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Migration of Ions
Migration of Ions
OBJECTIVES
MATERIALS
Microscope slides
Filter paper
Potassium permanganate crystal
Crocodile clips
Power supply – 20V DC
Copper wire
PROCEDURES
Cut a piece of filter paper slightly smaller than a microscope slide. Draw a faint
pencil line across the middle.
Moisten the filter paper with tap water. Fasten the paper to the slide with
crocodile clips.
Use forceps to put a small crystal of potassium manganite in the centre of the
paper.
Connect the clips to a power supply set at not more than 20V DC. Switch on
and wait about ten minutes.
QUESTIONS
CONCLUSIONS
OBJECTIVES
MATERIALS
Ethanol
Thymolphthalein
Beaker
Sodium hydroxide solution
Small paint brush
White paper
PROCEDURES
QUESTIONS
CONCLUSIONS
The colour change occurs because hydroxide reacts with a gas in the air.
GLUE FROM MILK
OBJECTIVES
MATERIALS
PROCEDURES
QUESTIONS
How effective is the glue made out of milk compare to other brand of glue?
CONCLUSIONS
Glue can be made from the protein in milk called casein. In this experiment,
polymer glue is prepared from milk. The casein is separated from milk by processes
called coagulation and precipitation.
CAUSES OF RUSTING
OBJECTIVES
MATERIALS
Nail
Deionised water
Boiled deionised water
test tubes – 4 numbers
PROCEDURES
Place a clean nail into a test – tube that contains a little deionised water.
Place a clean nail into a test – tube that contains a little boiled deionised
water. Pour about 1 cm depth of oil onto the surface.
Place about 2 cm depth of anhydrous calcium chloride granules into a test –
tube. Add a nail on top and place a bung on the blue.
Leave the tubes for more than three days and then re – examine the nails.
QUESTIONS
What will be the difference of deionised water and boiled deionised water?
CONCLUSIONS
Rusting is the form of oxidation layer on bare metal. Iron forms iron oxide on
reactions with atmospheric oxygen.
METAL COUPLING ON RUSTING OF IRON
OBJECTIVES
MATERIALS
Two petridishes
four iron nails
beaker
sand paper
wire gauge
Gelatin
Copper
zinc and magnesium strips
potassium ferricyanide solution
phenolphthalein
PROCEDURES
1. Clean the surface of iron nails with the help of sand paper. Wash them with
carbon tetrachloride and dry on filter paper.
2. Wind a clean strip around one nail, a clean copper wire around the second and
clean magnesium strip around the third nail. Put all these three and a fourth nail
in petridish so that they are not in contact with each other.
3. Preparation of agar agar solution. Heat about 3g of agar agar in 100ml of water
taken in a beaker until solution becomes clear. Add about 1ml of 0.1M potassium
ferri-cyanide solution, 1ml of phenol-phthalein solution and stir well the contents.
4. Fill petridishes with hot agar agar solution in such a way that only lower half of
nails are covered with liquid.
5. Keep the covered petridishes undisturbed for one day or so.
6. The liquid sets to gel on cooling. Two types of patches are observed around the
rusted nail, one is blue and the other pink. Blue patch is due to the reaction
between Ferrous ions and potassium ferricyanide to form potassium Ferro-
ferricyanide, KFe[Fe(CN)6] whereas pink patch is due to the formation of hydroxyl
ions which turns colourless phenolphthalein to pink.
QUESTIONS
What will be the effect if the water that is used in this experiment is greater
than the required measurement?
CONCLUSIONS
It is clear from the observations that coupling of iron with more electropositive metal
such as zinc and magnesium resists corrosion and rusting of iron. Coupling of iron
with less electropositive metal such as copper increases rusting.