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1 Functions PDF
1 Functions PDF
1 Functions PDF
1.0 RELATIONS
Notes :
(i) Four types of relations : one-to-one, many-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many.
(ii) Three ways to represent relations : arrowed diagram, set of ordered pairs and graph.
(iii) The arrow diagram representation is of the form below :
(iv) Set of ordered pairs of a relation takes the form of { (a , b), (c , d), ….. }
EXAMPLE QUESTION
1. 1.
P = { 1, 2, 3} P P= ={ {1,2,2,4,3}6}
Q = {2, 4, 6, 7, 10} QQ= ={2,
{2,4,3,6,6,7,7,10}
10}
A relation from P into Q is defined by the set of A relation from P into Q is defined by the set of ordered
ordered pairs pairs
{ (1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 6), (3, 7) }. { (2, 2), (4, 2), (6, 7) }.
State State
(a) the image of 1, Ans: 4 and 6 (a) the image of 4, Ans:
(b) the object of 4, Ans: 1 (b) the objects of 2, Ans:
(c) the domain, Ans: { 1, 2, 3 } (c) the domain, Ans:
(d) the codomain, Ans: {2,4,6,7,10} (d) the codomain, Ans:
(e) the range, Ans: { 4, 6, 7 } (e) the range, Ans:
(f) the type of relation Ans: many-to-many (f) the type of relation Ans:
1. Functions 1
1.1 FUNCTION NOTATIONS
Notes:
(i) A function is usually represented using letters in its lower case : f , g , h …..
(ii) Given the function f : x → 2 x + 1 , we usually write it in the form f(x) = 2x + 1 before answering
any question.
EXAMPLE QUESTION
1. Given the function f : x → 2 x +1 , 1. Given the function f : x → 2 x + 3 ,
find (i) f (3) (ii) f (-4) find (i) f (2) (ii) f (-1)
Answer : f(x) = 2 x + 1 Answer : f(x) = 2 x + 3
(i) f ( 3 ) = 2 (3 ) + 1 (i) f(3) = 2( ) + 3
= 6+1 =
= 7 =
(ii) f (-2 ) = 2 (-2) + 1 (ii) f(-1) = 2 ( ) + 3
= -4+1 =
= -3 = 9, 1
2. Given the function g : x → x 2 − 3 , find 2. Given the function g : x → x 2 − 5 , find
(i) g(0) (ii) g(4) (i) g(0) (ii) g(2)
1. Functions 2
1.2 FINDING THE VALUE OF FUNCTIONS [Reinforcement Exercises]
QUESTION ANSWER
1. Given the function f : x → 3 x + 1 , find
1. f ( x ) = 3x + 1
(c) f(-2)
(d) f(4)
(e) f(-3)
(b) g (2)
(c) g (4)
(d) g (-3)
(e) g (-1)
6
3. Given the function h : x → , find
3− 4x
(a) h (0)
(b) h (1)
1
(c) h ( )
2
(d) h(-3)
1
(e) h ( )
4
1. Functions 3
EXAMPLE QUESTION
1. Given that f : x → 2 x −1 , find the value of x 1. Given that f : x → 4 x − 3 , find the value of x if
if f(x) = 5. f(x) = 17.
Answer : f (x) = 2 x – 1 Answer : f (x) = 4 x – 3
2x–1 = 5 4 x – 3 = 17
2x = 6 4x =
∴ x = 3 ∴ x = 5
2. Given that f : x → 5 x + 3 , find the value of x 2. Given that f : x → 3 x + 7 , find the value of x if
if f(x) = -7. f(x) = 4.
Answer : f (x) = 5 x + 3 Answer :
5 x + 3 = -7
5x = - 10
∴ x = -2
x = -1
3. Given that g : x → x + 2 , find the value of 3. Given that g : x → 3 x − 2 , find the value of y if
y g(y) = 2y + 4.
if g(y) = 2y - 3 Answer :
Answer : g(x) = x + 2
g(y) = y + 2
y+2 = 2y–3
3+2 = 2y-y
y = 5
y=6
x = -6
PROBLEMS OF FUNCTIONS INVOLVING SIMPLE EQUATIONS. [2]
EXAMPLE QUESTION
1. Functions 4
5. Given that f : x → 2 x −10 , g : x → x − 7 , 5. Given f : x → 3 x − 9 , g : x → x − 7 , find the
find the value of x if f(x) = − 2 g(x) value of x if f(x) = − 3 g(x).
A: f(x) = 2x - 10 , g(x) = x – 7
2x – 10 = - 2 (x – 7)
2x - 10 = - 2x + 14
4x = 24
x = 6
x=5
6. Given that f : x → 3x + 4 , find the values 6. Given that f : x → 2 x + 8 , find the values of x if
of x if f (x) = x2. f (x) = x2.
A: f(x) = 3x + 4
x2 = 3x + 4
x2 - 3x – 4 = 0
(x + 1) (x – 4) = 0
x = -1 or x = 4
x = 4 , -2
7. Given that g : x → 3 x − 6 , find the values of 7. Given that g : x → 2 x − 5 , find the values of y if
2 2
y if g (y) = 6 . g (y) = 45 .
A: g(x) = 3x2 – 6
g(y) = 3y2 - 6
3y2 - 6 = 6
3y2 – 12 = 0
(÷3) : y2 – 4 = 0
(y + 2) (y – 2) = 0
y = -2 or y = 2
x = -5 , 5
8. Given that g : x → 3 x 2 − 6 , find the values of 8. Given that g : x → 2 x 2 − 3 , find the values of p if
g(p) = - 5p .
p if g (p) = 7p.
A: g(x) = 3x2 – 6
g(p) = 3p2 - 6
3p2 - 6 = 7p
3p2 – 7p - 6 = 0
(3p+2) (p – 3) = 0
2
p= − atau p=3 .
3 p = 1/2 , -3
1. Functions 5
QUESTION ANSWER
1. Given the functions f : x → 2 x − 5 and 1. f(x) = 2x – 5 , g(x) = x + 2
g : x → x + 2 , find (a) f(x) = 7
(a) the value of x if f(x) = 7 2x – 5 = 7
2x =
(b) the value of y if g(y) = 2y - 3 x =
(c) the value of p if f(p) = g(p)
(d) the value of x if f(x) = – g(x)
x = 6, y = 5, p = 7, x = 1
2. Given the functions f : x → 3x + 4 and 2. f (x) = , g(x) =
g : x → 2 x , find (a) f (p) = -5
(a) the value of p if f(p) = -5 3p + 4 = -5
g : x → 12 − 4 x , find
(a) the image of 3 that is mapped by f .
(b) the values of x if f(x) = x,
(c) the values of y if f(y) = g(y).
9, x = 0, 1 ; y = 6, -2
1. Functions 6
We can also follow the EXAMPLES below.
EXAMPLE 1 : EXAMPLE 2 :
Given that f : x → 3 x − 4 and g : x → 2 x , Given that f : x → 3 − 2 x and g : x → x 2 , find
find fg(3). gf(4).
Answer : f(x) = 3x - 4 , g(x) = 2x
g(3) = 2(3) Answer : f(x) = 3 – 2x , g(x) = x2.
= 6 f(4) = 3 – 2(4)
fg(3) = f [ g(3) ] = 3–8
= f ( 6) = -5
= 3 (6) - 4 gf(4) = g (-5)
= 14 = (-5)2
= 25
EXERCISES
1. Functions 7
3. Given that f : x → x + 4 and g : x → 2 x − 1 , 4. Given that f : x → 3x + 4 and g : x → 5 − 2 x ,
find find
(a) fg(1) (b) gf(1) (a) fg(0) (b) gf(0)
EXERCISES
EXAMPLE 1 : EXAMPLE 2 :
Given f : x → 3x + 1 , Given g : x → 5 − 4x , .
f(x) = 3x + 1 g(x) = 5 – 4x
thus (a) f(2) = 3(2) + 1 thus (a) g(2) = 5 – 4(2) = 5 – 8 = -3
= 7 (b) g(a) = 5 – 4a
1. Functions 9
(b) f(a) = 3a+1 (c) g(p) = 5 – 4p
(c) f(p) =3p+1 (d) g(3k) = 5 – 4(3k) = 5 – 12 k
(d) f(2k) = 3 (2k) + 1 = 6k + 1 (e) g(x2) = 5 – 4x2
(e) f(2x) = 3 (2x) + 1 = 6x + 1 (f) g (3+2x) = 5 – 4 (3+2x)
(f) f(x2) = 3 x2 + 1 = 5 – 12 – 8x
= - 7 – 8x
EXERCISES
1. Given f : x → 2x + 3 , 2 Given g : x → 2 − 4x .
f(x) = 2x + 3 g(x) =
1. Given f : x → 4 − 2x , 2 Given g : x → − 2x + 1 .
f(x) = 4 – 2x g(x) =
1. Functions 10
3. Given f : x → 1− x , 4 Given g : x → 2( x + 2) , .
f(x) = g(x) =
EXAMPLE 1 : EXAMPLE 2 :
Given that f : x → 3 x − 4 and g : x → 2 x , Given that f : x → 3 − 2 x and g : x → x 2 , find the
find fg(x). composite function gf.
Answer : f(x) = 3x - 4 , g(x) = 2x
fg(x) = f [ g(x) ] Answer: f(x) = 3 – 2x , g(x) = x2.
= f ( 2x) gf(x) = g[f(x)]
= 3 (2x) - 4 = g (3 – 2x)
= 6x – 4 = (3- 2x)2
OR OR
fg(x) = f [ g(x) ] gf(x) = g[f(x)]
= 3 [g(x)] - 4 = [f(x)]2
= 3 (2x) – 4 = (3- 2x)2
= 6x-4 thus gf : x → (3 − 2 x ) 2
EXERCISES
1. Functions 11
3. Given the functions f : x → x + 4 and 4. Given that f : x → 3x + 4 and g : x → 5 − 2 x ,
g : x → 2 x − 1 , find find
(a) fg(x) (b) gf(x) (b) f g (b) gf
1. Functions 12
g : x → 5 + 2 x , find find the composite function gubahan
(a) fg(x) (b) gf(x) (a) fg (b) gf
1. Functions 13
1 2
9. Given that g : x → x , find g 2(x). 10. Given that h : x → , find the function f 2.
2 x−2
1. If y = 3x – 2 , then x = 2. If y = 4x – 2 , then x =
3x – 2 = y 4x – 2 = y
3x = y+2 4x =
y+2 x =
x =
3
3. If y = 3 – 6x , then x = 4. If y = 4 – 5x , then x =
1. Functions 14
5. If y = 3 + 5x , then x = 6. If y = 10x – 4 , then x =
2x − 5 3x − 2
1. If y = , then x = 2. If y = , then x =
4 5
2x − 5
= y
4
2x – 5 = 4y
2x =
x =
3. If y = 5 + 6x , then x = 1
4. If y = 4 – x , then x =
2
3 6. If y = 6x – 9 , then x =
5. If y = 6 + x , then x =
2
1 2
7. If y = , then x = 8. If y = , then x =
3x − 2 4−x
x +1 2x
9. If y = , then x = 10. If y = , then x =
4x − 2 3− x
1. Functions 15
DETERMINING THE INVERSE FUNCTION FROM A FUNCTION OF THE TYPE
ONE-TO-ONE CORRESPONDENCE
EXAMPLE 1 : 2x + 1
EXAMPLE 2 : Given that f : x → , x ≠ 2,
Given that f(x) = 4x – 6 , find f –1(x). 2− x
find f –1(x).
Answer : 2x + 1
Given f(x) =
Given f(x) = 4x – 6 2− x
so f (y) = 4y – 6 2y +1
so f(y) =
2− y
then f –1( 4y – 6 ) = y.
2y +1
f –1( x ) = y when x = 4y – 6 then f –1( ) = y
2− y
x + 6 = 4y
2y +1
x+6 f –1( x ) = y when x =
y= 2− y
4
x+6 x(2 - y) = 2y + 1
∴ –1
f (x) = 2x – xy = 2y + 1
4
2x – 1 = 2y + xy
2x – 1 = y(2 + x)
2x − 1
y =
2+ x
2x − 1
∴ f –1( x ) = , x ≠ -2.
x+2
EXERCISES
1. Given that f : x → 4 + 8x , find f –1. 2. Given that g : x → 10 – 2x , find g–1.
1. Functions 16
MASTERY EXERCISES ON FINDING THE INVERSE OF A FUNCTION
2x − 5 3x − 2
5. Given that f(x) = , find f –1 (x). 6. Given that g(x) = , find g–1 (x).
4 6
x+2 2x
9. Given that f(x) = , find f –1(x). 10. Given that g(x) = , find g–1 (x).
4x − 2 4− x
1. Functions 17
FINDING THE VALUE OF f–1 (a) WHEN GIVEN f(x)
( If you are not asked to find f –1( x ) but only want to have the value of f –1( a ), then use Method 2 )
EXERCISES
1. Given that f : x → x + 2, find the value of 2. Given that g : x → 7 – x , find the value of
f –1(3). g–1(2).
3. Given that f : x → 7 – 3x , find the value of 4. Given that g : x → 5 + 2x , find the value of
f –1(-5). g–1 (5).
5. Given that f : x → 3x -2, find the value of 6. Given that g : x → 7 – x , find the value of
f –1 (10). g–1(2).
4 3
9. Given that f : x → , find the value of 10. Diberi g : x → , cari nilai g-1(-1).
x−3 2− x
f –1 ( -1 ).
1. Functions 18
Finding the Other Related Component Function when given a Composite Function
and One of its Component Function
TYPE 1 ( Easier Type ) TYPE 2 ( More Challenging Type )
Given the functions f and fg, find the function g. Given the functions f and gf , find the function g .
OR OR
Given the functions g and gf, find the function f. Given the functions g and fg , find the function f .
EXAMPLE :
1. Given the functions f : x → 2 x + 3 and 2. Given the functions f : x → 2 x − 5 and
fg : x → 6 x − 1 , find the function g . g f : x → 10 x − 25 , find the function g .
Answer : f(x) = 2x + 3 Answer : f(x) = 2x – 5
fg(x) = 6x – 1 gf(x) = 10x – 25
Find g(x) from fg(x) = 6x – 1 Find g(x) from gf(x) = 10x – 25
f [g(x)] = 6x – 1 g [ f(x) ] = 10x – 25
2 g(x) + 3 = 6x – 1 g ( 2x – 5) = 10x – 25
2 g(x) = 6x – 4 g ( 2y – 5) = 10y – 25
∴ g(x) = 3x - 2 g(x) = 10y – 25 when x = 2y – 5
x + 5 = 2y
x+5
y=
2
x+5
So : g(x) = 10 ( ) – 25
2
= 5x + 25 – 25
∴ g(x) = 5x
EXERCISES
1. Given the functions f : x → 2 x + 2 and 2. Given the functions f : x → 2 x + 2 and
fg : x → 4 − 6 x , find the function g . g f : x → − 5 − 6 x , find the function g .
Answer : Answer :
1. Functions 19
REINFORCEMENT EXERCISES on finding Component Function from Composite Function
( TYPE 1 )
1. Functions 20
REINFORCEMENT EXERCISES on finding Component Function from Composite Function
( TYPE 2 )
1. Functions 21
QUESTIONS BASED ON SPM FORMAT
1. 2.
P = { 1, 2, 3} P = { 1, 2}
Q = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} Q = {2, 4, 6, 8,•p10}
a• •q
Base on the information above, a relation from P into b• •r
Q is defined by the set of ordered pairs c• •s
{ (1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 6), (2, 8) }.
A B
State The above diagram shows the relation between set A
(a) the images of 1, Ans: and set B
(b) the object of 4, Ans: State
(c) the domain, Ans: (a) the images of b, Ans:
(d) the codomain, Ans: (b) the objects of p, Ans:
(e) the range, Ans: (c) the domain, Ans:
(f) the type of relation Ans: (d) the codomain, Ans:
(e) the range, Ans:
(f) the type of relation Ans:
3. Given the functions f : x → 2 x + 1 and 4. Given the functions g : x → 4 x + 1 and
g : x → x − 3 , find
2
h : x → x 2 − 3 , find
(a) f –1 (5) , (a) g –1 (3) ,
(b) gf (x) . (b) hg (x) .
1. Functions 22
3 8. Given that f : x → 2 x − 1 , g : x → 4 x and
7. Given that f : x → 4 x + m and f −1
: x → nx + ,
4 fg : x → ax + b , find the values of a and b .
find the values of m and n.
[ m = –3 ; n = 1
4 ] [ a = 8 ; b = –1 ]
9. Given that f : x → x + 3 , g : x → a + bx 2 and 4
10. Given that g : x → m + 3x and g −1 : x → 2kx − ,
2
gf : x → 6 x + 36 x + 56 , find the values of a and b . 3
find the values of m and k.
[a=2;b=6] [ k = 16 ; m = 4 ]
11. Given that g(x) = mx + n and g2 (x) = 16x – 25 , 2x − 3
find the values of m and n. 12. Given the inverse function f −1 ( x) = , find
2
(a) the value of f(4),
(b) the value of k if f –1 (2k) = –k – 3 .
25
[ m = 4 , n = –5 ; m = –4 , n = 3 ] [ (a) 11
; (b) k = − 1
]
2 2
1. Functions 23
QUESTIONS BASED ON SPM FORMAT
x+2 x + 15 x +1 1 1
(a) 3
(b) (c) 10x – 4 (a) 2
(b) 6
x−
2
(c) 18x + 9
10
3. (SPM 06, P1, Q2) p + 3x
m−x 4. Diagram 3 shows the function g : x → ,
Diagram 2 shows the function h : x → , x−2
x x ≠ 2 , where p is a constant.
x ≠ 0 , where m is a constant.
g
x
h
m−x
x
p + 3x
x x −2
5
Diagram 2
8 7
Diagram 3
m=4 p=4
1. Functions 24
1. (SPM 07, P1, Q1) 2. (SPM 07, P1, Q2)
Diagram show the linear function h. Given the function f : x → x − 3 , find the values of x
x h(x) such that
(a) f(x) = 5
0• 1 (b) f(x) < 5
1• 2
m• 4
5• 6
3. (SPM 2008, P1, Q1) 4. (SPM 2008, P1, Q2) Given the functions
Diagram 1 shows the graph of f ( x ) = 2 x − 1 for the g : x → 5 x + 2 and h : x → x2 − 4 x 3 ,
domain 0 ≤ x ≤ 5. find
(a) g-1 (6)
y
y = f(x) (b) hg(x)
x
O t 5
State
(a) the value of t,
(b) the range of f(x) corresponding to the given [Ans : (a) 4/5 or 0.8 (b) 25x2 – 1 ]
domain.
5. (SPM 2008, P1 , Q3)
Given the functions f(x) = x – 1 and g(x) = kx + 2,
find
(a) f(5),
(b) the value of k such that gf(k) = 14.
1
(a) x=
2
(b) 0 ≤ f ( x) ≤ 9 (a) 4 (b) 3
1. Functions 25