Element of mechanical engineering question

Casting
1) Why pattern is different from casting? Explain different pattern types.
2) What are the allowances provided, when making a pattern?
3) What is master pattern?
4) Differentiate between casting and pattern.
5) Why allowances are given on pattern? Explain it.
6) Define the following terms with the neat sketch as used in sand casting-
(1) Core
(2) Core prints
(3) Sprue
(4) Runner
(5) Riser
7) Why gating system is required in the casting? Explain the purpose of
different element in gating system.
8) What is the function of riser in the casting process?
9) Explain why a sprue should be tapered?
10) Describe the allowances given on pattern for shaking and distortion.
11) Describe the properties of moulding sand, and state what defect can
arise due to absence/flack of these. Also mention other casting defect
possible.
12)

13) Why castings are normally cooled slowly?

14) How can hot tearing be avoided in castings?
15) Why should risers be located near large masses in cast parts?
16) What are the major advantages and disadvantages of casting over
other manufacturing processes?
17) Why is a complex runner/gate system used in sand casting? Why is it
important to pour slowly and continuously?
18) Why is it important to allow gases to escape? Are there any processes
where this would be more important? Which processes eliminate this
problem?
19) Why moisture such a significant problem in casting?
20) Why is it important to remove slag or dross during the pouring of
molten metal into the mould? What methods are used to remove them?
21) Which of the following considerations are important for a riser to
function properly? Must it: (a) have a surface area larger than the part
being cast (b) be kept open to atmosphere and/or (c) solidify first?
Explain.
22) Assume that you have a method of measuring porosity in a casting.
Could you use this information to accurately predict the strength of the
casting? Explain.
23) Figure indicates various defects and discontinuities in cast products.
Review each defect and offer solution to avoid it.
24) How you can tell whether cavities in a casting are due to shrinkage or
entrained air bubbles?
25) If you inspect a typical cube of ice, you are likely to see air pockets
and cracks in the cube. Some ice cubes, however, are tubular in shape
and do not have noticeable air pockets or cracks in their structure.
Explain this phenomenon.
26) What is choke in casting?
27) Why the sprue should be tapered?
28) What is ingate in casting?
29) How do you cast a metal?
30) What is the metal with the highest melting point?(tungsten)
31) What is the use of chills in casting?
32) What is directional solidification in casting?
33) What is solidification point?