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19 - Artificial Lift Methods
19 - Artificial Lift Methods
4000
Bottomhole Pressure
Prequired
(lbs/pulg2)
3000
2000 Prequired
Pavailable
1000
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
Flowrate (BPD)
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Artificial Lift Systems
Well Inflow Performance
Capacity of Artificial Lift Systems
Bottomhole Pressure (psi)
4000
Prequired
3000
2000 Prequired
Pavailable
1000
0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
Flowrate (BPD)
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Artificial Lift Systems
Samson
Post
Bridle
Pitman Arm Ladder
Hanger
Wrist
Prime Pin
Crank Arm
Brake Mover
Counterweight
Lever
Brake Polished Rod
Cable Stuffing Box Seal
Flow Line
Rod String
Flow Tee
Base Production Tubing
Production Casing
Downhole Pump
Rods:
Consist of 25’ joints or 30’ joints
Threaded male connection on both ends
Sizes of rods increase in 1/8 in. starting with 5/8’’; largest
rod = 1-1/4”
PLUGGED
INJECTION GAS
3 Basic types of gas lift valve, each available in 1” & 1-1/2” sizes:
Bellows protection
Max dome charge
Check valve
Stem travel
Metallurgy
Elastomers
Unloading valve
Operating valve
Advantages
Initial downhole equipment costs lower
Low operational and maintenance cost
Simplified well completions
Production rate can be controlled at the surface
Flexibility – can handle rates from 10 to 80000 bpd
Can best handle sand / gas / well deviation
Intervention relatively less expensive
Limitations
Must have a source of gas
– Imported from other fields
– Produced gas – may result in start up problems
Possible high installation cost
– Top sides modifications to existing platforms
– Compressor installation
– Casing at high pressure
Limited by available reservoir pressure and bottom
hole flowing pressure
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Electric Submersible Pumps
(ESP)
SubmersiblePu
attached to a multistage mp
Electric power is
conducted to the
assembly through an
electrical cable
attached to the tubing.
Electric Motor
The motor is a
three phase,
squirrel cage, two
pole induction
design.
Downhole Sensor
Single Pressure
Dual Pressure
Current Leakage
Protector
The protector is
the piece of
equipment that is
typically placed
above the motor.
Reduced
Bearing Span
Centrifugal Pump
The centrifugal pump is a
multi-stage pump, containing a
selected number (application
dependent) of impellers
equipped with vanes, inside a
closely fitted diffuser, located
in series on an axial shaft,
driven by the electrical motor.
Surface Equipment
SURFACE JUNCTION
SURFACE BOX
SWITCHBOARD CABLE
CABLE
TRANSFORMER
REDACoil
Limitations
Oil as a power fluid presents a
fire hazard
Large oil inventory required
Not compatible with solids
Operating cost can be high
Dual fluid conduits may be
required
Plunger lift is most used to extend the life of oil and gas wells.
However, with a packer, standing valve, intermittent gas lift valve
and external gas power source may provide better results than
using intermittent gas lift alone.
Principle of Operation
PCP systems typically consist of a surface drive and a
down hole progressing cavity pump with a single helical-
shaped rotor that turns inside a double helical elastomer–
lined stator. The stator is attached to the bottom of a
production tubing string and, in most cases, the rotor is
attached to a rod string suspended and rotated by the
surface drive.
E. Electric Motor
B
F. Vector Flux Drive
G
G. Downhole Pressure/Temperature
Gauges A
Characteristics
Driven by motor at surface
or downhole
Flow rate adjusted by
Rotational speed
Shallow wells and Viscous
crude oils
Can handle significant
amount of solids
amount of solids
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Progressive Cavity Pump
Advantages
Can pump up to 5000 bpd
Easy to install and simple to operate
Easy to transfer location - only pick up truck required
Require small 'foot print' and ground space
Reported system
Sand is handled efficiently
Easy to vary the rates as a speed range can be adjusted
without any change of the downhole equipment
Low capital cost (25% – 50% less than SRP)
Energy saving from 60% to 70 % efficiency between 60% to 70%
Excellent for viscous fluids
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Progressive Cavity Pump
Limitations
Elastomer affected by temperature (> 250 degree F)
Tubing need to be retrieved for stator repairs
Short run life in stator
Not accessible for downhole pressure survey
Sensitive to time cycle and pump off, thus shutdown
especially in high viscosity or sand producer must be
avoided
Applications
Heavy oil and bitumen.
Production of solids–laden fluids.
Medium to sweet crude.
Coal bed methane/gas well de–watering.
Agricultural areas.
Urban areas.