Irish Course Handbook Translation and Notes Vocabularies Instructions The Linguaphone Institute Gael-Linn C)LLinguaphone Institute Limited 209 Regent Street London WIR BAU Linguaphone Institute (Ireland) Limited 41 Upper Abbey Street Dublio L Gacl-Linn Teoranta 26 Cearnég Mhuirfean Baile Atha Cliath 2 © 1974 Linguaphone Institute Limited, London All ighs reserved. No par ofthis publication, or ick rorded materi may be reproduced. stored in tetera sytem or ranted in any form or by ay druane sleceone, mechaneal photocopying, resorng Sratierwsewthout te prior permission of inguaphoneYostote Limited First published 1974 8th edition 1986 LSN NIRENH1O Printed and bound in Great Begin by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s tyoh a ‘Coarse written by: 1 conealiation with: Recorded by: ‘Under the supervision of: Diarmuid 6 Donnchadha, Director, Foras na Gacilge— Gaet-Lina, Dubin, ‘The Academie Advisory Committee: ‘Toms De Bhaldraithe, D Litt, Professor of Modern Languages and Literatuze, University College, Dublin. Mairin © Murchd, Professor of Irish, Trinity College, Dublin Profestor Sein © Tuama, M.A, Ph.D.. Assoc. Professor of Irish Language and Literature, University College, Cork, Professor David Greene, M.A., Director, Schoo! of Celtic Studles, Dublin Institute for Advanced Stodies ‘Liam Budbiae Breandin 6 hEit Liam Mac Con fomaire, _Padrais © Raghallsigh draigin Ni Mhacileoin, Mairi Fineir, Diarmuid 6 Donnchadha, ‘Ruth Brandt, Dara © Lechlainn Associates, Dubinvou Ga Contents ‘The Linguaphone Gael-Linn Irish Course ‘The Books and the Recordings Instructions Some points to note Introduction Lessons 1-48 Supplementary notes to the lessons ‘Appendices: 1, Regular verbs 2. Irregular verbs 3. The copula 4, Lenition Vocabulary, Irish English Vocabulary, English/Irish 149 us 1 205 207 213 244The Linguaphone Gael-Lii Irish Course © Your Course has been carefully constructed in the most up-to-date scientific way to build up your knowledge of the language from an absolute beginning to the point where, if you have followed the instructions, you will be able to speak, read, and write the language and to understand it when it is spoken. You will be able to cope confidently wich everyday situations in the country where the lan- ‘guage is spoken. The books and the recordings The Illustrated Book (Cursa Gaeilge) ‘The book contains an Introduction, 48 lessons and a section on the sounds and alphabet of Irish. Eact of fessons 1-12 has two parts. All this material is recorded. Each of lessons 13-48 has a supplementary reading passage (which is not recorded); all these supplementary passages are grouped together in the book after the section on sounds. Some exercises are included in them, preceded by simple instructions, and followed by the correct, answers. The large illustrations in the lessons will help your understanding of the situation on which the text is based, and the small ones will enable you to see the meaning of individual words and phrases. The recordings The professional speakers, who ase all native speakers of the lan- guage, have been carefully selected for their correctness and clarity of speech. The early lessons have been recorded as slowly as possible without distorting the language. Gradually, the speed is increased throughout the course ‘The Introduction and all the lessons, apart from the supplementary reading passages to lessons 13-48, are recorded. ‘Also recorded is a separate section on the sounds Irish, designed to enable you to recognise and practise its key sounds. Refer to this section regularly throughout. the course. Remember that different languages often pronodifce the sarhe etters or combina~ tion of letters in quite different ways. You will notice, for example, “ that the Irish sound “v" may appear very similar to the English sound represented by “v” or very similar to the English sound represented by ““w", Listen carefully to these ranges in sound. This handbook After this section you wil! find 1 Instructions on how to use the course, 2 Some points to note on the grammar and structure of the Jrish language 3A transiation of the Introduction; all the words and structures used in this Introduction are explained when they arise again in the lessons. 4 A guide to each lesson which gives you: 2 A list of new words used in the lesson, Where the form of the ‘word in the text is not the dictionary form, the dictionary form is also given. For idiomatic phrases, the literal meaning of each word is given first, followed by 2 translation of the complete phrase. A translation into English of the Irish text (excluding the supplementary reading passages for lessons 13-48). In this translation a deliberate attempt has been made ¢o use the kind of English widely spoken in Ireland (rather than standard British English), because of its similarity in word-order to Irish, Word for word translation is not attempted. ¢ Notes on the main grammatical and cultural points of the lesson. 5 Supplementary notes which expand various grammatical points presented in each lesson. 6 Appen course. 7 An irish/English alphabetical vocabulary, which lists all the words in the course. The meaning of the words given is only that which ‘occurs in the context. Grammatical information is given where confusion might arise. Lists of the way the regular verbs work are stiven in Appendix 1; the number of its paradigm is also given in brackets after the ver in the vocabulary. Paradigms of the irregular verbs are given in Appendix 2; the basic form of the verb is given in brackets after the verb in the vocabulary. 8 An English/Irish alphabetical vocabulary. s which summarise the grammar presented in theInstructions Regular study and practice with this course is much more efficient than attempting large amounts at irregular intervals. “A little and often’ is preferable to “a lot but seldom”. 1 The Introduction Turn to page 2 in your illustrated book and to the very beginning of your recordings. Study only a few sentences at a time, as follows: 1 Recording First, listen without looking at the text, to get a general impression of the pronunciation. 2 Recording {tlustrated book Listen again and follow the words jn the Teatbook. Try to astociate the sounds you hear with the letters in front of you, Continue until you are able to read the text to yourself (not aloud yet) without referring to the record ings, 3 Handbook Refer 10 the Handbook for the meaning. Each sentence is translated. (No grammatical explanations are given for the Introduction. We just want you to understand the meaning of each sentence. From Lesson 1, explanations are given.) 4 Recording Listen again with the meaning in mind. Continue until you are able (0 understand easily while listening. 5 Handbook Look at the translation and try to recall the Irish sentences. If you are not yet sure of them, listen again. 6 Repeat the same process for the next few sentences. Continue in this way until you have worked through the whole of the Introduction. 2 Lessons 1~12 For each of these lessons: 1 Recording Listen to the recording of Part | once. Don’t try to understand at this stage. Just listen, to, thf spunds of the lan: guage. CO 2 Recording Listen to the recording of Part | several times more. ‘You will find that you are becoming accustomed to the sounds of the language. 3 Recording Mlustrated Book Listen to the recording of Part 1 and follow the text in the book several times, You will now be able to relate what you hear to what you see printed. At the same time, the pictures will help you to understand a little more. 4 Handbook Read the translation of Part 1, Now you will understand the general meaning, 5 Handbook Now try to work out the exact meaning, using the ‘word list in conjunction with the text. Try to understand first of all the meaning of phrases, then of whole sentences. 6 Recording Listen to the recording again now that you under- stand the meaning. Continue to listen until you can understand everything as you hear it. 7 Recording Illustrated Book Read the text to yourself and then read it aloud several times. If you have any doubts about the pronunciation of any word or phrase, listen to that part of the recording again, Refer to the sounds section—at the end of the recordings, and ‘on pages 122-124 of the illustrated book—to check on any particular sound you are not sure of, 8 Now repeat instructions J~7 for Part 2. 9 Handbook Study the notes: these will explain the grammatical and cultural points which you have met in the lesson. For amplification of the grammatical points refer to the supplemen- tary notes to the lesson and to the appendices; these are located after the notes to lesson 48 in this handbook. 3 Lessons 13-48 For each of these lessons: 1 Recording Listen to the recording once. Don't try to under- stand at this stage. Just listen to the sounds .2 Recording Listen to the recording several times more. You will find that you are becoming accustomed to the sounds of the language, 3 Recording Mustrated Book Listen to the recording and follow the text in the book several times. You will now be able to relate what yout hear to what you see printed. At the same time, the pictures will help you to understand a title more. 4 Handbook Read the translation, Now you will understand the general meaning. 5 Hanibook Now (ry to work out the exact meaning, using the word list in conjunction with the text. Try to understand first of all the meaning of phrases, then of whole sentences. 6 Recording Listen to the recording again now that you under~ stand the meaning. Continue to listen until you can understand, everything as you hear it 7 Recording Mlustrated Book Read the text to yourself and then read it aloud several times. If you have any doubts about the pronunciation of any word or phrase, listen to that part of the recording again, Refer to the sounds section—at the end of the recordings, and fon pages 122-124 of the illustrated book—to check on any particular sound you are not sure of, § Handbook—Study the notes: these will explain the grammatical and cultural points which you have met in the lesson. For amplification of the grammatical points refer to the supplemen- tary notes to the Jesson and (0 the appendices. 9 Mlustrated Book Handbook Read and translate the supple- mentary reading passage, using the vocabulary and notes. Where an exercise is provided, follow the instructions which precede it and then check your answers. ee Some Points to Note The Alphabet 1a 12 Ir should be remembered that letters are merely marks on paper, and are not sounds in themselves, They serve as visual representations of sounds. A given letter may represent a particular sound in English, and a different, though perhaps similar sound in Irish. The spelling systere of irish is fairly regular, and when one knows the rules itis possible to deduce what the pronunciation is, While a particular sound may be represented by one letter for sequence of letters, itis usual that any particular combination of letters cepresents only one sound, 2 Vowels: 2a 22 24 25 26 In Irish spelling the vowel-etters are a, €, 1, 0, w. Vowels may be long or short. ‘The vowels in the following words are short: fan wait; mue ‘pig; the vowels in these words are pronounced somewhac similarly to the vowels in the standard British English words font, look. Long vowels are indicated by the accent () being placed over the vowel-letter. The vowels of words such as the following are long: ¢4 where; 26a funch; mich quench. In terms of length these vowels are somewhat similar to the vowels in the standard British English words maw, lorn, food. The distinction between long and short vowels is very important. Notice the difference between ba cows; ba bay'; te hor; 16 tea. Consult the sounds recording for these and other examples. ‘The following letter sequences always represent long vowels, alchough the length accent is not written: eo (a5 6), ae (as é), a0 (as € i): ceo] music; gael Jrishmam; baol danger; daoibh to you @L. ‘The words seo here; deock drink and eochair key are exceptions. In these 0 represents a short vowel The vowel-letter a represents a long vowel before the consonant clusters (id, (De, in all stressed syllables and before ee in ‘monosyllables. Examples: ard high; tharla happened, barr top pronounced ard, thirla, bar.2.7 The vowel-letiers o and u generally represent long vowels before the consonant clusters (ied, (Del, (rn, Examples: bord rable: scornach rhroat; urlar floor; vitlis rool, pronounced bord, se6rnach, drlér, dirlis. 3 Diphthongs: 3.1 A diphthong may be described a5 a combination of two vowels in which che tongue moves from one position towards another. Examples: iar distribute, pronounced with a diphthong roughly like the diphthong in English, dear. suas up, prounced with a diphthong roughly like the diphthong in English, Suez. aghaidh face, pronounced with & diphthong-roughly like the diphthong in English, migit. leabhar book, pronounced with a diphthong roughly like the diphthong in English, our. 3.2 The diphthong represented by agha in aghaidk may be represented by other combinations of feiters in other words. Examples: radhare sight, slew; raidhse plenty feidhim function saighdiir soldier; Saighead arrow; oigheana oven. 33 The diphthong represented by abha in leabhar may be represented by other combinations of letters in other words, Examples feabhra February ; rogha choice; bodhar deaf: amhras doubt: rambat fat 3.4 Diphthongs must be distinguished from long vowels. Contrast words such as the following: dth deficiency, Dia Gad, ti you, tua axe. 4 Consonant 4.1 Generally speaking consonant letters have the same value in Irish as in other languages which use the Roman script. p in peaea sin, is roughly similar to English p in pin, pack. The letter € always represents @ sound roughly similar to that represented bby English k. However some combinations of consonant letters are peculiar. A consonant letter followed by h generally represents a fricative consonant. Thus ph is the same as fin English and ck is the same as ch in German; and in the same way bl and mh represent a fricative which is roughly similsqto,English v in very. gh at the beginning of a word is‘alsb a Tricative. 42 44 4s 46 4a 48 49 ‘Some combinations with h do not represent the corresponding, Fricative in the way that ph corresponds to p. Thus th and sh are pronounced A. fh indicates the elision of f, and note above that bh and mh both represent a sound roughly similar to ¥ in English very. Both gh and dh in word initial represent the same sound, Examples of these sounds are given on the sounds recording. In Irish there are two sets of consonants, The popular terms for these are “broad consonants” and “slender consonants”. The difference between broad and slender consonants depends ‘on the part of the congue which is highest. The front of the tongue i kept high in the mouth during the articulation of a slender consonant. The buck of the tongue is raised for the articulation of a broad consonant. For example, the initial consonant in a word such as lui lie, is “broad” and sounds like the / in standard British English veal, ‘The initial consonant in a word such as li lick, is “slender” and sounds more like the /in standard British English leave. Further examples of broad consonants versus slender consonants in the beginnings of words are: pina puinn bina Duin ti tui ai daoi géill gaell This distinction occurs in all positions in a word. tn a word such, as bainne milk, the n is slender. In a word such as banna band, the mis broad. Similarly in eait (the plural of eat car,) the tis slender, while in cat (the singular) the tis broad. ‘From these examples one can begin to see how the distinction between broad and slender consonants is indicated ia the spelling, Broad consonants in the initial of a word, followed by i are indicated by writing u, 0, or a after the consonant letter. Thus wwe saw that tui has broad ¢ in its initial and is followed by the long vowel i, whereas ti is a slender t followed directly by the spelling for long vowel f, Thus the initial consonant in the following words is broad: tui seraw; bui yellow; Tui Hie. Initial consonants written before 2, 0, w, long or short, are broad, eg: i day; bi bay. Slender consonants in the initial of a word followed by the xiiivowels e, ori, long or short, are represented by the eonsonant letters being followed by the simple spelling for these vowels (Gee note 4.6 above). Thus the form ti represents a slender t followed by the vowel. AA slender consonant jn the initial of a word followed by the vowels a o,u, long or short, is indicated by the etter e being written before 2 oF @ and by the letter i being written before u. ‘Thus led melt, represents a slender I followed by a long a. leo with them, represents a slender | followed by long o (see note 2.5). The letters e and i are used to indicate the slender quality of| consonants which occur in the middle or final position of words. Note the difference between the spelling of eat and cait. ‘There are some exceptions to this rule however. The more important of these are given throughout the course 4.11 The consonant his neutral in regard to being broad or slender, Its represented by the letters hy sb, th, and is pronounced roughly the same as Engiish f, Initial Mutation 1 In general frish words substitute, within a certain sub set, one initial consonant for another according to the position of the words in the sentence. This substitution of consonants can be classified under the terms mentioned below. 2 Leni 2.1 The initial consonant of a word in Irish may change according to the word which precedes it. Thus eapall horse, changes to chapall when preceded by the element & which means his. This change is called lenition. In these notes we will use the symbol” to indicate that a given word requires the lenited form of « following word. Thus a his. 2.2 Lenition iavolves, generally speaking, changing of stop consonants to fricative and the elision off. This is indicated in the spelling bby writing of h after the initial consonant letter. Examples of lenition: capall horse; mo chapall my Aorse, bean woman; aa bhean the woman, 3 Aspiration 3.1 a eapall her horse, does not involve this kind of change but che element a, which means her, involves a change called aspiration in nouns whose initial letter is a vowel. Thus dit place; a hait her place. Aspiration is indicated in these notes by the symbol"— thus a, her. Examples of aspiration: ; sal donkey; a hasal her donkey, athaie father; » bathair her father. 4 Eclipsis: 4.1 Eclipsis involves changing of voiceless stops to voiced stops and voiced stops to nasal consonants, ‘Thus: . capall horse; a geapall their horse; bosea box; ar mbasea ow 60x 4.2. Inthe form a geapall their horse, the jnitial ¢ is changed to g 4s part of the expression of possession, plural number. This ‘change, called eclipsis, is indicated in these notes by the symbol" — thus a§, their. : 4.3 The following are the normal spellings of the substitution secs in initial mutation: p—ph—bp, an piste the child; a phiiste his child; a bpdiste their child b—bh—mb an bord the table; a bhord his table; a mbord their table, t th —t, 2a each the house; a theach his house: a dteach their howse, —nd, an dearthair the brother; a dhearthair his brother a ndearthaie their brother. ¢—ch— ge, an cara the friend; a chara his friend; 9 geara their friend. g—gh —ng, an giirdin the garden; a ghairdin his garden; 1a ngéirdin their garden. {th —Dhf, an freagra the answer a bhfreagea their answer. 3—sh— am seomra the room; a sheomra his room; m seomra their room. ‘an dit the place; a hdit her place; a wit cheir place. Mhreagra his answer; Inflections 1 Words in Irish indicate their grammatical function by changing their shapes in other ways apart from initial mutation. These other ‘changes can be termed inflexions, the principal of which are briefly described here.Nouns A nous is a word which ean function as the subject or object of @ Sentence, and is subject to inflexion for a number, and b case, Examples: 4 the MAN left, the MEN lef. 2 the MAN’S hat. a phreab an cat rhe cat hopped, phreab na eait the cats hopped. b eiceball eat a car's tail ‘Thus, combining ‘iciat mutation and inflexions the Irish noun eat thas, for example, the following forms in the singul Nom. sing. a unlenited: Té an eat amseo. The cat is here. D lenited: T& mo chat anseo. My cat is here. € eclipsed: TA dr geat anseo. Our car is here. Genitive Sing. 2 unlenited: eireball cait a car's ail b lenited the cat's tail eclipsed: 3 Masculine and Feminine nouns 3A In frish grammar nouns are categorised either masculine of feminine: “The distinction is made on the basis ofthe following features: 1 With few exceptions the pronouns substituted for nouns agree with them io gender: Examples ‘Sin é an bosca. Cuir ar table Sin fan finaeog, Oscalb. That is the window. Open it ‘The most important exception to tis rule is eal girl, Which though grammatically a masculine word, has the feminine pronouns fs substituted for it b In some consicutions gender determines the seetion of lenition rules in noun clauses, Examples: CChonsie mé an fear beag I saw the srt! man CChonale md a0 ean bheag. 1 saw the small worwn Gee note Lon adjectives and notes 1 and 2 onthe article). ¢ The form taken By a noun inthe genitive singular is partly governed by its gender. The gente forms are given inthe ots on the varius clases af ngens. (see note 1 lesson 17). ore ‘bord é That is the box. Put it on the 3.2 The gender of the nouns occurring in this course is given in the dictionary. 3.3. We can now observe how features of initial mutation, inflexion and gender occur: a Masculine: in € an fear. That is the mar. in & hata an fhir, That is the man’s hat. | $F tram fen has changed i orm to indicate possesion or i sett and therfore aid to bein the ponetv or ative one Further examples of masculine nouns: ‘Té an bord briste, The table is broken. ‘Ta cos an bhoird briste. The leg of the table is broken. } Sin € an bétbar. Tha (s the road. ‘Ta Sedn i lar an bhéthair. Secin isin the middle of the road. » Feminine 1 Sim { an bhean. That is the woman. Sin & hata na mui, That (3 the woman's hat. That is the street. ‘Té an teach ag barr na stdide, The house is at the top of the street. ‘Sin § an bhrég. That is the shoe. ‘cate, The heel of the shoe is worn. 4 Verbs 41 Ia addition to their basic meaning, €.8. sil walk, lubhair speak, the verbal forms express distinctions of time or fense, Le, when the event takes place, and distinctions of attitude or mcod, i. speakers view of the event. The aspects distinguished in are Past, Present, Future, Imperative, Conditional and Subjunctive. b The complete set of forms expressing all these distinctions for any verbs the inflexion of the verb. Patterns of inflexions are Called conjugations. The inflexions of regular verbs are given in ‘Appendix 1. Those of irregular verbs are given in Appendix 2. 42. Examples of inflexion for tense: 1a The cat jurps. The cas jumped. preab hop{jump. This is the root form of the verb. This is the form used in giving an order to one person, b The lenited form is used to indicate past tease, thus: de Phreab an cat The cat jumped. Ceeee ere ee «The root form followed by the inflected form -faidh after broad consonants or -fdh after slender consonants, indicates future tense, thus: Preabfaidh an cat. The cat will jump. Rithtidh an eat, The cat wil ru 43 Note thatthe usual word order of sentences in Irish is verb, subject (noun), object (noun) and that adjectives normally follow the nouns they qualify. Thus: Bhuail Sean an eat mér, Sedn struck the big cat. Phreab an cat ar an mbord. The cat jumped ov the table. 4.4. The great majority of verbs in Irish are regular. In the case of regular verbs the imperative form e.g. in—1s in in an doras close|shut the door, may be regarded as the root from which all other forms of the verb derive. Thus the forms of the regular verb di, like peeab, are: iin an doras. Close the door hin mé an doras. 1 closed the door Diinfaidh mé an doras, 7 will close the door. (Gee note on preab above). 4S Thote are two major classes of regular verbs. These we call the first and second conjugations 4.6 Verbs that end in -faidh, or -fidh in the third person singular, future tense are said to bein the fist conjugation. Examples: Diinfsidh sé he wil close Brisfidh sé he will break Otfaiah sé he will drink 4.7. Verbs that end in -6idh or -oidh in the thied person singular, future tense are sid to bein the second conjugation Examples: Ceannéidh 56 he will buy ’ Toséidh sé he will Begin Baileoidh s&- he wil collect 4.8 ‘The forms of verbs can express distinction of person and number ice. they ean express who was involved in the action and how many were involved in the action. The persons distinguished are referred to as Ist person ie. the speaker, 2nd person i. the person spoken to, the 3rd person, the pergonfingken of. ‘The numbers distinguished are singular and plural ( . 49 4.0 a Examples: Singular Ist person: téim ag foghlaim / am learning 2nd person: t4 ti ag foghlaim your are learning 3rd person ti sé/si ag foghlaim he!she is learning Plural Ist person: tdimid ag foghlaim we are learning 2nd person: ta sibh ag fogblaim you are learning 3rd person: t4 siad ag foghlaim they are learning Singular Ist person: deirim 1 say 2nd person: deireana tit you say 3d person: deireann sé,si he she says Plural Ist person: deirimid we say 2nd person: deireann sibh you say 3rd person: deireann siad they say. ‘There is a further form deirtear which avoids expression of person. ‘This is an impersonal form and corresponds to the use of one in English, Thus, deirtear, means one suys or itis said. ‘There is also a form referred to as the verbal noun. This is formed. from the verb but functions as a noun. The verbal noun corresponding to the verb léigh read is léamh, Thus we may say "Ta léamh agam J can read; TA an nuachtén 4 \éamh agam / am reading the newspaper; Téim ag léamh [am reading. See also note 5 Lesson 1 and note 2 Lesson 8, “The various forms of the regular verbs are given in Appendix 1. ‘The numbers in brackets after these verbs, in the vocabulary, refer to the number given them in the Appendix. ‘There are, however, a number of irregular verbs, and, as in other Tanguages, these are among the verbs most commonly used. Examples: ‘igh go cchuaigh went rachaidh will go Tt will be noticed that irregular verbs change their root form in various tenses. All forms of the irregular verbs which you may reed are given in Appendix 2. When a form other than the imperative is used in the text the imperative form is given in brackets in the vocabulary. leeee aT EEE IEEE ESE ESET EET SEE SE ESET ESET RCT ERSTE SET SE TEE TES COTE SETESETEIOTEEOTEEESTS ORIENT EETIERTEEENICOHIEEICEEREE 5 Adjectives 81 Adjectives are the qualifiers of nouns: ‘The BIG man, che sWALL dog. {In Irish adjectives are inflected for number and case. Example: mér big an cat mér the big cat na cait mhéra the big cats 6 The Article 61 62 63 The definite article specifies particular items or individuals. Thus fear man or a mon; an fear the man, (Note that in Irish there is no word corresponding to English a) In Jrish there are a number of forms of the definite article. Singular Plural Masculine Feminine Nom. ant (ant) ant alt Gen. ant nat ma’ Dat an’ an’ nat (sith prepositions other than do, de, i), ‘We have already seen that an‘ indicates lenition; an’ indicates eclipsis; na" indicates aspiration. an™ indicates that t- is prefixed to a following vowel See notes on lenition, eclipsis and aspiration, See also note in Appendix on the article. 7 Pronouns 7A 72, 13 14 ‘The independent pronouns are: amé me; tis you; $6, & he, him; si, sind, iad shey, them, A feature of Irish isthe existence of inflected forms of pronouns corresponding to preposition and pronoun in some other European languages ? Thus on me is orm: ot ow is rts on him sai on her i wrth ‘Thus prepositions in Irish are inflected in a way which s reminiscent of verbal infections. Many examples ogcus thfoughout the lessons and full able are given in the notes, () Introduction Hello! Lam Tomas 6 Néill, Tam Irish Tam a teacher, I know Irish. You don’t know Irish, You are learning Irish. That is the book. That is the record. ‘That is the tape, Read the book. Listen to the record. Teacher Hellot Student Hello! Teacher Are you a teacher? Student I'm a student. I'm not a teacher. Teacher Have you much Trish? Student No. Thave but a little trish. Teacher Are you learning Irish? Student V am. Teacher Have you an Irish book? Student Yes. Vhave books and records. Teacher Where are they? Student The records are on the player which is on the table. The books are on the chair. Teacher This is my friend Sean. Sein Hell Tam Seén 6 Bri Tam at home. Lam sitting on a soft chair in the sitting room. This is my friend Phaiaig, Padraig Hello! Jam Padraig Mac Geacailt. Tam talking to my friend. Thave other friends too.{es the Conn: ih Lam Osten, Ceacht a hAon (1) Céard a rinne Padraig? in Spain and in Germany. Tiked it very much. \ Lesson one (1) What did Padraig do? We had a very nice holiday. We were very successful on our journey. Uhave a little French. Words in this lesson Liam doesn’t know any French but he knows Spanish and German, exact () lesson éird? what? Péraig Have you records and a payer? eee iam dean) a ‘ow Uhave, They are on the table, ee ee ee cee tiyou Pédraig Where is your book? Pract eee You U have the book in my hand. Gh ehéad the frst. do your Parag "Very wel Pat another reord on the player and listen to sata tatiana days 0 day) 7 ae ‘Sean (m) John laethanta saoire holidays: sin Seda that is John ni dhearaa (Jean) did not OD is miteme sthe sn any na in is rl (m) thing sai siting eh But, except ti sina shui he is siting snimh Swim in aice near ais and athe fu (to) ie tine (/) fre fasin under the Pdraig (m) Patrick arian (7) sun seasamh standing Ravens probably, I suppose 0 sar () that centre Tesceotr (idler, lazy person seorra (m) room ar fad altogether, entirely Sad they saint () talk, speech (hea no fg cant talking Imbuise indeed tewith inaon chor at all le cle together an not directly transttable tiisiad ag caint le chile they are_ st in the {aiking (peaking) to each other Fine (7) France salgh (9 OD sit an sa Flaine? was it in France? e fios down taith (®) @) spend anseo here fchaitht6 that you spent 2 Phidratg Patrick! temall(n) space of time, time, while aron Gearmin J) Germany tathaoi () chair chomh as, equally with 7 bog soft ‘chomh maith also, as well maith good ‘honaic (Eel) sa deat at you morn many, a lot fo raibh maith aga thank you tréedn fontas many wonders ve GH : = bisaneen mit dom to me this ei 30, thenSERS EES SESS ES EE SEES SESE SSS TEE ET OEE SUES SEE CORSET COTE SOTESETESOTESOTEEOTETOTETOTE TOT TOT ECON COTIECEOIOTEE 4] atin a tot, much igin some, certain Shoat (it) heard mae feghatm 0) (138 learn ahech, Chogllaim armed Src rol Go hing We day Translation Part Ove Tréchiaire That is Seén. He is sitting near the fie. That is Padraig, He i standing in the middle ofthe room. They ate speaking to each other. Sean Sit down here Padraig on the-soft chair. Padraig Thank you Seén. Sean Tell me what you did during your holidays. Pédraig 1 did nothing but swim and lie in the sun. Seéx You must be very lazy now. Padraig No indeed. ‘Seén Did you spend all your holidays in France? Pédraig No. I spent some of them in Germany and I spent a while in Spain also. Sein You saw many wonders then ‘édralg saw alot and I heard ot, | earned something new every . Part Two Padraig is sitting on the soft chair near the fire. He is talking to Seén, Padraig spent his holidays in France, in Spain and in Germany. He spent some time every day swimming and lying in the sun. He did not do a lot during his holidays but he heard a lot and he saw many wonders. He saw a lot of things every day and he learned much as well Notes 1 Ceacht a haon Lesson one, Where the numeral follows a noun it appears in the form used in counting: a haon, a3, at et, Compare aon cheacht amhdin one lesson: ceach a haon feston one. (When aon means ane, the noun is always folloGediby ambi) Dh cheacht to lessons; cexcht 2 46 lesson tno, ( ‘An chéad cheacht the first lesson, Céad first is followed by the 1 lenited form of a noun, and the lenited form of eéad, ie. chéad is, always used following the forms of the Definite Article Examples: ‘An fear, an chéad fhear. the man, che first man. An capall, ap chéad chapall: the horse, the first horse Sin é Sean. That is Sedn. Sentences of this kind may be regarded as not containing a verbal form. Examples: ‘Sein ‘Sen Sin {an bosca That is the box ~ an bord the table Maire ‘Maire Sinf 4 an fhuinneog That is4 the window an chathaoi the chair Note that the pronoun é is used with masculine nouns, & with feminine nouns, Ta sé he is. (See Appendix 2). ‘Ta sé ina shui he is sitting. This construction is used with a number of verbal nouns which express state or condition. Examples: the Present Tense of the Irregular Verb bi. {chénai ( living sheasamh | standing Ta séina 4 tui Heiss lying chodlade sleeping (asleep) dhiiseacht waking (awake) ‘See supplementary notes to this lesson. In aice near, lt. n proximity (of)- ‘An tine the fire. In aice is followed by the genitive or possessive form. Tine is a feminine noun. The na¥ form of the article is used with the Genitive of feminine nouns. See earlier note on possessive form. Examples (nominative form in brackets): fone ic” nee fei Ta sé im | np Jeapa (an leaba) the bed ace (na scoite (an scoil) the school Tir an tseomra in the centre of the room. Seomra room, is a masculine noun and here is in the genitive or possessive position in the sentence, The form of the article required in this context is an‘. Lenition of s after the article is expressed by mutating to O10 n 2 13 SesSseeetSeeeSSsESERESESEtesttSESCOESESEREIECETSESSIESEIESI TS SStStSCSTSOSSSECSSSeSEtSESE SEE TEEMNNEE £, written ts, (The inital clusters st, se, sm, sp, sf are not lenited), Examples Doras aa tseomra the door of the room Teach an tsagairt che priest's house Yn aice an tsiopa near the shop but, t6in an stéin the bottom of the tin deireadh an seéil the end of the story a Lin. The preposition j, an eclipsing form, eclipses a following noun, It is written ia when the following noun begins with a vowel Examples: {i mbosea in a box; 1 geathaie in a ct in Eirinn in Jreland; Inam in time >» For details of the eclipsing mutation see supplementary notes to this lesson, 1 Ta siad they are. The verb is normally the first word and is followed by the subject, This order is not changed wher a ‘question is asked, but the verb is preceded by an interrogative particle, and in the case of some irregular verbs by a dependent focm of the verb also. Thus: an Dhfuil said? are they? b See also note &, lesson 2. ag eaint speaking. Note the use of the preposition ag with the verbal noun in expressing the progressive aspect. Examples: ‘4 Sed ag seriobh Sede ts writing {6 Seda ag léamh Seén is reading Té Seam ag miineadh Sedn is teaching 8 Phidraig Padraig, a, a vocative particle is used when addressing People directly, but often in conversational speech the vowel ais clided and only lenition of the initial consonant remains an geathaoir on the chair. Except when the initial consonant is 4 or t, an®, is the form of the article used when the article is Preveded by any one of the following prepositions: ag ar; ar on; 4s out of; chuig t0; faoi under; le with; 6 from; thhe over tri through, Examples ‘Ti an dosea ar an mbord. Zhe box is on the table. ‘Ta Seéa ar an geathaoir. Sedn is on the chair. ‘Té an leabhar ar an biuianeog. The Ocbk ison he wndow, ‘Té an peann ar an bpdipéar. The pen ison the paper. 14 a Bog soft. The singular form of a feminine noun, except in the genitive lenites a following adjective. Hence: ar an geathaoir bhog on the soft chair. b Note also the order of the words in this phrase. See also note 2 ‘on Verbs in the introduction to these notes. Further examples are given later in the course. 15 nis dom rel (10) me. See supplementary notes to this lesson. 16 a Rinne Did. Rime isthe past tense of the irregular verb déan ‘The direct question would be: eéaed a rinne ti? what did you do? D_ Further examples: - [ mé I ti you sé he Céardarinne 4 si Whar 5 she do? | amar (mui) we sibh you (ou Ley «¢ Note the fest person plural isthe only inflected form. Many dialects of Irish have regularised this pattern by the development of muid as the form of the first person plural which can then be used both as the subject and object of verbs eg. Bhuail muid é. #¥ struck him; Buail sé muid. He struck us Ie is not normal to use the older fist person plural sian as the subject of a verb. Thus: bhuall sinn é, would be very infrequent. 17 a Dolaethanta saore your holidays do isa possessive pronoun as English your. The possessive pronouns ace mot my; dot your; at his; a her: &e® our; bhut™ your: a® thir Examples: mo mhila (chéta, bhosca, pheann) my bag (coat, box, per), do mhita (chathaoir, theach, bhord) your bag (chair, howe, rable). ‘a mhila (dhinnéar, ghluaistein) his bag (dinner, car). a mila (gina, pdipéar) her bag (dress. paper). fr mila (geéta, mbosca, bpeann) our bag (coat, box, pen. Bhur mhéta (geathaoir, teach, mbord) your bag (chair, hows, table) a mila (ndinnéar, ngluaisteda, bpsipeat) their bag (dinner, car, paper) [Note that these words never receive strong stess. Note that since I,m, ¥ are not affected by initial mutation18 9 21 a leabhar might mean his, her or their book. In such instances the sense is understood from the context, Ni dhearna mé aon rod. I did not (do) anything; I did nothing. This is a further example of the point mentioned in Note 10 above. Examples: Shuig Piaraigsios. Padraig sat down. (Chair mé an leabhar ar an mbord. [put the Bok on ihe table. ‘teas si ar an gem. She stood on the sep. Lui faoin agian 10 lie nthe sun See supplementary notes to this lesson. 1s décha i is probable, i is likely. This impersonal form is often used where we would use / suppose in English. as décha gar leisccoirar fad anois th. J suppose (oka) you are 4@ lazy person (an idler) entirely now. (Note the word order). b The word is expresses the connection or relationship between two things ond is called the copula, It does not have a complete set of inflexions like other verbs inthe language and its forms are very inregular. The various forms of the copula are given in the table in Appendix 2, Thus is in the sentence is leiscevi t, you ‘are a lazy person, is replaced by the dependent form gur wien preceded by is décha (which takes a dependent claus). The form is gurb when itis followed by a stressed vowel. Examples: Is Splinneach . He is « Spaniard. 1s décha gue Spiinneach &. suppose he isa Spaniard. Is fear mér & He isa big man. Is décha gur fear mér . 1 suppore he isa big man. Is Eireannach &, He is an Irishman. Is décha gurb Eiveannach &. I suppose he isan Irishman. Is Eorpach & He is a European 1s décha gurb Eorpach é. 7 suppose he is @ European. Is amadin &. He i a fool. Is décha gurb amadén & I suppose he is a fool. Ni hea no. Nii the negative form of is. Ea it, s used only with the ‘copula, This is the form ofthe negative response tg,questioas of this construction. Further examples are given in the next note. 4 An sa Fhraine a chaith ti do shauce ar fad? Was itn France (Chat) you spent your entre holidays (all your holidays)? Did you spend all your holidays in France? b TI, in combines with the definite article (an).tofforhn sam before Pry 25 26 2” vowels and before fh followed by a vowel. In all other cases the 4] form is sa‘, Examples: ‘An sa Fhraine a chaith ti do shaoire? Was it in France you spent ‘your holiday? Ni hea. Ni sa Fhraine a chaith mé mo shavire. No. [1 was not in France I spent my holiday. ‘An san uisce (water) a chuir ta €% Wats it in the water you put it? Chaith mé J spent. The lenition of the initial consonant is a mark of past tense, Examples: C: spend, throw Chaith mé J spent, J threw close Dhiin mé closed Cai put Chuir mé 7 put The complete past tense is given in Appendix 1 Moran iontas many wonders, Here mérén a large amount is followed by the genitive plural of the noun. The genitive plural and the nominative singular have the same form in many nouns. Examples: Is fontas &. 11 is a wonder. Té mérin iontas ann. There are many wonders there, a lin much, many, is interchangeable with mérén, Examples: Chonaie mé a lan, J saw much, I saw a lot ‘Chonaic mé a lin iontas. J saw much'many/a lot of wonders. D'fhoghlaim mé, / learned. In the past tense d’ is prefixed to verbs the roots of which begin with a vowel or f—followed by a vowel. Lenited f is elided in pronunciation. Examples: D'6l sé he drank Didist sé he listened’ D'tooghlaim mé Gaeilge. J learned Irish. D'thag sé Bie. He left Jreland.Ceacht a Dé (2) Sa seomra suite Lesson two (2) . In the sitting room New words in this lesson 20 mall slowly si()her, she it fin self, itself ‘ma ti si mall féin alge if he has it slow itself Le. even if he speaks it slowly rémhaith too well tulg (») @) understand tuigeann understands a thuigeann sé that he understands ‘fach however ruair when ‘80 maith well labhraionn (+) (10) speaks ai not 46 two dara second jad they, them sin iad these are, those are seomra suite sitting room ‘én? which? what? cui part ‘cén chuid which part en of the Eoraip (/) Europe leat with you fs fearr is best 4s fearr leat you prefer om with me (Veeland nd than to 4it(f) place, locality ar bith any tile other bith eile any other place fios knowledge agam at me tia fhios sin agam I know that (continent ‘mér-roina na hEorpa continent of Europe, continertal Europe até that is exist (/) question ati | gceist agam Ihave in question, mean is maith liom I like imér big, large go mée very much an- very eas nice freisin also, too nach? this isthe nezative form of an? nach bhfuil Fraincis agat? have vou ‘not French? 18 (BD yes (in answer ro an bhfuil?. ‘nach bhfall?) rolnnt some Francis (f) French Language roinnt Fraincise some Freach Deagén a little ‘Spiinnis (f) Spanish Language « beagin Spalinise alittle Spanish 1 (@) fide cannot ni fei Hom I cannot Gearmiins () German Language son Ghearminis any German rerun 2 labhalrt to speak aol way, manner cen ehaoi? how rar sin therefore, then righ (0) ©) succeed ‘righ leat did you succeed mp ourney do tras your journey Bi OD) was Liam (np William Indra eet avait (0) 5 {2 Tabhairt na Gearmélnise alge he can speak German batt (0, dail Gearminis age? has be "German? does he know German? (i) that further les that he could seriobh to write Aiea alos aga id’ know {0 ralbh aon Gbearmiials alge that he had any German is flr els he can habe 4 + = dune (m) person. 16 very, extremely, most, too (G0) tapaidh quickcly) Translation . Part One Trdcheaire There are Sedn and Pédraig. They are in the sitting-room, Pédraig is sitting on the chair, Sedn Which part of Europe do you prefer Padraig? Pédraig 1 prefer Ireland to any other place. ‘Sedn Oh! I know that, 1 mean Continental Europe. Padraig \like France very much, but Germany and Spain are very nice too. Sedn You know French, do you not? Pédraig Ido. Uhave a little French and a little Spanish, but I cannot speak any German, ‘Seén How then did you get on on your journey? Padraig Liam was with me and he speaks German. ‘Sedn Oh! Has he German? I knew he could read and w: but I didn’t know he had any German. Pédraig He can speak it slowly, but he's good even if he is slow. He doesn’t understand it too well, however, when people speak quickly to him. ite Spanish, Part Two PAdraig and Sedn are sitting in the sitting room, Sean knows that Padraig spent his holidays in Europe. Padraig likes the continent of Europe but he prefers Ireland to any other place. He can speak French. He knows some Spanish too but he does not understand any German. He was successful on his journey however, Liam can speak German and he was with Padraig on the trip. Sean knew that Liam could read and write Spanish but he did not know that he knew German, Pidraig told him that Liam could speak German slowly.2 Notes 1 a Té siad shey are, Ta is the present tense form of the verb bi 10 be. ‘You should pay particular attention to sentences in which forms of this verb are used. Its use should be distinguished from that of the copula, Whereas the copula can be thought of as having connective of relative meaning (Is fear Sein. John is a man), td and the other forms of bi are used in the expression of position, state, condition etc. (Ta Sein anseo, breoite John is here, is sick). Compare the following examples: Ta Sean anseo. Sedn is here. Is fear Sean, Sedn is a man. Ta bosca ar an mbord, There is a box on the table. Is bosea é sin. That is a box. Ta, unlike is has a complete though somewhat irregular set of inflexions, b Watch for further examples in the various lessons, ‘See Appendix 2 for full paradigm. 2 Tiisiad sa seomra. They are in the room. Further examples: Tim (seomra am) (room tata | scomra suite you are | sitting-room tisé | seomraleapa he is | im Jbedveo sa 2 seomra folctha ste isthe 4 bathroom seomra bia weare [| dining-room you are} ‘hey are ) den Eoraip which part of Europe. Cé which, what ombines with the dite artic (a) to form cén, Similarly eof combines with ant form den : by Note that we do not use the genitive frm of Eoraip in this Setnce. The pepsin de aber ha he eit es eal used to express this aritvesese eg uid dent par ofthe country sata dew bunch a group of the boys. Th movin arg aig, He has much money. TA morin den argead alge. He has mcf the money. (Sec supplementary notes to this lesan for the petsonal inflected forms ofthe preposition de) ¢ 4 a Is fearr leat you think it better i. you! préfer. In these notes we refer to words like lest with you, as personal inflected forms of prepositions. See also note J on pronours. bb The word leat, is formed from ley thus: Cén chuid den Foraip is fear le Padraig? Which part of Europe does Picraig prefer? Cén chuid den Eoraip is fearr leat? Which part of Europe do you prefer? © By using the different persons of the inflected preposition we can make several new sentences from the original one. Examples: @ . : (ou) tie i Ge) Cén chuid den < Eoraip < is fearr 4 tei (she) (domhan | | ting (we) lbh (you) eo (they) [Na dit ar bith elle ro any other place. Many words particularly words like nd have different English equivalents depending on the position in a sentence in which we find them, Careful study of the ‘examples in the lessons will ensure that you use them properly. a Téa fhios agam, J have its knowledge. This is the normal way of expressing / know. The verb bi is used with the proposition ag at, ‘by to express the meaning fo have; thus: Té leabhar ag Seén, Sedn has a book. Tia fhios ag Sedn, Sedn knows, Ti a fhios alge, He knows. A complete list of the inflected forms of ag ar, by will be found in the supplementary notes to this lesson, Js i Mér-roinn na hEorpach ata i gceist agam. /t is Continental Europe that I have in question'that I mean. The word até is the relative form of td and relates back to Mér-roinn na hEorpach. Note this type of relative construction used for emphasis: ‘Ta Padraig anseo. Padraig is here. Is € Padraig ata anseo. Ix is Pédraig who is here. Ta sé sa seomra, He is in the roon Is sa seomra ata sé. 11's in the room he is, he is in the room. ‘Té an Fhraincis agat, nach bafuil? You have (a knowledge of) French, have you not? Nach is a form of the negative used in asking questions. The positive form in questions is an, Note also the use of the definite article where it would not be required in English, u 210 u 2 Compare the following Statement: Té an Fhraincis agat. You have French i.e, you know French. . ‘Question: An bhfuil an Fhraineis agat? Have you French? Do you Know French? ‘Statement: Nil am Fhraincis agat. You have not French. i. you do not know French. Question: Nach bhfuil an Fhraincis ag do you not know French? 2 Have you not Freach? i.e. nach bhfuil an Ghaellge an Ghearmainis agat? an bhfuil an Béarla (an) leabhar an Ghaeilge rish: an Ghearméinis German; an Béarla English (an) leabhar (the) book. : ‘Ta roinnt . .. Note the genitive form following roinnt and beagin. See note 25, lesson 1, and nate 3 in this lesson. nil aon Ghearmainis agam. / have nat any German, I have not German. ie. I don’t know any German. Note further examples of aoa any. Examples: ( Ghaeilge ‘An bhfuil Bhéarla Nil {aon { mhila L bhosea | chathaoir (Gaeilge Irish; Béarla English; mala bag; bosea box; eathaoir chair.) In éineacht liom rogesher with me, with me, Its also permissible to say bhi Liam liom Liam was with me. Bhi a fkios agam gurbh fheidir leis. knew (shar) he could. Bhi is the past tense form of the verb bi. Gurbh is the past dependent form of the copula. (Compare with note 21 Lesson 1). gurbh is the form used before a vowel or before fh followed by & vowel. “The form gurt is used before a consonant. = Examples his This agam gurbh& Prag Di ges sige. knew that twas Pédraig (that) he meant. (A bbi—like ati—is the celative form; here as with most verbal forms the relative particle a is written separately). See note 6 above. e Ts Gearminach € He isc German. *¢ fy Ts décha gur Gearménach &, J suppose he'is & Gerinan. 2B 4 15 Dirt sé gur Ghearminach é. He said that he was a Germon. Ditirt sé gurbh Eorpach €, He said that he was a Europea. Is décha gurb Eorpach & J suppose that he is a Europeas. ‘Chuala mé gur Ghearmanach a chonaic é 1 heard that it was a German wo saw him (i.) a [a labhairt go mall (0 speak it slowiy. Note the use of i as a pronoun for Gearminis which is a feminine noun. The general sule is that the pronouns si and i are used when substituting for nouns which are grammatically feminine. (See note on feminine ‘and masculine nouns). Sé and é are used when substituting for ‘nouns which are grammatically masculine. b Mall siow, is another example of an adjective. (It tells us something about a noun). Note again the order of the words: Bus mall a slow bus Eitledn mall ¢ slow aeroplane. € The words used to qualify words other than nouns and pronouns are called adverbs. When such words are used to define the action of a verb, ie. when they are used adverbially, they are preceded by an unstressed word go'which has roughly the meaning of -ly in English. Thus go mall slowly; go tapaidh quickly ; go maith wel. Examples: go mall. Is féidir leis an Ghaeilge a labhairt 4 go tapaidb. go maith, Nuair when. This word is not interchangeable with cathain when, Cathain is used in questions. Nuair is the connective or relative form. Examples: Bij mé anseo m down. Chonaie mé Sed nuair a bhi s sa seomra. I saw Sedn when he was in the room. Cathain a bhi Sein sa seonira? When was Sedn in the room? Cathain a shuigh sé sios? When did he sit down? But cathain is also used in the indirect question. Thus: [Nila fhios agam cathain a shuigh sé sios. don’t know when he sat down. ‘An Fhraine, An Ghearindin, Note the use of the definite article with these words. The nouns are lenited following the article an This is one of the marks of feminine nouns. See note 1 (b) on masculine and femirtine nouns, Note also the position of these ‘words in the sentences of this lesson. a shuigh sé sios. J was here when he sat3 Ceacht a Tri (3) Ceirnini Lesson three (3) Records New words in this lesson tr thee 16 () business tr ond Scotntan sean gi wil do ce combat in front of sta (np sto! air ign ee some other time fee Ohi ee tap (hase im sce tr inp tape, on & tape feinteie (payer fan (9 ty wat (np rovers) noid) mite ord Gm) sabe thcohaidy Cai) wil ge sin there {Stead (m evorder thog (abhai) brought Bae (m) hindranee sto ahha homeward (to) home i buc ley never ings don't bother ora on me {Gorm I must ‘cupla couple, pair, few Imigh (v) (9) go, depart ean (move heed imei ae ita cana (© few ta orm fence T must go anu two seagoing Ghd cheann Frainise wo in French godt eannigh (©) @) buy, purchase Slop (shop Sleaaaign | bout 2 alg 6 a ipa going tothe Gaeilge (f) Irish Language ‘shop Beara Cn) English Language tdim 9 Tam sera then thn ine empha om of im eave acu one of them tom there seinn (©) @D pay (ase) Ta Gn) tobacco 2 shin fo psy tain from me Gato you, for 908 ta tobe ulm 1 want tobacco tris ( @) break tr maith leat? woud you Ie? trite roken tein (m ceaete tan OD ply tee not tseuma it doesnt mater ior maith om I would nt like team @) fr do itp (m) ive etm) Be Translation Part Ove Trdchtaire PAdraig is sitting on the chai¢before thf fife. Sein is on the - stool. “ Sein 1 sce the record player on the table there. Did you bring any znice records home with you this year? Pédraig 1 did, 1 got a few very nice ones indeed. I brought two French ones and two Spanish ones, and I bought one in Irish and one in English as well, but I can't play any one of them for you now. The player is broken. Sean That's a pity, but it doesn't matter. It will do some other time. Padraig 1 have some on tape here. Just a moment, and I'l get the tape-recorder. Sedn Don't bother about it Pédraig. I must go. I'm going to the shop. Pédraig_ I'm going there too. | want tobacco. Sedn Would you like a cigarette? Padraig No thanks. { have a pipe. Part Two ‘There are Sean and Pédraig together before the fire. Padraig is on the soft chair and Sean is on the stool. Pdraig brought a couple of very nice records home with him, from the continent of Europe. He bought two in France and two in Spain, He bought one in Irish and one in English also. He probably bought them in Ireland, ‘The records are near the record player on the cable. He would like to play them for Sean but he cannot. The player is broken. He has a couple on tape. He can play them on the recorder but Sean must go. He mast go to the shop. Pédraig is going to the shop also. He wants tobacco. Notes 1 0s comhair in front of is followed by the genitivé case, Example: ‘Shuigh Seém os combair na tine. Sed sat in front of the fire. 2 a Ar thug ti... . leat? Did you bring... with you? b As mentioned already we do not have words in Irish corresponding exactly to English yes or no. Instead we use the positive or negative form of the verb used in the question. ‘Ar thug té leat €2 Did you bring tt with you? Thug. Yes, I did. Nior thug. No, 1 did not. ‘Ar cheannaigh Sein &? Did Sedn buy it? Cheannaigh. Yes, he did, Nior cheannaigh. No, he did not. 3It is common practice also not to repeat the independent pronoun in such answer-forms. Thus, thug not thug mé, a dh cheann oo (hea, one). Note the use of abit two, ' Forther examples of this use of ceann; ) (D take want Seén? ana go bred the day is fre Cogan wl take nt Seén? _ buiochas (m) thanks, gratitude, dosaen dozen ‘Sedn Are these apples ‘et a thankfulness sear ake Bean an Ti They are very sweet. {got them in only today te with to icon enough suficien Sein Til take a dozen then brioche Dia thanks be to God cert go ee ight enough, very Well pee ey tome aero a oe ree eae se 1 you (ed cia ve rine, ten, eleven, twelve, Twelve altogether. {have oer fruit 3 wel rom you (9 “4 7 2 ‘These peaches and pears are very tasty. lard ath aibR? what do you want? Sesch seven tunsa (m) ounce ¥ tr cenreishe Seén Ihave enough now, but give me six bars of chocolate. How sims empfatc form of sim, from tat sine much is that altogether? fa eich ten Bean an Ti Sixty pence. Thanks. Good-day now. taobactaimse I want tbo tag "tean” sepia toil (will ‘a haon déag cleven ‘Sedn agus Pddraig Good-bye. todo thai if you wily pease tesdvagine = pease re sume ooo / saghas sort, kind, variety torthai (m) fruits Sean and Padraig went to the shop. They wanted cigarettes and cla sah ist? what kind do pineal) (echo) tobaceo, The shopkeeper (woman ofthe house) was in the shop. She jouwan? ora) io) peaks) fle aa cineal kind, class blasta delicious, tasty spoke to them. - » G4 Padraig bought tobacco but he did not buy anything else. He paid twenty pence for it. Sein bought cigarettes and fruit and chocolate also He paid sixty pence forthe things he bought. Teacher Who spoke to Sein and Pidraig? Student The shopkeeper spoke to them. Teacher Did Sean and Pédraig speak to the shopkeeper? Student They did Teacher Did Sein buy tobacco? Student He did not Teacher Did Padraig buy tobacco? Student He did Teacher What kind of tobacco did he buy? Student He bought fragrant tobacco. Teacher How much tobacco did he buy? Student One ounce. Teacher Did he buy anything else? Student He did not Teacher What did Sein buy? Student Cigarettes, apples and chocolate, Teacher How many apples did he buy? Student dozen. Teacher How much chocolate did he buy? Student Six bars. Teacher What kind of fruit did the shopkeeper have? ‘Student Apples and peaches and pears. Notes 1A eheanach fo buy From ceanaigh by. Note the word order of the phase chu tall w chenanchie buy egrets It for cigarettes to buy. 2 a Dia God, daoibh to you (plural). This is a common salutation. Covrespondng to English hel god dy, goodevenng et, Dia dit s ved when salting one person oul b The epi Diao Maire dt (o one person) of Dials Maire Gaoibh (eo more than ne)--Go and Ary to you Dut and Gaoibh are the standard wien forms ofthese words In this txpresion, owever, dle sully pronounced dhl and daoibh, dhaoibh, ¢ Note: Normally the name Moire i served forthe Virgin Mary. Mairi the equivalent of Mary as «pis na 3. Bean an Ti woman of rh Aowse. i ie te genitive 6° Fach alow, 20 - iC 30 Bulochas thanks, gratitude, is followed by the preposition le to, with thanks to God, thank God. C6 mbiad & sin? What amount is that? How much is that? Contrast: Cé mbéad ati uait? How much (money) do you want? Cé mhéad tobac até uait? How much tobacco do you want? Cé mhéad toitin até uait? How many cigarettes do you want? (Cé mhéad a thug ti air? How much did you give (pay) for it? Fiche pingia nua twenty new pence. Ireland adopted decimal currency from February 15, 1971. The basic unit is one pound (punt) of 100 pence (pingin). The word ous new is ofen used in reference to the decimal coinage. Some of the names of the old currency continue 10 be used. ‘The following are the most important: ‘Caoga pingin, deich sciling S0p oF ffty pence; eich bpingin, dh scilling,10p or ten pence; -céig phingir Ming Sp or five pence. ‘An Dhfuil na bitla seo milis? Are these apples sweet? Na billa the ‘apples. This is an example of the aspirate mutation where, following naM h is prefixed to the vowel initial, This is the rule with the article in the nominative plural. The same form of the article is used with the genitive singular of feminine nouns. Examples Té na héin ar an gerann, The birds are on the ire (crann) Té na habhair agam J Azve the materials (abbar) Ch Dhfui aa hairm? Where are the arms (Le. weapons)? (arm) Nil ainm na hiite agam. I have not the name of the place. (dite is the genitive singular of the feminine noun dit a place). Inniu féin, a fuair mé iad, To-day itself I got them, 1 got them only to-day. Féin selfs also used in the sense of just, only ‘A baon, a d6 etc. one, two ete, These are the forms used without a rnoun—when counting, reading the clock, and such like. The names of numerals from eleven to nineteen are formed by adding déag (or dhéag in a dé dhéag twelve). The particle 2 is used in all ‘numbers except multiples of ten, thus: a naoi déag nineteen; fiche iventy; fiche a haon twenty one; triocha a eg thirty five; bead a seacht forty Seven; caoga a ceathait fy four; seasca a naoi sixty nine; seacht6 seventy: ocht6 eighty. iinety; cad a hundred: e&ad a tri one hundred and three. See note 11 below for use of numbers with nouns. Té mo dhéthain agam I have enough, lit. Ihave my sufficiency. \écha The use of the possessive is the rule with the word déthain, thus: Té mo dhéthain agam. I have enough. 4u n Té do dhéthain agat. You have enough Ta a dhéthain alge, He has enough Téa déthain aicl. She has enough, Té dr ndothain againn.WWe have enough. Té bhur ndsthain agaibh. You have enough. Té a ndothain acu, They have enough Sé bharra six bars. With numerals the singular form of the noun may be used as follows: ‘Aon bharra amhéin one bar (amin only, is necessary in Irish—See note 1, Lesson 1) Dh bharra two bars (note the change from a dé, the counting form, to dhst, the attributive form), Tri bharra three bars. Ceithre bharra four bars. (Note the change from a ceathair to thre’, : (Cag bharra five bars. Sé bharra six bars. Seacht mbarra seven bars edt mbarra eight bars. Naoi mbarra nine bars. Deich mbarra ten bars. ‘Aon bharra déag eleven bars. Dha dharra déag twelve bars ‘Seacht mbarra déag seventeen bars. Fiche barra pventy bars. Barra is fiche twenty one bars. Dha bharra is fiche wenty two bars Triocha (daichead, caoga etc.) barra thirty ( forty, fifty, ete) bars. Céad barra a hundred bars. Mile barra a shousend bars. See also note 1, lesson 28. Slim tibh goodbye, farewell. As in greeting (Dia duit) there is @ singular and a plural form, slin leat, being singular, Normally the Person remaining behind says stén leat libh and the person eparting says slin agat/agaibh, Ceacht a Ctrig (5) Ag teacht én amharclann 5 Lesson five (5) Coming from the theatre New words in this lesson dig 6 file (J) feast day, festival, holiday rma (m) drama, drimaiocht (f) the drama, fle dramaiochta drama festival ar sidl going on teacht (tar) 1g teacht coming 6 from fa from te ambarclann (f) theatre castar Sedn orthu they meec Seén taitin please ar thaitin an drdma leat? did you like the piay? did the play appeal to you? sil @) think shit mé I though alsteoie() (m) actor(s) Aanocht to-ni shil mé go raibh na haisteotct fan-mhaith anocht thought that the factors were very good to-night heana already, before ar ndéigh of course ‘ck where faca (fele) saw cf bhfaca ti Damer the name of @ particular theatre ‘anuraidh last year feadh lengih, duration ar feadh for nics (f) fortnight ar feadh coicise for a fortnight faoi under Lithair present aol Latha at present lal! (m) hostage fe by seachtain( 1 where did you beth (oD being Ie bheith to be chugainn to us, towards us snare, as, mar sin like chat, as that aan mar sin €2 isi ike thar? is that fared iad féin what are they? fos knowledge nila fhios agam I don’t kaow beta (6) wil be céard a Dheidh shat will be Dombnach (m) Sunday Dé Dominaigh on Sunday trill (f) cal Luan (m) Monday Dé Luain on Monday Mat (/) Tuesday Dé Mair on Tuesday 6ta (m) coat Bin white Criost(m) Christ ta Ban Chriost Christ's White Coat Céadaoin () Wednesday Dé Ctadaoin on Wednesday Déardaoin (/) Thursday, on Thursday go til, until Feice (ek) see fan go bhfece mé wait tll Ise, let szunna (m) gun fam bent, crooked, dishonest slabhira (7) chain Gr (n) gol Slabhra ir gold chain Aine () Friday Dé hAoine on Friday sim (2) 1 think Satharn (m) Saturday Dé Sathaira on Saturday elie (m) programme ole bad nil sé go hole is not badNFP error nat vn EEE NEE NEE eC S EERE EEE gEntEeTEEEeEEEEeeaEEEE EOE 5 Translation Part One : Trichtaire There is a drama festival in progress. Méite and Padraig are coming from the theatce. They meet Seén. ‘Méire Did you like the play Sean? Sen 1 did. I thought the actors were very good to-night. Did you like it Padraig? Péidraig_ 1 did. | saw it already of course. Sedn Where did you see it already? Péidraig In the Damer last year. It was there fora fortnight. Sed What's on in the Damer at present? ‘Méire “An Giall” by Breandin © Beachain is on this week, but there be three plays there next week. ~ Sean 1s that so? What are they? ‘Méire I don't know what will be on on Sunday, but “An Trail” by Mairéad Ni Ghrada will be on on Monday and Tuesday. “Cota Ban ‘Chriost"" by Criostéir © Floinn will be on on Wednesday and Thursday and... let me see... Padraig “Gunna Cam agus Slabhra Gir on on Friday I think ‘Mire You're right. And there wil be nothing on on Saturday. Sedn That's @ good programire Padraig Is not bad. It's not bad at all by Sean © Tuama will be Part Two There is a drams festival in progress in the theatre. Méire and Padraig were there to-night. Sein was there also. They meet. They are talking to each other near the theatre. Seén liked the play and he thought the actors were very good. Padraig liked it also. Padraig saw the play previously when it was on in the Damer. It was on there for a fortnight lat year. There is a play by Breandin © Beachdin in the Damer this week and there will be three plays there next week. There will be @ play by Mairéad Ni Ghréda on Monday and Tuesday. There will be one by, Criostéir © Floinn in the middle of the week and another by Seén 6 Tuama on Friday. : Teacher Whereis the festival in progress? Student Ws in progress in the theatre, Teacher Where was Sean to-night? Student He was at the play. : t Teacher Where was the play ou previotisly» + #4 u = : Student Twas in the Damer previously. Teacher When was it in the Damer? ‘Student Tt was there last year. Teacher Where is Sein? ‘Student He is near the theatre. Teacher What is he doing? Student He is talking to Maire and Padraig. Teacher Did he see the play previously’? Student He did. Teacher Did he see it in the shop? Student No. He did not see it in the shop. - Teacher Where did he see it? ‘Student He saw it in the Damer. Teacher When was the play in the Damer theatre? ‘Student Tt was there last year. Teacher When will “An Triail” be on? ‘Student “An Triail” will be on, on Monday and Tuesday. Teacher Which play will be there on Thursday? Student “Céta Bin Chriost” is to be there on Thursday. Notes 1 Féile Drdmatochta a drama festival. Drama festivals of various kinds are held in several centres throughout Ireland. The plays mentioned in this lesson have attracted particular attention, 2. Ar sid in progress, going on. Further examples: Céard ati ar siil? What iz going on? ‘a fhios agam céard até ar sil. 1 don’t know what is going on Gappening). . Céard ati ar sill agat? What are you doing? 3. Castar Sedm orthu. They meet Sedn. The impersonal or passive form. of cas followed by the preposition ar expresses the idea of meeting. Examples: Casadh Padraig orm. J met Padraig. Casadh ar a chéile sinn. We met. Castar Padraig orm gach lé. I meet Padraig every day. 4) Shit mé go raibh na haisteoiti an-mhaith. J thought (that) the actors were very good. The form go precedes the dependent verb in indirect statements.BEEeTTenrareeTeeiaiTeeTennaieeTeniaiTenTennaieeTenTE NTT ETenTaT er TenTTIEeTeTTET er TenEaTEeTenTnT eT ENT TP enTEEenTRT eT ITI ET 5B Compares Bhi na haisteoiri an-mhaith. The actors were very good. Shil mé go raibh na haisteoiri an-mhaith. 7 rhought the actors were very good. Bhi sind ag teacht 6a amharclana. They were coming from the theatre. ‘Shil mé go raibh stad ag teacht 6n ambarclann. J thought they were coming from the theatre ‘Ta ua haisteoiri an-mbaith. The actors are very good. go bhfuil na haisteoiri an-mbaith. 7 think the actors are very Ti siad ag teacht 6n ambarclann. They are coming from sh theatre. Silim go Dbul siad ag teacht 6a ambarclann, 7 rhink they are coming from the theatre. = Diinann sé an doras. He closes the door. Silim go ndinann sé an dora. 1 think he closes the dor. 5 Lealsa, Note the use of the sufi -sa for emphasis. See note 7 Lesson 3 and note 1 in supplementary notes to Lesson 22. 6 Ca bhfaca tii €? Where did you see it? e&®, is regularly used with the present and future of verbs but in se case ofthe iregular ‘verbs abaie say; bi tobe: faigh ge ef see; tkgh go; déan dolmake, it is used with the past tense as well. The form cdr! is used with the past tense of all other verbs See also note in Appendix on tention of verb, Examples Regularly Cécgealtheann sé an gual? Where does he throw the coal? Cir chaith san gual? Where did he throw the coal? Ca geeannaioan sian gual? Where docs he buy the coal? ar cheannaigh sé an goal? Where did he buy the coal? With the words listed above: CC ndeireann 36 €2 Where does he say it? Ch nde s6€? Where did he say? Cé monn £2 Where does he be? Ca ralbh sé? Where was he? i bhfagheann sé? Where does he get them? Ca bhfuair sé iad? Where did he get them? 4 Dhfeceanm sé 16? Where does he see you? Ci bhfaca sé ti? Wiere did he see you? Ci dtéann sé? Where does he go? Ci ndeachaigh sé? Where did he 50? -. Ca ndéanann sé € sin? Where does he do (niaké har? 10 uw 2 Cé ndearna sé 6? Where did he do (make) it? Sa Damer Jn the Damer. Halla Damer is a small Dublin theatre. ‘Ar feadh coicise for a fortnight. Ar feadh is followed by the genitive case. The meaning for the duration of may be expressed in other ways. Compare the following: Bhi an drama ar sidl ar feadh seachtaine. The play was on for a week. ie. for the duration of a week. Fanfaidh Sedn go ceann seachtaine, Sedn will stay for a week, lit. 10 the end of a week ‘Ta sé anseo le seacht he arrived. - ‘An Giall, “The Hostage”. The English translation of this play is ‘well-known outside Ireland. The author, Breandin © Beachain is perhaps best known by the anglicised form of his name— Brendan Behan, ‘An Giall, le Breandin © Reachdin. Le, in this sentence corresponds to English by. The use of prepositions is best learned by becoming familiar with the several examples given throughout the course. Le bheith 10 be. Further examples of the use of bheith. Is maith liom bheith ann, 1 like being there. Is maith leis bheith ag eaint. He likes (10 be) talking. Dé Domhnaigh Sunday; Dé Luain Monday etc. Grammatically the forms which contain the element Dé are adverbs, and are equivalent to English on Sunday etc; the word Déardaoin however functions bboth as adverb and as noun, The forms which function as nouns are given in the text Examples: Cé mhéad Luan as seo go Nollaig? How many Mondays from this to Christmas? \Ni maith liom an Luan, / do not like Monday. He is here for a week, ie. it is a week since n 5SesSeRSSeSeSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSUSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSUSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSESSSSSSSSSIOOOOONNNES 6 Ceacht aSé(6) Sa teach tabhairne Lesson six (6) _In the public house New words in this lesson séi sixth anuas down, past {ibhairne (m) tavern Je mi anuas for the past month teach tabhaiene public house irigh (8) as give up ‘1 (la) drink sé.a5 an deoch ar fad ar fad? ag ol drinking did he give up the drink entiely? feat one pron, lone in phrase sma iving saying, aiding ‘m'aonar) «air on him téim j m‘aonar J am atone ‘4 cénaf nie he lives deoeh (/) rink ~ imeall border, boundary fos below, down cathair city (irr. get {meall na cathrach outskirts of the city tabbair (9) ir. bring dearthair brother iteith over mmithaie mother druid @) move fan wait, stay scliene (m) cornet 'fhan sé Ik he stayed with her feicim (feic) see ach but biona (bi) “does be ullamh ready i bhionn sé anseo he does not be here delr (abair) 6: very (00 drtar is said mnie often dertegr liom I am told eine 00 often, very oten der sister since Je posaa to ma 36s CD marry faath early, soon” 6 ghgs sé since he marvied fe loath soon délehopision snesivie 2 d6igh Tom I dont think Sse she Ie for Bilan year 231 (F) month tae son Translation Part One Tréchtaire Pédraig and Sedn are in the public house. They ate drinking Pédraig flello Sein! Are you alone? Sein 1am. I'm alone, but I have a drink down th Padraig Get the drink and bring it acrost here.* Ta Sein 1 will... Yes indeed ... Move into the corner there. 6 Padraig 1 don't see Liam here at al Seén He doesn't come too often since he macced. {don’t think he has been here for the pase month Péiraig Did he give up the érink altogether? Sedn No. He hasn't given it up, but be is living on the outskirts of the city now. He has @ house near the place where my brother Eamonn lives. Pédraig_ 1 thought he was with his mother ‘Sein. He stayed with her fora while but it was only unt would be ready. - Piidraig Oh, | didn't know that, And I'm told that his sister is to marry quite soon Sein Maire ist? Piideaig No. She's marced for a year now. It's Sile who isto marry. She will marry a son of Seamus © Cat is own house Part Two Padraig and Sean are drinking in the public house, Pidraig was alone Seém was alone also, Padraig spoke to Sein. He told him to get his drink and to bring it over. Sein got the drink and brought it over. He told Padraig to move into the corner. Padraig moved in and Sein sat near him. They do not see Liam a1 al. Liam did not give up drink altogether, bur he does not come to that public house too often since he married. Seén thinks that he was not thereat all forthe past month. Pdraig thought that Liam was living with his mother but he as not. He is living on the outskirts ofthe city for some time. He stayed with his mother only until his own house was ready. Padraig did not know tha. Somebody told Padraig that Liam's sister was to marry soon. She will marty a son of Séamus © Cathdin, Another sister of his is married for a year now. Teacher Where is Padcaig? ‘Student Hie isin the public house. Teachers there anybody with him? Student Yes, Sean is with him. Teacher What did Padraig say to Sean? Student He told him to get his drink and to bring it over. Teacher Did Sein get the drink? Student He did.G Teacher Did he come over? ‘Student He did. Teacher Did Padraig sit down? Student He did. : Teacher Where did he sit? Student He sat in the corner. Teacher Where did Sedn sit? Student Near Padraig. Teacher Are they in the public house? Student Yes. Teacher Do they see Liam often? Student They do not. Teacher Does he come to this public house often? Student He doesn’t come too often since he married. Teacher Where does Liam live? ~ Student He lives on the outskirts of the city. Teacher Did Padraig know that? Student He did not know that. Teacher What did Padraig think? ‘Student He thought that Liam was living with his mother. Teacher Did Liam stay with his mother since he married? Student He stayed with her for a while Teacher Is Liam to marry soon? ‘Student No. He is married for some time. Teacher Is Maire married for some time? Student Yes. She is married for a year. Teacher Is it Sile who is to marry? Student Itis. Notes 1. Téim i maonar. J am alone, The 0 of mo and do is elided when itis followed by a vowel. Examples: Téim i m'aonar. Lam alone. ‘Té tii d’aonar. you are alone. 2. Faigh an deoch agus tabhair i leith anseo i, Ger the drink and bring it over here. Faigh and tabbair are imperative forms. Both verbs are irtegular because the same base form or root is not used throughout their inflexions. ic Ca ‘See note 1 d on verbs. eee 10 1 n 1s en. This expression is often used to indicate a change of subject. of to indicate approval or agreement. Its meaning is very often similar to English yes, but it is not an exact equivalent of yes. See also note 2, lesson 3. Druid isteach move in, Isteach in or into, implies motion. The word istigh within, inside, in, expresses inside (at rest). Examples: Chuaigh sé isteach. He went in. ‘Ta sé istigh. He is inside. | Caith (throw) isteach &. Throw it in (from outside). Cath istigh & Throw it inside (the thrower being inside). Bionn expresses the habitual aspect of the present tense of the verb to be ie. it denotes regular or repetitive occurrences through the ‘present time. On the other hand, té, refers to a single occurrence and therefore expresses the punctual aspect of the present tense of the verb fo be jonn sé anseo he does not be here. Compare the following: ‘Ta sé anseo (anois) he is here (now). Bionn sé anseo (gach li) he is here (every day). . Le mi anuas for the past month, The basic meaning of the word anuas is dow (ie, coming towards the speaker from above), Here itis used in phrases expressing periods of time just elapsed. Examples: ‘ag caint {iste usir an chloig le Ta sé 4 ag obai seachtai ag scriobh | tamall Ceathri vair an chloig « quarter of an hour; seachtain a week tamall a while ‘Ar fad, ar fad all together, entirely. This form of repetition is used for exira emphasis. Example: [Ni raibh sé ann in aon chor, in aon chor he wasn't there at all ‘Ta cénai air he lives, Note the use of air, the third person singular masculine inflected form of the preposition ar. See note 6, lesson 3. [Ar imeall na eathrach on the edge, verge, outskirts, of the city ‘Note the use of the genitive form cathrach from eathair a city In aice leis an dit near (10) the place. Compare with: in aice na hiite near the place. Both forms ate used. Mo dhearthdie my brother. mot is the possessive form of the first person pronoun corresponding to English my. The possessive pronouns are mo', my’: dot your, a‘ his; aM her; dr* our, bhue™ our; aY their. 3 See oer ee eres eee eee eee ee eee ee13 4 1s Examples: Sin mo theach. That is my house. ‘Sin € do theach. That és your house. Sin é a theach, That és his house. Sin & a teach, That is her house. Sin é ar dteach. That is our house. Sin é bhur dteach. Thar is your house. Sin é a dteach. That is heir house. Sin é mathair. That is my father Sin 6 d'athair. That is your father. Sin & a athair. That is his father. Sin a hathair. That is her father. Sin é ar m-athair. That is our father. Sin é bhur n-athair. That is your father. Sin 6 a n-athaie. That is their father, Lena with his. The prepositions de of; do 10, for; faoi under; i in; le with, 6 from; tri through combine with the possessives at, a, ie", a%, to form the following: de: di, ds", dir’, da. 6: dit, di", dar®, a6", faoi: faoina’, faoina", faoindr’, a ina", inde, ina, Je: lena’, lena", lendr’, lena, 6: dna’, na", 6nie', Gna”. ti: trina’, trina", trinae’, ti Examples: Bhi sé ag caint lena mhéthair. He was talking f0 his mother. Labhair sé lena dheirfir. He spoke to his sister. ‘Ta ’athair agus mo mhéthair inér teach. My father and (my) ‘mother are in our house, ag at, ag a", ag a” become 4, 4", a* before a verbal noun, Examples: at Té an nuachtin 4 léamb aige. The newspaper is being read by him. 4" Té an chathaoi a Th na te geeannach aige. The cigarettes are being bought by him, Deirtear liom it’s said to me, Lam told. ‘See also notes 8 and 9 on verbs. ‘Ti sise pista she is married. Sise is an emphatic form corresponding to si. Irish has a set of emphatic forms of the personal pronouns 4 glanadh aige. The chair is being cleaned by him. Compare the followi Is mé a bhi ann, 11 is I (who) was there. Is mise a bhi ann, Jt is I (who) was there (ie. myself and not any other person), Is tia bhi ann, [tis you (who) was there. Is tusa a bhi ann, Zt is you (who) was there Is é a bhi ann. [tis he (who) was there. bhi ann, /1 is he (who) was there. Is {a bhi ann, 11 is she (who) was there. Is sise a bhi ann. 11 is she (who) was there. ‘See also supplementary notes to Lesson 22. 16 Sile até te pésadh. Sile is to marry, itis Sile who is to marry. This same idea expressed without emphasis would read ti Site le pésadh Sile is to marry. The contrast is thus expressed by differences of ‘word order rather than by emphatic stress as in English, ‘Compare the following: ‘Té an leabbar ar an mbord. The book is om the table. ‘An leabhar ati ar am mbord. THE BOOK is on the table. ‘Ar an mbord até an leabhar. The book is ON THE TABLE. . Ceacht a Seacht (7) TA ocras orm Lesson seven (7) ‘| am hungry New words in this lesson tuath (P) country Sula is the form of the word used with the past tense of the verbs abair, bf, faigh, feic,téigh and déan, thus: Sula nduirt sé before he said Sula raibh criochoaithe aige before he had finished. Sula bhfuair sé before he got. Sula bhfaca sé before he saw. ‘Sula ndeachaigh sé before fe went. Sula ndearna sé before he did (made). € As with other preverbs the word sula adds r ending before the past tense ofall other verbs, Examples: Bhi sé ann sular cheannaigh mé é He was there before I boughs it. ‘Sular thainig sé before he came, See also note on lenition of the verb in appendix. Go féilin fora tittle while. -im is added to many words. It expresses the sense of litle. Examples: Buachaill 2 boy ; Buachaillin a litle boy. ‘Teach a house; Teachin a little house. Srdid a street; Sriidin alittle street15 Ceacht a Ciuig Déag (15) Ag an gcéili Lesson fifteen (15) At the céili New words in this lesson cara (m) friend, cairde friends tabharfaimid (tabhale) we will give 0s (m) rest ceoltie() (m) musician(s) seéal (m) story, legend a from the Déaloideas (m) folklore 2 insiat to tell buaigh (5) win Dhwaigh won ‘duais (f) prize seoil(f)schoot suach (f) cuckoo Tadhg na Cuaiche a nickname for a lazy person aonach (m) fai, market cchuaigh . .a€ aonach, Mk... went toa fair one day Deir carry, catch rug (beie) carried, caught punt (m) pound famhain (m) calf 4 cheannach to buy ‘ceann a thaitin Tels one that pleased him’ ‘anonn from here to that side, beyond sé anonn air he went towards him gamhna genitive case of gamhain, calf Fear an ghamhna the owner of the calf it, the ealfeman bheadh (6) ccé mhéad a bheadh ualdh? how much would he want? Tor him iat (1 sell nach ndiolfadh would not sell bbun bettom, base ‘aol bhun less than, under tairg (120) offer margadh (mm) bargai ag margiil bargaining delreadh last, end faoi dheireadh at last lansin then, thereupon ith Gt) ate : adhastar (mm) halter athabh sé an béthar abhaile he went home, lt, he went the road home 46 to him, for him tar és teacht abhaile 46 after his ‘coming home. lit. after coming home for him ‘thug (abhair) gave Sarracht (f) attempt thug sé farracht he made an attempt. dit, he gave an attempt

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• The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  

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• Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  

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• The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  

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• Yes Please

  

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• Little Women

  

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