Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Overview of Rotating Equipment PDF
Overview of Rotating Equipment PDF
Speaker’s name
Speaker’s role
date
© John Crane
An Overview of Rotating Equipment
Session Agenda:
© John Crane
Introductory Exercise
Driver Driven
Compressors
Mixers
Wind Turbines
Hydraulic Motors
Fans
Steam Turbines
Screw Pumps
Reciprocating Pumps
Diesel Engines
Electric Motors
© John Crane
1. An Overview of Rotating Equipment
In most cases energy is transferred into rotating equipment, from a driving equipment
(known as the Prime Mover) to the driven equipment (known as Rotating Equipment
or the Functional Machine).
Prime Rotating
Mover Equipment
(Driver) (Driven)
© John Crane
1. An Overview of Rotating Equipment
© John Crane
2. Prime Movers – Turbomachinery
Steam turbines work on the principle of using pressurised steam to rotate turbine
blades.
This rotation is then used to drive other equipment, in a similar way as an electric
motor but utilising the heat and pressure of the steam rather than electricity as the
driving energy.
© John Crane
2. Prime Movers – Gas Turbines
Gas turbines work on the principle of using pressurised fuels to rotate turbine
blades, they can produce a great amount of energy for their footprint size and
weight. Their smaller footprint, low weight and multiple fuel applications make them
the ideal power plant for offshore use.
The rotation is used to drive other equipment, in a similar way as the steam turbine
utilising the heat and pressure of the fuel as the driving energy.
Hot exhaust gases can be used for steam generation, heat transfer, heating and
cooling purposes.
© John Crane
2. Prime Movers – Water Turbines
The water turbine converts energy in the form of falling water into rotating shaft
power. The amount of power which can be obtained depends upon the amount of
water available i.e. the flow rate, and the head or fall through which it depends.
The rotating element (`runner') of a reaction turbine is fully immersed in water and
is enclosed in a pressure casing. The runner blades are profiled so that pressure
differences across them impose a lifting force (the wings on an aircraft), which
cause the runner to rotate.
Francis Reaction Turbine Runner Typical Francis Reaction Turbine Typical Kaplan Reaction Turbine
© John Crane
2. Prime Movers – Water Turbines
An impulse turbine runner operates in air, driven by a jet (or jets) of water. Here the
water remains at atmospheric pressure before and after making contact with the runner
blades.
In this case a nozzle converts the pressurised low velocity water into a high speed
jet. The runner blades deflect the jet so as to maximise the change of momentum of the
water and thus maximising the force on the blades.
© John Crane
2. Prime Movers – Water Turbines
This type of water turbine operates in a similar manner as a wind turbine but exploits
underwater currents rather than air, based on the principle that all fluids behave the
same way.
© John Crane
2. Prime Movers – Wind Turbines
A Wind turbine is a machine that converts kinetic energy from the wind into
mechanical energy, and this energy can be used to produce electricity e.g. wind
generators / farms, or used to drive other machinery to do useful work e.g. windmills.
© John Crane
2. Prime Movers – Internal Combustion Engines
Reciprocating or Hydraulic
• Diesel / Gas Engines
• Hydraulic Motors
A Reciprocating Engine, also often known A Hydraulic Motor is a mechanical
as a piston engine, is a heat engine that actuator that converts hydraulic pressure
uses one or more reciprocating pistons to and flow into torque and angular
convert pressure into a rotating motion. displacement (rotation).
Diesel Engines
© John Crane
2. Prime Movers – Electric Motors
Electric Motor
© John Crane
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven)
– Centrifugal Pumps
Centrifugal
• Pumps Centrifugal Driven machines are similar
• Compressors to a turbine but operating in reverse.
• Mixers Centrifugal force is defined as moving, or
• Fans pulling away from a centre or axis.
• Propellers
Typically a Centrifugal Pump uses a
rotating impeller to increase the pressure
of a fluid.
Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to
move liquids through a piping system.
The fluid enters the pump impeller along or
near to the rotating axis and is accelerated
by the impeller, flowing radially outward
into volute chamber (casing), from where it
exits into the downstream piping system.
Centrifugal Pump
© John Crane
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven)
– Positive Displacement Pumps
© John Crane
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven)
– Compressors
© John Crane
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven)
– Compressors
= =
© John Crane
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven)
– Compressors
© John Crane
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven)
– Compressors
Refrigerant Compressors
© John Crane
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven)
– Agitators / Mixers / Reactors
Agitators / Mixers / Reactors are machines for mixing or agitating a product within
a pressure vessel. They are installed in process plants in industries such as
chemical processing, pharmaceuticals, pulp and paper processing etc.
Applications include:
9 blending
9 dissolving
9 heat transfer
9 solids dispersion
9 solids suspension
9 complete chemical reactions
9 polymerisation
9 crystallisation
9 neutralisation
© John Crane
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven)
– Agitators / Mixers / Reactors
Top Entry – the mixer is mounted through an entry port at the top of the vessel.
Bottom Entry – the mixer is mounted through an entry port at the bottom of the
vessel.
Side Entry – the mixer is normally mounted through a nozzle on the side of the
vessel (normally mounted near the bottom of the vessel, to allow mixing at low
liquid levels, and during filling and emptying).
© John Crane
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven)
– Agitators / Mixers / Reactors
© John Crane
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven)
– Electric Generators & Alternators
© John Crane
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven)
– Fans & Blowers
Industrial fans and blowers consist of shaft mounted rotor blades contained
within a casing, and are used for creating a flow of gas (air).
Fans and blowers have diverse applications in many industries for the following
typical processes:
Extraction
Ventilation
Cooling
Aeration
Drying etc.
© John Crane
4. Connectors – Modifiers and Couplings
Equipment can be indirectly connected by belts or chains – for example think of a bicycle as
the chain transfers pedal power to the wheel:
However indirectly coupled equipment is usually inefficient, due to frictional losses when the
belts or chains slip during power transmission.
© John Crane
4. Connectors- Modifiers and Couplings
Prime Rotating
Mover Connector Equipment
(Driver) (Driven)
© John Crane
4. Connectors – Modifiers and Couplings
With a Direct Drive between the driver and the driven equipment, some form of
connector device is needed:
Prime Rotating
Mover Connector Equipment
(Driver) (Driven)
Modifiers
Couplings
The types of driving and driven equipments being driven will affect the choice of the
suitable connector device.
There are various types of connector devices commonly in use in process industries.
© John Crane
4. Connectors – Modifiers and Couplings
Speed
Torque
Rotational Direction
Fluid coupling
Gearbox
Belts
Chains
© John Crane
4. Connectors – Modifiers and Couplings
Modifier
© John Crane
4. Connectors – Modifiers and Couplings
Modifier
© John Crane
4. Connectors – Modifiers and Couplings
Modifier
© John Crane
4. Connectors – Modifiers and Couplings
Modifier
© John Crane
4. Connectors – Modifiers and Couplings
© John Crane
Exercise
Modifier Coupling
Universal Joint
Gear Box
Belt Drive
Chain
Pin & Bush
Chain Drive
Elastomeric
Fluid Coupling
© John Crane
5. Further Rotating Equipment - Pumps
Classification of pumps:
Pump types are generally classified according to how they transfer energy to the
fluid, and the combination of pressure and flow which they are designed to
generate:
• pumps which pass kinetic energy to the fluid by means of a rapidly rotating
impeller are known as kinetic or dynamic or centrifugal pumps
• pumps in which the fluid is mechanically displaced are termed positive
displacement pumps
© John Crane
5. Further Rotating Equipment - Pumps
The Application Data Sheet will usually indicate the ‘Type’ of pump:
© John Crane
5. Further Rotating Equipment - Pumps
A pump data sheet or manufacturer’s rating plate should at least contain the following
information:
• Manufacturer
• Pump serial No
• Pump Direction of Rotation
• Duty Generated Head
• Duty Flowrate
• Pump Absorbed Power at Duty Point
• Pump Running Speed
• Pump Casing Design Pressure
© John Crane
5. Further Rotating Equipment - Pumps
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps
API 610 / ISO 13709 provides a code to classify the various types:
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps – OH1
Centrifugal Pump
- Horizontal, overhung,
flexibly coupled, foot-mounted (OH1)
Semi-open Impeller
Seal Chamber
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps – OH1
Many single-stage pumps are known as back pull-out designs, because of the way
that the bearing frame assembly is pulled out from the back of the pump volute:
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps – OH2
Seal Chamber
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps – OH2
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps – OH2
Typical pumping
applications include pulp
& paper and general
applications. Sulzer Ahlstom APP
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps – OH3
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps – OH4
Typical pumping
applications include
flammable liquids,
fuel, petroleum,
petrochemicals,
light oils, hydrocarbon
booster, water and
general applications.
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps – OH5
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps – OH5
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps – Horizontally Split
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps – Axially Split BB1
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps – Axially Split BB1
Seal Chamber
Chamber Balance Line
Seal
Chamber
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps – BB1
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps – Balance Lines
Balance line:
Another way of equalising pressure and balancing
axial loading across the pump casing is to use a
balance line. This type of design is also used in
multi-stage pumps.
The balance line consists of an external pipe,
connecting the high (discharge) side of the pump
back to the low (suction) side.
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps – Radially Split BB2
Typical pumping
Seal applications include
Chamber hydrocarbon
processing.
Seal
Chamber
Balance Line
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps – Radially Split BB2
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps – Axially Split BB3
Seal Chamber
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps – Axially Split BB3
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps – Radially Split BB4
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps – Radially Split BB4
Balance Disc
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps – Radially Split BB5
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps
– Vertically Suspended VS1
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps
– Vertically Suspended VS3
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps
– Vertically Suspended VS4
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps
– Vertically Suspended VS5
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps
– Vertically Suspended VS4 & VS5
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps
– Vertically Suspended VS6
Balance
Drum
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps
– Vertically Suspended VS6
© John Crane
6. Positive Displacement Pumps
Sealless rotary PD
Pump designs Rotary Non-Rotary
© John Crane
6. Positive Displacement Pumps
Evaluate the pressure conditions at the process entrance to the Seal Chamber
Is there a process flush to the seal (Plan 01, 11, 12, 14, 21, 22, 31, 32, 41)?
Is there a process flow from the seal chamber (Plan 13, 14)?
Is this flow liable to affect the seal chamber pressure?
© John Crane
6. Positive Displacement Pumps
A positive displacement pump has a cavity or cavities which are alternately filled
and emptied by the pump action, causing fluid to move in a forward-only fashion.
There is an expanding cavity on the suction side of the pump, and a decreasing
cavity on the discharge side.
Liquid is allowed to flow into the pump as the cavity on the suction side expands,
and the liquid is then forced out of the discharge as the cavity collapses.
Positive displacement pumps all operate on similar working principles, but are
generally classified into reciprocating and rotary designs. Types of positive
displacement pump design include:
• rotary lobe
• gear within a gear
• reciprocating piston
• screw
• progressive cavity etc.
Unlike a centrifugal pump, a positive displacement pump will produce the same
flow at a given speed, no matter what the discharge pressure is.
© John Crane
6. Positive Displacement Pumps
Mono Compact C
Typical pumping
applications include high
Seal Chamber
viscosity lotions / pastes
and sewage sludge etc.
© John Crane
6. Positive Displacement Pumps
Albany HD Gear
Pump
Seal Chamber
Seal Chamber
– [Suction Pressure + (Differential
Pressure/2)]??
Image: Viking Pump Inc
© John Crane
6. Positive Displacement Pumps
Typical pumping
applications include
hygienic materials,
food production
and pharmaceutical
applications
Inlet Outlet
© John Crane
6. Positive Displacement Pumps
Seal
Seal
Chamber
Seal Chamber Pressure
= [Suction Pressure + (80%
Differential Pressure)]
• Careful of pulsations!
© John Crane
6. Positive Displacement Pumps
Seal Chamber
– [Suction Pressure +
(Differential Pressure/2)]??
Clarksol Flexible Vane Pump
Typical pumping
applications include
liquids with poor
lubricating qualities and
food handling
Image: Viking Pump Inc
applications
© John Crane
6. Positive Displacement Pumps
© John Crane
6. Positive Displacement Pumps
Liquid for liquid ring (normally water) continually injected into the impeller cavity
and the seal chamber (Plan 32)
Injection pressure usually known but sourced from discharge separator
Assume seal chamber is discharge pressure
Statically the chamber may be full vacuum
© John Crane
Exercise
True False
Fluid is mechanically displaced in a Kinetic or dynamic pump?
An impeller will impart kinetic energy to a fluid?
Centrifugal pump types are classified in API 610/ISO 13709?
Impellers can be classed as open, semi-open and closed?
A sliding vane pump is a type of dynamic pump?
Progressing cavity pumps can be run in reverse?
A screw pump is ideal for pumping raw sewage?
A positive displacement pump will produce the same flow at a
given speed, no matter what the discharge pressure is?
© John Crane
7. Summary / Conclusion
© John Crane
Further Information
Further learning on this topic can be found in the relevant Know-How curriculum:
Pump Principles
© John Crane