WELCOME !

TO
TRAINING ON

STEAM
 STEAM PROPERTIES
OF INTEREST

PHYSICAL THERMODYNAMIC HEAT TRANSFER

• PRESSURE • HEAT CONTENT • SPECIFIC HEAT

• TEMP. • ENTHALPY w.r.t. • THERMAL
0oC CONDUCTIVITY
• VOLUME
• LATENT HEAT • VISCOSITY
• DENSITY
• ENTROPY

STEAM : 1/19
USE OF STEAM TABLES
STEAM TABLES FORMAT
 APPLICATIONS
EQUIPMENT WORKING ON THE BASIS
OF CONSTANCY IN STEAM PROPERTIES

 BOILER : CONSTANT PRESSURE

 CONDENSER : CONSTANT PRESSURE, CONSTANT TEMP.

 PR. REDUCING VALVE : CONSTANT ENTHALPY

(THROTTLING)

 TURBINE : CONSTANT ENTROPY (ADIABATIC)

STEAM : 2/19
 READING OF PROPERTIES

HOW TO GET PROPERTIES OF STEAM ?

 REFER STEAM TABLES OR T-  OR H - 

CHARTS FOR PHYSICAL AND
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES.

 REFER HEAT TRANSFER DATA BOOK FOR

HEAT TRANSFER PROPERTIES.

STEAM : 3/19
 UNITS
COMMONLY USED UNITS FOR PROPERTIES
(MKS SYSTEM)
PRESSURE (P) : kg /cm2 (a)
TEMPERATURE (T) : 0 C or K
VOLUME (V) : m3
DENSITY  : kg / m3
SPECIFIC VOLUME (v) : m3 / kg
SPECIFIC ENTHALPY (h) : k cal / kg
SPECIFIC ENTROPY : k cal / kg. K
LATENT HEAT (L) : k cal / kg

STEAM : 4/19
 STEAM TABLES
(a) PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM
(PRESSURE BASE OR TEMP. BASE)

p tsat vf vg f g hf hg L f g

(b) PROPERTIES OF SUPERHEATED STEAM

p1 p2 p3
t
v h  v h  v h 

STEAM : 5/19
 CHART - 1
T -  AND H -  CHARTS

STEAM : 6/19
 CHART - 2
P - T CHART P -  CHART

1000

KG/M3

315 CRITICAL
POINT
SOLID 

0
P 225.6 KG/CM2

STEAM : 7/19
 DRYNESS FRACTION
WHAT IS DRYNESS FRACTION ?
 IT IS THE FRACTION OF STEAM IN A STEAM -
WATER MIXTURE.
 IF 1 KG. OF WATER-STEAM MIXTURE CONTAINS
X KG. OF STEAM, DRYNESS FRACTION OF
MIXTURE IS X.
 DRYNESS FRACTION CAN BE DETERMINED
USING A THROTTLING CALORIMETER.
 CONSTANT DRYNESS FRACTION LINES CAN BE
SEEN ON T -  AND H -  CHARTS.
STEAM : 8/19
 CHART - 3

T-  CHART H -  CHART

STEAM : 9/19
 PROPERTIES OF WET STEAM

HOW TO DETERMINE PROPERTIES OF

WET STEAM ?
(a) USING STEAM TABLES :
Vx = x . vg + (1 - x) Vf
hx = x . hg + (1 - x) h f
x = x .  g + (1 - x)  f

(b) BY READING T -  OR H -  CHART

STEAM : 10/19
 THROTTLING
“THROTTLING” IS REDUCTION OF
PRESSURE AT CONSTANT ENTHALPY.
e.g. : Pressure reducing valve, Orifice

THE CONSTANCY OF ENTHALPY DURING

THROTTLING IS USED TO DETERMINE
DRYNESS FRACTION OF WET STEAM IN A
THROTTLING CALORIMETER.

hx = x hg + (1 - x ) hf
STEAM : 11/19
 FLASHING
WHAT IS FLASHING ?
FORMATION OF LOW PRESSURE STEAM FROM
WATER AT HIGH PRESSURE.
IT IS A CONSTANT ENTHALPY PROCESS.
EXAMPLES :
(a) BLOWDOWN TANK / PIT (STEAM SEPARATED
AND VENTED OR RE-USED)
(B) CENTRIFUGAL PUMP (LEADS TO CAVITATION)

STEAM : 12/19
 THROTTLING v/s. FLASHING
THROTTLING : FLASHING :
• CONSTANT • CONSTANT
ENTHALPY PROCESS ENTHALPY PROCESS
• PRESSURE REDUCES • PRESSURE REDUCES

• BEGINS WITH STEAM • BEGINS WITH

• ENDS WITH RISE IN WATER
DRYNESS OR • ENDS WITH A STEAM
SUPERHEAT WATER MIXTURE
STEAM : 13/19
 HEAT TRANSFER
CHARACTERISTICS - 1

SPECIFIC HEAT, THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

AND VISCOSITY ARE PROPERTIES THAT
INFLUENCE HEAT TRANSFER
CHARACTERISTICS OF STEAM.

STEAM : 14/19
 HEAT TRANSFER
CHARACTERISTICS - 2

COMBINATION OF THESE PROPERTIES ( VIZ. PRANDTL

NUMBER ) IS SUCH THAT :

SUPERHEATED STEAM HAS POOR COEFFICIENT OF HEAT

TRANSFER COMPARED TO WATER OR SATURATED STEAM.

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFCIENT OF STEAM DROPS STEEPLY

AS IT SUPERHEATS.

AN INCREASE IN PRESSURE OF SUPERHEATED STEAM

INCREASES HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT.

/STEAM : 15/19
 HEAT TRANSFER
CHARACTERISTICS - 3
TYPICAL VAUES OF HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS :
( Unit of measurement : K cal / hr m2 °C )

SUPER HEATED STEAM : 20 - 100

WATER : 200 - 2,000

BOILING - FILM : 500 - 1,000

- NUCLEATE : 6,000 - 10,000

CONDENSING - FILM TYPE : 4,000 - 10,000

- DROPWISE : 10,000 - 20,000
STEAM : 16/19
 PRESSURE DROP - 1

PRESSURE DROP OF STEAM IN TUBES AND

PIPES VARIES :
 IN DIRECT PROPORTION TO SQUARE OF
MASS FLOW RATE
 IN INVERSE PROPORTION TO FIFTH
POWER OF INNER DIAMETER.

STEAM : 17/19
 PRESSURE DROP - 2
SIZING OF TUBES AND PIPES IS GENERALLY
BASED ON OPTIMUM VELOCITY.

TYPICAL VELOCITIES ARE:

SATURATED STEAM : 25 - 30 m/s

SUPERHEATED STEAM UPTO 40 kg/cm2: 30 - 40
m/s
SUPERHEATED STEAM 40 - 80 kg/cm2 : 40 - 45 m/s
FEED WATER (PUMP SUCTION) : 0.5 - 1 m/s
FEED WATER (PUMP DELIVERY) : 3 - 4 m/s
STEAM : 18/19
 PRESSURE DROP - 3
PRESSURE DROP IN BENDS, ELBOWS, TEES, REDUCERS AND
VALVES IS A FUNCTION OF THE VELOCITY HEAD.

REMEMBER !
 PRESSURE DROP IN ELBOWS IS MORE THAN THAT IN
LONG RADIUS BENDS.
 PRESSURE DROP IN EXPANSION PIECES IS MORE THAN
THAT IN REDUCERS.
 PRESSURE DROP IN GLOBE VALVES IS MORE THAN
THAT IN GATE VALVES.

STEAM : 19/19
That’s all,
friends !