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Lathe Machine and Accessories For Beginners
Lathe Machine and Accessories For Beginners
MACHINE TOOLS
LATHE MACHINE
The Lathe
Lathe is a machine tool which holds the work
between two rigid and strong supports, called
Introduction to Engine Lathe
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Lathe Basics
Introduction to Engine Lathe
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Parts of a Lathe
• Bed
Introduction to Engine Lathe
• Head stock
• Tailstock
• Carriage
• Feed mechanism
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Lathe Basics
Introduction to Engine Lathe
Headstock
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Lathe Basics
Introduction to Engine Lathe
Bed
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Lathe Basics
Introduction to Engine Lathe
Carriage/Apron
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Lathe Basics
Introduction to Engine Lathe
Tailstock
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Engine Lathe
Introduction to Engine Lathe
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Lathe Basics
Spindle Tailstock
Nose Spindle
Tool Post
Clamp
Compound TAILSTOCK
HEADSTOCK
Introduction to Engine Lathe
Rest
Saddle
Feed
Change
Lever
Lead
Feed BED Screw
Reverse WAYS
Lever Half Nut
APRON
Lever Bed
Gear Carriage
Box Hand
Wheel
Motor
Drive Cross
Slide
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Types of Lathe
1. Speed lathe
Simplest of all types of lathe
Contains Bed, Headstock, Tailstock, Tool post on adjustable slide
No feed box, Lead screw, Carriage
Headstock spindle speed:1200 to 3600 rpm
Applications: Wood working, spinning, polishing etc.
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Types of Lathe …
2. Engine or Center lathe
Most widely used
Early lathes were driven by steam engines and so the name engine lathe
Heavy duty
Head stock is much more robust in construction
Contains additional mechanism for multiple speeds
Carriage, Feed rod and Lead screw are available and hence, longitudinal and
cross feeds are possible
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Types of Lathe …
3. Bench lathe
Greater accuracy
More versatility
Wide range of speeds and feeds
Applications:
Precision work on tools, dies,
gauges
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Types of Lathe …
6. Special purpose lathes
Used for special purposes
Wheel lathe: For finishing journals, turning locomotive wheels
Gap-bed lathe: A section of bed adjacent to tailstock is
removable thereby allowing very large diameter work to swing
Duplicating lathe: To duplicate the shape of a template on to a
workpiece
Types of Lathe …
7. Automatic lathe
Automatic control: Once the tools are
set and the machine starts, all the
operations will be performed
automatically
Change of tools, speeds and feeds are
done automatically
The jobs are made continuously one
after the other without the intervention of
operation
High speed, Heavy duty and Mass
production lathe
Single or multi spindle
Capable of simultaneous cuts
Operator’s role:
Loading the bar stock
Setting the tools
Machine maintenance
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Types of Lathe …
7. CNC lathe
Multiple axes
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The Bed
Diagonal ribs
• Rigid to withstand the
cutting forces
• Massive, sufficient to
Lathe
absorb vibration
• Should be seasoned
naturally to avoid
distortion.
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The Headstock
• Headstock spindle
Lathe
• Cone Pulley
• Backgears and backgear lever
• Gear Box
• Live center
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1. Threaded end
2. Taper sleeve
3. Live center
4. Threaded nose
5. Spindle hole
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The Headstock
• Need for speed change
– Workpiece material
– Cutting tool material
Lathe
– Type of operation
– Workpiece size
– Surface finish
– Cutting fluid
– Rigidity of machine tool
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Speed Ratios
• Direct speeds:
Spindle speed =
• Indirect speeds:
Lathe
Spindle speed =
Back gear ratio =
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Geared Headstock
3 – Spindle shaft
4 to 13 – gears with
Z4 to Z13 teeth
10 – Intermediate shaft
Speed distribution, r (GP Ratio)
15 – splined headstock spindle.
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Tailstock
Lathe
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Carriage
Lathe
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1 – screw
2 – body
3 – tool
Lathe
4 – convex
rocker
5 – concave
ring
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3 – set
screws
4 – tool
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Feed Mechanism
• Feed:
The distance advanced by the tool into or along
the workpiece for each revolution of the work.
Units: mm/rev. or mm/min.
Lathe
• Types
– Longitudinal feed (cylindrical turning, thread
cutting, etc.)
– Cross feed (facing, parting, etc.)
– Angular feed (taper turning, chamfering, etc.)
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Feed Mechanism
Change gear
End of bed gearing
Mechanism
Feed rod &
lead screw
Apron
train
Power Train Tumbler gear Bevel gear
feed reverse feed reverse
mechanism mechanism
3. Gear
2. Sliding 4. Sliding 5. Combination
1. Sliding gear cone and
clutch key of two or more
mechanism Norton feed
mechanism mechanism of 1, 2, 3, 4
gear
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Feed Mechanisms …
Headstock spindle
Change Gears
Tumbler gear
Norton Gears
Sliding key
operating handle
Clutch handle
Lead screw
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1 – headstock spindle
2 – spindle gear
3 – driver gear keyed to stud shaft (7)
5 – gear on the lead screw (6)
8, 10, 12 – bevel gears with equal no. of teeth
11 – clutch (keyed to stud 7 by a feather key)
9 – lever (to engage clutch to gear 8 or 10 or
keep in neutral position)
The clutch operated bevel gear feed reversing mechanism incorporated below the
headstock or in the apron provides sufficient rigidity in construction.
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Feed Mechanisms …
Change gears are used in
Change Gears thread cutting to give
proper relative motion
between the work and tool
E
G
Change Gears
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Feed Mechanisms …
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Feed Mechanisms …
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Apron Mechanism
1 – lead screw; 2- feed rod
3 – half-nut; 4 – cross feed screw
5, 6, 7 – Gear train for cross feed
9 – cone clutch for longitudinal feed
10, 11 – gear train for long. feed.
12 – gear for hand wheel
13 – pinion; 14 – apron
15 – rack; 16 – hand wheel
17 – knob for longitudinal feed
18 – cone clutch for cross feed
19 – knob for cross feed
20 – lever; 21 – cam
22 – sliding gear
23 – gear on worm shaft
24 – worm; 25 – cam plate
26 – half nut operating handle
Apron Mechanism
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lead screw
feed rod
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Specifications of a Lathe
Introduction to Engine Lathe
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Turning Operation
Introduction to Engine Lathe
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Lathe Operations
Introduction to Engine Lathe
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Lathe Operations
Introduction to Engine Lathe
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Chucks Milling
Grinding
Mandrels
Gear Cutting
Rests
Hydro-copying
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Centers
Accessories & Attachments
B – Ball Center
F – Insert type Center
G - Pipe Center
C – Frictionless Center
1 – Insert type center
2 – Nut
D – Half Center
3 – Roller bearing H – Use of half center
4 – Thrust bearing 1 – Half center
5 - Housing 2 – Facing tool
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Projected Pin
Fig: Driving Plate
Fig: Eccentric Turning
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Chuck
Accessories & Attachments
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Chuck
Accessories & Attachments
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Chuck
Accessories & Attachments
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Collet
Accessories & Attachments
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Collet
Accessories & Attachments
Fig.: collet
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Clamping Balance
Plate Weight
Packing Work
1-face plate; 2-balance weight; 3-elbow pipe;
Fig: Face Plate 4-clamping nut; 5-angle plate; 6-clamping nut
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Face Plate
Accessories & Attachments
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Mandrels
Accessories & Attachments
Plain Mandrel
Collar Mandrel
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Mandrels
Accessories & Attachments
Steady Rest
Accessories & Attachments
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Follower Rest
Accessories & Attachments
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Thread Cutting
Accessories & Attachments
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Examples:
Pb.: Calculate change gears for cutting R.H.
threads of 2 mm pitch on a lathe having
Accessories & Attachments
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Examples:
Pb.: Calculate change gears for cutting L.H.
threads of 1.5 mm pitch on a lathe having
Accessories & Attachments
1 20 20
Simple train with one idler
4 20 80
1 25 20
Simple train with one idler
4 25 100
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Examples:
Pb.: Calculate change gears for cutting R.H.B.S.W.
“V” threads of 12 TPI on a lathe having lead
Accessories & Attachments
screw of 8 TPI.
Soln:
1⁄12
1⁄8
8 2
12 3
2 20 20
Simple train with one idler
3 20 60
2 25 25
Simple train with one idler
3 25 75
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Examples:
Pb.: Calculate change gears for cutting R.H.
threads of 1 mm pitch on a lathe having
Accessories & Attachments
Examples:
Pb.: Calculate change gears to cut R.H. threads
of 25 TPI on a lathe having lead screw of 6
Accessories & Attachments
TPI.
Soln: 6
25
6 2 3 2 20 3 15 40 45
25 5 5 5 20 5 15 100 75
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Examples:
Pb.: Calculate change gears to cut L.H. single
start threads of 0.25” pitch on a lathe having
Accessories & Attachments
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Thread Cutting
Accessories & Attachments
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Providing undercut
Accessories & Attachments
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Taper Turning
Accessories & Attachments
1
1 100
100
⁄2
tan
2
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D = larger diameter
d = smaller diameter
L = total length of work
l = length of taper
(all dimensions in ‘mm’)
sin
But, tan ∴
2 2
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Machining time:
where l = length of the job, mm
f = feed in mm/rev.;
N = speed in rpm.
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References
• Materials and Processes in Manufacturing,
by E. Paul DeGarmo, et al, Wiley
• Manufacturing Engineering and Technology,
by S Kalpakjian and Steven R Schmid, Pearson
Text Books
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