14th Annual Caltrans/PCMA Bridge Seminar – November 2007

Design of Spiral Reinforcement

for Prestressed Concrete Piles
in High Seismic Regions
Sri Sritharan
Ann-Marie Fanous
Muhannad Suleiman
Arul K. Arulmoli

1
Research Objective
Develop a design equation to
determine the minimum transverse
reinforcement necessary to achieve a
target ductility over a given range of
axial loads in prestressed concrete
piles used in high seismic regions.
Outline
ˆ Background
ˆ Challenges
ˆ Target curvature demand
ˆ Guidelines for M – φ idealization
ˆ Limits on axial load ratios
ˆ Recommended equations and verification
ˆ Soil-pile interaction and lateral
displacement limits
Existing equations
ˆ Uniform Building Code (1997)
ˆ International Building Code (2000)
ˆ ASCE Minimum Design Loads for Buildings
and other Structures (2005)
ˆ PCI Recommended Practice (1993)
ˆ New Zealand Code of Practice for Concrete
Structures (2006)
ˆ Applied Technology Council (1996)
ˆ American Concrete Institute (2005)
Existing Equations of Interest
ˆ ACI – 2005
⎛ Ag ⎞⎛ f 'c ⎞ ⎛ f 'c ⎞
ρ s = 0.45⎜⎜ − 1⎟⎟⎜ ⎟ ≥ 0.12⎜ ⎟
⎜ f ⎟ ⎜ f ⎟
⎝ ch ⎠⎝ yt ⎠
A ⎝ yt ⎠

ˆ New Zealand Standard – 2006

⎛ 1.3 − pt m ⎞⎛ Ag ⎞⎛ f 'c ⎞ ⎡ P ⎤
ρs = ⎜ ⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ ⎟⎢ ⎥ − 0.0084
⎝ 2.4 ⎠⎝ Ac ⎜ f ⎟⎢ f ' A ⎥
⎠⎝ yt ⎠ ⎣ c g ⎦
Existing Equations of Interest
ˆ ATC-32 – 1996
⎛ f 'c ⎞ ⎡ ⎤
+ 0.13(ρ l − 0.01)
P
ρ s = 0.16⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎢0.5 + 1.25
⎟⎢
e
⎥
f
⎝ yh ⎠ ⎣ f 'c Ag ⎥⎦

ˆ PCI Recommended Practice-1993

⎛ Ag ⎞⎛ f ' c ⎞⎛ 1 . 4 P ⎞
ρ s = 0.25⎜⎜ − 1⎟⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ 0.5 + ⎟
⎜ f ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ ch
A ⎠⎝ yt ⎠⎝ f ' A
c g ⎠
 24-in. Octagonal Pile
f’c=8000 psi, fyh=60 ksi, 2-in. cover

> 100% increase!

7
 14-in. Octagonal Pile
0.12
ATC-32 (1996) ACI 318 (2005)
NZS 3101 (2006) PCI Recommended Practice (1993)
UBC (1997)
0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04
> 200% increase!
0.02

fc' = 8000 psi, fyh = 60 ksi, 2-inch cover

0
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
P/f'cAg (Axial Load Ratio) 8
Challenges
ˆ Demand (Δ or φ) unknown
ˆ A clearly defined M – φ idealization does not
exist
ˆ Allowable axial load ratio is arbitrarily defined
ˆ Significant reduction in cross-sectional area
due to spalling – not clear how much
reduction should be permitted.
ˆ Failure not defined in consideration of S-P-I
ˆ Confinement requirement is not based on the
expected curvature demand , which depends
on S-P-I and boundary condition.
 Curvature Demand
Experimental studies Field studies
Curvature 1/in.
M vs. φ Idealization: First yield moment

Define at εc = -0.002

11
Nominal Moment
ˆ Determine the curvature at cracking moment
φcr and at spalling of concrete φsp defined
using εc = 0.004
ˆ If φcr < φsp , the nominal moment is defined
by the average of the smallest and largest
moments that occur after spalling.
ˆ Avoid using pile sections if φcr > φsp
16” Octagonal Pile with Pcc/Aggf’’cc = 0.6

εc = εcu

Cracking

Spalling

Example of a pile section with φcr > φsp

13
Ultimate Moment
ˆ First occurrence of

ˆ 20 % reduction in moment resistance;

ˆ εsu = 4%; or

⎛ 1.4 ρ s ε su ⎞
ˆ ε cu = 0.004 + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ f ' cc ⎠
M vs. φ Idealization: Example
12000
Idealized response
10000

εc = εcu
8000 Spalling
Moment, kip-in

εc = 0.002
6000

Cracking
4000

2000
24” octagonal pile with axial
0
load ratio of 0.4
0.0000 0.0005 0.0010 0.0015 0.0020 0.0025 0.0030
-1
Curvature, in 15
Limit on Axial Loads
• Current code requirement
N ⎛ f pc ⎞
= ⎜⎜ 0.33 − 0.27 ⎟⎟
f 'c Ag ⎝ f 'c ⎠

• Substitute a range of values for fpc: (0.07 to 0.2)f’c

N
'
= 0.28 to 0.31
f c Ag
(It appears that this condition is not strictly enforced
even in seismic regions)
• Limit axial loads such that φcr will be always
less than φsp
Development of Equation
ˆ Use ATC equation as basis
⎛ f 'c ⎞ ⎡ ⎤
+ 0.13(ρ l − 0.01)
P
ρ s = 0.16⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎢0.5 + 1.25
⎟⎢
e
⎥
f
⎝ yh ⎠ ⎣ f 'c Ag ⎥⎦
ˆ Eliminated the influence of ρl due to (ρl – 0.01)
being negative
ˆ Meet the minimum ACI requirement
ˆ Recognize that Ag should not influence ρs that is
designed to confine the core concrete
Recommended Equation
⎛ f cc'' ⎞⎛ μ φφ ⎞ ⎡ P ⎛ 1.87 A ⎞ ⎤
ρ ss = 0.06⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎢2.8 + 1.25 ee ⎜ ch ⎟
ch
⎥
⎜
⎜ f ⎟⎝ 18 ⎠ ⎢ ⎟ f ''
A ⎜ A ⎟⎥
⎝ yhyh ⎠ ⎣ cc ch ch ⎝ gg ⎠⎦
or

⎛ f cc'' ⎞⎛ μ φφ ⎞ ⎡ 1 .25 P ⎤
ρ ss = 0.06⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ ⎢2.8 + ee
⎥
⎜ f ⎟⎜⎝ 18 ⎟⎠ ⎢ ''
0.53 f cc Agg ⎥⎦
⎝ yhyh ⎠ ⎣
 Variables
ˆ Analysis variables
fcc'' = 6000, 8000, and 10000 psi
fpc = 700 psi to 0.2 cc
''
f
Section dimensions
– Octagonal sections
– Square sections
ˆ Axial load limit (varies)
ˆ Curvature ductility (different levels)
Additional Variables
ˆ Below ground and above ground piles
ˆ Different connection details including the
effects of strain penetration (fully fixed,
pinned or partially fixed pile heads)
ˆ Different soil conditions
ˆ Variation in soil parameters for a given soil
type
ˆ Full vs. partial hinge formation
Different Sections
16” 24”

#3 spiral #3 spiral

11-prestressing 11-prestressing
strands strands

14”

#3 spiral

11-prestressing
strands
 14-in Octagonal Pile
0.1

0.09 > 50%

reduction!
0.08
ACI 318, 2005 NZS, 2006
ρ s (Volumetric Ratio)

0.07

0.06

0.05
PCI, 1993
0.04

0.03

0.02
ATC-32, 1996 ISU, Modified
0.01

0
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7
P/f'cAg (Axial Load Ratio)
 24-in Octagonal Pile
0.07

0.06
ρ s (Volumetric Ratio)

0.05

ACI 318, 2005 NZS, 2006 ISU, Modified

0.04

0.03

0.02
PCI, 1993
ATC-32, 1996
0.01

0
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7
P/f'cAg (Axial Load Ratio)
 Verification: Octagonal Piles
25
μφ ( Curvature Ductility Capacity)

20
1.1 Standard Deviation

15

19.4 Average

10

5
24" octagonal section
16" octagonal section

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

P/f'cAg (Axial Load Ratio)

 Comparison

NZS ATC-32 Recommended

(2006) (1996) Eq.

Target Ductility 20 13 (18)

Average Ductility 21.1 15.7 19.4

Standard Deviation 3.79 0.82 1.1

Percent Error 5.5 20.8 7.8

 Evaluation: Square sections
2500

2000
ε c = 0.002
Idealized
Response
Moment, kip-in

1500
ε c = ε cu
First crushing of cover concrete

1000

Cracking
500

Allowed up to ~ 40% drop in

moment resistance
0
0.0000 0.0005 0.0010 0.0015 0.0020 0.0025 0.0030 0.0035 0.0040
Curvature, in -1
 14-inch Square Pile
0.12
ATC-32 (1996) ACI 318 (2005)
NZS 3101 (2006) PCI Recommended Practice (1993)
ISU (Finalized)
0.1

> 60%
ρ s (Volumetric Ratio)

0.08 reduction!

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7
P/f'cAg (Axial Load Ratio)
 Evaluation: Square sections
30

25
μ φ (Curvature Ductility Capacity)

1.8 Standard
20 D i i

15
21.9 Average

10

12" square section 14" square section 16" square section

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4

P/f'cAg (Axial Load Ratio)

28
 Evaluation: μφφ = 12
18

16

14
μ φ (Curvature Ductility Capacity)

12

10

2 16" octagonal section

24" octagonal section
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
P/f'cAg (Axial Load Ratio)
 Evaluation: μφφ = 6
12

10
μ φ (Curvature Ductility Capacity)

2
16" octagonal section
24" octagonal section

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
P/f'cAg (Axial Load Ratio)
Soil-Pile Define Pile Properties

Interaction Length, Diameter, Area

Moment of Inertia
Modulus of Elasticity
M vs. EI
External Loading

Define Soil Properties Considering

Variability of Shear Strength

Sand
Clay
Effective Unit Weight
Effective Unit Weight
Friction Angle
Undrained Shear Strength
Initial Modulus of Subgrade
50% Strain, ε50
Reaction, k

Define Pile Head

Conditions:
Fixed
Pinned
Partially Fixed
 Define Δtarget and Δpermissible

Δtarget =
No Δpermissible? Yes

Determine Curvature Ductility

Corresponding to Δtarget

Determine Necessary Confinement ⎛⎛ ffc'' ⎞⎞⎡⎡

⎜ c ⎟⎟ 2.8 + 25PPee ⎤⎤
11..25
⎛⎛ ⎞⎞⎛⎛ μμφφ ⎞⎞⎡⎡ PPee ⎤⎤ ρρss == 00..06 ⎜ 2.8 +
⎜ ffyh ⎟⎟⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥
⎜ ffcc''⎟ 11..25
25 06 ⎜
06 ⎜⎜
ρρss == 00..06 ⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟⎢⎢22..88 ++ ⎥⎥ ''
cc gg ⎥
⎜ ffyhyh ⎟⎟⎜⎝⎜⎝ 18 ⎟⎢ '' ⎝⎝ yh ⎠⎠⎣⎣ 0
0 .
.53
53 f
f AA ⎦⎥⎦
⎝⎝ ⎠⎠ 18 ⎠⎠⎣⎢⎣ 0.53 fcc Agg ⎥⎦⎥⎦
0. 53 f A

Determine μsystem using Δtarget

Δ
Δuu ++ Δ
Δtarget
μμsystem =
system =
target
Δ
Δyy ++ Δ
Δtarget
target

Design the structure above ground such that

Δfoundation > Δtarget
Displacement Limits: LPILE Analysis

ˆ Pile idealization
Δ = 1.65 in.

spring
force

Lateral disp.
 LPILE Analysis
2500

2000
Moment, kip-in

1500

1000

500

Condensed M-φ response

LPILE output

0
0.0000 0.0005 0.0010 0.0015 0.0020 0.0025 0.0030 0.0035 0.0040

Curvature, in -1
 PILES with Fixed Head

Pile Very Dense Dense Hard Very Stiff Stiff

Number Sand Sand Clay Clay Clay
1 2.1 2.35 1.2 1.65 2.45
2 2 2.2 1.35 1.9 2.6
3 2.1 2.65 1.45 2 2.9
4 1.6 1.85 1 1.4 2
5 2 2.6 1.1 1.6 2.8
6 1.9 2.4 1.1 1.55 2.35
7 1.2 1.4 0.9 1.15 1.6
 PILES with Pinned Head

Pile Very Dense Dense Hard Very Stiff Stiff

Number Sand Sand Clay Clay Clay
1 2.1 2.35 1.2 1.65 2.45
2 2 2.2 1.35 1.9 2.6
3 2.1 2.65 1.45 2 2.9
4 1.6 1.85 1 1.4 2
5 2 2.6 1.1 1.6 2.8
6 1.9 2.4 1.1 1.55 2.35
7 1.2 1.4 0.9 1.15 1.6
 PILES with Partially Fixed Head

Pile Very Dense Dense Hard Very Stiff Stiff

Number Sand Sand Clay Clay Clay
1 2.4 x x x 2.7
2 x 2.5 x x x
3 x x 1.75 x x
4 3 x x 1.8 x
5 x 3 x x 4
6 x x 1.5 x x
7 x x x 1.4 x
 Define Δtarget and Δpermissible

Δtarget =
No Δpermissible? Yes

Determine Curvature Ductility

Corresponding to Δtarget

Determine Necessary Confinement ⎛⎛ ffc'' ⎞⎞⎡⎡

⎜ c ⎟⎟ 2.8 + 25PPee ⎤⎤
11..25
⎛⎛ ⎞⎞⎛⎛ μμφφ ⎞⎞⎡⎡ PPee ⎤⎤ ρρss == 00..06 ⎜ 2.8 +
⎜ ffyh ⎟⎟⎢⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥
⎜ ffcc''⎟ 11..25
25 06 ⎜
06 ⎜⎜
ρρss == 00..06 ⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎟⎢⎢22..88 ++ ⎥⎥ ''
cc gg ⎥
⎜ ffyhyh ⎟⎟⎜⎝⎜⎝ 18 ⎟⎢ '' ⎝⎝ yh ⎠⎠⎣⎣ 0
0 .
.53
53 f
f AA ⎦⎥⎦
⎝⎝ ⎠⎠ 18 ⎠⎠⎣⎢⎣ 0.53 fcc Agg ⎥⎦⎥⎦
0. 53 f A

Determine μsystem using Δtarget

Δ
Δuu ++ Δ
Δtarget
μμsystem =
system =
target
Δ
Δyy ++ Δ
Δtarget
target

Design the structure above ground such that

Δfoundation > Δtarget
 Conclusions
⎛ f c'' ⎞⎛ μφφ ⎞ ⎡ 1 . 25 P ⎤
ˆ ρ ss = 0.06 ⎜ c ⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎢2.8 + e
e
⎥
⎜ f yh ⎟⎝ 18 ⎠ ⎢ ''
0.53 f cc Agg ⎥⎦
⎝ yh ⎠ ⎣

ˆ Developed equation will enable quantification of

ρs as a function of ductility demand and captures
ˆ Recommended ρs provides an ultimate curvature
capacity of at least 0.00194 1/in., approximately
27% greater than the curvature demands
established from the literature review
 Conclusions
ˆ A design concept to address pile flexibility in the
design of structure is proposed.
ˆ Permissible limits on lateral displacements are:
Fixed-head pile in sand: 1.2 in. to 2.65 in.
Pinned-head pile in sand: 1.9 in. to 6 in.
Fixed-head pile in clay: 0.9 in. to 2.9 in.
Pinned-head pile in clay: 1.25 in. to 6 in.
Variables for Each Analysis Case
ˆ f’c = 6000, 8000, and 10000 psi
ˆ Effective prestress (fpc) = 700, 900, 1100, 1200
psi
ˆ Axial load = determined from
Ag * (0.33 f 'c −0.27 f pc )
This will be changed in order to broaden what we
can analyze. The new criteria for determining the
axial load will be based on whether the cracking of
concrete occurs before the spalling of concrete.

42
Evaluation of the New Equation

43
Evaluation of the New Equation

44
45
Evaluation of the New Equation

46
ISU Equation

47
ATC-32 (1996)

48
New Zealand Standard (2006)

49
24-in Octagonal Piles - ρss

50
24-inch precast prestressed octagonal cross section

51
14-inch precast prestressed square cross section

52
12-inch precast prestressed square cross section

53