I.C.A.I.

ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERÍA

UNIVERSIDAD PONTIFICIA COMILLAS
Course: 1º MII
Operation of Electric Power Industry
Name: Surname:
Group:

1) Select the right answer:

a) Electric energy is a primary energy source.

b) Electric energy is a clean energy because the generation of electricity has no environmental
impact..
c) The electrical energy is clean in the sense that neither emissions nor waste are produced at
points of consumption.
d) According to historical data, for the past 50 years no correlation can be established between the
consumption of electric energy and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

2) Given the following Sankey diagram corresponding to the 2010 global data (in Mtoe), it can be stated that:

a) Natural gas is the main source of primary energy for the production of electricity and heat.
b) The hydraulic energy is not included in the previous diagram since it is not a fuel and has no
cost, but the value of the thermal generation that it replaces.
c) The losses in the transport and distribution lines are not reflected in the diagram.
d) Coal is the major source of primary energy for the production of electricity and heat..

3) The activities of retail companies include…

a) Perform the maintenance tasks of the low voltage network.

b) Operate the distribution networks.
c) Obtain a feasible schedule of the generators.
d) Billing the consumption to final customers.
4) There are four available generation technologies to determine the

$/Installed MW
optimal generation mix in orde to supply the indicated load 1 2 3
duration curve. The costs per MW installed according to the 4
number of hours of production are represented in the upper part
of the figure. For these conditions, what capacity should be
installed respectively of technology 1, technology 3 and
technology 4?
hours
a) T1: 10 MW T3: 30 MW T4: 0 MW
b) T1: 20 MW T3: 30 MW T4: 20 MW

MW
c) T1: 0 MW T3: 30 MW T4: 30 MW
d) T1: 20 MW T3: 30 MW T4: 30 MW

10 MW hours

1000 h

Given a power system, the demand of one day can be represented by 3 load periods A, B and C, characterized
by the demand values (DA, DB , DC) (MW) and the corresponding duration (t A, tB, tC) (h). There are two
generation units on-line that have to supply the demand. The input-output curves (th/h) are H1(P1) and H2(P2)
and the fuel price is f1 and f2 [€/th]. Each unit i has a minimum stable load and a maximum output power ( 𝑃 i,
𝑃̅ i).

The CO2 emissions (in tonnes, t) can be approximated as the amount of Thermies consumed multiplied by
a fixed emission rate e1 and e2 [t/th]. In order to be allowed to produce, the generators have to acquire the
corresponding emission rights at a price 𝑝𝐶𝑂2 [€/t].

In addition, the energy generated by unit 2 in period C cannot be 15% higher than the energy generated by
that unit during the rest of the day.

The corresponding optimization problem to solve the economic dispatch is as follows, where X and Y need
to be determined:
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑋
𝑠. 𝑡. 𝑃1𝐴 + 𝑃2𝐴 = 𝐷𝐴 ∶ 𝜆𝐴
𝑃1𝐵 + 𝑃2𝐵 = 𝐷𝐵 ∶ 𝜆𝐵
𝑃1𝐶 + 𝑃2𝐶 = 𝐷𝐶 ∶ 𝜆𝐶
𝑌 ∶ 𝛾
𝑃1 ≤ 𝑃1𝐴 ≤ 𝑃1 ∶ µ1𝐴 , µ1𝐴
𝑃1 ≤ 𝑃1𝐵 ≤ 𝑃1 ∶ µ1𝐵 , µ1𝐵
𝑃1 ≤ 𝑃1𝐶 ≤ 𝑃1 ∶ µ1𝐶 , µ1𝐶
𝑃2 ≤ 𝑃2𝐴 ≤ 𝑃2 ∶ µ2𝐴 , µ2𝐴
𝑃2 ≤ 𝑃2𝐵 ≤ 𝑃2 ∶ µ2𝐵 , µ2𝐵
𝑃2 ≤ 𝑃2𝐶 ≤ 𝑃2 ∶ µ2𝐵 , µ2𝐵
5) The objective function X which is missing in the previous formulation is:

𝑡𝐴 · (𝑓1 · 𝐻1 (𝑃1𝐴 ) + 𝑓2 · 𝐻2 (𝑃2𝐴 )) + 𝑡𝐵 · (𝑓1 · 𝐻1 (𝑃1𝐵 ) + 𝑓2 · 𝐻2 (𝑃2𝐵 ))

a) 𝑡𝐶 · (𝑓1 · 𝐻1 (𝑃1𝐶 ) + 𝑓2 · 𝐻2 (𝑃2𝐶 ))

𝑡𝐴 · ((𝑓1 + 𝑒1 · 𝑝𝐶𝑂2 ) · 𝐻1 (𝑃1𝐴 ) + (𝑓2 + 𝑒2 · 𝑝𝐶𝑂2 ) · 𝐻2 (𝑃2𝐴 )) +

b) 𝑡𝐵 · ((𝑓1 + 𝑒1 · 𝑝𝐶𝑂2 ) · 𝐻1 (𝑃1𝐵 ) + (𝑓2 + 𝑒2 · 𝑝𝐶𝑂2 ) · 𝐻2 (𝑃2𝐵 )) +
𝑡𝐶 · ((𝑓1 + 𝑒1 · 𝑝𝐶𝑂2 ) · 𝐻1 (𝑃1𝐶 ) + (𝑓2 + 𝑒2 · 𝑝𝐶𝑂2 ) · 𝐻2 (𝑃2𝐶 ))

𝑡𝐴 · (𝑓1 · 𝐻1 (𝑃1𝐴 ) + 𝑓2 · 𝐻2 (𝑃2𝐴 )) +

𝑡𝐵 · (𝑓1 · 𝐻1 (𝑃1𝐵 ) + 𝑓2 · 𝐻2 (𝑃2𝐵 )) +
c) 𝑡𝐶 · (𝑓1 · 𝐻1 (𝑃1𝐶 ) + 𝑓2 · 𝐻2 (𝑃2𝐶 )) +
(𝑡𝐴 · 𝑃1𝐴 + 𝑡𝐵 · 𝑃1𝐵 + 𝑡𝐶 · 𝑃1𝐶 ) · 𝑒1 · 𝑝𝐶𝑂2 +
(𝑡𝐴 · 𝑃2𝐴 + 𝑡𝐵 · 𝑃2𝐵 + 𝑡𝐶 · 𝑃2𝐶 ) · 𝑒2 · 𝑝𝐶𝑂2

𝑓1 · 𝐻1 (𝑃1𝐴 ) + 𝑓2 · 𝐻2 (𝑃2𝐴 ) + 𝑓1 · 𝐻1 (𝑃1𝐵 ) + 𝑓2 · 𝐻2 (𝑃2𝐵 ) + 𝑓1 · 𝐻1 (𝑃1𝐶 ) + 𝑓2 · 𝐻2 (𝑃2𝐶 )

d)
(𝑃1𝐴 + 𝑃1𝐵 + 𝑃1𝐶 ) · 𝑒1 · 𝑝𝐶𝑂2 + (𝑃2𝐴 + 𝑃2𝐵 + 𝑃2𝐶 ) · 𝑒2 · 𝑝𝐶𝑂2

6) The constraint Y that is missing in the previous formulation is:

a) 𝑃2𝐶 ≤ 1.15 · (𝑃2𝐴 + 𝑃2𝐵 )
b) 𝑃2𝐶 ≤ 1.15 · (𝐷𝐴 + 𝐷𝐵 )
c) 𝑃2𝐶 ≤ 0.85 · (𝑃2𝐴 + 𝑃2𝐵 )
d) 𝑃2𝐶 · 𝑡𝐶 ≤ 1.15 · (𝑃2𝐴 · 𝑡𝐴 + 𝑃2𝐵 · 𝑡𝐵 )

7) For a given input data set, the solution of the previous problem satisfies that both units are marginal in the
three time periods, the system marginal costs are: SMC A = 43.558 €/MWh, SMCB = 50.020 €/MWh, and
SMCC=68.615 €/MWh, and the marginal cost (including its emission related cost) of unit 2 in period B is
50.840 €/MWh. The value of the Lagrange multiplier 𝛾 (€/MWh) is:

a) 0
b) 0.820
c) 0.713
d) 50.840

8) For the same data, the marginal cost (€/MWh) of generator 2 in period C is:

a) 68.615
b) 67.902
c) 50.840
d) 59.665