FEMAP 807 Presentation

Guidelines for
Seismic Retrofit of Weak-Story

Wood-Frame Buildings
FEMA P-807: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Multi-Unit Wood-Frame Buildings

with Weak First Stories
Learning Objectives
1. Understand the vulnerabilities and failure modes of
weak-story buildings under EQ demands.
2. Recognize the influence of “non-structural” finishes on

the capacity of wood buildings.
3. Learn how to determine the capacity at “near”

collapse.
4. Learn how to determine the optimal retrofit.
5. Understand the use of the Weak Story Tool.

Background and Theory
Nuts and Bolts
Making it Simple
BACKGROUND
&
THEORY
4,400 Dangerous Multi-unit Buildings: 8% of population
Create Seismic Retrofit Program for
Weak-Story Wood-framed Apartment Buildings
in Western US
The Scope

Inexpensive to Construct
(Work Only In Ground Story)
Inexpensive to Design
(Unsophisticated Engineers)
Performs Well
(Shelter-In-Place)
Typically:
Non-Engineered
No Plans
Archaic Materials
Archaic
Construction
Practices

1989 Loma Prieta earthquake
Image by Raymond B. Seed
The Problem National Information Service for Earthquake Engineering

University of California, Berkeley.
San Francisco, CA, Loma Prieta Earthquake 11/17/1989
Beach and Divisadero in the Marina District. U.S.G.S. by Nakata, J.K.
FEMA News Photo
Northridge, CA: Northridge earthquake

FEMA News Photo
Design for a Population
of Buildings,
not an Individual Building
Pattern Recognition

Pattern Recognition
Strong but Brittle

Upper Structure
Weak and Brittle

Lower Structure

Pattern Recognition
Limited Damage to
Upper Structure
Damage
Concentrated in
Lower Structure

RELATIVE
STRENGTH
METHOD
The Relative Strength Method
•Optimize benefits of ground story retrofits
•Retrofit to add both strength and displacement capacity, and

reduce torsion
•Strength limit established by the upper structure
•Create a damage and deformation absorption level
•The tough ground story protects the upper stories
•If too strong, no damage absorption – forces are transmitted to

upper structure

The Relative Strength Method
400
350
300
250
Elevation, in.
Overly strong retrofit
200
150 (E) Structure
100
50
Optimal-cost retrofit
Optimal-performance retrofit
0
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6%
Drift Ratio

Can a Building’s Capacity be
Determined from a Few
Parameters?
Local Seismicity
3.5
Mean Median Geomean
3.0
Spectral Acceleration, g
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Period, sec.

Translational Weakness

Analysis Methodology - Material Forms
Sheathing material with C D = 1.0

Shear Force
Sheathing material with

C D = 0.0
L = 1.25%
L = 4.0%
Interstory Drift

Damping and
Hysteretic Models 1.5
0.5
Hysteresis of idealized
Force
0
high displacement capacity material -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
“ductile“ form
-0.5
-1
-1.5
Drift Ratio, %
1.5
Force 0.5
0
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6
-0.5
Hysteresis of idealized
low displacement capacity material -1
“brittle“ form
-1.5
Drift Ratio, %

Torsional Weakness

Characteristic Structural Coefficients
 
 
V1, x  Vi,x  Cs,x F1, x (  3%) 
C s, x  Ns
CU ,x  min  N s  CW , x  CD,x  CT 
V1, x T
  W j  CU , x
W j
j 1  j i  i 2 N s
Upper to Ground Strength Torsional
Ground-story Upper-story Imbalance
Strength Ratio Degradation
Strength Strength

Create a Controlled Experiment
Determine the Influence of
Each Characteristic
Material forms:
Analytical Engine: (2) total Ductile Brittle
Surrogate Structure Upper-story strength ratios, Au:

(4) per mat'l form
Concept 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6
Weak-story ratios, Aw:

0.6 to 1.1 by 0.1
(6) per upper-story strength
Retrofit strengths:
Aw to 1.6
(51) per upper-story strength ratio
TOTAL NUMBER OF
BUILDINGS:
612
Time-history (22) Bi-directional records = (44) individual

seed records:
Scaled so that median Sa( T = 0.3 sec ) = 1.0g
(35) intensities per seed

record varying from 0.1
to 3.5 by 0.1
Recover peak interstory 1.0

drift ratios for each
analysis
Given drift criteria, fit 0.5

log-normal CDF
0
0 1.0 (Sa = 1g) 3.5
Earthquake Intensity
Simplified Building Model
W 50 in.
H 100 in.
L 111.8
q 1.107 rad,
63.4 deg.
cos(q) 0.447
Astrut 1 in2
Mg 1 kip (total weight of building)

Analytical Engine:
Surrogate-Structure Concept
612 surrogate structures x 44 EQs x 35 intensities
1 million nonlinear response-history analyses

Analysis Results
2.7
Aw=1.1
2.2 Au = 0.6
Spectral Capacity, Sc
Aw=1.1
Aw=0.8
Au = 0.4
1.7
Aw=0.6 Aw=1.1
Aw=0.8
Au = 0.2
Aw=0.6
1.2
Aw=1.1
Aw=0.8 Au = 0.1
Aw=0.6
Aw=0.8
Aw=0.6
0.7
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
Total Ground Floor Strength/Upper Floor Strength

Analysis Results
1.8
S c , 20  0.34  1.47 AW , x AU0.,48x
20th Percentile Intensity Spectral Capacity, Sc,20
Aw = 1.2
1.6
Aw = 1.1
1.4 Aw = 1
Aw = 0.9
1.2 Aw = 0.8
Aw = 0.7
1
Aw = 0.6
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2 Curve fit for

Incremental Dynamic Analysis
0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Upper-Story Strength Ratio, A U

Structural Capacity
S c1, x  0.660.525  2.24 AW , x 1  0.5CT Qs AU0.,48x CD = 1.0
S c 0, x  0.600.122  1.59 AW , x 1  0.5CT Qs AU0.,60x CD = 0.0

NUTS
&
BOLTS
Limitations on the Guidelines
•Up to four stories
•Strong basement and strong sloped base can be accommodated
•Wood-framed stud walls and existing steel moment frames
•No concrete or masonry walls or steel braced frames
•8’ – 12’ floor heights for upper structure
•8’ – 15’ floor heights for ground floor
•Sloped sites can be accommodated
•Torsionally regular upper structure
•No vertical irregularities in upper structure

Characteristic Structural Coefficients
V1, x
Ground-story Strength C s, x  Ns
W
j 1
j
 
 
 V 
Upper-story Strength CU , x  min N s i , x 
  W j 
 j i  i  2 N s
Cs,x
Upper to Ground Strength Ratio CW , x 
CU , x
F1, x (  3%)
Toughness CD ,x 
V1, x

Torsional Imbalance CT 
T

STORY
STRENGTH
Structural Use of Non-conforming Materials
3,500
Stucco
Horizontal wood sheathing
3,000
Diagonal wood sheathing
Brick veneer
2,500 Plaster on wood lath
Plywood panel siding
Unit Force, plf
Gypsum wall board

2,000
Plaster on gypsum lath
Wood structural panel 8d@6
1,500
1,000 Wood structural panel 8d@2
500
0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00
Drift Ratio, %

Deflection Criteria
Brittle Backbone Curves Ductile Backbone Curves

L01 L03 L04 L05 L06 L08 L02 L07 L09 L10 L11 L12 L13 L14 L15 L16
1,000 3,500
900
3,000
800
700 2,500
Unit Force, plf
Unit Force, plf

600
2,000
500
1,500
400
300 1,000
200
500
100
0 0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00
Drift Ratio, % Drift Ratio, %
High Displacement Low Displacement

Capacity (Hd) Capacity (Ld)
Ground Upper Ground Upper

Name Story Stories Story Stories
Onset of Strength
Loss, Original 4.0 4.0 1.25 1.25
Condition
Onset of Strength
4.0 4.0 4.0 1.25
Loss, Retrofitted

Perforated Shearwalls
Openings
Floor to Ceiling
H
A2
A1
Q perf  0.92  0.72  0.80
2 3
1 L1 L2 L3

1   i
 A 

 HL  Full-height wall
 i  segments
Lw
 Ai = A1 + A 2  L i = L1 + L2+ L 3

Story Height Adjustment Factor
1.6
Normalized Mean Spectral Capacity
1.4
Perform Model
1.2
Linear fit for Story-Height Adjustment Factor, Q s :

0.8
Q s = 0.55 + 0.0045 H
0.6
where H is the mean ground-story height in inches.
0.4
0.2
0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Height of Bottom Story, in.

Wall Height Adjustment Factor
H wall
Dh 
Tallest wall in ground story
H2
H Wall 2
H
Wall 1
1,200
1,000
Adjusted load-deflection curve
Tallest wall in ground story  1 2
800
H2
Wall 2
Unit Force, plf
Shorter walls Taller walls

600 Drift ratio, 2= / H2

H
Wall 1
Dh
Dh <
Dh
>
400
=
1. 0
1.0
1.0
Unit load-deflection curve

adjusted for height of Wall 2
200 Drift ratio, 1 = / H
Unit load-deflection curve

Assembly unit
0 adjusted for height of Wall 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
load-deflection curve
Drift Ratio, % 2 2 Unadjusted assembly unit

1 1 load-deflection curve
1  2 Actual Drift Ratio  = / H Normalized Drift Ratio

Pushover Curve to Find Peak Strength
shear force
f 1,y f 2,y f 3,y
f 4,y
1,y drift ratio 1,y 1,y 1,y
Wall: 1 2 3 4
f w ( j )  v w ( j ) Lw Q perf Qot
Translational strength V1,y

of the Ground Story
Ground Story translational
load-deflection curve in the
y-direction, F1,y
1,y
Drift ratio at which translational

strength occurs
SIMPLIFIED
OVERTURNING
ADJUSTMENT
Overturning Reduction Factor
300
250
Story Shear, kips

200
150
100
50 Ground story fixed
Ground story with uplift

0
0.0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 2.5% 3.0%
Interstory Drift Ratio

300
250
Story Shear, kips

200
150
100
50 Second story fixed
Second story with uplift

0
0.0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 2.5% 3.0%

300
250
Story Shear, kips

200
150
100
50 Third story fixed
Third story with uplift

0
0.0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 2.5% 3.0%
Overturning Reduction Factor Qot , for Upper Structure Interstory Drift Ratio
300
Perpendicular to Parallel to Unknown or

Level
Framing Framing mixed
250
Two or more stories
Story Shear, kips

200
0.95 0.85 0.85

above 150
One story above 0.85 0.8 0.8 100
Fourth story fixed

Top story 0.75 0.8 0.75
50
Fourth story with uplift

0
0.0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 2.5% 3.0%

STRENGTH
DEGRADATION
RATIO
Strength Degradation Ratio
1,200
Peak Strength, V
Load-Deflection Curve
1,000
Strength at 3% Drift, V3%
800
Unit Force, plf
600
Strength Degradation Ratio,

400
C D = V 3% /V
200
0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
Drift Ratio, %

TORSIONAL
IMBALANCE
Weak-Story Wood-Frame Buildings

Torsion Demand
Wall: 1 2 3 4
Ground Story
V1,y Center of strength at
torsion demand,
Ground Story, COS1
 = V1,y ex + V1,x ey
Center of strength
V1,x at Story 2 (above),
COS 2
  e xV1, y  e yV1, x
ey
V1,x
V1,y
ex
e x  COS 2, x  COS1, x
e y  COS 2, y  COS 1, y
Wall: 1 2 3 4
Torsion Capacity d1,x d 4,x
d2,x d3,x
 j d A,y Twist Level 2 by
the twist angle,  j
A
fA,x at  j dA,y
d A,y
 j d1,x
Center of strength
at Ground Story
B
fB,x at  j dB,y
dC,y dB,y
j
C
fC,x at  j dC,y
d D,y
Torsional moment that
causes a twist of  j for the
Ground Story, t1 (  j )
D
fD,x at  j dD,y
dE,y
E
fE,x at  j dE,y
f4,y at  j d4,x
f2,y at  j d2,x
f3,y at  j d3,x
f1,y at  j d1,x
 j d1,x  j d2,x j d3,x j d4,x
Torsion Backbone Curve

Torsional strength of Ground Story torsional
the Ground Story load-deflection curve, t1
N walls   d w , y j  d   T1
t ( j )   d w, y f w, x  )  d w, x f w, y  w, y j 
t1(  j )
w 1   H1   H1 
Torsional moment that
causes a twist of  j for
T  max t ( j )  the Ground Story
 j  1
Maximum twist angle to

consider for the Ground Story
Accounting for Torsion
1.2
Direction of drift
assessment

CT 
1.0
T
Capacity Reduction Factor
0.8
0.6 Ductile, Aw = 0.60AB

Ductile, Aw = 0.60R
Ductile, Aw = 0.80AB
0.4
Ductile, Aw = 0.80R
Brittle, Aw = 0.60AB
0.2 Brittle, Aw = 0.60R

Brittle, Aw = 0.80AB
Brittle, Aw = 0.80R
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
Torsion Coefficient, C T

CALCULATE
SPECTRAL CAPACITY
Sc1, x  0.660.525  2.24 AW , x 1  0.5CT Qs AU0.,48x CD = 1.0
S c 0, x  0.600.122  1.59 AW , x 1  0.5CT Qs AU0.,60x CD = 0.0
Modifier for POE = 0.2 Mean spectral capacity, Sm
 
S c , x  C D3 S c1, x  1  C D3 S c 0, x for intermediate values
Sc, x  S MS if true – no retrofit required
Onset of Strength Loss drift criteria, OSL

20% Probability of Exceedance, POE

CALCULATE
OPTIMAL RETROFIT
Range of Retrofit Strength
For buildings with strong upper structures (Vrmax > Vre )
upper limit Vr max,x  0.11AU ,x  1.22  VU , x

S  X 2CD3  Y2 1  C D3
 MS
 X 0  AU0.48Qs 1  0.5CT  X 1  1.48 X 0 X 2  0.35 X 0
 
lower limit Vre, x
X 1C D3  Y1 1  C D3 Y0  AU0.6 Qs 1  0.5CT  Y1  0.96Y0 Y2  0.07Y0
Estimate of the minimum ground-story

strength that gets POE below 0.2
For buildings with weak upper structures (Vrmax < Vre )
use 90% – 110% of upper limit Vr max,x  0.11AU ,x  1.22  VU , x
2
If the upper structure is extremely weak, such that S cr , x  S MS this corresponds to a 50% POE at the MCE
3
the Guidelines are not applicable –
use alternative methodology

Acceptable Retrofit Range

S c = S MS
Au = 0.4, Aw = 0.6
Minimum Strength, V r min Maximum Strength, V r max

(Adequate Performance) (Best Performance)
Strength of Retrofitted Ground-Story
Vre, x 
S MS  X 2C  Y2 1  C3
 3
 Vr max,x  0.11AU ,x  1.22  VU , x
 
D D
X 1C D3  Y1 1  C D3

Acceptable Retrofit Range
S MS
Sc
2/3 S MS
Estimated Minimum
Strength, V re
Minimum Strength, Maximum

Au = 0.1, Aw = 0.6
V r min = 0.9V r max Strength, V r max
Strength of Retrofitted Ground-Story

Vr max,x  0.11AU ,x  1.22  VU , x

Retrofit
Regularizing Diaphragms
x
x x
L
This frame must support Cantilevered
lateral loads from both Diaphragm
diaphragms D and D
Chord capacity must be

D D
checked if L > 10 feet.
y
Direction of motion
considered
x:y > 2:1 x :y < 2:1 x :y < 2:1

Cantilevers
Aspect ratios
x
x x
y:x < 2:1

y:x < 2:1
D D D
W
W
W
D
y
Depending on the width, this portion

Openings may be considered a separate
> 0.25y
sub-diaphragm, D
This wall must support
lateral loads from both
diaphragms D and D
N
W E
S
> 0.25x
North-South Analysis
Re-entrant corners

Retrofit Placement to Minimize Torsion
Lx
e r,x eV,x
Added retrofit strength -
V1, x  Vr , x  V1, x
Force resultant of strengths
of retrofit elements in the
y-direction
Retrofit element
V1,y Vr,y V1,y
Place to eliminate torsion,
limited by building dimension
Retrofit element
 Lx  COS2, x 
exV1, y
eV , x 
V1, y Existing Center of strength
at Ground Story, COS 1
Center of strength at
Story 2 (above), COS 2
Center of strength at Ground
Story after retrofit, COS r
Range of acceptable eccentricity -

V1, y
emin,x  ex  e x  eV , x 
Vr , y
ex
emax,x  emin,x  0.05Lx COS 2,x

MAKING
IT
SIMPLE
WST IDA –
Data Base Graphic Utility


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Guidelines for

Seismic Retrofit of Weak-Story

FEMA P-807: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Multi-Unit Wood-Frame Buildings

2. Recognize the influence of “non-structural” finishes on

3. Learn how to determine the capacity at “near”

4. Learn how to determine the optimal retrofit.

5. Understand the use of the Weak Story Tool.

FEMA P-807: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Multi-Unit Wood-Frame Buildings

FEMA P-807: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Multi-Unit Wood-Frame Buildings

The Problem National Information Service for Earthquake Engineering

Northridge, CA: Northridge earthquake

FEMA P-807: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Multi-Unit Wood-Frame Buildings

Strong but Brittle

Weak and Brittle

FEMA P-807: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Multi-Unit Wood-Frame Buildings

FEMA P-807: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Multi-Unit Wood-Frame Buildings

•Optimize benefits of ground story retrofits

•Retrofit to add both strength and displacement capacity, and

•Strength limit established by the upper structure

•Create a damage and deformation absorption level

•The tough ground story protects the upper stories

•If too strong, no damage absorption – forces are transmitted to

FEMA P-807: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Multi-Unit Wood-Frame Buildings

150 (E) Structure

FEMA P-807: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Multi-Unit Wood-Frame Buildings

FEMA P-807: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Multi-Unit Wood-Frame Buildings

FEMA P-807: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Multi-Unit Wood-Frame Buildings

Sheathing material with C D = 1.0

Sheathing material with

FEMA P-807: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Multi-Unit Wood-Frame Buildings

FEMA P-807: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Multi-Unit Wood-Frame Buildings

FEMA P-807: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Multi-Unit Wood-Frame Buildings

FEMA P-807: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Multi-Unit Wood-Frame Buildings

Surrogate Structure Upper-story strength ratios, Au:

Concept 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6

Weak-story ratios, Aw:

Time-history (22) Bi-directional records = (44) individual

(35) intensities per seed

Recover peak interstory 1.0

Given drift criteria, fit 0.5

FEMA P-807: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Multi-Unit Wood-Frame Buildings

612 surrogate structures x 44 EQs x 35 intensities

1 million nonlinear response-history analyses

Total Ground Floor Strength/Upper Floor Strength

FEMA P-807: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Multi-Unit Wood-Frame Buildings

0.2 Curve fit for

Upper-Story Strength Ratio, A U

FEMA P-807: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Multi-Unit Wood-Frame Buildings

S c1, x  0.660.525  2.24 AW , x 1  0.5CT Qs AU0.,48x CD = 1.0

S c 0, x  0.600.122  1.59 AW , x 1  0.5CT Qs AU0.,60x CD = 0.0

FEMA P-807: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Multi-Unit Wood-Frame Buildings

•Up to four stories

•Strong basement and strong sloped base can be accommodated

•Wood-framed stud walls and existing steel moment frames

•No concrete or masonry walls or steel braced frames

•8’ – 12’ floor heights for upper structure

•8’ – 15’ floor heights for ground floor

•Sloped sites can be accommodated

•Torsionally regular upper structure

•No vertical irregularities in upper structure

FEMA P-807: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Multi-Unit Wood-Frame Buildings

FEMA P-807: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Multi-Unit Wood-Frame Buildings

Gypsum wall board

FEMA P-807: Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Multi-Unit Wood-Frame Buildings