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Beam Design: Technical Note
Beam Design: Technical Note
Beam Design: Technical Note
This Technical Note describes how this program completes beam design when
the BS 8110-97 code is selected. The program calculates and reports the re-
quired areas of steel for flexure and shear based upon the beam moments,
shears, load combination factors and other criteria described herein.
Overview
In the design of concrete beams, the program calculates and reports the re-
quired areas of steel for flexure and shear based upon the beam moments,
and shears, load combination factors, and other criteria described herein. The
reinforcement requirements are calculated at a user-defined number of check
stations along the beam span.
All beams are designed for major direction flexure and shear only.
Effects resulting from axial forces, minor direction bending, and tor-
sion that may exist in the beams must be investigated independently
by the user.
Overview Page 1 of 10
Concrete Frame Design BS 8110-97 Beam Design
The beam section is then designed for the maximum positive and maximum
negative factored moments obtained from all of the load combinations at that
section.
Negative beam moments produce top steel. In such cases, the beam is al-
ways designed as a rectangular section. Positive beam moments produce
bottom steel. In such cases, the beam may be designed as a rectangular sec-
tion, or T-Beam effects may be included.
The design procedure used by the program for both rectangular and flanged
sections (L- and T-beams) is summarized in the next section. It is assumed
that the design ultimate axial force does not exceed 0.1fcu Ag (BS 3.4.4.1);
hence, all the beams are designed for major direction flexure and shear only.
based on whether M is greater than, less than, or equal to Msingle. See Figure
1.
0.67fcu/γc
K' = 0.156.
M
As = , where (BS 3.4.4.4)
( 0.95 fy )z
K
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 − ≤ 0.95d, and (BS 3.4.4.4)
0.9
M
K= . (BS 3.4.4.4)
f cu bd 2
This is the top steel if the section is under negative moment and the bot-
tom steel if the section is under positive moment.
where d' is the depth of the compression steel from the concrete compres-
sion face, and
2d'
f s' = 700 1 − ≤ 0.95 fy. (BS 3.4.4.4)
d
This is the bottom steel if the section is under negative moment. From
equilibrium, the area of tension reinforcement is calculated as:
M single M − M single
As =
( 0.95 f y ) z
+
(0.95 f y ) ( d − d' ) , where (BS 3.4.4.4)
K '
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 − = 0.776887 d. (BS 3.4.4.4)
0.9
As is to be placed at the bottom of the beam and As' at the top for positive
bending and vice versa for negative bending.
Design as a T-Beam
(i) Flanged beam under negative moment
The contribution of the flange to the strength of the beam is ignored. The de-
sign procedure is therefore identical to the one used for rectangular beams,
except that in the corresponding equations, b is replaced by bw. See Figure 2.
With the flange in compression, the program analyzes the section by consid-
ering alternative locations of the neutral axis. Initially the neutral axis is as-
sumed to be located in the flange. On the basis of this assumption, the pro-
gram calculates the depth of the neutral axis. If the stress block does not
extend beyond the flange thickness, the section is designed as a rectangular
beam of width bf. If the stress block extends beyond the flange width, the
contribution of the web to the flexural strength of the beam is taken into
account. See Figure 2.
0.67fcu/γc
The T-beam requires only tension reinforcement when the moment is posi-
tive, the flange is in compression, the moment is less than βf fcu bd2 and the
flange depth is less than 0.45d. In those conditions, the tension reinforcing
steel area of the T-beam is calculated as follows (BS 3.4.4.5):
where,
hf
β f = 0.45 1 − bw 1 − hf + 0.15 bw (BS 3.4.4.5)
d
bf 2d b
If the above conditions are not met, the T-beam is designed using the general
principle of the BS 8110 code (BS 3.4.4.4, BS 3.4.4.5), which is as follows:
Assuming that the neutral axis lies in the flange, the normalized moment is
computed as
M
K= . (BS 3.4.4.4)
f cu bf d 2
K
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 − ≤ 0.95d, (BS 3.4.4.4)
0.9
1
x= (d − z), and (BS 3.4.4.4)
0.45
If a ≤ hf, the subsequent calculations for As are exactly the same as previ-
ously defined for the rectangular section design. However, in that case the
width of the compression block is taken to be equal to the width of the
compression flange, bf for design. Compression reinforcement is required
if K > K'.
If a > hf, the subsequent calculations for As are performed in two parts.
The first part is for balancing the compressive force from the flange, Cf,
and the second part is for balancing the compressive force from the web,
Cw, as shown in Figure 2.
Mw = M − Mf, and
Mw
Kw = . (BS 3.4.4.1)
f cu bw d 2
Mf Mw
As = + , where (BS 3.4.4.1)
0.95 fy ( d − 0.5 hf ) 0.95 fy z
K
z = d 0.5 + 0.25 − w ≤ 0.95d. (BS 3.4.4.1)
0.9
Mw − M uw
A's = , (BS 3.4.4.1)
(
f s' )
− 0.67 f cu / γ c ( d − d' )
where d' is the depth of the compression steel from the concrete com-
pression face, and
2d'
f s' = 700 1 − ≤ 0.95 fy. (BS 3.4.4.1)
d
1 Mf M uw M − M uw
As = + + w . (BS 3.4.4.1)
0.95 f y d − 0.5 hf 0.777 d d − d'
Definition of Minimum
Section Situation
percentage percentage
'
As
Rectangular 100 0.20
bh
'
A
Web in tension 100 s 0.40
bf hf
T-Beam '
As
Web in compression 100 0.20
bw h
area (BS 3.12.6.1). The program reports an overstress when the ratio exceed
4 percent.
Calculate the design shear stress and maximum allowable shear stress as
V
v= , where (BS 3.4.5.2)
Acv
Acv = bw d, and
Note
The program reports an overstress message when the shear stress exceed 0.8RLW f cu
or 5 MPa (BS 3.4.5.2, BS 3.4.5.12).
1 1
0.79 k 1k 2 100 As 3 400
4
vc = RLW , (BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)
γm bd d
where,
1
f 3
k2 = cu ≥ 1, (BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)
25
100 As
0.15 ≤ ≤ 3, (BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)
bd
400
≥ 1, and (BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)
d
fcu ≤ 40 N/mm2 (for calculation purpose only). (BS 3.4.5.4, Table 3.8)
Asv 0.4 b
≥ , (BS 3.4.5.3)
sv 0.95 f yv
Asv (v − v c ) b
≥ , (BS 3.4.5.3)
sv 0.95 fyv
else if v ≥ vmax,
In shear design, fyv cannot be greater than 460 MPa (BS 3.4.5.1). If fyv is
defined as greater than 460 MPa, the program designs shear reinforcing
assuming that fyv equals 460 MPa.