2017 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Big Data Security on Cloud
Adaptive Audio Steganography Scheme Based on Wavelet Packet Energy
Hanlin Liu Jingju Liu
Hefei Electronic Engineering Institute Hefei Electronic Engineering Institute
Hefei, China Hefei, China
hanlinliu1993@126.com, dream.hanlin@163.com
Xuehu Yan
Hefei Electronic Engineering Institute
Hefei, China
publictiger@126.com
Abstract—This paper proposes an adaptive audio steganog-
raphy scheme based on wavelet packet energy which can
be used to hide secret messages in digital audio. The major
contribution of the proposed scheme is that the wavelet packet
sub-bands of the host audio can be selected adaptively to embed
the secret messages according to the masking effect of human
auditory system (HAS) and weighted energy concentration .
First, the host audio is divided into many segments which are
then decomposed by wavelet packet to calculate the wavelet
packet energy feature. Second, the covert data are embedded
into each segment through adjusting the relationship among
wavelet packet sub-bands by modifying or exchanging the co-
efficients of wavelet packet sub-bands. Finally, the experimental
results and comparison with existing technique show that the
proposed scheme has larger hiding capacity while maintaining
imperceptibility and strong robustness.
Keywords-Audio steganography; Wavelet packet; Weighted
energy concentration; Adaptive; Hiding capacity.
I. I NTRODUCTION
Steganography is an art of hiding secret information in
another seemingly innocuous message, or carrier [1]. Com-
pared with encryption technique [2], steganography conceals
the existence of secret messages instead of readability. Since
when an attacker doesn’t know the existence of secret
messages, he won’t generate the idea of attacking it. So,
steganography is a powerful technique which enhances se-
curity in data transferring and archiving. Throughout history,
a multitude of methods have been used to hide informa-
tion. With the development of the Internet and other new
technologies, digital steganography technique which is used
to embed the secret messages into digital multimedia is
gradually rising. It has developed a strong basis for the area
of steganography with a growing number of applications
for digital fields like digital rights management, covert
communications, annotation etc. So far, various researches
on steganography have been carried out on storage media,
such as text, image, audio, and video.
According to the education experts, human beings receive
information mainly by visual and auditory, which accounts
978-1-5090-6296-6/17 $31.00 © 2017 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/BigDataSecurity.2017.20
Ronggui Hu
Hefei Electronic Engineering Institute
Hefei, China
Song Wan
Hefei Electronic Engineering Institute
Hefei, China
wsong1031@163.com
for 83% and 11%, respectively. It can be seen that auditory
system is the largest source of information in addition to
the Human Visual System(HVS). Thus, the research of
audio steganography is of great significance and has wild
application scenarios. Especially in the era of big data, audio
steganography will have a more broad prospects in copyright
protection, secret information transmission, covert channel
and etc.
Like steganography in other media, audio steganographic
technique also has three evaluation metrics [3]:
1) Capacity means the amount of secret information that
can be embedded into the host audio without affecting
the perceptual quality of audio.
2) Imperceptibility evaluates how well a secret message
is embedded into the cover audio. The difference
between audio after hiding and audio before hiding
should remain negligible.
3) Robustness indicates the ability of secret messages to
resist against attacks.
In audio steganography, HAS is used to hide informa-
tion in the audio. Because the human auditory system has
more precision than HVS, audio steganography has more
challenges than image steganography [4].
In this paper, we propose a scheme that has high capacity
and good output quality. The proposed scheme is based on
wavelet packet transform with adaptive hiding in wavelet
packet sub-bands. The adaptive hiding is determined by
the sub-band weighted energy concentration. The messages
can be recovered without original host audio. Experimental
results and comparison with existing method show that the
proposed scheme has an advantage of large hiding capacity
while maintaining imperceptibility and strong robustness.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows:
Section II discusses some existing methods. The proposed
scheme is introduced in section III. In section IV experi-
mental results of proposed scheme are discussed. Finally,
Section V concludes this paper.
26
 II. R ELATED W ORK
Audio steganography techniques can be classified into
methods in time and transform domain. The commom used
methods of stegenography in time domain include Least
Significant Bits (LSB) [5]–[7], Echo Hiding [8], [9], Spread
Spectrum Method [10] and etc. Besides, methods in transfor-
m domain contain hiding method based on DFT, DCT [11]–
[13] and DWT [14], [15]. Nevertheless, most of them can’t
balance the capacity, imperceptibility and robustness. For
instance, LSB has great hiding capacity, however, which
is at the expense of more robust. Although methods in
transform domain boost up robustness against some attacks,
the capacity and imperceptibility are influenced a little.
In [7] dual randomness LSB method was proposed which
hid the secret messages in randomly selected samples and
bits. This method provided more confidentiality compared
with conventional LSB method. But compared with the
method proposed by Cvejic and Seppanen [16], the hid-
ing capacity was smaller. In [16] a novel modification to
standard LSB algorithm was proposed, which was able to
embed four bits per sample and improved the capacity of
data hiding channel by 33%. They all belong to LSB method
whose disadvantage is weak robust.
In [17] a novel method based on audio steganogra-
phy by integrating optimal steganography and two level
cryptographic methods was proposed, which improved the
imperceptibility of data hiding and increased security level
for the secret. In [18], a novel method for digital audio
steganography with security i.e cryptography was presented
where covert data was embedded into the coefficients of
host audio in integer wavelet domain using quantization to
reduce embedding errors. Both of these two methods use
encryption technology, and the difference is that the former
method is based on time domain, the latter method is based
on transform domain. So, the robustness of the last one
method is better than that of the previous one.
Compared with the previous methods, the advantage of
the following two methods is the use of adaptive technique.
In [19] a novel method for digital audio steganography
where encrypted covert data was embedded by adaptively
modifying wavelet packet coefficients of host audio signal
was presented. A new high capacity audio steganography
algorithm based on the wavelet packet transform with adap-
tive hiding in least significant bits was proposed in [20]. The
adaptive hiding depends on the cover samples strength and
bits block matching between messages and cover signals.
The results showed that messages can be embedded up to
42% of the total size of the cover audio signal with at least
of 50 dB signal to noise ratio. But the ability of the method
proposed in [19] to resist other attacks is poor.
In summary, the hiding capacity of most existing similar
methods is small and it is difficult for them to balance each
property. So, a transform domain scheme based on adaptive
27
technique and masking effect of HAS is proposed in this
paper. Not only does it possess above advantages, but it has
the ability to resist the common attacks.
III. T HE P ROPOSED S CHEME
In this section,we propose the embedding and extracting
procedure using adaptive audio steganography based on
wavelet packet energy.
As shown in Figure. 1, the embedding scheme consists
of four main procedures: Pretreatment, Adaptive Procedure,
Embedding covert data and Inverse Wavelet Packet Deco-
mosition.
Pretreatment plays an important role in audio segmenta-
tion and wavelet packet decomposition. Then the embedding
sub-bands are selected adaptively in Adaptive Procedure.
As the name suggests, covert data are embedded into each
segments in the third procedure. Finally, we obtain stego
audio by Inverse Wavelet Packet Decomosition.
A. Pretreatment
In the first step, the host audio is divided into many sege-
ments and the number of the segments has a great impact
on the total hiding capacity. If the length of the segments
is too short, the wavelet packet sun-band energy couldn’t
satisfy the condition of weighted energy concentration. On
the contrary, the total hiding capacity will decrease linearly
with the increase of the length. So, the length should be
decided according to the feature of host audio.
In the second step, the audio segement is decomposed
using wavelet packet up to fourth level as shown in Figure. 2
where L indicates low frequency, H indicates high frequency
and (i, j) represents the jth sub-band after i-level wavelet
packet decomposition. The reason why we choose fourth
level will be given in the following subsection. Audio signal
frequencies that human ear can hear range from 20 to
20000Hz. Low frequency signal below 20 Hz and high
frequency above 20000Hz are beyond the scope of human
hearing, which is difficult for HAS to catch. As the noise
introduced due to embedding is of high frequency in nature,
in order to make it less audible, we embed data into one
of the high frequency bands. Using the characteristic that
HAS is not sensitive to the change of audio middle and high
frequency energy, we can modify and adjust the relationship
of middle and high frequncy energy value to embed some
covert bits. And the sub-band that will be used to embed
covert bit is determinded by weighted energy concentration.
B. Adaptive Procedure
There are three steps in Adaptive Procedure: Calculating
Sub-band Energy, Calculating Sub-band Energy utilizing
weighted energy concentration and Embedding Sub-band
selection.
1) Calculating Sub-band Energy
 sequence. Then the weighted energy concentration is calcu-
Host Audio Segmenting
Wavelet Packet lated. The formula as follows:
Decomposition


q
Energy (16 − p) · SP
Calculating Sub- Weighted Energy Threshold
p=0
band Energy Concentration wE = , q = 0, 1, . . . , 15 (2)

15
Embedding Sub-
(16 − i) · Si
band Selection i=0

Where S0 is the maximum value, Ni is the weight

Covert Data Adjusting the
Calculating the
First and Second
coefficient of Si . After wavelet packet decomposition, most
Relationship
Half Energy of the energy is concentrated in low frequency, which results
Adjusting the in that the weighted coefficient of the lowest frequency
First and Second
Half Coefficients energy is bigger than others. Therefore, the weighted energy
concentration denotes the proportion that the partial energy
accounts for the total energy.
Inverse Wavelet
Packet In the proposed scheme, we set a threshold and find
the q to make wE equal to or greater than threshold. The
Recombination sub-bands whose energy is Sq , Sq+1 , Sq+2 and Sq+3 , are
adjusted the relationship of energy and selected to embed
Stego Audio
covert data.

C. Embedding Covert Data

Figure 1. Embedding Procedure of the Proposed Scheme
The third stage contains three steps: Adjusting the Rela-
Audio
tionship, Calculating the First and Second Half Energy and
Adjusting the First and Second Half Coefficients.
L H
1) Adjusting the Relationship
LL LH HH HL
Let us suppose that the energy of sub-band (4,a),(4,b),(4,c)
and(4,d)are Sq , Sq+1 , Sq+2 and Sq+3 ,respectively. There
LLL LLH LHH LHL HHL HHH HLH HLL
are 4! kinds of relationship among the energy of sub-band
LLLL LLLH LLHH LLHL LHHL LHHH LHLH LHLL HHLL HHLH HHHL HHHH HLHL HLHH HLLH HLLL
(4,a),(4,b),(4,c) and (4,d) and four bit binary sequences
(4,0) (4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6) (4,7) (4,8) (4,9) (4,10) (4,11) (4,12) (4,13) (4,14) (4,15) are arranged in sixteen ways. So we can select sixteen
kinds of relationship from 4! to indicate sixteen kinds of
Figure 2. Frequency Sub-band of the Proposed Scheme four bit binary sequences. We will illustrate the reason
why choose four-level wavelet packet decomposition. If the
decomposition level is greater than four, such as five or
After four-level wavelet packet decomposition, we can six, the sub-band will contain too few coefficients and the
obtain sixteen frequency sub-bands that contain sixteen fre- calculating results of energy are not accurate. Contrarily, if
quency sub-bands. And each of them contains n(n = l/24 , l the level is smaller than four, the number of total sub-bands
is the number of sampling points in a segment) wavelet is too small and the sub-band can be used to embed is not
packet coefficients. The sub-band energy is calculated by enough, which results that the total embedding capacity is
the following formula. small. The embedding rules are shown in Table I.
ni
 For example, the covert data is 0001 but
Ei = c2i,j , i = 1, 2, . . . 16 (1) (4,a)>(4,b)>(4,c)>(4,d), and the relationship of sub-
j=1 bands doesn’t conform the embedding rules. In order to
embed covert data, we should exchange the coefficients of
Where Ei denotes the energy of the ith sub-band, and
(4,c) and (4,d) to make the relationship satisfy the rules.
ci,j denotes the jth wavelet packet coefficient in the ith sub-
band. ni , the number of coefficients in the ith sub-band, is 2) Calculating the First and Second Half Energy
equal to n . After adjusting the relationship, the coefficients of each
2) Embedding Sub-band Selection one of the four sub-bands are divided into two parts, the first
The sub-band energy is sorted in descending order and half of the coefficients and the second half of the coefficients,
stored in S. Let S = S0 , S1 , . . . , S15 and S is a decreasing and calculating the energy of the two parts by the following
formula.The energy of coefficients of the first half:

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 Table I
E MBEDDING RULES OF THE P ROPOSED S CHEME
Host Audio Wavelet Packet
Segmenting
Decomposition
Relationship of Sub-band Covert Relationship of Sub-band Covert
Energy Data Energy Data
(4,a)>(4,b)>(4,c)>(4,d) 0000 (4,c)>(4,a)>(4,b)>(4,d) 1000
Energy
(4,a)>(4,b)>(4,d)>(4,c) 0001 (4,c)>(4,a)>(4,d)>(4,b) 1001 Calculating Sub- Weighted Energy Threshold
band Energy Concentration
(4,a)>(4,c)>(4,d)>(4,b) 0010 (4,c)>(4,b)>(4,d)>(4,a) 1010
(4,a)>(4,d)>(4,b)>(4,c) 0011 (4,c)>(4,d)>(4,b)>(4,a) 1011 Embedding Sub-
band Selection
(4,b)>(4,a)>(4,c)>(4,d) 0100 (4,d)>(4,a)>(4,c)>(4,b) 1100
(4,b)>(4,c)>(4,d)>(4,a) 0101 (4,d)>(4,c)>(4,a)>(4,b) 1101
(4,b)>(4,d)>(4,c)>(4,a) 0110 (4,d)>(4,c)>(4,b)>(4,a) 1110 Camparing the
Ensuring the
First and Second
(4,b)>(4,d)>(4,a)>(4,c) 0111 (4,d)>(4,b)>(4,c)>(4,a) 1111 Relationship
Half Energy

Recovering the
Secret Message
ni /2
 Secret

Ef = c2i,j , i = 1, 2, . . . 16 (3) Message

j=1

The energy of coefficients of the second half:

ni

Es = c2i,j , i = 1, 2, . . . 16
j=ni /2+1
3) Adjusting the First and Second Half Coefficients
The relationship of Ef andEs can also be used to embed
covert bit. There are four sub-bands, so four bits can be
hidden. The rules are as follows.
 the corresponding covert binary sequences can be obtained.
covert bit = 0, Ef > Es
(5)
covert bit = 1, Ef < Es
If the covert bit doesn’t match the relationship of Ef
and Es , we just need exchange the first and second half
Coefficients. We can see that four bits are embedded in
this step and each segment can hide eight bits in the whole
process.
D. Inverse Wavelet Packet
After processing one segment, Inverse Wavelet Packet
is applied to the modified Wavelet Packet coefficients. We
obtain the stego audio while all the covert data have been
embedded into the host audio. The steps of the embedding
procedure are described in Algorithm 1.
Figure 3. Retrieving procedure of the Proposed Scheme
(4)
E. Retrieving Procedure
The retrieving procedure is similar to the embedding
process, till Adaptive Procedure, as shown in Figure. 3. The
sub-bands in which data has been embedded are selected
and the enenrgy is calculated. According to Table I and (5),
After repeating the procedure for every selected segments,
we obtain all the copies of the embedded covert data. The
secret messages can be recovered until all the covert data are
extracted. The steps of the extracting procedure are described
in Algorithm 2.
Algorithm 2. The extracting procedure of the proposed scheme
Input: stego audio
Output: secret message
Step 1: Segment the stego audio, then perform integer wavelet packet
decomposition.
Step 2: Calculate weighted energy concentration and sub-band energy,
then compare with energy threshold, and select extracting position.
Step 3: Ensure the relationship of the selected sub-bands. Then compare
the first and second half energy and according the embedding rules,
obtain the secret message.

Algorithm 1. The embedding procedure of the proposed scheme
Input: covert data and host audio
Output: stego audio
Step 1: Segment the host audio, then perform integer wavelet packet
decomposition.
Step 2: Calculate weighted energy concentration and sub-band energy,
then compare with energy threshold, and select embedding position.
Step 3: According the covert data, adjust the relationship of the selected
sub-bands. Then calculate the first and second half energy and according
the covert data, adjust the first and second half coefficients.
Step 4: Perform inverse wavelet packet decomposition and after
recombining the fragments, get stego audio.
IV. E XPERIMENTAL R ESULT AND A NALYSIS
In order to test the properties of the proposed scheme, we
design some experiments as follows. Quantitative as well as
qualitative analysis are performed for the proposed scheme.
We tested with mono host audio belonging to category of
audio file named Pop Music and a text file named The
Little Prince (insert). The pop music is sampled at 44.1
KHz with length of about 150 seconds and quantized by
16 bits. It should be noted that other audio files as host

29
 Figure 4. Original Host Audio Figure 5. Stego Audio in the Condition of No Attack

Table II
audio can also get the similar results. The proposed scheme T EST R ESULTS OF THE P ROPOSED S CHEME
is implemented using MATLAB (2013a) programming. Each
Scheme proposed Scheme proposed
segment contains 512 sampling points and threshold is set to Attacks in this paper in [21]
0.90. In this section, we utilize BER (Bit Error Rate), SNR BER(%) SNR(db) BER(%) SNR(db)
(Signal to Noise Ratio) and PESQ (Perceptual Evaluation 30 db SNR white noise 3.245 9.854 0.018 12.702
of Speech Quality) to evaluate the performance. Assessment 40 db SNR white noise 0.0168 13.242 0.015 13.857
of the quality of stego audio is made through P.862 (PESQ) re-quantization
0 ∞ 0.013 13.856
(16 bits∼32bits∼16bits)
which is recommended by ITU and in the range [1,4.5]. If re-quantization
0.0423 12.551 7.220 9.624
PESQ>3.5, the quality of audio accord with the standard of (16 bits∼8bits∼16bits)
telephone. Three formulas for calculating BER and SNR are up-sampling 0.0124 14.045 0.013 13.856
down-sampling 0.0618 12.137 2.810 11.632
given as follows,respectively.

BER = (l/L) · 100% (6)

In the equations given above, L represents the total
number of original confidential bits and l represents the
number of extracted error bits. ci is the original host audio
and ci is the stego-audio obtained after the embedding
process. Original confidential messages taken as si and si
represents the extracted confidential messages.
A. Imperceptibility Test
In the condition of no attack, the waveform of original
host audio and stego audio are shown in Figure. 4 and
Figure. 5, respectively.
From the experimental results, we can see that it is
difficult to find the differences between Figure.4 and Figure.
5 with the naked eyes. Furthermore, the PESQ value we
calculated is 4.30, which indicates that there is almost no
effect on the quality of stego audio.
B. Robustness Test
Robustness is an important criterion to evaluate the per-
formance of algorithms. In the experiment, common audio
processing including noise addition, re-quantization, and
resampling are tested. And the test results are shown in the
Table II.
1) Noise Addition: white noise with 30 db and 40 db
SNR is added to stego audio.
2) Re-quantization: we tested the process of re-
quantization of a 16-bit stego audio to 8-bit and back
to 16-bit.Then tested the process of re-quantization of
a 16-bit stego audio to 32-bit and back to 16-bit.
3) Resampling: stego audio with original sampling rate
44.1 kHz have been down-sampled to 22.05kHz and
up-sampled back to 44.1kHz.Then up-sampled to
88.2kHz and down-sampled back to 44.1kHz.
From Table II, we can see that the scheme proposed in
this paper has better robustness against re-quantization and
resampling than scheme proposed in [21]. But it is a little
poorer to the resisting of noise addition. The above ex-
perimental result is because re-quantization and resampling
change smaller to sampling points and coefficients than noise
addition. The smaller coefficients change, the smaller the
sub-bands energy changes.
C. Capacity Analysis
As covert data are embedded into every segment, the
total hiding capacity is closely related to the length of
segment. However, the total hiding capacity varies from host
audio to host audio, which makes it unfair to measure this
performance. Thus, bps (bits per second) is presented as
a standard to measure hiding capacity. In [21], 2 bits can

30
be embedded into one segment. Compared with the scheme
proposed in [21], 8 bits can be embedded into one segment
in proposed scheme, which is four times larger than 2 bits.
Provided that the length of one segment is 20ms, the capacity
of former is 100 bps while the latter is 400 bps.
V. C ONCLUSION
This paper proposed a novel scheme which can adaptively
select wavelet packet sub-bands to embed covert data into
digital audio utilizing wavelet packet decomposition and
weighted energy concentration. The scheme makes it pos-
sible to embed covert data somewhere with satisfying the
weighted energy concentration based on auditory masking
effect of HAS. Experiments show better properties than
existing methods. The quality of host audio is less affected
as the embedding position of covert data is in middle or large
frequency sub-band. Moreover, it is evident that the scheme
not only has large capacity which is 4 times lager than that of
the method proposed in [21] , but also has strong robustness
for resisting the common attacking behaviors, such as noise,
re-quantitative. In addition, the greater the number of audio
segments is, the larger the total hiding capacity is. Extraction
process doesn’t need the original host audio to achieve the
blind extraction. The future work will pay more attention to
implement lossless extraction of secret messages.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work is supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (Grant Number: 61602491) and Hefei
Electronic Engineering Institute Foundation (KY16A654).
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