 2 = 2
1 1
y = −3sin 2π ⋅ +2 1
, − 1
4 4 4
π
= −3sin +2
2
= −3 ⋅1 + 2 = −3 + 2 = −1
1 1 1
y = −3sin 2π ⋅ +2 , 2
2 2 2
= −3sin π + 2
= −3 ⋅ 0 + 2 = 0 + 2 = 2
3 3 3
y = −3sin 2π ⋅ +2 , 5
4 4 4
3π
= −3sin +2
2
= −3 ⋅ (−1) + 2 = 3 + 2 = 5
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Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
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Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
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Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
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Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
69. Using y = A cos Bx the amplitude is 3 and A = 3 , The period is 4π and thus
2π 2π 1
B= = =
period 4π 2
y = Acos Bx
1
y = 3cos x
2
70. Using y = A sin Bx the amplitude is 3 and A = 3 , The period is 4π and thus
2π 2π 1
B= = =
period 4π 2
y = Asin Bx
1
y = 3sin x
2
71. Using y = Asin Bx the amplitude is 2 and A = −2 , The period is π and thus
2π 2π
B= = =2
period π
y = Asin Bx
y = −2 sin 2x
72. Using y = A cos Bx the amplitude is 2 and A = −2 , The period is 4π and thus
2π 2π
B= = =2
period π
y = Acos Bx
y = −2cos 2x
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
73. Using y = Asin Bx the amplitude is 2 and A = 2 , The period is 4 and thus
2π 2π π
B= = =
period 4 2
y = Asin Bx
π
y = 2sin x
2
74. Using y = A cos Bx the amplitude is 2 and A = 2 , The period is 4 and thus
2π 2π π
B= = =
period 4 2
y = Acos Bx
π
y = 2 cos x
2
75.
76.
77.
78.
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
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Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
92. The information gives the five key points of the e. The amplitude is 3. The period is 365. The
graph. C
C
y = Asin B x − +D with
B
2π
A = 3 and B = .
365
a. The amplitude is A = 3 = 3.
2π 2π 365
b. The period is = = 2π ⋅ = 365 .
2π 2π π 2π
B 365 94. The function y = 16 sin x− + 40 is in the
6 3
c. The longest day of the year will have the most
π
hours of daylight. This occurs when the sine form y = Asin(Bx − C) + D with A = 16, B = ,
function equals 1. 6
2π 2π
y = 3sin ( x − 79) + 12 and C = . The amplitude is A = 16 = 16 .
365 3
y = 3(1) + 12 2π 2π 6
The period is = = 2π ⋅ = 12 . The phase
π
y = 15 B 6
π
There will be 15 hours of daylight. 2π 6
2π
C
d. The shortest day of the year will have the least shift is B = 3
= 3 ⋅ π = 4 . The quarter-period is
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
π
6
hours of daylight. This occurs when the sine
function equals –1. 12
= 3 . The cycle begins at x = 4. Add quarter-
4
2π
y = 3sin ( x − 79) + 12 periods to find the x-values for the key points.
365
y = 3(−1) + 12
y=9
There will be 9 hours of daylight.
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
πx
depth of the water is modeled by y = cos +4.
6
2π 2π
period is = = π . The cycle begins at
The highest average monthly temperature is 56° in B 2
July. C −π π π 3π
95. Because the depth of the water ranges from a x= = =− . We choose − ≤x≤ , and
B 2 2 2 2
minimum of 6 feet to a maximum of 12 feet, the −4 ≤ y ≤ 4 for our graph.
curve oscillates about the middle value, 9 feet. Thus,
D = 9. The maximum depth of the water is 3 feet
above 9 feet. Thus, A = 3. The graph shows that one
complete cycle occurs in 12-0, or 12 hours. The
period is 12.
Thus,
2π
12 =
π
B 112. The function y = −2cos 2π x − is of the form
12B = 2π 2
2π π y = Acos(Bx − C) with A = –2, B = 2π , and
B= =
12 6 π
C= . The amplitude is A = −2 = 2 . The
2
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
2π 2π
= = 1 . The cycle begins at πx
depth of the water is modeled by y = 3cos +9. B 2π
6 π
C π 1 1 1 9
x= = 2 = ⋅ = . We choose ≤ x ≤ ,
B 2π 2 2π 4 4 4
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
2π 2π 10
period is = = 2π ⋅ = 20 . The cycle begins 2 2
π
B 10
π 117.
C −π 10
at x = = = −π ⋅
= −10 . We choose
B π
10
π
−10 ≤ x ≤ 30 , and −1 ≤ y ≤ 1 for our graph.
The graph is similar to y = sin x , except the
118.
115.
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Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.1 Graphs of Sine and Cosine Functions
B 2π − − < x+ − < −
2 4 4 4 2 4
C = −4π 2π π 2π π
y = A cos( Bx − C ) − − <x< −
4 4 4 4
y = π cos(2π x + 4π ) 3π π
or − <x<
4 4
y = π cos [ 2π ( x + 2) ] 3π π 3π π
x− <x< or − ,
4 4 4 4
1 1
127. y = sin x = −
2
cos 2 x
2 2 3π π 2π π
− + − −
131. 4 4 = 4 = 2 =−π
2 2 2 4
132. a.
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 π
y tan x from 0 to π . Continue the pattern
2
Check Point Exercises
and extend the graph another full period to the right.
π π
1. Solve the equations 2 x and 2x
2 2
π π
x= x
4 4
π
Thus, two consecutive asymptotes occur at x
4
π
and x . Midway between these asymptotes is
4
x = 0. An x-intercept is 0 and the graph passes
through (0, 0). Because the coefficient of the tangent
is 3, the points on the graph midway between an 3. Solve the equations
1
. Use the two consecutive asymptotes, x = 0 and
2
1 π
x = 2, to graph one full period of y cot x . The
2 2
2. Solve the equations
curve is repeated along the x-axis one full period as
π π π π
x and x shown.
2 2 2 2
π π π π
x x
2 2 2 2
x 0 x π
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
An x-intercept is π
and the graph passes through
2
π
, 0 . Because the coefficient of the tangent is 1,
2
the points on the graph midway between an x-
intercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of –1
and 1. Use the two consecutive asymptotes,
x = 0 and x π , to graph one full period of
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
π π 3π π 3π
4. The x-intercepts of y sin x correspond to 4. , ; ;
4 4 4 4 4
π
vertical asymptotes of y csc x . 5. 3sin 2 x
4
6. y 2 cos π x
7. false
8. true
2π 2π C C
π
period: π Thus,
B 2 B 1
π C π
Use quarter-periods,
4
, to find x-values for the five The function with C π is y tan( x π ) .
key points. Starting with x = 0, the x-values are
2. The graph has an asymptote at x 0 .
π π 3π
0, , , , and π . Evaluating the function at each C π π
4 2 4 The phase shift, , from to 0 is units. Thus,
value of x, the key points are B 2 2
π π 3π C C π
(0, 2), ,0 , ,2 , , 0 , (π , 2) . In order to
4 2 4 B 1 2
π
3π 3π C
graph for x , Use the first four points 2
4 4
π π
and extend the graph
3π
units to the left. Use the The function with C is y tan x .
4 2 2
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
π
4. The graph has an asymptote at .
2
C C
There is no phase shift. Thus, 0
B 1
π π π π C 0
4 4
1. , ; ; y tan x .
4 4 The function with C = 0 is
2. (0, π ) ; 0; π
3. (0, 2); 0; 2
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
2 2
x 2π x 2π
x 2 2
x 2π , to graph one full period of y 3 tan from π π
4 x x
4 4
2π to 2π .
π
Thus, two consecutive asymptotes occur at x
Continue the pattern and extend the graph another 4
full period to the right. π
and x .
4
π π
4 0 4
x-intercept = 0
2 2
An x-intercept is 0 and the graph passes through (0,
1
0). Because the coefficient of the tangent is , the
2
points on the graph midway between an x-intercept
1
6. Solve the equations and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of and
2
x π x π
and
4 2 4 2 1 π
. Use the two consecutive asymptotes, x
2 4
π π
x 4 x 4
π 1
2 2 and x , to graph one full period of y tan 2 x
4 2
x 2π x 2π
π π
Thus, two consecutive asymptotes occur at x 2π from to . Continue the pattern and extend the
4 4
and x 2π . graph another full period to the right.
2π 2π 0
x-intercept = 0
2 2
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
x
to graph one full period of y 2 tan from 2π to
4
2π .
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
π π 1
2x and 2 x x π , to graph one full period of y 2 tan x
2 2 2
π π from π to π . Continue the pattern and extend the
2 2
x x graph another full period to the right.
2 2
π x
π
x
4 4
π
Thus, two consecutive asymptotes occur at x
4
π
and x .
4
π π
4 4 0
x-intercept = 0
2 2 10. Solve the equations
An x-intercept is 0 and the graph passes through (0, 1x π 1 π
0). Because the coefficient of the tangent is 2, the and x
2 2 2 2
points on the graph midway between an x-intercept
π 2 2
Use the two consecutive asymptotes, x and
4 x π x π
π π ππ 0
to . x-intercept = 0
4 4 2 2
Continue the pattern and extend the graph another An x-intercept is 0 and the graph passes through (0,
full period to the right. 0). Because the coefficient of the tangent is –3, the
points on the graph midway between an x-intercept
and the asymptotes have
y-coordinates of 3 and –3. Use the two consecutive
asymptotes, x π and x π , to graph one full
1
period of y 3 tan x from π to π . Continue
2
1 π 1 π
x and x
2 2 2 2
π π
x 2 x 2
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
2 2
x π x π
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
2 2 π
, 0 . Because the coefficient of the tangent is 1,
π π
x π x π 4
2 π
π 3π 4π y tan x from 0 to π .
2
4
x-intercept = 2 2
4π
π
2 24
An x-intercept is π and the graph passes through Continue the pattern and extend the graph another
(π , 0) . Because the coefficient of the tangent is 1, the full period to the right.
points on the graph midway between an x- intercept
and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of –1
π
and 1. Use the two consecutive asymptotes, x
2
3π
and x , to graph one full period of
2
π 3π
y tan( x π ) from to . Continue the pattern
2 2
and extend the graph another full period to the right.
13. There is no phase shift. Thus,
C C
0
B 1
C 0
Because the points on the graph midway between an
x-intercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of
–1 and 1, A = –1. The function with C = 0 and A = –1
is y cot x .
12. Solve the equations π
14. The graph has an asymptote at . The phase shift,
π π π π 2
x and x
4 2 4 2 C π π
, from 0 to is units.
2π π 2π π B 2 2
x x
4 4 4 4 C C π
Thus,
π 3π B 1 2
x x
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
4 4 π
π C
Thus, two consecutive asymptotes occur at x 2
4 π π
The function with C is y cot x .
3π 2 2
and x .
4
π 3π 2π
4 4 4 π
x-intercept =
2 2 4
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
2 2
π π π
The function with C is y cot x . ,0
. Because the coefficient of the cotangent is
2
2 2
1
, the points on the graph midway between an x-
16. The graph has an asymptote at π . The phase shift, 2
C intercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of
, from 0 to π is π units.
B 1 1
and . Use the two consecutive asymptotes,
C C 2 2
Thus, π
π
An x-intercept is and the graph passes through
2
π
, 0 . Because the coefficient of the cotangent is
2
2, the points on the graph midway between an x-
intercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of 2
and –2. Use the two consecutive asymptotes, x = 0
and x π , to graph one full period of y 2 cot x .
19. Solve the equations 2 x 0 and 2x π
The curve is repeated along the x-axis one full period
as shown.
x 0 π
x
2
Two consecutive asymptotes occur at x = 0 and
π
x .
2
π π
0 π
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
x-intercept = 2 2
2 2 4
π
An x-intercept is and the graph passes through
4
π
, 0 . Because the coefficient of the cotangent is
4
1
, the points on the graph midway between an x-
2
intercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of
1 1
and . Use the two consecutive asymptotes,
2 2
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
x 0 π
x
2
Two consecutive asymptotes occur at x 0 and
π π
π 22. Solve the equations x 0 and x π
x . 4 4
2 x 0 π
0π π
π x
π
2 2
x-intercept = 4
2 2 4
x 4
π
An x-intercept is and the graph passes through Two consecutive asymptotes occur at x 0 and
4
x 4.
π
, 0 . Because the coefficient of the cotangent is 2, 04 4
4 x-intercept = 2
2 2
the points on the graph midway between an x- An x-intercept is 2 and the graph passes through
intercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of 2
and –2. Use the two consecutive asymptotes, x 0 2, 0 . Because the coefficient of the cotangent is –2,
the points on the graph midway between an x-
π
and x , to graph one full period of y 2 cot 2 x . intercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of –2
2
and 2. Use the two consecutive asymptotes, x 0
The curve is repeated along the x-axis one full period as
and x 4 , to graph one full period of
shown.
π
y 2 cot x . The curve is repeated along the x-
4
axis one full period as shown.
π π
21. Solve the equations x 0 and x π
2 2
x 0 π
x π
2
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
x 2
Two consecutive asymptotes occur at x = 0 and x = 2.
02 2
x-intercept = 1
2 2
An x-intercept is 1 and the graph passes through (1, 0).
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
2 2 π
, 0 . Because the coefficient of the cotangent is
π π
x 0 x π 4
π π 3π
Two consecutive asymptotes occur at x and x
and x , to graph one full period of
2 4 4
π π
x . y 3cot x . The curve is repeated along the x-
2 4
π π axis one full period as shown.
2 2 0
x-intercept = 0
2 2
An x-intercept is 0 and the graph passes through (0,
0). Because the coefficient of the cotangent is 3, the
points on the graph midway between an x-intercept
and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of 3 and –3.
π
Use the two consecutive asymptotes, x and
2
π π
x , to graph one full period of y 3cot x .
2 2 1 x
25. The x-intercepts of y sin corresponds to
2 2
The curve is repeated along the x-axis one full period 1 x
as shown. vertical asymptotes of y csc . Draw the
2 2
vertical asymptotes, and use them as a guide to
1 x
sketch the graph of y csc .
2 2
4 4
π π 26. The x-intercepts of y 3sin 4 x correspond to
x 0 x π
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Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
1
vertical asymptotes of y sec 2π x . Draw the
2
amplitude: A 2 2
2π 2π
period: 2π
B 1
π π
28. The x-intercepts of y 3cos x correspond to Use quarter-periods, , to find x-values for the five
2 2
2 π 3π
vertical asymptotes, and use them as a guide to 0, , π, , and 2π . Evaluating the function at
2 2
π each value of x, the key points are
sketch the graph of y 3sec x.
2 π 3π
(0, 0), , 2 , (π , 0), , 2 , and (2π , 0) .
2 2
amplitude: A 3 3
2π 2π
period: 2π
B 1
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
π
Use quarter-periods, , to find x-values for the
2
five key points. Starting with x = 0, the x-values are
π 3π
0, , π , , and 2π . Evaluating the function at
2 2
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
1 x 3 3
31. Graph the reciprocal sine function, y sin . The (0, 0), 2π , , (4π , 0), 6π , , and (8π , 0) .
2 2 2 2
1 3 x
equation is of the form y A sin Bx with A and Use these key points to graph y sin from 0 to
2 2 4
B
1
. 8π . Extend the graph one cycle to the right.
2
1 1 Use the graph to obtain the graph of the reciprocal
amplitude: A
Extend the graph one cycle to the right. Use the graph
33. Graph the reciprocal cosine function, y 2 cos x .
to obtain the graph of the reciprocal function. Draw
vertical asymptotes through the x-intercepts, and use The equation is of the form y A cos Bx with A = 2
1 x and B = 1.
them as guides to graph y csc .
amplitude: A 2 2
2 2
2π 2π
period: 2π
B 1
π
Use quarter-periods, , to find x-values for the five
2
key points. Starting with x = 0, the x-values are 0,
π 3π
, π, , 2π . Evaluating the function at each value
2 2
π
of x, the key points are (0, 2), , 0 , (π , 2),
3 x 2
32. Graph the reciprocal sine function, y sin . The
2 4 3π
, 0 , and (2π , 2) . Use these key points to graph
3
equation is of the form y A sin Bx with A and 2
2 from 0 to 2π . Extend the graph one
y 2 cos x
1
B .
4
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Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
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Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
34. Graph the reciprocal cosine function, y 3cos x . graph one cycle to the right. Use the graph to obtain
The equation is of the form y A cos Bx with A 3 the graph of the reciprocal function. Draw vertical
asymptotes through the x-intercepts, and use them as
and B 1 .
x
amplitude: A 3 3 guides to graph y sec .
3
2π 2π
period: 2π
B 1
π
Use quarter-periods, , to find x-values for the five
2
key points. Starting with x = 0, the x-values are
π 3π
0, , π , , and 2π . Evaluating the function at
2 2
each value of x, the key points are
π 3π
(0, 3), , 0 , (π , 3), , 0 , (2π , 3) . x
2 2 36. Graph the reciprocal cosine function, y cos . The
2
equation is of the form y A cos Bx with A 1 and
equation is of the form y A cos Bx with A = 1 and Draw vertical asymptotes through the x-intercepts,
x
1 and use them as guides to graph y sec .
B . 2
3
amplitude: A 1 1
2π 2π
period: 2π 3 6π
B
1
3
6π 3π
Use quarter-periods, , to find x-values for
4 2
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
x
points to graph y cos from 0 to 6π . Extend the
3
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
37. Graph the reciprocal sine function, y 2 sin π x . Draw vertical asymptotes through the x-intercepts,
The equation is of the form y A sin Bx with A = –2 and use them as guides to graph y
1
csc π x .
and B π . 2
amplitude: A 2 2
2π 2π
period: 2
B π
2 1
Use quarter-periods, , to find
4 2
x-values for the five key points. Starting with x = 0,
1 3
the x-values are 0, , 1, , and 2. Evaluating the
2 2
function at each value of x, the key points are (0, 0), 1
1 3 39. Graph the reciprocal cosine function, y cos π x .
, 2 , (1, 0), , 2 , and (2, 0) . Use these key 2
graph one cycle to the right. Use the graph to obtain A and B π .
2
the graph of the reciprocal function. 1 1
amplitude: A
Draw vertical asymptotes through the x-intercepts, 2 2
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
2 1 2
Use quarter-periods, , to find x-values for the
4 2
five key points. Starting with x = 0, the x-values are
1 3
0, , 1, , and 2 . Evaluating the function at each
2 2
value of x, the key points are
1 1 3 1
(0, 0), , , (1, 0), , , and (2, 0) .
2 2 2 2
1
Use these key points to graph y sin π x from 0
2
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
3
A and B π . Draw vertical asymptotes through the x-intercepts,
2 and use them as guides to graph y csc( x π ) .
3 3
amplitude: A
2 2
2π 2π
period: 2
B π
2 1
Use quarter-periods, , to find x-values for the
4 2
five key points. Starting with x = 0, the x-values are
1 3
0, , 1, , and 2 . Evaluating the function at each
2 2 π
value of x, the key points are 42. Graph the reciprocal sine function, y sin x .
2
2 B 1 2
π
Use quarter-periods, , to find x-values for the five
2
π
key points. Starting with x , the x-values are
2
π 3π 5π
, π, , 2π , and . Evaluating the function at
2 2 2
each value of x, the key points are
π 3π 5π
π π
, 0 , , 1,
.
, 0 , 2 , 1, and ,0
41. Graph the reciprocal sine function, y sin( x π ) . 2 2 2
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
B 1
C π
phase shift: π
B 1
2π π
Use quarter-periods, , to find
4 2
x-values for the five key points. Starting with x π ,
3π 5π
the x-values are π , , 2π , , and 3π . Evaluating
2 2
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
Use the graph to obtain the graph of the reciprocal 44. Graph the reciprocal cosine function,
2π 2π
period: 2π
B 1
C 2π π
phase shift:
B 1 2
43. Graph the reciprocal cosine function,
y 2 cos( x π ) . The equation is of the form π
Use quarter-periods, , to find x-values for the five
2
y A cos( Bx C ) with A = 2, B = 1, and C π .
π
amplitude: A 2 2 key points. Starting with x , the x-values are
2
2π 2π π π 3π
period: 2π
B 1 , 0, , π , and .
2 2 2
C π
phase shift: π
B 1 Evaluating the function at each value of x, the key
2π π points are
Use quarter-periods, , to find x-values for π π 3π
4 2 , 2 , 0, 0, , 2 , π , 0 , ,2.
the five key points. Starting with x π , the x- 2 2 2
π π π
values are π , , 0, , and π . Evaluating the Use these key points to graph y 2 cos x
2 2 2
function at each value of x, the key points are
π 3π
π from to . Extend the graph one cycle to the
( π , 2), π , 0 , 0, 2 , , 0 , and (π , 2) . 2 2
2 2 right. Use the graph to obtain the graph of the
Use these key points to graph y 2 cos( x π ) from reciprocal function. Draw vertical asymptotes
π to π . Extend the graph one cycle to the right. through the x-intercepts, and use them as guides to
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
50.
45.
51.
46. 52.
47.
π
53. y f h ( x) f (h( x)) 2 sec 2 x
2
48.
π
54. y g h ( x) g (h( x)) 2 tan 2 x
2
49.
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
55. Use a graphing utility with y1 tan x and y2 1 . graph on [0, 2], continue the pattern and extend
For the window use Xmin 2π , Xmax 2π , the graph to 2. (Do not use the left hand side of
Ymin 2 , and Ymax 2 . the first period of the graph on [0, 2].)
5π π 3π 7π
x , , ,
4 4 4 4
x 3.93, 0.79, 2.36, 5.50
4 4 4 4
x 3.93, 0.79, 2.36, 5.50 b. The function is undefined for t = 0.25, 0.75,
1.25, and 1.75.
The beam is shining parallel to the wall at these
57. Use a graphing utility with y1 1 / sin x and y2 1 .
times.
For the window use Xmin 2π , Xmax 2π ,
Ymin 2 , and Ymax 2 . 60. In a right triangle the angle of elevation is one of the
3π π acute angles, the adjacent leg is the distance d, and
x ,
For the window use Xmin 2π , Xmax 2π , Use the equations x 0 and x π .
x 2π , 0, 2π π
x π . Midway between x 0 and x π is x .
x 6.28, 0, 6.28 2
π
59. d 12 tan 2π t An x-intercept is and the graph passes through
2
a. Solve the equations
π π π
2π t and 2π t , 0 . Because the coefficient of the cotangent is
2
2 2
π π 2, the points on the graph midway between an x-
t 2
t 2
intercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of –2
2π 2π and 2. Use the two consecutive asymptotes, x 0
1 1 and x π , to graph y 2 cot x for 0 x π .
t t
4 4
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
4 4 0
x-intercept 0
2 2
An x-intercept is 0 and the graph passes through
(0, 0). Because the coefficient of the tangent is
12, the points on the graph midway between an
x-intercept and the asymptotes have y-
coordinates of –12 and 12. Use the two
1 1
consecutive asymptotes, x and x , to
4 4
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
61. Use the function that relates the acute angle with the 64. Graphs will vary.
hypotenuse and the adjacent leg, the secant function.
d
sec x
10
d 10 sec x
amplitude: A 10 10
2π 2π
period: 2π
B 1 65. – 76. Answers may vary.
π π π π π π
For x , use the x-values , 0, and to 77. period: π 4 4π
2 2 2 2
B 1
4
π
π
find the key points , 0 , (0, 10), and ,0 . x
2 2 Graph y tan for 0 x 8π .
4
π π
78. period:
B 4
π
Graph y tan 4 x for 0 x .
2
π π
79. period:
B 2
Graph y cot 2 x for 0 x π .
63.
π π
80. period: 1
π 2 2π
B 2
Graph x
y cot
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
2
for 0 x
4π .
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
π π 2π 2π
81. period: 1 85. period: π
B π B 2
π
Graph y
1
tan π x for 0 x 2 . C 6 π
phase shift:
2 B 2 12
π 25π
Thus, we include x in our graph, and
12 12
5π
graph for 0 x .
2
π π
πx 1 and π x 1
2 2
π π
πx 1 πx 1
2 2
π π 2π 2π
2
1 2
1 86. period: 2
x x
π π B π
π
π2 π2 C 6 π 1
x x phase shift: 1
2π 2π B π 6 π 6
x 0.82 x 0.18 1 25
Thus, we include x in our graph, and
π π 6 6
period: 1 9
B π graph for 0 x .
Thus, we include 0.82 x 1.18 in our graph of 2
1
y tan(π x 1) , and graph for 0.85 x 1.2 .
2
87.
2π 2π
83. period: 2π 2 4π
B
1
2
Graph the functions for 0 x 8π .
The graph shows that carbon dioxide concentration
rises and falls each year, but over all the
concentration increased from 1990 to 2008.
1
88. y sin
x
84. period:
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
2π 2π 3
π
2π 6
B 3
π
Graph the functions for 0 x 12 .
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
91. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. Since the period is 2, the coefficient of x is given by
Sample explanation: To obtain a cosecant graph, 2π
B where 2
you can use a sine graph. B
2π
92. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. 2
Sample explanation: To model a cyclical B
temperature, use sine or cosine. 2B 2π
B π
93. The graph has the shape of a cotangent function with
Thus, y π csc π x
consecutive asymptotes at
3 3 3
π 7π
π 2π Viewing rectangle: ,π, by 3, 3,1
6 6
B 3
2π B 3π b. Since A=3, the range is , 3 3,
3π 3
B 1 7
2π 2 Viewing rectangle: , ,1 by 6, 6,1
2 2
The points on the graph midway between an x-
intercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of 1 98. y 2 x sin x
and –1. Thus, A = 1. There is no phase shift. Thus, x
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
B 100. a.
2π
3π
B
3Bπ 2π
2
B b. yes; Explanations will vary.
3
2x 5π
Thus, y 2 csc c. The angle is .
3 6
5π 3
This is represented by the point , .
6 2
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.2 Graphs of Other Trigonometric Functions
101. a. Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and
graph one complete cycle of the given function.
2 2
1. The equation y 4 sin 2 x is of the form
2π 2π 6 3
y A sin Bx with A = 4 and B 2 . Thus, the π 6 . The quarter-period is . Add
B 4 2
3
4 sin(2 0) 4 0 3 1 π 3 1 3
0 (0, 0) cos 0 0 ,0
0 2 2 3 2 2 2
4 sin 2 41
4π 1 π 1 1 1
π π 3 cos 3 1 3,
, 4 2 3 2 2 2
4 4 4
9 1 π 9 1 9
cos 0 0 , 02
π 2 3 2 2
π 4 sin 2 40 π 2
2 ,0
2 2 12cos π 36 1
0 6 112 12
6, 2
3π
3π 4 sin 2 4(1) 3π
4 ,4 Connect the five points with a smooth curve and
4 4 graph one complete cycle of the given function.
4
4 sin(2 π ) 4 0
π (π , 0)
0
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Mid-Chapter 2 Check Point
2π 2π C π π
2π . The phase shift is π . The C . Thus, the amplitude is A 2 2 . The
B 1 B 1 4
2π π 2π 2π
quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x π . period is π . The phase shift is
4 2 B 2
Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key π
C 4 π
points and evaluate the function at each value of x. .
B 2 8
x y 3sin( x π ) coordinates π π
The quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x
.
4 4
3sin π π 3sin(0) Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key
π 30 π , 0 points and evaluate the function at each value of x.
0 x coordinates
3π π π
3sin π 3sin π
3π 3π , 2
2 2 ,3 8 8
2 31
2
3 3π 3π
,0
3sin 2π π 3sin(π ) 8 8
2π 30 (2π , 0) 5π 5π
0 , 2
8 8
5π 3π
3sin π 3sin
5π 5π 7π 7π
2 2 ,0
2 3(1) 2 8 8
3
9π 9π
3sin 3π π 3sin(2π ) ,2
8
8
3π 30 3π , 0
Connect the five points with a smooth curve and
0 graph one complete cycle of the given function
Connect the five points with a smooth curve and
graph one complete cycle of the given function.
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Mid-Chapter 2 Check Point
5. The graph of y cos 2 x 1 is the graph of y cos 2 x shifted one unit upward. The amplitude for both functions is
2π π
1 1 . The period for both functions is π . The quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-
2 4
periods to generate x-values
y cos 2 xfor
1 the key points and evaluate the function at each value of x.
x coordinates
y cos 2 0 1 2
0 (0, 2)
π π π
y cos 2 11 ,1
4 4
4
π π π
y cos 2 1 0 ,0
2 2
2
3π 3π 3π
y cos 2 11 ,1
4
4
y cos 2 π 1 2 4
π (π , 2)
By connecting the points with a smooth curve we obtain one period of the graph.
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Mid-Chapter 2 Check Point
4 2 4 2
π 4 π 4
x x
2 π 2 π
x 2 x 2
An x-intercept is 0 and the graph passes through (0, 0). Because the coefficient of the tangent is 2, the points on the graph
midway between an x-intercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of –2 and 2. Use the two consecutive asymptotes,
π
x 2 and x 2 , to graph one full period of y 2 tan x from 2 to 2 .
4
Continue the pattern and extend the graph another full period to the right.
4 4
graph midway between an x-intercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of 4 and –4. Use the two consecutive
π y 4 cot 2 x . The curve is repeated along the x-axis one full period
asymptotes, x 0 and x , to graph one full period of
2
as shown.
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Mid-Chapter 2 Check Point
9. Graph the reciprocal cosine function, y 2 cos π x . The equation is of the form y A cos Bx with A 2 and B π .
amplitude: A 2 2
2π 2π
period: 2
B π
2 1
Use quarter-periods, , to find x-values for the five key points. Starting with x = 0, the x-values are
4 2
1 3
0, , 1, , and 2 . Evaluating the function at each value of x, the key points are
2 2
1 3
0, 2, , 0 , 1, 2 , , 0 , 2, 2 .
2 2
Use these key points to graph y 2 cos π x from 0 to 2 . Extend the graph one cycle to the right. Use the graph to obtain
the graph of the reciprocal function. Draw vertical asymptotes through the x-intercepts, and use them as guides to graph
y 2 sec π x .
10. Graph the reciprocal sine function, y 3sin 2π x . The equation is of the form y A sin Bx with A 3 and B 2π .
amplitude: A 3 3
2π 2π
period: 1
B 2π
1 1 1 3
Use quarter-periods, , to find x-values for the five key points. Starting with x = 0, the x-values are 0, , , , and 1 .
4 4 2 4
1 1 3
Evaluating the function at each value of x, the key points are (0, 0), , 3 , , 0 , , 3 , and (1, 0) .
4 2 4
Use these key points to graph y 3sin 2π x from 0 to 1 . Extend the graph one cycle to the right. Use the graph to obtain
the graph of the reciprocal function. Draw vertical asymptotes through the x-intercepts, and use them as guides to graph
y 3csc 2π x .
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Section 2.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Section 2.3
3 3
1. Let θ sin 1 , then sin θ .
2 2
π π 3 π π 3 π
The only angle in the interval , that satisfies sin θ is . Thus, θ , or sin 1 .
2 2 2 3 3 2 3
2 2
2. Let θ sin 1 , then sin θ .
2 2
π π 2 π π 2 π
The only angle in the interval , that satisfies cos θ is . Thus θ , or sin 1 .
2 2 2 4 4 2 4
1 1 1 2π
3. Let θ cos 1
, then cos θ . The only angle in the interval [0, π ] that satisfies cos θ is . Thus,
2 2 2 3
2π 1 2π
θ , or cos1 .
3 2 3
π π π
4. Let θ tan 1 (1) , then tan θ 1 . The only angle in the interval , that satisfies tan θ 1 is . Thus
2 2 4
π π
θ or tan 1 θ .
4 4
1
cos1 Radian 1 3 COS1 1.2310
a. 3
1 COS1
a. cos1 Radian ( 1 3 ) ENTER 1.2310
3
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Section 2.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Section 2.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
b. sin 1 (sin π ) x
9. Let θ tan 1 x , then tan θ =x= .
π π 1
x π , x is not in , . x is in the domain
2 2
of sin x, so sin 1 (sin π ) sin 1 (0) 0
c. cos cos 1 π
x π , x is not in [–1,1] so cos cos 1 π is not
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the third side, a.
defined. a2 x 2 1 2
3 3 a x2 1
7. Let θ tan 1 , then tan θ . Because tan θ is
4 4 Use the right triangle to write the algebraic expression.
positive, θ is in the first quadrant. x 1 2
sec tan 1 x sec θ x2 1
1
π π 1
1. x ; sin x
2 2
r 25 5 3. x ; tan x
2 2
Use the right triangle to find the exact value.
3 side opposite θ 3 π π
sin tan 1 sin θ 4. [1,1] ; ,
4 hypotenuse 5 2 2
8. Let θ sin 1
1
, then sin θ
1
Because sin θ 5. [1,1] ; [0, π ]
.
2 2
is negative, θ is in quadrant IV. π π
6. (, ) ; ,
2 2
π π
7. ,
2 2
8. [0, π ]
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find x. x2 3
x 2 (1)2 2 2 x 3
2
x 1 4
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Section 2.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
π π
9. , 10. false
2 2
Use values for x and r to find the exact value.
1 x 3
cos sin 1 cos θ
2 r 2
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Section 2.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
2 2 2 6 π 3 π
Thus θ , or cos 1
.
π 1 π 6 2 6
Thus, θ , or sin 1 .
6 2 6
2 2
8. Let θ cos1 , then cos θ
. The only angle
2. Let θ sin 1 0 , then sin θ 0 . The only angle in the 2 2
π π 2 π
interval , that satisfies sin θ 0 is 0. Thus in the interval 0, π that satisfies cos θ is .
2 2 2 4
θ 0 , or sin 1 0 0 . π 2 π
Thus θ , or cos1 .
4 2 4
2 2
3. Let θ sin 1 , then sin θ . The only angle
2 2 2 2
Let θ cos 1 cos θ
2
9. , then . The only
π π 2 2
in the interval , that satisfies sin θ is
2 2 2 angle in the interval [0, π ] that satisfies
π π 2 π 2 3π 3π
. Thus θ , or sin 1 . cos θ is . Thus θ , or
4 4 2 4 2 4 4
2 3π
3 3 cos1 .
4. Let θ sin 1 , then sin θ . The only angle 2 4
2 2
π π 3
in the interval , that satisfies sin θ is 3 3
2 2 2 10. Let θ cos 1 , then cos θ .
2 2
π π 3 π
. Thus θ , or sin 1 . The only angle in the interval 0, π that
3 3 2 3
3 5π 5π
satisfies cos θ is . Thus θ , or
1 1 2 6 6
5. Let θ sin 1 , then sin θ . The only
2 2 3 5π
cos1 .
π π
angle in the interval , that satisfies
2 2 2 6
1 π π 11. Let θ cos 1 0 , then cos θ 0 . The only angle in
sin θ is . Thus θ , or
2 6 6
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Section 2.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
π
the interval [0, π ] that satisfies cos θ 0 is .
1 π 2
sin 1 .
2 6 π 1 π
Thus θ , or cos 0 .
2 2
3 3
6. Let θ sin 1 , then sin θ . 12. Let θ cos1 1 , then cos θ 1 . The only angle in the
2 2
interval 0, π that satisfies cos θ 1 is 0 .
π π
The only angle in the interval , that satisfies Thus θ 0 , or cos1 1 0 .
2 2
3 π π
sin θ is . Thus θ ,
2 3 3
3 π
or sin 1 .
2 3
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Section 2.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
3 3 π π 3 π
13. Let θ tan 1 , then tan θ . The only angle in the interval , that satisfies tan θ is . Thus
3 3 2 2 3 6
π 3 π
θ , or tan 1 .
6 3 6
π π π
14. Let θ tan 1 1 , then tan θ 1 . The only angle in the interval , that satisfies tan θ 1 is .
2 2 4
π π
Thus θ , or tan 1 1 .
4 4
π π
15. Let θ tan 1 0 , then tan θ 0 . The only angle in the interval , that satisfies tan θ 0 is 0. Thus θ 0 , or
2 2
tan 1 0 0 .
π π π
16. Let θ tan 1 (1) , then tan θ 1 . The only angle in the interval , that satisfies tan θ 1 is . Thus
2 2 4
π π
θ , or tan 1 (1) .
4 4
π π π
17. Let θ tan 1 3 , then tan θ 3 . The only angle in the interval , that satisfies tan θ 3 is .
2 2 3
π π
Thus θ , or tan 1 3 .
3 3
3 3 π π 3 π
18. Let θ tan 1
, then tan θ . The only angle in the interval , that satisfies tan θ is .
3 3 2 2 3 6
π 3 π
Thus θ , or tan 1 .
6 3 6
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Section 2.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
π
33. sin 1 sin
3
π π π π π
x , x is in , , so sin 1 sin
3 2 2 3 3
2π
34. cos1 cos
3
2π
x , x is in [0, π ],
3
2π 2π
so cos1 cos
3 3
5π
35. sin 1 sin
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Section 2.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
6
5π π π 5π 1 π
x , x is not in , , x is in the domain of sin x, so sin 1 sin sin 1
6 2 2 6 2 6
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Section 2.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
3 π π
x π , x is not in , ,
4π 2 2
x , x is not in [0, π ],
3 x is in the domain of sin x, so
x is in the domain of cos x, sin 1 (sin π ) sin 1 0 0
4π 1 2π
so cos1 cos cos1
3 2 3 44. cos1 (cos 2π )
x 2π , x is not in [0, π ],
37. tan tan 1 125 x is in the domain of cos x,
1
45. sin sin 1 π
38. tan(tan 380)
x π , x is not in [1, 1] , so sin sin 1 π is not
x 380, x is a real number,
defined.
so tan(tan 1 380) 380
π 46. cos(cos 1 3π )
1
39. tan tan
6
x 3π , x is not in [1, 1]
π
40. tan 1 tan
3
π π π
x , x is in , ,
3 2 2
π π
so tan 1 tan
3 3 x2 y2 r2
x 2 4 2 52
2π
41. tan 1 tan x 2 25 16 9
3
x 3
2π π π
x , x is not in , , x is in the domain of 4 x 3
3 2 2 cos sin 1 cos θ
5 r 5
1 2π 1 π
tan x, so tan tan tan 3
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Section 2.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
3 3
42. 3π
tan 1 tan
4
3π π π
x , x is not in , ,
4 2 2
x is in the domain of tan x
3π π
so tan 1 tan tan 1 (1)
4 4
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Section 2.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
7 7 x2 y 2
r 2
48. Let θ tan 1 , then tan θ .
24 24 x 2 52 132
Because tan θ is positive, θ is in the first quadrant.
x 2 144
x 12
5 x 12
cot sin 1 cot θ
13 y 5
3 3
51. Let θ sin 1 , then sin θ . Because sin θ
5 5
r2 x2 y 2
is negative, θ is in
r 2 7 2 24 2 quadrant IV.
r 2 625
r 25
7 y 7
sin tan 1 sin θ
24 r 25
5 5
49. Let θ cos 1 , then cos θ . Because cos θ is
13 13 x2 y2 r2
positive, θ is in the first quadrant.
x 2 (3)2 52 x 2
16 x 4
3 y 3
tan sin 1 tan θ
5 x 4
4 4
52. Let θ sin 1 , then sin θ .
x2 y 2 r2 5 5
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Section 2.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
2 2 x2 y 2
r 2
53. Let, θ cos1 , then cos θ . Because cos θ
2 2 x 2 (1)2 4 2
is positive, θ is in the first quadrant.
x 2 15
x 15
1 r 4 4 15
sec sin 1 sec θ
x 15
4 15
1 1
56. Let θ sin 1 , then sin θ .
2 2 2 2 2
x y r
2
Because sin θ is negative, θ is in quadrant IV.
2 2
2 y 2
y2 2
y 2
2 y 2
sin cos1 sin θ
2 r 2
x2 y2 r2
1 1
54. Let θ sin 1
, then sin θ . x 2 (1)2 2 2
2 2
Because sin θ is positive, θ is in the first quadrant. x2 3
x 3
1 r 2 2 3
sec sin 1 sec θ
2 x 3 3
1 1
57. Let θ cos1 , then cos θ . Because
3 3
x2 y 2 r2 cos θ is negative, θ is in
x 2 12 22 quadrant II.
x2 3
x 3
1 x 3
cos sin 1 cos θ
2 r 2
1 1 1 x2 y2 r2
55. Let θ sin , then sin θ . Because sin θ
4 4
(1)2 y 2 32
is negative, θ is in
quadrant IV. y2 8
y 8
y 2 2
Use the right triangle to find the exact value.
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Section 2.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
1 y 2 2
tan cos1 tan θ 2 2
3 x 1
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Section 2.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
1 1 x2 y 2
r 2
58. Let θ cos1 , then cos θ .
4 4 2
x2 2 2 2
Because cos θ is negative, θ is in quadrant II.
x2 2
x 2
2 r 2
sec sin 1 sec θ 2
2 x 2
2 2
x2 y 2 r2 61. Let θ tan 1 , then tan θ
.
3 3
(1)2 y 2 42 Because tan θ is negative, θ is in quadrant IV.
y 2 15
y 15
1 y 15
tan cos1 tan θ 15
4 x 1
r2 x2 y 2
3 3
59. Let θ cos 1 , then cos θ . Because 2 2 2
2 2 r 3 2
cos θ is negative, θ is in quadrant II. r2 9 4
r 2 13
r 13
2 x 3 3 13
cos tan 1 cos θ
r 13
3 13
3 3
62. Let θ tan 1 , then tan θ .
x2 y2 r2 4 4
3 y
2
22 2 Because tan θ is negative, θ is in quadrant IV.
y2 1
y 1
3 r 2
csc cos1 csc θ 2
2 y 1
2 2 r2 x 2
y 2
60. Let θ sin 1 , then sin θ .
2 2 2 2 2
r 4 3
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Section 2.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
b 1 x2
b 1 4 x2
Use the right triangle to write the algebraic
expression.
1x 2
sin cos1
2x
1 4 x2
1
1 4 x2
tan cos 1 x tan θ
x
1 1
67. Let θ sin 1 , then sin θ .
x x x
64. Let θ tan x , then tan θ x
1
.
1
Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the third side, c. Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the third side,
c 2 x 2 12 a.
a 2 12 x 2
c x2 1
2 2
Use the right triangle to write the algebraic expression. a x 1
sin(tan 1 ) sin θ a x2 1
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Section 2.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
x2 1 4 x2
x 1 4 x2
cos(sin 1 2 x) 1 4 x2
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Section 2.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
1 1 x2 9 x2 9
68. Let θ cos1 , then cos θ . 1
a.
12 b 2 x 2 2
a x 9 x
b2 x 2 1
2 2 2
2 2
b 2
x 1 a x x2 9 9
x x2 9
x 3
69. cot tan1
3 x 3 x2 9 3 x2 9
x2 9 x2 9 x2 9
x 2
70. cot tan1
x2 4 x2 4 4 2 4
π 2 π 3π 2
(0, 1), , , ,0 , , , and
4 2 2 4 2
π
(π , 1) , Draw a vertical asymptote at x .
2
a2 x2
x2 4
2 asymptote. From on the right side of the
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Section 2.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
3π
asymptote through , 2 to (π , 1) .
a2 x2 4 x2 4 4
a 2
Use the right triangle to write the algebraic
expression.
x x2 4
sec sin 1 sec θ
x2 4 2
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Section 2.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
of y sec1 x .
76.
4 4
π 3π
function through these points and using the range: ,
asymptotes. 2 2
77.
c.
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Section 2.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
79. 83.
80. 84.
π π π π
range: ,
on the interval ,
2 2
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Section 2.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
2 2
π π
,
domain: , ; range:
2 2
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Section 2.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
91. The functions sin 1 x and cos1 x 98. tan 1 b tan 1 a tan 1 1 tan 1 (2)
accept values on
the interval 1,1 . The sum of these values is always 1.8925 square units
π
. 99. – 109. Answers may vary.
2
π 110. y sin 1 x
domain: 1,1 ; range:
2 1
y sin x 2
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Section 2.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
π π 120. y 2 sin 1 ( x 5)
[–1, 1], and the range is , . Because the
2 2
y
second equation is the first equation plus 1, and with sin 1 ( x 5)
2
2 added to the variable, we will move our y max to 3,
and move our x min to π , and graph in a y
sin x 5
2
π π
π, , by
2 2 x siny 5
2
[–2, 3, 1] viewing rectangle.
π
121. 2 sin 1 x
4
1 π
sin x
8
π
x sin
The graph of the second equation is the 8
graph of the first equation shifted left
1 π
2 units and up 1 unit. 122. Prove: If x > 0, tan 1 x tan 1
1 x 2
114. y tan x π
Since x > 0, there is an angle θ with 0 θ as
2
shown in the figure.
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Section 2.3 Inverse Trigonometric Functions
123. Let α equal the acute angle in the smaller right Section 2.4
triangle.
8 Check Point Exercises
tan α
x 1. We begin by finding the measure of angle B. Because
8 C = 90° and the sum of a triangle’s angles is 180°, we
so tan 1 α
x see that A + B = 90°. Thus, B = 90° – A = 90° – 62.7°
33 = 27.3°.
tan(α θ )
x Now we find b. Because we have a known angle, a
1 33 known opposite side, and an unknown adjacent side,
so tan α θ use the tangent function.
x
33 8 8.4
θ α θ α tan1 tan 1 tan 62.7
b
x x
8.4
b 4.34
a tan 62.7
124. tan A b
a Finally, we need to find c. Because we have a known
tan 22.3 angle, a known opposite side and an unknown
12.1 hypotenuse, use the sine function.
8.4
sin 62.7
a 12.1 tan 22.3 c
a 4.96 8.4
c 9.45
sin 62.7
b In summary, B = 27.3°, b ≈ 4.34, and c ≈ 9.45.
cos A c
12.1 2. Using a right triangle, we have a known angle, an
cos 22.3
c unknown opposite side, a, and a known adjacent side.
12.1 Therefore, use the tangent function.
c
cos 22.3 a
tan 85.4
c 13.08 80
a 80 tan 85.4 994
opposite The Eiffel tower is approximately 994 feet high.
tan θ
125. adjacent 3. Using a right triangle, we have an unknown angle, A,
18 a known opposite side, and a known hypotenuse.
tan θ
25 Therefore, use the sine function.
6.7
θ tan 1
18
sin A
13.8
25 6.7
A sin 1 29.0
θ 35.8 13.8
The wire makes an angle of approximately 29.0° with
π the ground.
126. 10 cos x
6 4. Using two right triangles, a smaller right triangle
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Section 2.4 Applications of Trigonometric Functions
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
The height of the sculpture of Lincoln’s face is 560.2 model the ball’s motion. Recall that a is the
– 499.9, or approximately 60.3 feet. maximum distance. Because the ball initially moves
down, a = –6. The value of ω can be found using the
5. a. We need the acute angle between ray OD and formula for the period.
the north-south line through O. 2π
The measurement of this angle is given to be period 4
ω
25°. The angle is measured from the south side
of the north-south line and lies east of the north- 2π 4ω
south line. Thus, the bearing from O to D is 2π π
ω
S 25°E. 4 2
Substitute these values into d a cos wt. The
b. We need the acute angle between ray OC and equation for the ball’s simple harmonic motion is
the north-south line through O.
This angle measures 90 75 15.
π
d 6 cos t.
This angle is measured from the south side of 2
the north-south line and lies west of the north-
8. We begin by identifying values for a and ω .
south line. Thus the bearing from O to C is S
π π
15° W. d 12 cos t, a 12 and ω .
4 4
6. a. Your distance from the entrance to the trail a. The maximum displacement from the rest
system is represented by the hypotenuse, c, of a position is the amplitude. Because
right triangle. Because we know the length of a = 12, the maximum displacement is 12
the two sides of the right triangle, we find c centimeters.
using the Pythagorean Theorem.
We have b. The frequency, f, is
π
c 2
a b 2 2 2 2
(2.3) (3.5) 17.54 ω 4 π 1 1
f
c 17.54 4.2 2π 2π 4 2π 8
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Section 2.4 Applications of Trigonometric Functions
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
3.5 2π ω
56.7
3. simple harmonic; a ; ;
θ tan 1 ω 2π
2.3
Thus, 31 θ 31 56.7 87.7. Your
bearing from the entrance to the trail system is S
87.7° W.
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Section 2.4 Applications of Trigonometric Functions
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
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Section 2.4 Applications of Trigonometric Functions
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
In summary, B = 37.4°, a ≈ 42.90, and b ≈ 32.80. In summary, A 66.2, a 91.83 , and c 100.36 .
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Section 2.4 Applications of Trigonometric Functions
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
7. Find the measure of angle A. Because we have a 10. Find the measure of angle A. Because we have a
known hypotenuse, a known opposite side, and an known opposite side, a known adjacent side, and an
unknown angle, use the sine function. unknown angle, use the tangent function.
30.4 15.3
sin A tan A
50.2 17.6
30.4 15.3
A sin 1 37.3 A tan 1 41.0
50.2 17.6
Find the measure of angle B. Because Find the measure of angle B. Because C = 90°,
C 90, A B 90. Thus, A + B = 90°.
B 90 A 90 37.3 52.7 . Use the Thus, B 90 A 90 41.0 49.0 .
Pythagorean Theorem. Use the Pythagorean Theorem.
a 2 b2 c2 c 2 a 2 b 2 (15.3)2 (17.6)2 543.85
(30.4)2 b 2 (50.2)2 c 543.85 23.32
24.7 9
10.8 Find the measure of angle B. Because C = 90°,
A tan 1 23.6
24.7 A + B = 90°.
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
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Section 2.4 Applications of Trigonometric Functions
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
13. We need the acute angle between ray OA and the 18. When the object is released (t = 0), the object’s
north-south line through O. This angle measure distance, d, from its rest position is 8 inches down.
90 75 15. This angle is measured from the Because it is down, d, is negative: When
north side of the north-south line and lies east of the t = 0, d = –8. Notice the greatest distance from rest
north-south line. Thus, the bearing from O and A is N position occurs at t = 0. Thus, we will use the
south side of the north-south line and lies east of the with the sine function, y a sin ω t, to model the
north-south line. Thus, the bearing from O to D is S object’s motion. Recall that a is the maximum
55° E. distance. Because the object initially moves down, and
17. When the object is released (t 0), the object’s has an amplitude of 3 inches, a = –3. The value of ω
can be found using the formula for the period.
distance, d, from its rest position is 6 centimeters
2π
down. Because it is down, d is negative: When period 1.5
t 0, d 6. Notice the greatest distance from rest ω
position occurs at t 0. Thus, we will use the 2π 1.5ω
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Section 2.4 Applications of Trigonometric Functions
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
2
2π 2.5ω
2π 4π
ω
2.5 5
Substitute these values into d a sin ω t . The equation
for the object’s simple harmonic motion is
4π
d 5sin t.
5
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Section 2.4 Applications of Trigonometric Functions
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
21. We begin by identifying values for a and ω . 24. We begin by identifying values for a and ω .
π π π π
d 5cos t, a 5 and ω d 8 cos t, a 8 and ω
2 2 2 2
a. The maximum displacement from the rest
position is the amplitude. Because a = 5, the a. The maximum displacement from the rest
maximum displacement is 5 inches. position is the amplitude.
b. The frequency, f, is Because a = –8, the maximum displacement is 8
ω 2 π π 1 1 inches.
f .
π
2π 2π 2 2π 4
ω 2 1
1 b. The frequency, f, is f .
The frequency is inch per second. 2π 2π 4
4
1
c. The time required for one cycle is the period. The frequency is inch per second.
2π 2π 2 4
period 2π 4
ω π π
2 c. The time required for one cycle is the period.
The time required for one cycle is 4 seconds. 2π 2π 2
period = π
2π 4
ω π
22. We begin by identifying values for a and ω . 2
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Section 2.4 Applications of Trigonometric Functions
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
ω 2π
The time required for one cycle is a. The maximum displacement from the rest
1 second. position is the amplitude.
1
Because a , the maximum displacement is
3
1
inch .
3
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Section 2.4 Applications of Trigonometric Functions
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
2π 2π π x 653
c. The time required for one cycle is the period. 100 tan 43 tan 38
36. x
2π 2π 3 tan 43 tan 38
period = 2π 3
ω 2π 2π x 482
3
b. The frequency, f, is
3π
ω 2 3π 1 3
f .
2π 2π 2 2π 4 a. 4 in.
3 2
The frequency is cycle per second. 1
4 b.
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
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Section 2.4 Applications of Trigonometric Functions
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
π 1
38. d 3cos π t a. in.
2 2
1
b. in. per sec
8
c. 8 sec
d. 2
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Section 2.4 Applications of Trigonometric Functions
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
45. The angle of depression from the helicopter to point P 49. Using the two right triangles, we have a known angle,
is equal to the angle of elevation from point P to the an unknown opposite side, a in the smaller triangle, b
helicopter. Using a right triangle, we have a known in the larger triangle, and a known adjacent side in
angle, a known opposite side, and an unknown each triangle. Therefore, use the tangent function.
adjacent side, d. Therefore, use the tangent function. a
1000 tan 19.2
tan 36 125
d a 125 tan 19.2 43.5
1000 b
d 1376 tan 31.7
tan 36 125
The island is approximately 1376 feet off the coast. b 125 tan 31.7 77.2
The balloon rises approximately 77.2 – 43.5 or 33.7
46. The angle of depression from the helicopter to the feet.
stolen car is equal to the angle of elevation from the
stolen car to the helicopter. Using a right triangle, we 50. Using two right triangles, a smaller right triangle
have a known angle, a known opposite side, and an corresponding to the smaller angle of elevation drawn
unknown adjacent side, d. Therefore, use the tangent inside a larger right triangle corresponding to the
function. larger angle of elevation, we have a known angle, an
800 unknown opposite side, a in the smaller triangle, b in
tan 72 the larger triangle, and a known adjacent side in each
d
triangle. Therefore, use the tangent function.
800
d 260 a
tan 72 tan 53
330
The stolen car is approximately 260 feet from a point
a 330 tan 53 437.9
directly below the helicopter.
b
tan 63
47. Using a right triangle, we have an unknown angle, A, 330
a known opposite side, and a known hypotenuse. b 330 tan 63 647.7
Therefore, use the sine function. The height of the flagpole is approximately
6 647.7 – 437.9, or 209.8 feet (or 209.7 feet).
sin A
23
15.1
6
A sin 1
23
The ramp makes an angle of approximately 15.1° 51. Using a right triangle, we have a known angle, a
with the ground. known hypotenuse, and unknown sides. To find the
opposite side, a, use the sine function.
48. Using a right triangle, we have an unknown angle, A, a
a known opposite side, and a known adjacent side. sin 53
150
Therefore, use the tangent function. a 150 sin 53 120
250 To find the adjacent side, b, use the cosine function.
tan A
40 b
cos 53
150
80.9
250
A tan 1
40 b 150 cos 53 90
The angle of elevation of the sun is approximately The boat has traveled approximately 90 miles north
80.9°. and 120 miles east.
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Section 2.4 Applications of Trigonometric Functions
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
52. Using a right triangle, we have a known angle, a 56. Using a right triangle, we have a known adjacent
known hypotenuse, and unknown sides. To find the side, a known opposite side, and an unknown angle,
opposite side, a, use the sine function. A. Therefore, use the tangent function.
a 6
sin 64 tan A
40 9
a 40 sin 64 36 6
A tan 1 34
To find the adjacent side, b, use the cosine function. 9
b We need the acute angle between the ray that runs
cos 64
40 from the ship through the harbor, and the north-south
b 40 cos 64 17.5 line through the ship. This angle measures
The boat has traveled about 17.5 mi south and 36 mi 90 34 56 . This angle is measured from the
east. north side of the north-south line and lies west of the
north-south line. Thus, the bearing from the ship to
53. The bearing from the fire to the second ranger is N
the harbor is N 56° W. The ship should use a bearing
28° E. Using a right triangle, we have a known angle,
of N 56° W to sail directly to the harbor.
a known opposite side, and an unknown adjacent
side, b. Therefore, use the tangent function. 57. To find the jet’s bearing from the control tower,
7 consider a north-south line passing through the tower.
tan 28
b The acute angle from this line to the ray on which the
7 jet lies is 35 θ . Because we are measuring the
b 13.2 angle from the north side of the line and the jet is east
tan 28
The first ranger is 13.2 miles from the fire, to the of the tower, the jet’s bearing from the tower is N
nearest tenth of a mile. (35 θ ) E. To find θ , use a right triangle and the
tangent function.
54. The bearing from the lighthouse to the second ship is 7
N 34° E. Using a right triangle, we have a known tan θ
5
angle, a known opposite side, and an unknown 7
adjacent side, b. Therefore, use the tangent function. θ tan 1 54.5
9 5
tan 34 Thus, 35 θ 35 54.5 89.5.
b
The jet’s bearing from the control tower is
9 N 89.5° E.
b 13.3
tan 34
The first ship is about 13.3 miles from the lighthouse, 58. To find the ship’s bearing from the port, consider a
to the nearest tenth of a mile. north-south line passing through the port. The acute
angle from this line to the ray on which the ship lies
55. Using a right triangle, we have a known adjacent is 40 θ . Because we are measuring the angle from
side, a known opposite side, and an unknown angle, the south side of the line and the ship is west of the
A. Therefore, use the tangent function. port, the ship’s bearing from the port is
1.5 S (40 θ ) W . To find θ , use a right triangle and
tan A
2 the tangent function.
11
37
1.5
A tan tan θ
2 7
We need the acute angle between the ray that runs 11
θ tan 1 57.5
from your house through your location, and the 7
north-south line through your house. This angle
measures approximately 90 37 53. This angle is Thus, 40 θ 40 57.5 97.5 . Because this
measured from the north side of the north-south line angle is over 90° we subtract this angle from 180° to
and lies west of the north-south line. Thus, the find the bearing from the north side of the north-
bearing from your house to you is N 53° W. south line. The bearing of the ship
from the port is N 82.5° W.
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Section 2.4 Applications of Trigonometric Functions
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
ω 71. y 6e 0.09 x
cos 2π x
59. The frequency, f, is f , so
2π
1 ω
2 2π
1
ω 2π π
2
ω
264 76. Using the right triangle, we have a known angle, an
2π unknown opposite side, r, and an unknown hypotenuse, r
ω 264 2π 528π + 112. Because both sides are in terms of the variable r,
Thus, the equation for the tuning fork’s simple we can find r by using the sine function.
harmonic motion is d sin 528π t. r
sin 76.6
r 112
ω sin 76.6(r 112) r r
62. The frequency, f, is f , so
2π sin 76.6 112 sin 76.6 r
ω
98,100, 000 r r sin 76.6 112 sin 76.6
2π
ω 98,100, 000 2π 196, 200, 000π r 1 sin 76.6 112 sin 76.6
Thus, the equation for the radio waves’ simple 112 sin 76.6
harmonic motion is d sin 196, 200, 000π t . r 4002
1 sin 76.6
The Earth's radius is approximately 4002 miles.
63. – 69. Answers may vary.
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Section 2.4 Applications of Trigonometric Functions
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions
3
com
plet
e
osci
llati
ons
occ
ur.
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Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises
77. Let d be the adjacent side to the 40° angle. Using the Chapter 2 Review Exercises
right triangles, we have a known angle and unknown
sides in both triangles. Use the tangent function. 1. The equation y 3sin 4 x is of the form
4 B 2 2
π 2π 2π
quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x = 0. Add is A 2 2. The period is 2π 2 4π .
B
1
2
quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key 4π
points. The quarter-period is π . The cycle begins at x
4
x 0
= 0. Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for the
π π key points.
x 0
4 4 x 0
π π π x 0π π
x
4 4 2 x π π 2π
π π 3π
x x 2π π 3π
2 4 4
3π π x 3π π 4π
x π Evaluate the function at each value of x.
4 4
Evaluate the function at each value of x.
x coordinates
x coordinates
0 (0, 2)
0 (0, –2)
π (π , 0)
π π
,0
4 4
2π (2π , 2)
π π
,2
2 2 3π (3π , 0)
3π 3π 4π (4π , 2)
,0
4 4
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and
π (π , 2) graph one complete cycle of the given function.
1 π 2π 2π
y A sin Bx with A = and B = . The amplitude
2 3
is A 1 1. The period is
B π 2. The
1 1 2 1
is A . The period is quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x = 0.
2 2 4 2
2π 2π 3 Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key
π
2π 6. The quarter-period is points.
B π
3 x 0
6 3 1 1
. The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter- x 0
4 2 2 2
periods to generate x-values for the key points. 1 1
x 0 x 1
2 2
3 3 1 3
x 0 x 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 1
x 3 x 2
2 2 2 2
3 9 Evaluate the function at each value of x.
x 3
2 2
9 3
x 6
2 2 x coordinates
Evaluate the function at each value of x.
0 (0, 0)
x coordinates 1 1
, 1
2 2
0 (0, 0)
1 (1, 0)
3 3 1
2 2 2 , ,1
3 3
2
3 (3, 0)
2 (2, 0)
9 9 1
2
, Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and
2 2
graph one complete cycle of the given function.
6 (6, 0)
x coordinates π (π , 0)
3π 3π
0 (0, 3) ,2
2 2
3π 3π
,0 2π (2π , 0)
2 2
5π 5π
3π (3π , 3) 2
, 2
2
9π 9π 3π (3π , 0)
, 0
2 2 Connect the five key points with a smooth curve
and graph one complete cycle of the given function.
6π (6π , 3)
8. y 3cos( x π ) 3cos( x ( π )) 3 π 3 π
cos 2 x cos 2 x
4
9. y
The equation y 3cos( x ( π )) is of the form 2 4 2
4
The amplitude is A 3 3. The equation y cos 2 x is of
2
2π 2π
The period is 2π . The phase shift is the form y A cos( Bx C ) with A
3
,
B 1 2
π
C π 2π π
π . The quarter-period is . The B = 2, and C = . The amplitude is
B 1 4 2 4
cycle begins at x π . Add quarter-periods to 3 3
generate x-values for the key points. A .
x π 2 2
2π 2π
π π The period is π . The phase shift is
x π B 2
2 2 π
π π C 4 π 1 π π
x 0 . The quarter-period is .
2 2 B 2 4 2 8 4
π π π
x 0 The cycle begins at x . Add quarter-periods to
2 2 8
π π generate x-values for the key points.
x π π
2 2 x
Evaluate the function at each value of x. 8
π π π
x
x coordinates 8 4 8
π π 3π
π ( π , 3) x
8 4 8
3π π 5π
x
π π 8 4 8
,0
2 2 5π π 7π
x
8 4 8
0 (0, 3) Evaluate the function at each value of x.
π π x coordinates
,0
2 2
π π 3
,
π (π , 3) 8 8 2
π π8
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and , 0
graph one complete cycle of the given function. 8
3π 3π 3
,
8 8 2
5π 5π
,0
8 8
7π 7π 3
,
8 8 2
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises
π π
( , 0)
4 4
5
0 0,
2
π π
,0
4 4
π π 5
5 π 5 π ,
10. y sin 2 x sin 2 x 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 3π
3π
,0
4
5 π 4
The equation y sin 2 x is of
2 2
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and
5 graph one complete cycle of the given function.
the form y A sin( Bx C ) with A ,
2
π
B = 2, and C = . The amplitude is
2
5 5
A .
2 2
2π 2π
The period is π . The phase shift is
B 2
π
C 2 π 1 π π
. The quarter-period is .
B 2 2 2 4 4
π
The cycle begins at x . Add quarter-periods to π
4 11. The equation y 3sin x 3π is of
4 4 2π 2π 3
The period is 2π 6. The phase shift
π π B π π
x 0 3
4 4 C 3π 3
π π π is π 3π 9. The quarter-period is
x B 3 π
4 4 2
π π 3π 6 3
x . The cycle begins at x = 9. Add quarter-
2 4 4 4 2
Evaluate the function at each value of x. periods to generate x-values for the key points.
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises
15 (15, 0) π π
,1
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and 2 2
graph one complete cycle of the given function.
3π 3π
,0
4 4
π (π , 1)
By connecting the points with a smooth curve we
obtain one period of the graph.
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises
1 1
13. The graph of y 2 cos x 2 is the graph of y 2 cos x shifted two units downward. The period for both functions is
3 3
2π 6π 3π
1
2π 3 6π . The quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to generate x-values
3
4 2
for the key points.
x 0
3π 3π
x 0
2 2
3π 3π
x 3π
2 2
3π 9π
x 3π
2 2
9π 3π
x 6π
2 2
Evaluate the function at each value of x.
x coordinates
0 (0, 0)
3π 3π
, 2
2 2
3π (3π , 4 )
9π 9π
, 2
2 2
6π (6π , 0)
By connecting the points with a smooth curve we obtain one period of the graph.
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises
π 11π
16. a. At midnight x = 0. Thus, y 98.6 0.3sin 0
12 12
11π
98.6 0.3sin
12
98.6 0.3(0.2588) 98.52
The body temperature is about 98.52°F.
2π 2π 12
b. period: 2π 24 hours
B π
12
π
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises
π 11π
12
y 98.6 0.3sin 17
12
π
98.6 0.3sin 98.6 0.3 98.9
2
17 hours after midnight, which is
5 P.M., the body temperature is 98.9°F.
17. Blue:
d. Solve the equation This is a sine wave with a period of 480.
π 11π 3π
x
12 12 2 Since the amplitude is 1, A 1.
π 3π 11π 18π 11π 29π 2π 2π π
x B
12 2 12 12 12 12 period 480 240
29π 12 π
x 29 The equation is y sin x.
12 π 240
24 4 4
6. The phase shift is π π
4 0
4 4
11π x-intercept 0
C 12 11π 12 2 2
11. The cycle begins at x
π
B 12
12 π An x-intercept is 0 and the graph passes through (0,
= 11. Add quarter-periods to generate x-values 0). Because the coefficient of the tangent is 4, the
for the key points. points on the graph midway between an x-intercept
and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of –4 and 4.
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises
π 2 2
x , to graph one full period of y 4 tan 2 x from
π
4 x π x π
π
π π 2 2
to
. 3π π
4 4 x x
Continue the pattern and extend the graph another 2 2
full period to the right. Thus, two consecutive asymptotes occur at
3π π
x and x .
2 2
3π π
2π
x-intercept 2
π 2
2 2
An x-intercept is π and the graph passes through
4 2 4 2 3π π
π 4 π 4 y tan( x π ) from to .
x x 2 2
2 π 2 π
x 2 x 2 Continue the pattern and extend the graph another
π
2, to graph one full period of y 2 tan x from –2
4
21. Solve the equations
to 2. Continue the pattern and extend the graph π π π π
another full period to the right. x and x
4 2 4 2
π π π π
x x
2 4 2 4
π x
3π
x
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises
4 4
Thus, two consecutive asymptotes occur at
π 3π
x and x .
4 4
π 3π π
4 4 2
π
x-intercept
2 2 4
π
An x-intercept is and the graph passes through
4
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises
4 4 4
pattern and extend the graph another full period to the
23. Solve the equations
right.
π π
x 0 and x π
2 2
2
x 0 x π
π
x 2
Thus, two consecutive asymptotes occur at
x = 0 and x = 2.
02 2
x-intercept 1
2 2
An x-intercept is 1 and the graph passes through
22. Solve the equations (1, 0). Because the coefficient of the cotangent is
3x 0 and 3x π 1
, the points on the graph midway between an x-
π 2
x 0 x
3 intercept and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of
6
Because the coefficient of the tangent is 2, the points
on the graph midway between an x-intercept and the
asymptotes have y-coordinates of 2 and –2. Use the
π
two consecutive asymptotes, x = 0 and x , to
3
π
graph one full period of y 2 cot 3x from 0 to .
3
24. Solve the equations Use these key points to graph y 3cos 2π x from 0
π x
π
x
2 2
Thus, two consecutive asymptotes occur at
π π
x and x .
2 2
π π
2 0 2
x-intercept 0
2 2
An x-intercept is 0 and the graph passes through (0,
0). Because the coefficient of the cotangent is 2, the
points on the graph midway between an x-intercept
and the asymptotes have y-coordinates of 2 and –2. 26. Graph the reciprocal sine function, y 2 sin π x .
amplitude: A 3 3
2π 2π
period: 1
B 2π
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises
1
Use quarter-periods, , to find x-values for the five
4
1
key points. Starting with x = 0, the x-values are 0, ,
4
1 3
, , 1 . Evaluating the function at each value of x,
2 4
the key points are (0, 3),
1 1 3
, 0 , , 3 , , 0 , (1, 3) .
4 2 4
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises
27. Graph the reciprocal cosine function, function at each value of x, the key points
amplitude: A 3 3
5
period:
2π 2π
2π Use these key points to graph y sin( x π ) from
B 1 2
π to 3π . Extend the graph one cycle to the right.
C π
phase shift: π Use the graph to obtain the graph of the reciprocal
B 1 function. Draw vertical asymptotes through the x-
2π π intercepts, and use them as guides to graph
Use quarter-periods, , to find
4 2 5
x-values for the five key points. Starting with y csc( x π ).
2
π π
x π , the x-values are π , , 0, ,π .
2 2
π π π
A
5
, B = 1, and C π . tan θ 1 is . Thus θ , or tan 1 1 .
2 4 4 4
5 5
amplitude: A 3 3
2 2 32. Let θ sin 1 , then sin θ .
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises
2π 2π 2 2
period: 2π
B 1 π π
The only angle in the interval , that satisfies
C π 2 2
phase shift: π
B 1 3 π π
2π π sin θ is . Thus θ , or
Use quarter-periods, , to find 2 3 3
4 2
3 π
x-values for the five key points. Starting with x π , sin 1 .
2 3
3π 5π
the x-values are π , , 2π , , 3π . Evaluating the
2 2
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises
1 1 3 3
33. Let θ cos1 , then cos θ 1
1 2π 2π 3 5π
cos θ is . Thus θ , or cos θ is .
2 3 3 2 6
1 2π
cos1 . 3 5π 3
2 3 Thus, tan cos1 tan .
2 6 3
3 3
34. Let θ tan 1 , then tan θ .
3 3
3 3 39. Let θ tan 1 , then tan θ .
3 3
π π π π
The only angle in the interval , that satisfies
2 2 The only angle in the interval , that satisfies
2 2
3 π 3 π
tan θ is . tan θ is .
3 6 3 6
π 3 π π
Thus θ , or tan 1 . 1 3
Thus csc tan csc 2.
6 3 6 3 6
2 2 3 3
35. Let θ sin 1 , then sin θ . The only angle 40. Let θ tan 1 , then tan θ
2 2 4 4
π π 2 Because tan θ is positive, θ is in the first quadrant.
in the interval , that satisfies sin θ is
2 2 2
π
.
4
2 π 2
Thus, cos sin 1 cos .
2 4 2
π r 2 4 23 2
the interval 0, π that satisfies cos θ 0 is .
2 r 2 25
1 π r 5
Thus, sin cos 0 sin 1.
2 3 x 4
cos tan 1 cos θ
1 1 4 r 5
37. Let θ sin 1 , then sin θ . The only
2 2
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises
π π
angle in the interval , that satisfies
2 2
1 π
sin θ is .
2 6
1 π 3
Thus, tan sin 1 tan .
2 6 3
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises
3 3 x2 y 2
r 2
41. Let θ cos1 , then cos θ .
5 5 (4)2 y 2 52
Because cos θ is positive, θ is in the first quadrant.
y 2 25 16 9
y 9 3
Use the right triangle to find the exact value.
4 3
tan cos1 tan θ
5 4
x2 y2 r2 1
44. Let θ tan 1 ,
3
32 y 2 52
Because tan θ is negative, θ is in quadrant IV and
y 2 25 9 16 x 3 and y 1 .
y 16 4 r2 x2 y 2
3 y 4 r 2 32 (1) 2
sin cos1 sin θ
5 r 5
r 2 10
3 3 r 10
42. Let θ sin 1 , then sin θ .
5 5 4 y 1 10
1
sin tan sin θ
Because sin θ is negative, θ is in 5 r 10 10
quadrant IV.
π π π π π
45. x , x is in , , so sin 1 sin
3 2 2 3 3
2π π π
46. x , x is not in , . x is in the domain of
3 2 2
sin x , so
x 2 (3)2 52 2π 3 π
sin 1 sin sin
1
x2 y2 r2 3 2 3
x 2 25 9 16
2π 1
1 1
x 16 4 47. sin cos sin
3 2
3 y 3 1 1
tan sin 1 tan θ 1
Let θ sin , then sin θ . The only
5 x 4
2 2
π π
, that satisfies
4 4 angle in the interval
43. Let θ cos 1
, then cos θ . 2 2
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises
5 5
1 π π
Because cos θ is negative, θ is in sin θ is . Thus, θ , or
quadrant II. 2 6 6
2π 1 π
sin 1 cos sin 1 .
3 2 6
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises
Use the right triangle to write the algebraic 51. Find the measure of angle A. Because C 90 ,
expression. A B 90 . Thus,
x 2 2 x2 4 A 90 B 90 37.4 52.6
cos tan 1 cos θ We have a known angle, a known opposite side, and
2 x2 4 x2 4
an unknown adjacent side. Use the tangent function.
6
1 1 tan 37.4
49. Let θ sin 1 , then sin θ . a
x x
6
a 7.85
tan 37.4
52. Find the measure of angle A. We have a known 55. Using a right triangle, we have a known angle, an
hypotenuse, a known opposite side, and an unknown unknown opposite side, h, and a known adjacent side.
angle. Use the sine function. Therefore, use the tangent function.
2 h
sin A tan 40
7 60
h 60 tan 40 50 yd
16.6
2
A sin 1
7 The second building is 50 yds taller than the first.
Find the measure of angle B. Because C 90 , Total height = 40 50 90 yd .
A B 90 . Thus, B 90 A 90 16.6 73.4 We have a
known hypotenuse, a known opposite side, and an 56. Using two right triangles, a smaller right triangle
unknown adjacent side. Use the Pythagorean theorem. corresponding to the smaller angle of elevation drawn
inside a larger right triangle corresponding to the
a 2 b2 c 2
larger angle of elevation, we have a known angle, a
22 b 2 7 2 known opposite side, and an unknown adjacent side,
d, in the smaller triangle. Therefore, use the tangent
b 2 7 2 22 45
function.
25
b 45 6.71 tan 68
d
In summary, A 16.6, B 73.4 , and b 6.71 . 125
d 50.5
53. Find the measure of angle A. We have a known tan 68
opposite side, a known adjacent side, and an We now have a known angle, a known adjacent side,
unknown angle. Use the tangent function. and an unknown opposite side, h, in the larger
1.4 triangle. Again, use the tangent function.
tan A h
3.6 tan 71
50.5
21.3
1.4
A tan 1 h 50.5 tan 71 146.7
3.6
The height of the antenna is 146.7 125 , or 21.7 ft,
Find the measure of angle B. Because C 90 , to the nearest tenth of a foot.
A B 90 . Thus,
B 90 A 90 21.3 68.7 57. We need the acute angle between ray OA and the
We have a known opposite side, a known adjacent north-south line through O. This angle measures
side, and an unknown hypotenuse. 90 55 35 . This angle measured from the north
Use the Pythagorean theorem. side of the north-south line and lies east of the north-
c 2 a 2 b2 (1.4)2 (3.6)2 14.92 south line. Thus the bearing from O to A is N35°E.
c 14.92 3.86 58. We need the acute angle between ray OA and the
In summary, A 21.3, B 68.7 , and c 3.86 . north-south line through O. This angle measures
90 55 35 . This angle measured from the south
54. Using a right triangle, we have a known angle, an side of the north-south line and lies west of the north-
unknown opposite side, h, and a known adjacent side. south line. Thus the bearing from O to A is S35°W.
Therefore, use the tangent function.
h 59. Using a right triangle, we have a known angle, a
tan 25.6 known adjacent side, and an unknown opposite side,
80
d. Therefore, use the tangent function.
h 80 tan 25.6
d
38.3 tan 64
12
The building is about 38 feet high.
d 12 tan 64 24.6
The ship is about 24.6 miles from the lighthouse.
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises
60. 1
62. d sin 4t
2
1
a and ω 4
2
a. maximum displacement:
1 1
a cm
2 2
The bearing from city A to city C is S74°E. Because the amplitude is 30 inches, a 30 .
a 20 20 cm 2π
period is so
ω π ω
π1 1
b. f 4
2π
2π 2π 4 2π 8 5
ω
1
frequency: cm per second 2π
8 ω
5
2π 2π 4
c. period: 2π 8 1 1
ω
π
4 π Because the amplitude is inch, a . a is
4 4
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises
The time required for one cycle is negative since the object begins pulled down. The
8 seconds. equation for the object’s simple harmonic motion is
1 2π
d sin t.
4 5
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises
Chapter 2 Test π
2. The equation y 2 cos x is of the form
2π 2π π π
The period is π . The quarter-period is . C= . The amplitude is A 2 2.
2
B 2 4
2π 2π
The cycle begins at x = 0. Add quarter-periods to The period is 2π . The phase shift is
π π x coordinates
, 0
2 2 π π
, 2
2 2
3π 3π
, 3
4 4 π , 0
π
π (π , 0)
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve 3π 32π
, 2
and graph one complete cycle of the given function. 2
2π 2π , 0
5π 5π
,2
2 2
Connect the five key points with a smooth curve and
graph one complete cycle of the given function.
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 2 Review Exercises
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 2 Test
2 2
x π x π
x
full period of y 2 tan from π to π .
2
1 1
4. Graph the reciprocal sine function, y sin π x. The equation is of the form y A sin Bx with A = and B π .
2 2
1 1
amplitude: A
2 2
2π 2π
period: 2
B π
2 1
Use quarter-periods, , to find x-values for the five key points. Starting with x = 0, the
4 2
1 3
x-values are 0, , 1, , 2. Evaluating the function at each value of x, the key points are
2 2
1 1 3 1
(0, 3), , , 1, 0, , , (2, 0) .
2 2 2 2
1
Use these key points to graph y sin π x from 0 to 2. Use the graph to obtain the graph of the reciprocal function.
2
1
Draw vertical asymptotes through the x-intercepts, and use them as guides to graph y csc π x.
2
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 2 Test
1 1
6. Let θ cos1 , then cos θ .
2 2
Because cos θ is negative, θ is in quadrant II.
x2 y2 r2
(1)2 y 2 2 2
y2 4 1 3
y 3
1 y 3
tan cos1 tan θ 3
2 x 1
x x
7. Let θ cos1 , then cos θ .
3 3
Because cos θ is positive, θ is in quadrant I.
x2 y 2 r 2
x 2 y 2 32
y2 9 x2
y 9 x2
x y 9 x2
1
sin cos sin θ
3 r 3
Chapter 2 Graphs of the Trigonometric Functions; Inverse Trigonometric Functions Chapter 2 Test
10. We need the acute angle between ray OP and the north-south line through O. This angle measures 90° – 10°. This angle is
measured from the north side of the north-south line and lies west of the north-south line. Thus the bearing from O to P is
N80°W.
11. d 6 cos π t
a 6 and ω π
a. maximum displacement: a 6 6 in.
ω π 1
b. f
2π 2π 2
1
frequency: in. per second
2
2π 2π
c. period = 2
ω π
The time required for one cycle is 2 seconds.
Trigonometry 1st Edition Blitzer SOLUTIONS MANUAL
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https://testbankreal.com/download/trigonometry-1st-edition-blitzer-solutions-manual/
Trigonometry 1st Edition Blitzer TEST BANK
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https://testbankreal.com/download/trigonometry-1st-edition-blitzer-test-bank/
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