CHAPTER 5

FLUID DYNAMICS
Characteristics of Fluid Flow

� Steady uniform flow

– Condition do not change with position
and time. The velocity and cross sectional
area of the stream of fluid are the same
at each cross section.
- dV/dt = 0, dP/dt = 0
t1 t2

A B A B

� Steady non uniform flow

- Condition change with position and but
not with the time. The velocity and cross
sectional area may vary from cross
section to cross section but for each cross
section, they will not vary with time.
- dV/dt = 0, dP/dt = 0
t1 t2
t1 t1

A B A B

� Unsteady uniform flow

– At any given instant of time the velocity
at every point is the same but this
velocity will change by time.
- dV/dt  0, dP/dt  0
 t1 t2

A B A B

� Unsteady non uniform flow

– The cross sectional area and velocity vary
from point to point and also change with
time.
- dV/dt  0, dP/dt  0
t1 t2
t1 t1

A B A B

Ideal And Real Fluids

� Ideal Fluids
– the effect of shear stress is ignored
because there is no viscosity.

� Real Fluids
– shear stress occurred between layers of
moving fluid as a result of viscosity.
Compressible and Incompressible Flow

� All fluids are compressible so that their density

will change with pressure.

� For a steady flow conditions, the changes of

density is very small so that the fluid is
incompressible.

� For unsteady flow condition, high pressure

differences can develop, the changes of density
occur, and the fluid is compressible.

Types of Fluid Flow

� Reynolds Number is used to differentiate type

of fluid flow
Re = vd/

� Laminar Flow
- Re < 2100
- The particle of fluid moving in an orderly
manner and retaining the same relative
position in successive cross sections
 or
- Flow is said to be laminar when adjacent
fluid layers move at same velocity and
paths of individual particles of fluid do
not cross each other.
- Occur at low velocities and high viscosity

� Transition Flow
- 2100 < Re < 4000
- The characteristic of this flow is in
between laminar and turbulent flow.

� Turbulent Flow
- Re > 4000
- The particle of fluid no longer moved in
an orderly manner but occupied different
relative position in successive cross
sections
or
- Flow is turbulent when streamlines cross
each other and mixing of fluid flow occur.
- Occur at high velocities and low viscosity

� Reynold’s Experiment : Dye Streaks

Basic Equations in Fluid Flow

� 3 basic equations to solve fluid flow problems

- Continuity Equation
- Bernoulli Equation
- Momentum Equation

Continuity Equation

� This principle of conservation of mass is used

to analysis of flowing fluids.

� The principle is applied to fixed volumes,

known as control volumes (or surfaces) as
shown in figure below.
 An arbitrarily shaped control volume.

� For any control volume the principle of

conservation of mass says
Mass entering per unit time
= Mass leaving per unit time + Increase
of mass in the
control volume per unit time

� For steady flow there is no increase in the

mass within the control volume, so
Mass entering per unit time = Mass leaving per
unit time

� Based on figure above, we can write

1A1u1 = 2A2u2 = constant = m

 When the fluid can be considered
incompressible
A1u1 = A2u2 = Q
Q1 = Q2

This is the form of the continuity equation most

often used.

Bernoulli’s Equation

� Bernoulli's equation is one of the most

important/useful equations in fluid mechanics.
It may be written,
(1/g)P1 + (V2/2g)1 + z1 = (1/g)P2 +
(V2/2g)2 + z2

� Consider a small fluid particle of size s by n

as shown in figure below.
� For steady flow, the component of Newton’s
second law along the streamline direction, s
can be written as
åFS = maS
(p - pS)ny - (p + pS)ny - gsinq =
aS
-2pSny - gsinq = aS

Since the particle is small, from Taylor series

pS » (p/s)(s/2)

Thus
-(p/s)() - gsinq = aS
-(p/s) - gsinq = aS

Divide with 
-(1/)(p/s) - gsinq - V/t = 0
Knowing that
V/t = (V/s)(s/t) + v/t

And for steady flow

v/t = 0

Therefore
-(1/)(p/s) - gsinq - (V/s)(s/t) = 0
-(1/)(p/s) – g(z/s) - (V/s)V = 0
(1/)p + gz + (V)V = 0 Euler
equation

Integrate Euler equation across streamline

ò(1/)p + gz + (V)V = ò 0
(1/)P + gz + V2/2 = constant

Rearrange
(1/g)P + V2/2g + z = constant
(1/g)P + V2/2g + z = H

where
(1/g)P = pressure head
V2/2g = velocity head
z = elevation head
H = total head

By neglecting friction, the Bernoulli equation

states that the sum of the pressure head,
the velocity head and elevation head is
constant along a streamline, therefore
(1/g)P1 + (V2/2g)1 + z1 = (1/g)P2 +
(V2/2g)2 + z2
 � Bernoulli's equation has some restrictions in
its applicability, they are:
- Flow is steady (effect of unsteady flow)
- Density is constant (effect of
compressible flow)
- Friction losses are negligible (effect of
friction/shear stress)
- The equation relates the states at two
points along a single streamline, (not
conditions on two different streamlines).

Static, Stagnation, Dynamic and Total

Pressure

� Based on Bernoulli equation and figure below

static pressure = p
dynamic pressure = V2/2
stagnation pressure = p2
= p1 + V12

Application of Bernoulli Equation

 � The Bernoulli equation can be applied to a
great many situations.

� Application of Bernoulli equation

- Free Jets
- Orifice in Pipe
- Venturi Meter
- Static Pitot Tube
- Weir

Free Jets

� For a horizontal nozzle as shown in figure, the

velocity of the fluid at the centerline, V2 will be
slightly greater than at the top, V1 and slightly
less than that at the bottom,V3 due to the
differences in elevation. In general, d  h and
we can safely use the centerline velocity as a
reasonable average velocity.

� If the exit is not smooth, well contour nozzle,

but rather a flat plate as shown in figure below,
 the diameter of the jet, dj will be less than the
diameter of the hole, dh. This phenomenon
called a vena contracta effects.

� Consider a free jet as shown in figure below.

From Bernoulli equation

(1/g)P1 + V12/2g + z1 = (1/g)P2 + V22/2g +
z2

Assume point 1 is at the surface of the water

(point A) and point 2 is at point B.
Given
p1 = 0
p2 = 0
v1 = 0
z1 – z2 = H

Thus
H = V22/2g Torricelli
Equation
V2 = (2gH)1/2

From experiment
VACT = CVVT

where
VACT = Actual velocity
VT = Theoretical velocity
CV = Velocity coefficient

V2ACT = CV(2gh)1/2
Flowrate
Q = V2A2
= (2gh)1/2A2

Actual Flowrate
QACT = V2ACTA2ACT

From vena contracta coefficient

A2ACT/A2 = CC
 Therefore
QACT = CV (2gh)1/2A2CC
= CD(2gh)1/2A2

where
CD = CCCV = flowrate coefficient
� Vena contracta coefficients
Orifice in Pipe

� Consider an orifice in pipe as shown in figure

below.

Assume
D1 = Flow diameter near point A
D2 = Flow diameter near point B
D = Orifice diameter

Bernoulli equation
(1/g)P1 + V12/2g + z1 = (1/g)P2 + V22/2g +
z2

Assume point 1 is the center of radius of the

pipe near point A and point 2 is the center of
radius of the pipe near point B.
 From continuity equation
Q1 = Q2
V1A1 = V2A2
V1 = V2(D2)2/(D1)2

From Bernoulli equation

(P1 – P2)/g = (V22 – V12)/2g + (z2 – z1)
(P1 – P2)/g = V22(1 – CC2[(D)4/(D1)4])/2g
V2 = {(2g[P1 – P2]/g)/(1 – CC2[(D)4/(D1)4])}1/2

Actual Velocity
V2ACT = CVV2
= CV{(2g[P1 – P2]/g)/(1 – CC2[(D)4/
(D1)4])}1/2

Actual flowrate
QACT = V2ACTA2
= CV{(2g[P1 – P2]/g)/(1 – CC2[(D)4/(D1)4])}1/2
{CCA}
= CD{(2g[P1 – P2]/g)/(1 – CC2[(D)4/
(D1)4])}1/2 A}

Pressure different, P1 – P2
P1 - gh1- gr = P2 - g(h1+h2) - gr +
1gh2
P1 – P2 = gh1 + gr - g(h1+h2) - gr +
1gh2

Divide with g
(P1 – P2)/ g = h1 + r - (h1+h2) - r + s1h2
(P1 – P2)/ g = s1h2 – h2

Therefore
 QACT = CD{2g(s1h2 – h2)/(1 – CC2[(D)4/
(D1)4])}1/2 {A}

Venturi Meter

� Consider a venturi meter as shown in figure

below.
� Assume fluid through venturi meter is oil and
manometric fluid is mercury.

� From Bernoulli equation

(1/g)P1 + z1 + V12/2g = (1/g)P2 + z2 +
V22/2g
(V12 – V22)/2g = (P1 – P2)/g + (z1 – z2)

From continuity equation

V2A2 = V1A1
V2 = V1A1/A2
= V1d12/d22

Thus
V12(1 – d14/d24)/2g = (P1 – P2)/g + (z1 – z2)

From manometer
 PX = P1 + Ogz1

and
PX = P2 + Og(z2 - h) + mgh

Thus
P2 – P1 = Og(z1+h – z2) - mgh

Therefore
V12(1 – d14/d24)/2g = (Og(z1+h – z2) - mgh)/g
+ (z1 – z2)

V1 = {[(Og(z1+h – z2) - mgh)/g + (z1 – z2)]/

[(1 – d14/d24)/2g]}1/2

Flowrate
Q= VA
= {[(Og(z1+h–z2) - mgh)/g + (z1–z2)]/
[(1 – d14/d24)/2g]}1/2 A1

Actual Velocity, V1ACT

V1ACT = CVV1
= CV{[(Og(z1+h–z2) - mgh)/g + (z1–
z2)]/
[(1– d14/d24)/2g]}1/2

Actual flowrate, QACT

QACT = CVV1A1
QACT = CV{[(Og(z1+h–z2) - mgh)/g + (z1–
z2)]/
[(1–d14/d24)/2g]}1/2 A1
Static Pitot Tube

� Consider a static pitot tube as shown in figure

below.

� From Bernoulli equation

(1/g)P1 + z1 + V12/2g = (1/g)P2 + z2 +
V22/2g

Assume the density of fluid through pitot tube

is  and manometric fluid density is 1

At point 2
V2 = 0 (stagnation point)
z1 – z2 = 0

Thus
V12/2g = (P2 – P1)/g
V1 = [2(P2 – P1)/]1/2

From manometer
P2 - P1 = 1gR - gR
 Therefore
V1 = [2(1gR - gR)/]1/2

Flowrate
Q = VA
= [2(1gR - gR)/]1/2A1

Actual Velocity, V1ACT

V1ACT = CVV1
= CV [2(1gR - gR)/]1/2

Actual flowrate, QACT

QACT = CVV1A1
= CV [2(1gR - gR)/]1/2A1

Weir

� Consider a weir as shown in figure below.

� Bernoulli equation
(1/g)P1 + z1 + V12/2g = (1/g)P2 + z2 +
V22/2g
 Assume point 1 is at the water surface while
point 2 is a small fluid element with thickness
y at depth y from the water surface at the
exit/outlet

At point 1
P1 = 0
V1 = 0

At point 2
P2 = 0

From Bernoulli equation

(1/g)P1 + z1 + V12/2g = (1/g)P2 + z2 +
V22/2g
V2 = [2g(z1 - z2)]1/2
= [2g(y)]1/2

Flowrate
Q = V2A2
= ò V2A
= ò[2g(y)]1/2 (by)
= [2g]1/2 b(y)3/2(2/3)
= (2/3)[2g]1/2 b(h)3/2

Actual flowrate, QACT

QACT = CD(2/3)[2g]1/2 b(h)3/2
Example 1

Determine the flowrate through the venturi

meter shown in figure below if ideal conditions
exist.

Solution :

Bernoulli equation
(1/g)P1 + z1 + V12/2g = (1/g)P2 + z2 +
V22/2g
(V12 –V22)/2g = (P2 – P1)/g + (z2 – z1)

From continuity equation

V1A1 = V2A2
V2 = V1A1/ A2
= V1d12/ d22
And
 z2 – z1 = 0

Fluid density
 = specific weight/gravity
= 9100/9.81
= 928 kg/m3
Thus
[V12 – (V12d14/ d24)]/2g = (P2 – P1)/g
V12[1 – (d14/ d24)]/2g = (P2 – P1)/g
V12 = 2(P2 – P1)/ [1 – (d14/ d24)]
= 2(550k – 735k)/928[1 –
(0.031 /0.0194)]
4

= (-370k)/(-5648.2)
V1 = 8.09 m/s

Flowrate
Q =V1A1
= 8.09(0.0312)/4
= 6.103 x 10-3 m3/s

Example 2

Determine the flowrate through the pipe in

figure below.

Solution :
 Bernoulli equation
(1/g)P1 + z1 + V12/2g = (1/g)P2 + z2 +
V22/2g
(V12 –V22)/2g = (P2 – P1)/g + (z2 – z1)

At point 2
V2 = 0

And
z2 – z1 = 0

Thus
V12/2g = (P2 – P1)/g

From manometer
P2 – P1 = g(2.5) - mg(2.5)
= 1000(9.81)(2.5) - 900(9.81)(2.5)
= 2452.5 Pa

Therefore
V12/2g = (P2 – P1)/g
V12 = 2(P2 – P1)/
2
V1 = 2(2452.5)/1000
= 4.905
V1 = 2.21 m/s

Flowrate
Q = V1A1
= 2.21(0.082)/4
= 0.011 m3/s
The Momentum Equation

� All moving fluids exerting forces.

� Examples :
- The lift force on an aircraft is exerted by
the air moving over the wing.
- A jet of water from a hose exerts a force
on whatever it hits.

� The momentum equation is a statement of

Newton's Second Law and relates the sum of
the forces acting on an element of fluid to its
acceleration or rate of change of momentum.

� Newton's 2nd Law can be written as the rate of

change of momentum of a body is equal to the
 resultant force acting on the body, and takes
place in the direction of the force.

� To determine the rate of change of momentum

for a fluid we will consider a streamtube as we
did for the Bernoulli equation,

A streamtube in three and two-dimensions

In time t, a volume of the fluid moves from the

inlet a distance ut.

so at the inlet
volume = area x distance
= A1u1t

mass = volume x density

= 1A1u1t

momentum = mass x velocity

= 1A1u1t u1
 Similarly, at the exit, we can obtain an
expression for the momentum leaving the
steamtube
momentum = mass x velocity
= 2A2u2t u2

Using Newton's 2nd Law, the force is equal to

the rate of change of momentum. So
Force = rate of change of momentum
FT = (2A2u2t u2 - 1A1u1t u1)/t
.
= m (u2 - u1)

� This force is a total exerted on the fluid and

this force is made up of three components.
FT = F R + F B + F P

where
FR = Force exerted on the fluid by any
solid body touching the control
volume
FB = Force exerted on the fluid body (e.g.
gravity)
FP = Force exerted on the fluid by fluid
pressure outside the control volume

� The force exerted by the fluid on the solid

body touching the control volume is opposite
to FR. So the reaction force, R is given by
R = - FR

Application Of The Momentum Equation

� The momentum equation can be applied to a

great many situations.
 � Application of momentum equation
- Force due to the flow of fluid round a
pipe bend.
- Force on a nozzle at the outlet of a pipe.
- Impact of a jet on a plane surface.
- Force due to flow round a curved vane.
- A curved vane on a Pelton wheel turbine.
- Impact of a jet on An angled plane
surface.

Force Due The Flow Around A Pipe Bend

� Consider a pipe bend with a constant cross

section lying in the horizontal plane and
turning through an angle of q.

Flow round a pipe bend of constant cross-section

� Why do we want to know the forces here?

Because the fluid changes direction, a force
(very large in the case of water supply pipes,)
will act in the bend. If the bend is not fixed it
will move and eventually break at the joints.
 We need to know how much force a support
(thrust block) must withstand.

� Step in Analysis
- Draw a control volume
- Decide on co-ordinate axis system
- Calculate the total force
- Calculate the pressure force
- Calculate the body force
- Calculate the resultant force

Draw a control volume

- The control volume is draw in the figure
below, with faces at the inlet and outlet
of the bend and encompassing the pipe
walls.

Decide on co-ordinate axis system

- It is convenient to choose the co-ordinate
axis so that one is pointing in the
direction of the inlet velocity. In the
above figure the x-axis points in the
direction of the inlet velocity.
Calculate the total force
- In the x-direction :
.
FTX = m (u2X - u1X)
= Q(u2cosq - u1)

- In the y-direction :
.
FTY = m (u2Y - u1Y)
= Qu2sinq

Calculate the pressure force

- In the x-direction :
FPX = p1A1 –p2A2cosq

- In the y-direction :
FPY = –p2A2sinq

Calculate the body force

There are no body forces in the x or y
directions. The only body force is that
exerted by gravity (which acts into the
paper in this example - a direction we do
not need to consider).

Calculate the resultant force

- In the x-direction :
FTX = FRX + FBX + FPX
FRX = FTX - FBX - FPX
= Q(u2cosq - u1) – (p1A1 –p2A2cosq)

- In the y-direction :
FTY = FRY + FBY + FPY
FRY = FTY - FBY - FPY
= Qu2sinq - (–p2A2sinq)
 Resultant force on the fluid is given by
FR = (FRX2 + FRY2)1/2

And the direction of application is

q = tan-1(FRY/FRX)

Force on the bend is the same magnitude but

in the opposite direction
R = -FR

Force On A Pipe Nozzle

� Force on the nozzle at the outlet of a pipe.

Because the fluid is contracted at the nozzle
forces are induced in the nozzle. Anything
holding the nozzle (e.g. a fireman) must be
strong enough to withstand these forces.
� The analysis takes the same procedure as
before :
Control volume and Co-ordinate axis are shown
in the figure below.
Calculate the total force
FT = m (u2 - u1)
.

= Q(u2 - u1)

from continuity equation Q = V1A1 =V2A2, so

FT = Q2[(1/A2) - (1/A1]

Calculate the pressure force

- From Bernoulli equation with z1 = z2, p2
= 0, and with continuity gives
p1 = Q2[(1/A22) - (1/A12]
- pressure force
p1A1 = Q2 A1 [(1/A22) - (1/A12]

Calculate the body force

The only body force is the weight due to
gravity in the y-direction, but we need not
consider this as the only forces we are
considering are in the x-direction.
Therefore
FB = 0

Calculate the resultant force

 FT = F R + F B + F P
FR = F T - F B - F P
= Q2[(1/A2) - (1/A1] - Q2 A1 [(1/A22) -
(1/A12]

So the fireman must be able to resist the force

of
R = - FR

Impact of a Jet on a Plane

� We will first consider a jet hitting a flat plate (a

plane) at an angle of 900, as shown in the
figure below.

A perpendicular jet hitting a plane.

� The analysis takes the same procedure as

before :
Control volume and Co-ordinate axis are shown
in the figure below.

Calculate the total force

FT = m (u2 - u1)
.

= - Qu1

Calculate the pressure force.

The pressure force is zero as the pressure
at both the inlet and the outlets to the
control volume are atmospheric.

Calculate the body force

As the control volume is small we can
ignore the body force due to the weight of
gravity.

Calculate the resultant force

FT = F R + F B + F P
FR = F T - F B - F P
= - Qu1
 The force on the plane is the same magnitude
but in the opposite direction
R = - FR

Force On A Curved Vane

� This case is similar to that of a pipe, but the

analysis is simpler because the pressures are
equal - atmospheric, and both the cross-section
and velocities (in the direction of flow) remain
constant. The jet, vane and co-ordinate
direction are arranged as in the figure below.

� The analysis takes the same procedure as

before :
Control volume and Co-ordinate axis are shown
in the figure above.

Jet deflected by a curved vane.

Calculate the total force

- In the x-direction :
FTX = m (u2X - u1X)
.
 = Q(u2cosq - u1)

but u1 = u2 = Q/A, thus

FTX = (Q2/A)(cosq - 1)

- In the y-direction :
.
FTY = m (u2Y - u1Y)
= (Q2/A)sinq

Calculate the pressure force.

Again, the pressure force is zero as the
pressure at both the inlet and the outlets to
the control volume are atmospheric.

Calculate the body force

- No body forces in the x-direction, FBX =
0.
- In the y-direction the body force acting is
the weight of the fluid. If  is the volume
of the fluid on the vane then,
FBY = g
- This is often small if the jet volume is
small and sometimes ignored in analysis.

Calculate the resultant force

FTX = FRX + FBX + FPX
FRX = FTX
= (Q2/A)(cosq - 1)

FTY = FRY + FBY + FPY

FRY = FTY
= (Q2/A)sinq

Resultant force on the fluid is given by

 FR = (FRX2 + FRY2)1/2

And the direction of application is

q = tan-1(FRY/FRX)

Force on the vane is the same magnitude but

in the opposite direction
R = -FR

Pelton Wheel Blade

� The above analysis of impact of jets on vanes

can be extended and applied to analysis of
turbine blades. One particularly clear
demonstration of this is with the blade of a
turbine called the pelton wheel.

� The arrangement of a pelton wheel is shown in

the figure below. A narrow jet (usually of
water) is fired at blades which stick out around
the periphery of a large metal disk. The shape
of each of these blade is such that as the jet
hits the blade it splits in two (see figure below)
 with half the water diverted to one side and
the other to the other. This splitting of the jet
is beneficial to the turbine mounting - it causes
equal and opposite forces (hence a sum of
zero) on the bearings.

Pelton wheel arrangement and jet hitting cross-

section of blade.

� The analysis takes the same procedure as

before :
Control volume and Co-ordinate axis are shown
in the figure below.

Calculate the total force

- In the x-direction
.
FTX = m (u2X - u1X)
= [(Q/2)u2cosq + (Q/2)u2cosq - (-
Qu1)]
 = Q(u2cosq + u1)

- In the y-direction it is symmetrical, so

FTY = 0

Calculate the pressure force.

The pressure force is zero as the pressure
at both the inlet and the outlets to the
control volume are atmospheric.

Calculate the body force

We are only considering the horizontal
plane in which there are no body forces.

Calculate the resultant force

FTX = FRX + FBX + FPX
FRX = FTX
= Q(u2cosq + u1)

The force on the blade is the same magnitude

but in the opposite direction
R = - FRX

� So the blade moved in the x-direction. In a real

situation the blade is moving.

Force Due To A Jet Hitting An Inclined

Plane

� We have seen above the forces involved when a

jet hits a plane at right angles. If the plane is
tilted to an angle the analysis becomes a little
more involved. This is demonstrated below.
 A jet hitting an inclined plane.

� For simplicity gravity and friction will be

neglected from this analysis.

� To find the reaction force normal to the plate

so we choose the axis system as above so that
is normal to the plane. The diagram may be
rotated to align it with these axes and help
comprehension, as shown below

Rotated view of the jet hitting the inclined plane.

� We do not know the velocities of flow in each
direction. To find these we can apply Bernoulli
equation
(1/g)P1 + z1 + V12/2g = (1/g)P2 + z2 +
V22/2g

The height differences are negligible i.e. z1 = z2

= z3 and the pressures are all atmospheric = 0.
So
u1 = u2 = u3 = u

From continuity equation

Q1 = Q2 + Q3
u1A1 = u2A2 + u3A3
so
A1 = A2 + A3
Q1 = A1u
Q2 = A2u
Q3 = (A1 - A2)u

� The analysis takes the same procedure as

before :
Calculate the total force in the x-direction.
- Remember that the co-ordinate system is
normal to the plate.
.
- FTX = m (u2X - u1X)
= [(Q2u2X +Q3u3X) – Q1u1X]
- u2X = u3X = 0
- Thus, FTX = - Q1u1cosq

Calculate the pressure force

All zero as the pressure is everywhere
atmospheric.
 Calculate the body force
As the control volume is small, hence the
weight of fluid is small, we can ignore the
body forces.

Calculate the resultant force

FTX = FRX + FBX + FPX
FRX = FTX
= - Q1u1cosq

The force on the plate is the same magnitude

but in the opposite direction
R = - FRX
= - Q1u1cosq

� We can find out how much discharge goes

along in each direction on the plate. Along the
plate, in the y-direction, the total force must be
zero, FTY = 0.

Also in the y-direction : u1Y = u1sinq, u2Y = u2,

u3Y = -u3, so
FTY = m (u2Y - u1Y)
.

= [(Q2u2Y +Q3u3Y) – Q1u1Y]

= [(Q2u2 - Q3u3) – Q1u1sinq]

As forces parallel to the plate are zero,

0 = A2u22 - A3u32 – A1u12sinq

From above u1 = u2 = u3
0 = A2 – A3 – A1sinq

and from above we have A1 = A2 + A3, so

 0 = A2 – A3 – (A2 + A3)sinq
= A2(1 - sinq) – A3(1 + sinq)

A2 = A3[(1 + sinq)/(1 - sinq)]

as u2 = u3 = u
Q2 = Q3[(1 + sinq)/(1 - sinq)]
Q1 = Q3[(1 + sinq)/(1 - sinq)] + Q3
= Q3[1 + {(1 + sinq)/(1 - sinq)}]

Example 1
The figure below shows a smooth curved vane
attached to a rigid foundation. The jet of water,
rectangular in section, 75mm wide and 25mm
thick, strike the vane with a velocity of 25m/s.
Calculate the vertical and horizontal
components of the force exerted on the vane
and indicate in which direction these
components act.

Solution :

From the question:

A1 = 0.075 x 0.025
= 1.875 x 10-3 m2

u1 = 25 m/s

Q = 1.875 x 10-3x 25
= 0.0469 m3/s

Calculate the total force using the momentum

equation:
FTX = Q(u2cos25 – u1cos45)
= 1000(0.0469)(25cos 25 – 25cos 45)
= 233.44 N

FTY = Q(u2sin25 – u1sin45)

= 1000(0.0469)(25sin 25 – [-25sin 45])
 = 1324.6 N

Body force and pressure force are 0.

So force on vane
RX = - FTX = - 233.44 N
RY = - FTY = -1324.6 N
EXAMPLE 2

A Pelton wheel vane directs a horizontal,

circular cross-sectional jet of water
symmetrically with a diameter 10 cm as
indicated in figure below. The jet leaves the
nozzle with a velocity of 50m/s. Determine the
force exerted on the vane.
EXAMPLE 3

A Pelton wheel vane directs a horizontal,

circular cross-sectional jet of water
symmetrically with a diameter 10 cm as
indicated in figure below. The jet leaves the
nozzle with a velocity of 50m/s. Determine the
force exerted on the vane when the velocity of
the vane is 25 m/s.

Solution :

From the question:

A1 = (0.1)2/4
= 7.85 x 10-3 m2

u1 = 50 – 25
= 25 m/s

Q = 7.85 x 10-3x 25
= 0.1963 m3/s
Calculate the total force using the momentum
equation:
FTX = Q(u2cos20 – u1)
= 1000(0.1963)([-25cos 20] – 25)
= -9.519 kN

FTY = Q(u2sin20)
= 1000(0.1963)(25sin 20)
= 1.678 kN

Body force and pressure force are 0.

So force on vane
RX = - FTX = 9.519 kN
RY = - FTY = -1.678 kN