Annabelle, Natalie, Richie, Julia, Nicole, and Amanda

APUSH PERIOD 4: THE AGE OF JACKSON-NATIONALISM, SECTIONALISM & REFORM (1800-1848)

KEY CONCEPTS/SFI OVERVIEW

Key Concept 4.1 Students will understand that…

The United States began to develop a modern democracy and celebrated a new national culture, while
Americans sought to define the nation’s democratic ideals and change their society and institutions to
match them.

Students will know that… Specific Factual Information

I. The nation’s transition to a more
participatory democracy was achieved by
expanding suffrage from a system based on
property ownership to one based on voting by
all adult white men, and it was accompanied
by the growth of political parties.
Natalie Williams
A) In the early 1800s, national political
parties continued to debate issues such
as the tariff, powers of the federal
government, and relations with
European powers.
(individuals, events, topics, or sources for students to examine
the key concept in depth)
Political tensions between the federalists and antifederalists
grew throughout Thomas Jefferson’s presidency. Anti federalists
supported Thomas Jefferson and advocated for states rights
while the federalists were against Thomas Jefferson and
advocated for a strong central/federal government. The southern
part of the United States were anti federalist and the Northern
part of the US was federalist. Federalist were very loyal to
England and supported the British throughout the French
Revolution, the anti federalist were the complete opposite, they
supported the French during the french revolution. Even though
Thomas Jefferson was not a firm believer in expanding the power
of the federal government, he accidentally did so by enforcing the
Embargo Act. Antifederalists and people that also supported
Jefferson wanted to build an alliance with France and help them
during the French Revolution, the federalists were the complete
opposite. The federalists were in favor of the British during the
French Revolution and did not want to aid in the revolution with
the French. The federalists also were in favor of putting tariffs on
imports in order to make money. The anti federalists were
opposed to this idea, being southerners, because it raised the
money when importing slaves into the country.

B) Supreme Court decisions established the
primacy of the judiciary in determining
the meaning of the Constitution and
asserted that federal laws took
precedence over state laws.
C) By the 1820s and 1830s, new political
parties arose — the Democrats, led, by
The Marbury vs Madison case was one of the many supreme
court cases that established the power of the judicial branch in
interpreting the Constitution. In that particular case, judicial
review was established in the federal government. The McCulloch
vs Maryland case was another case that established the power of
the judicial branch in the government. In this particular case, it
denied the ability for states to tax national institutions. These
cases affirmed the power that the federal government had over
the state governments.
The American System, proposed by Henry Clay, was highly
disliked by Andrew Jackson, and the democratic-republicans that
Annabelle, Natalie, Richie, Julia, Nicole, and Amanda
Andrew Jackson, and the Whigs, 
led by
Henry Clay — that disagreed about the
role and powers of the federal
government and issues such as the
national bank, tariffs, and federally
funded internal improvements.
D) Regional interests often trumped
national concerns as the basis for many
political leaders’ positions on slavery
and economic policy.
Students will know that…
II. While Americans embraced a new
national culture, various groups developed
distinctive cultures of their own.
Julia Smith
A) The rise of democratic and
individualistic beliefs, a response to
rationalism, and changes to society
caused by the market revolution, along
with greater social and geographical
mobility, contributed to a Second Great
Awakening among Protestants that
influenced moral and social reforms and
inspired utopian and other religious
movements.
supported him. The democratic-republicans were in favor of the
common white man, the southerners. The Whigs were in favor of
the elites like in past times, and they were located in the North.
The southerners were completely against the American System.
The Northerners were completely against the spoils system, also
known as rotation of powers according to Andrew Jackson. The
spoils system gave the supporters of Jackson roles in the
government. The warhawks, John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay,
organized the Whig Party and were enemies of Andrew Jackson.
Because of so many tensions between the Whigs and the
Democratic-Republicans on the policies of the federal
government, many states started to take advantage of the
nullification process. The southern states were the main states
that practiced nullification, starting with South Carolina.
The Hartford Convention involved the northern states putting
their interests above the interests of the nation. The main issues
that were discussed during the convention was economics and
trade. The trend of the southern states nullifying the federal
government displayed the interests of the southern region over
the national region. Jackson resigned as vice president for
Andrew Jackson in the south and joined the whigs in the north.
John Quincy Adams used his power while in the House to express
his regional opinions about slavery rather than the national
opinions regarding to slavery.
Specific Factual Information
(individuals, events, topics, or sources for students to examine
the key concept in depth)
Americans formed new voluntary organizations that aimed to
change individual behaviors and improve society through
temperance and other reform efforts. The rise of the Jacksonian
Democrats inspired a new era of ideas and the the movement
towards a more laissez-faire economy. The Market and
Industrial Revolution made rich goods more affordable and
available to people during this time. This raised the bar and set
new expectations for standards of living. Americans really
valued education and more and more Americans were moving
west and heading to new farmlands. This gave males a sense of
political power. The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant
religious revival during the early 19th century in the United
States. The 2nd Great Awakening was a reaction to growing
liberalism in religion. It started on the Southern frontier, and
spread to the Northeast. This Awakening included the
reorganization of churches, and the appearance of new
emerging religions. Methodists and Baptists gained the most
conversions from this Awakening.The Second Great
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B) A new national culture emerged that
combined American elements, European
influences, and regional cultural
sensibilities.
C) Liberal social ideas from abroad and
Romantic beliefs in human perfectibility
Awakening was extremely important as it led to the
establishment of social reform movements to address injustices
and alleviate suffering such as the Temperance Movement, the
Women's suffrage Movement and the Abolitionist Movement in
which people advocated for emancipation on religious grounds.
Churches were starting these social reforms and as a result
women were getting involved. This started a new era for
women as they were getting out of home activities and being
able to take in social activities as well. Charles Grandison
Finney was an American Presbyterian minister and leader in the
Second Great Awakening in the United States. He has been
called The Father of Modern Revivalism as he made a major
impact on American religion. Charles favored spiritual rebirth,
self-improvement, and perfectionism. People begin to strive for
a utopian and perfect society. To make or a more perfect world
the society created new religions including the Shakers, the
Mormons, the Oneida, the Millerites, and the Fourierism.
New Elements of nationalism, individualism, religion, literature,
art, and a new era of democracy. Ralph Waldo took American
religious beliefs and it melted it with the European Romanticism,
Asian beliefs, and Buddhism which all came together to create
American Transcendentalism. The Transcendentalist movement
is the start of a new era as americans became the free hippies of
the time period who disagreed with the regular beliefs. This
movement inspired nature, connectedness, individual ideals, and
spiritual self reliance. This led to the turn taken at the start of the
20th century where most households had a copy of the bible and
a set of essays. In books and pieces of writing sentimentalism and
romanticism became very popular. Urbanized culture became
more popular which included open sexuality, new culture, new
songs and styles of music, new languages, new foods, and a pop of
immigration. The Belief of a manifest destiny was beginning to
spread in both the north and the south. New inventions emerging
changed the lifestyle of Americans. Railroads, steamboats, and
canals made transportation easier and more accessible. Social
reform became a common aspect of American culture. The ideas
of a utopian society and having a perfect world became a huge
part of American culture. With all the changes in society's views
and beliefs the North and the South started to grow further and
further apart.
Fourierism brought a theory of social evolution to America, and
applied here to free workers from capitalist employers. European
Annabelle, Natalie, Richie, Julia, Nicole, and Amanda
influenced literature, art, philosophy,
and architecture.
D) Enslaved blacks and free African
Americans created communities and
strategies to protect their dignity and
family structures, and they joined
political efforts aimed at changing their
status.
Romanticism began driving in ideas about the beauty of nature,
the goodness of mankind, the supernatural nature of the world,
the models of history and myth, the importance of feeling,
imagination, and intuition over reason. The British example of
abolition both inspired and frightened Americans on either side
of the slavery issue. The American period of writing was inspired
by Transcendentalism leaders. Transcendentalism was an
intellectual movement rooted in the religious soil of New
England. Transcendentalists turned to the romantics in Europe
for inspiration. Many Transcendentalists believed in the
importance of nature and degraded materialism.
Transcendentalism greatly influenced modern American
Literature. Emerson, Thoreau, Fuller, Whitman were all American
Transcendentalist leaders. Henry David Thoreau was a famous
American transcendentalist who turned to the environment for
inspiration. In 1854 Thoreau published his book, Walden, which
was about his time spent living in isolation and his different
feelings on society. Walt Whitman was transcendentalist poet
who was very inspired by Emerson. Whitman published "Leaves
of Grass" in 1855, which he revised throughout his life. Margaret
Fuller was a social reformer, leader in women's movement and a
transcendentalist. Edited "The Dial" which was the publication of
the transcendentalists. It appealed to people who wanted "perfect
freedom" "progress in philosophy and theology and hope that the
future will not always be as the past". Ralph Waldo Emerson was
one of the forerunners of the transcendentalist movement.
Emerson celebrated the individual and rejected social
constraints. The Hudson River School began painting these
enormous canvases of scenes from nature in upstate New York
and elsewhere. This inspired an era of art and expression.
Africans kept parts of their culture they danced the Conga dance,
and sang purely African songs to the accompaniment of a drum,
respected incest taboos by shunning marriages between
cousins.Many African Americans took marriage vows before
Christian ministers or publicly marked their union in ceremonies
including the West African custom of jumping over a broomstick
together. Recently imported slaves gave their children African
names. Those transported to the Cotton South often named their
children for the relatives left behind. Slaves would sell extra
cotton and make some money to spend on hats, pants, shoes, and
dresses. Free African Americans created community institutions.
They funded schools, mutual-benefit organizations, and
fellowship groups called Free African Societies. The started the
African Methodist Episcopal Church. Religion offered Africans
hope. Slaves learned to negotiate with masters for rewards and
limits on work, through the task system and the right to be hired
out for extra work and pay.
The political efforts to change their status included petitions sent
to the congress to end slavery. Frederick Douglass and other
Annabelle, Natalie, Richie, Julia, Nicole, and Amanda
Students will know that…
III. Increasing numbers of Americans, many
inspired by new religious and intellectual
movements, worked primarily outside of
government institutions to advance their
ideals.
Nicole Raikin
A) Americans formed new voluntary
organizations that aimed to change
individual behaviors and improve
society through temperance and other
reform efforts.
B) Abolitionist and antislavery movements
gradually achieved emancipation in the
North, contributing to the growth of the
free African American population, even
as many state governments restricted
African Americans’ rights. Antislavery
efforts in the South were largely limited
to unsuccessful slave rebellions.
former slaves spoke on the abolitionist circuit, wrote books,
published articles and newspapers
Specific Factual Information
(individuals, events, topics, or sources for students to examine
the key concept in depth)
One of the biggest reform efforts stemmed from the
transcendentalists. These people used ideas from German
philosophers to promote new ways to view reason and
understanding. George Ripley used these ideas to create an
experimental community, known as Brook Farm, in order to
create a utopian society that balanced leisure and manual labor.
The United States also experienced an educational reform
through the work of Horace Mann, the first secretary of the
Massachusetts Board of Education. He organized the school
system, developed the academic year, and made a stronger
curriculum. Many states followed in Mann’s example, such as
Governor William Seward of New York, who extended state
public support of schools. Another reform was the temperance
movement through the work of the Washington Temperance
Society. In 1840, six former alcoholics in Baltimore gathered large
crowds in order to end the consumption of hard liquor.
In Boston, Massachusetts, writer William Lloyd Garrison created
the weekly newspaper, the Liberator, in order to promote
antislavery ideals. He called for the universal abolition of slavery
as well as calling for white men to look at this issue from an
African man’s perspective. Garrison soon created the American
Antislavery Society in 1832 that grew to hold more than 250,000
members. Other abolitionist leaders, such as Sojourner Truth and
Frederick Douglas, also began to gain large followings. Even with
these abolitionists, southern states tightened their restrictions on
letting masters free their slavers, and in extreme cases such as
Arkansas, free blacks were forced to leave. Few slaves attempted
to rebel such Gabriele Prosser. Prosser and his army of 1,000
rebellious slaves wanted to take over Richmond, Virginia, but
they were defeated before they had the chance to incite violence.
Annabelle, Natalie, Richie, Julia, Nicole, and Amanda
C) A women’s rights movement sought to
create greater equality and
opportunities for women, expressing its
ideals at the Seneca Falls Convention.
Key Concept 4.2:
Students will understand that…
Innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce powerfully accelerated the American economy,
precipitating profound changes to U.S. society and to national and regional identities.
Students will know that…
I. New transportation systems and
technologies dramatically expanded
manufacturing and agricultural production.
Natalie Williams
A) Entrepreneurs helped to create a market
revolution in production and commerce,
in which market relationships between
producers and consumers came to
prevail as the manufacture of goods
became more organized.
B) Innovations including textile machinery,
steam engines, interchangeable parts,
the telegraph, and agricultural
inventions increased the efficiency of
production methods.
South Carolinians, Sarah and Angelina Grimke, argued that men
and women were created equal, and they fought against men who
claimed that their abolitionist activities did not fit their gender
roles. Other reformers such as Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady
Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, created the Seneca Falls
Convention in 1848. In this convention, women argued that they
were entitled to inalienable rights, just like men. They also fought
for the disbandment of gender spheres, or the idea that men and
women were to perform separate functions with their society.
Specific Factual Information
(individuals, events, topics, or sources for students to examine
the key concept in depth)
Entrepreneurs, primarily inventors, helped to increase the
market tremendously. John Deere’s steel plow made it easier for
farmers to harvest their crops that could then be turned into
other products that factories could sell. Cyrus McCormick’s
mechanical reaper also made it easier for farmers. Because of the
rate of harvesting foods was increasing it made it easier for
markets to produce more products. The Baldwin Locomotive
works of Pennsylvania was a means of transportation through a
systems of trains.
America was able to industrialize right after Britain because of
Francis Cabot Lowell, who essentially shared stolen ideas of
Britain to America. Even though America industrialized after
Britain they still managed to surpass Britain in the
industrialization process, because of their technology and new
inventions. Eli Whitney making the cotton gin contributed
Annabelle, Natalie, Richie, Julia, Nicole, and Amanda
C. Legislation and judicial systems
supported the development of roads, canals,
and railroads, which extended and enlarged
markets and helped foster regional
interdependence. Transportation networks
linked the North and Midwest more closely
than either was linked to the South.
Students will know that…
II. The changes caused by the market
revolution had significant effects on U.S.
society, workers’ lives, and gender and family
relations.
Annabelle Taylor
A. Increasing numbers of Americans,
especially women and men working in
factories, no longer relied on semi
subsistence agriculture; instead they
supported themselves producing goods for
distant markets.
B. The growth of manufacturing drove a
significant increase in prosperity and
standards of living for some; this led to the
emergence of a larger middle class and a
small but wealthy business elite but also to a
large and growing population of laboring
tremendously to the textile industry in the United States. New
forms of transportation were built to make it easier to transport
goods to consumers. These types of transportation included
railroads, national roads, and canals. Other inventions like the
reaper helped farmers to produce more foods, and the telegraph
significantly made it easier for people to communicate. Because
of the new availability to transportation and communication,
consumers were able to consume more things and the market
revolution began to take off.
The federal government was a supporter of national roads and
the post office, in order to spread information. Tariffs put on
import goods helped American businesses gain american
consumers so they could make more money and increase the flow
of money in the market. States issued more and more charters for
railroads so they could tie the northern states together.
Technology, culture, and ideas were easier to spread due to
easier access to transportation. Tariffs that were placed in 1816,
1820, and 1824 helped American businesses compete with
British businesses. The Gibbons v Ogden case helped to establish
the control of interstate commerce.
Specific Factual Information
(individuals, events, topics, or sources for students to examine
the key concept in depth)
Lowell Mill girls were given chaperones, had to go to church,
had to be watched for good behavior, this was one of the first
factory labor forces.This was later switched/ replaced by poor
Irish immigrants. After the Panic of 1937 early worker unions
were founded which were caused by unsatisfactory treatment.
The standard of living of the middle class began to rise, but this
came with a new class of labor that were poor as well, and an
extremely wealthy class on top of the social hierarchy.
Before the Industrial Revolution, each social class shared
common values and were seen more close to equals.
The middle class income began to rise, this allowed them more
Annabelle, Natalie, Richie, Julia, Nicole, and Amanda
poor.
C. Gender and family roles changed in
response to the market revolution,
particularly with the growth of definitions of women at home to do what women were told to do (cook,
domestic ideals that emphasized 
the
separation of public and private spheres.
Students will know that…
III. Economic development shaped settlement
and trade patterns, helping to unify the
nation while also encouraging the growth of
different regions.
Amanda McQuade
A. Large numbers of international migrants
moved to industrializing northern cities,
while many Americans moved west of the
Appalachians, developing thriving new
communities along the Ohio and Mississippi
rivers.
B. Increasing Southern cotton production
and the related growth of Northern
manufacturing, banking, and shipping
industries promoted the development of
national and international commercial ties.
luxury of purchases which were once only available to the
wealthy.children were now educated through high school, and
taught to pursue a career, Franklin’s autobiography became a
huge bestseller.
Slaves and the working class were poor and fell at the bottom
of the social class, immigrants often were found in the same
position.
Men and women were apart during the day, men usually went
to work to make money and provide for their family, leaving the
clean, take care of children, etc.)
Specific Factual Information
(individuals, events, topics, or sources for students to examine
the key concept in depth)
The American population began undergoing major changes,
especially in urbanized areas between 1840 and 1860. 26% of the
population in free states rose up to 14% with new immigrants
arriving in smaller towns, and in larger cities, such as Brooklyn
and New York was even higher, while Southern states only grew
from 6-10%. While new immigrants were coming into the more
industrialized cities, in the South people were migrating western
during the times of a booming agricultural economy.
Communities along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers grew into
major urbanized cities such as St.Louis, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and
Louisville. All of these places became centers of farmer-connected
trade and shipping to the Great Lake cities.
Northern efforts in the nineteenth century lead to a more
modernized capitalistic economy through expanding business in
the 1820s-1840s. This grew rapidly mostly in due to the large
population increase and the transportation revolution. In larger
cities, stores began to appear selling items such as groceries and
hardware, and business, individuals often ran the business while
dominant figures were the souls of the enterprises. Corporations
began rapid development, as states were beginning to pass
general incorporation laws by a group paying a fee to start a
charter. Railroads also became incredibly important for trade and
communication purposes. Railroad construction exponentially
increased, and 30 million acres were allotted by Congress to go
under railroad construction for distributing goods and building
commercial ties with other nations. Manufacturing also became a
Annabelle, Natalie, Richie, Julia, Nicole, and Amanda
C. Southern business leaders continued to
rely on the production and export of
traditional agricultural staples, contributing
to the growth of a distinctive Southern
regional identity.
D. Plans to further unify the U.S. economy,
such as the American System, generated
debates over whether such policies would
benefit agriculture or industry, potentially
favoring different sections of the country.
Key Concept 4.3:
Students will understand that…
The U.S. interest in increasing foreign trade and expanding its national borders shaped the nation’s
foreign policy and spurred government and private initiatives.
Students will know that…
I. Struggling to create an independent global
presence, the United States sought to claim
territory throughout the North American
continent and promote foreign trade.
RICHIE PEARCY
A. Following the Louisiana Purchase, the
United States government sought influence
big part of the northern developments, and was inspired by the
technological increase of the Textile Industry that took place in
England. American Industry spread rapidly, and the
manufactured goods produced in the United States in 1840 stood
at $483 million.The Northeast produced more than two thirds of
the nation’s manufactured goods.
Southern cotton production also saw increased cotton production
as the tobacco economy was not as profitable as it had once been,
and there had been limits on goods such as rice (produced in
Georgia and South Carolina) and sugar (Gulf Coast), so the south
had to shift attention to another product that was needed for the
industrial north; cotton. Cotton demands increased from the
British Textile industry, as well as New England’s, so many
planters began moving to uncultivated areas to establish strong
cotton production.
Agricultural expansion in the South lead into other expansions of
economic activity such as the growing activity in the flour
business, as well as textiles and iron, were growing in importance
in the upper southern states. However, it was the agricultural
economy that made the biggest impacts, and the total value of
southern textile manufacturers in 1860 totalled to 4.5 million
dollars that year. They had a very primitive transportation
system, and their unstable railroads were not a redeeming
factors, their agricultural staples, such as textiles helped save “the
Cotton Kingdom”.
Between the North and the South, it was obvious that the North
had made better progress industrially and transportation-wise
while the south remained centrally agricultural with inadequate
systems of transportation. The American System was intended on
fostering commerce and for the National Bank to rebuild roads,
canals, and other improvements to make the agricultural
movements in the South more profitable.
Specific Factual Information
(individuals, events, topics, or sources for students to examine
the key concept in depth)
With the addition of the vast territory to the United States of
America after the purchase of the Louisiana territory from the
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and control over North America and the
Western Hemisphere through a variety of
means, including exploration, military
actions, American Indian removal, and
diplomatic efforts such as the Monroe
Doctrine.
B. Frontier settlers tended to champion
expansion efforts, while American Indian
resistance led to a sequence of wars and
federal efforts to control and relocate
American Indian populations.
French and their leader Napoleon, the pathway for American
settlement and exploration past the Mississippi River opened.
President Thomas Jefferson, who oversaw this purchase of land,
sent explorers Lewis and Clark on their famed journey
throughout the recently purchased land and farther toward the
West Coast of modern day America. This journey and other trips
by other American explorers led to the belief that the midwest
plains and lands of such modern day states such as Oklahoma
were not suit for farming and a horrible place to settle. This,
combined with the American push to move American Indians out
of their current land in the East and the American belief in
superiority over the Indians, allowed for the Indian Removal Act
and the forced migration of thousands of Indians from the “Five
Civilized Tribes” to lands given to them west of the Mississippi
River. The United States government also attempted to gain more
influence in North America through the War of 1812, where they
invaded and attempted to gain control of the British colony of
Canada. However, the treaty signed that ended the war, the
Treaty of Ghent, did not allow for America to colonize or take
control of Canada. The US seeking of more control and influence
was also seen through the Monroe Doctrine, an American foreign
policy proposed during “The Era of Good Feelings” in America
that seeked for no European power to attempt to colonize any
countries in the Americas through American protection of these
countries.
Since the colonial era of the Proclamation of 1763, which
restricted American westward settlement and expansion, many
American citizens and colonists had longed for the ability to
settle farther beyond the frontier or the backcountry. After the
Louisiana Purchase allowed for American citizens and frontier
settlers to settle into more western lands, Indian resistance to
Americans settling on their lands began. Indian tribal leader
Tecumseh and a Indian spiritual leader known as “The Prophet”, ,
helped to cause the conflict that led to the Battle of Tippecanoe,
where American Indians were defeated by the US. This loss,
combined with the American victory in the War of 1812, made
Americans push even harder into native lands for settlement, as
no longer did the British pose a threat to American expansionism.
After Spain ceded Florida to America, Seminole Indians resisted,
leading to the Seminole War which dragged on for decades.. With
the ability of more poor or lower class men being able to vote
around the time of the elections of 1824 and 1828, many who
embodied the “common man” and lived on the frontier voted for
Andrew Jackson to be president. Looking out for the interests of
those who voted for him, many of whom who lived on the
frontier, Jackson helped cause the removal of thousands of
Indians from the “Five Civilized Tribes” of Indians due to the
passing of the Indian Removal Act, also causing the Trail of Tears
amongst Cherokee and other Indians. Further Indian resistance
to Americans settling onto their lands was also seen in conflicts
Annabelle, Natalie, Richie, Julia, Nicole, and Amanda
Students will know that…
II. The United States’ acquisition of lands in
the West gave rise to contests over the
extension of slavery into new territories.
A. As over cultivation depleted arable land
in the Southeast, slaveholders began
relocating their plantations to more fertile
lands west of the Appalachians, where the
institution of slavery continued to grow.
B. Antislavery efforts increased in the North,
while in the South, although the majority of
Southerners owned no slaves, most leaders
argued that slavery was part of the Southern
way of life.
C. Congressional attempts at political
compromise, such as the Missouri
Compromise, only temporarily stemmed
growing tensions between opponents and
defenders of slavery.
such as the Black Hawk War.
Specific Factual Information
(individuals, events, topics, or sources for students to examine
the key concept in depth)
Amanda McQuade
During the 1820s and 1830s, the demand for cotton was growing
in the British Textile Industry and men and women rapidly
moved into uncultivated lands to establish new cotton growing
regions. Production for cotton moved into South Carolina,
Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Northern Texas and Louisiana, and
had reached to the point of cotton overproduction, yet cotton
continued to grow in spurts. Southern Politicians proclaimed that
“Cotton is King!” and thus began a boom agricultural expansion
and lead the southern trade to expand to the southwest areas.
In the North, the anti-slavery movement became more prevalent
at an even greater capacity than during the Revolution. Most
slavery was eliminated in the North due to previous pre-
Revolution and had lead to the legal prohibition of the
international slave trade in 1808. As these efforts increased in the
North, southerners also began noticing the economic power the
north carried almost everything to the south with the railroad
industry, while agriculture was still booming in the south, but
carried lack of development. In the South, Arkansas Journalist,
Albert Pike, advocated for a stronger economic independence
from the North, and wanted an increase in slavery production.
Southerners often saw slavery as a special defining feature of
southern culture, as they called it a “peculiar institution”. The
south saw it as something unique because few countries were
still practicing slavery, such as places like Brazil and Puerto Rico.
Yet slavery also caused the south to become more isolationist
than anything else and prevented them heavily from “moving up”
in the technological world of the North, and established racial
division between blacks and whites, as their relationship became
“master and slave”.
Between 1819 through 1820 (and carried expansion later into
the late 40s), increased differences between the North and The
South caused much division, and the Missouri Compromise
served to avert crisis for a short period of time. The Missouri
Compromise began when Missouri first applied to admission into
the union while slavery was already established there.
Representative James Tallmadge Jr. of New York wanted to
release an amendment that no longer allowed more slaves to be
transported to the region, and the Tallmadge amendment
provoked much controversy. Since the republic was established,
when new states were admitted to the union, there would be
eleven slave states and eleven free states, and because Missouri
applied to becoming a slave state, political power increased in the
North instead of staying balanced. When Maine applied as a free
Annabelle, Natalie, Richie, Julia, Nicole, and Amanda

state later, Henry Clay informed the North that the South would
reject Maine, if they continued to block Missouri. The final result
was the Missouri Compromise, which allowed the two to
combine bills into a single bill. Although this worked for the time
period itself, there was still prevalence of sectionalism and
division between the north and the south, even in the wake of
American Nationalism.