Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Topic - 4 - Linear Wire and Small Circular Loop Antennas
Topic - 4 - Linear Wire and Small Circular Loop Antennas
Topic - 4 - Linear Wire and Small Circular Loop Antennas
Tamer Abuelfadl
Electronics and Electrical Communications Department
Faculty of Engineering
Cairo University
1 Innitesimal Dipole
2 Small Dipole
6 Loop Antennas
1 Innitesimal Dipole
2 Small Dipole
6 Loop Antennas
l λ (l ≤ λ /50)
End plates are to maintain
uniform current, however they
are very small to aect radiation!
Not very practical, however they
are considered as a basic building
blocks for complex structures.
Ie (z 0 ) = ^
az I0
ˆ
µ e −jkR 0 µI l
A (r , θ , φ ) = Ie az 0 e −jkr
dl = ^
4π C R 4πr
Electric eld
1
E= ∇×H
jωε
l 2 cos3 θ π ηπ l 2
ηπ
cos
= I0 − θ + = I0
4 λ 3 0 3 λ
Radiation Resistance
ηπ l 2 1 2
2
l
Prad = I = |I0 | Rr =⇒ Rr = 80π 2
3 0λ 2 λ
Radiation Regions
Near eld region kr 1,
I0 l −jkr
E = −jη e [2cos θ ^ar + sin θ ^
aθ ]
4πkr 3
I le −jkr
H = 0 2 sin θ ^ aφ
4πr
Intermediate-eld (Fresnel) region kr > 1,
kI0 l −jkr 2
E = jη e cos θ ^
ar + sin θ ^
aθ
4πr jkr
kI0 le −jkr
H=j sin θ ^
aφ
4πr
Far-eld (Fraunhover) region kr 1,
kI0 l sin θ −jkr kI0 le −jkr
E = jη e ^
aθ , H=j sin θ ^
aφ
4πr 4πr
1
H= ^
ar × E
η
Tamer Abuelfadl (EEC, Cairo University) Topic 4 ELC405A, ELCN405 7 / 35
Directivity
|Eθ |2
Wrad =
2η
|Eθ |2 k 2I 2l 2 l 2 2
η
2
= η 0 2 sin2 θ =
2
sin θ
U = r Wrad = r I0
2η 32π 8 λ
2
ηπ l
Prad = I
3 0λ
4πU
D= = 1.5sin2 θ
Prad
1 Innitesimal Dipole
2 Small Dipole
6 Loop Antennas
az I0 1 − 2lz 0 ≤ z 0 ≤ l/2
0
^
Ie z 0
=
az I0 1 + 2lz −l/2 ≤ z 0 ≤ 0
0
^
1 µI0 le −jkr
A =^
az
2 4πr
kI0 (l/2) e −kr
E = jη sin θ ^
aθ
4πr
kI0 (l/2) e −kr
H=j sin θ ^
aφ
4πr
l/2 2
Radiation resistance Rr = 80π 2
λ
1 Innitesimal Dipole
2 Small Dipole
6 Loop Antennas
a I sin k 0 ≤ z 0 ≤ 2l
(
^ l
− z0 ,
Ie z = z 0
0 2
az I0 sin k
^ l
+ z0 , − 2l ≤ z 0 ≤ 0
2
Finite Length Dipole
E w −jω Aθ ^
aθ + Aφ ^
aφ ,
ˆ
µ e −jkr
Ie r 0 , θ 0 , φ 0 e j k·r dl 0
0
A (r , θ , φ ) w
4π r C
−jkr ˆ l/2
µ e 0
A= Ie z 0 e jkz cos θ dz 0^ az
4π r −l/2
ˆ l/2
ke −jkr
sin θ
0
E = jη Ie z 0 e jkz cos θ dz 0^ aθ
4πr −l/2
a I sin k 0 ≤ z 0 ≤ 2l
(
^ l
− z0 ,
Ie z = z 0
0 2
az I0 sin k
^ l
+ z0 , − 2l ≤ z 0 ≤ 0
2
ˆ l/2
ke −jkr
sin θ
0
E = jη Ie z 0 e jkz cos θ dz 0^
aθ
4πr −l/2
ˆ 0
kI0 e −jkr
l
sin θ sin k
0
E = jη +z 0
e jkz cos θ dz 0
4πr −l/2 2
ˆ l/2 )
l
sin k
0
+ − z 0 e jkz cos θ dz 0 ^ aθ
0 2
The integrals can be evaluated using
ˆ
e αx
e αx sin (β x + γ) dx = [α sin (β x + γ) − β cos (β x + γ)]
α2 + β 2
kl kl
cos cos θ − cos
I0 e −jkr 2 2
E = jη ^
aθ
2πr sin θ
Radiation Intensity, and Radiation Resistance
2
kl kl
2 cos cos θ − cos
r2 η |I0 | 2 2
U= |Eθ |2 =
2η 8π 2 sin θ
2
kl kl
ˆ ˆ ˆ cos cos θ − cos
2π π
η |I0 |2 π
2 2
Prad = U sin θ dθ dφ = dθ
0 0 4π 0 sin θ
1 2 1
Prad = |Iin | Rr = |I0 |2 sin2 (kl/2) Rr
2 2
2
kl kl
ˆ cos cos θ − cos
1 η π
2 2
Rr = 2 dθ
sin (kl/2) 2π 0 sin θ
Outline
1 Innitesimal Dipole
2 Small Dipole
6 Loop Antennas
Skin depth:
δs = 1/ πf µσ
p
∆y
R=
σ δs ∆x
ˆ
1 1
r
πf µ
Ploss = |Js | Rs ds,
2
where Rs = =
2 S σ δs σ
Rs is called the surface resistance of the conductor.
The surface current can be obtained using the approximation of a
perfect conductor boundary conditions,
Js = n × H =⇒ |Js | = |H|
ˆ
1
Ploss = |J | 2 R ds
2 S s s
ˆ
1 l/2 |Ie (z 0 )| 2
= R (2πb) dz 0
2 −l/2 (2πb)2 s
ˆ
1 |Ie (z 0 )|2
l/2
1
Ploss = Rs dz 0 = |Ie (0)|2 RL
2 −l/2 2 πb 2
ˆ
Ie (z 0 ) 2 0
l/2
Rs
RL = dz
2πb −l/2 Ie (0)
π 2
cos cos θ
2 2
U=
r
|Eθ |2 =
η |I0 | 2
2η 8π 2 sin θ
ˆ ˆ ˆ
π
2π 2 cos2 cos θ
2
π π
η |I0 |
Prad = U sin θ dθ dφ = dθ
0 0 4π 0 sin θ
1
Prad = |I0 |2 Rr
2
ˆ π cos2
π
cos θ
Rr =
η 2 dθ = 73 Ω
2π 0 sin θ
π 2 π 2
cos cos θ cos cos θ
4πU η 2 = 1.64 2
D= =
sin θ sin θ
Prad πRr
Outline
1 Innitesimal Dipole
2 Small Dipole
6 Loop Antennas
jηkI0 le −jkr 2 1
E = cos θ − ^
ar
4πr jkr k 2 r 2
1 1
+ sin θ 1 + − 2 2 ^ aθ
jkr k r
kI0 le −jkr 1
H=j sin θ 1 + ^
aφ
4πr jkr
Linear Elements Near or on Innite Conductor
Image Theory
Vertical Innitesimal Dipole Above Ground Plane
ˆ
µ e −jkr
Ie e j k·r dl 0
0
A (r , θ , φ ) w
4π r C
^
ar × E
Hw E w −jω Aθ ^
aθ + Aφ ^
aφ
,
η
jη kI04leπr sin θ [2cos (kh cos θ )] ^ z ≥0
−kr
(
aθ
E=
0 z <0
η I0 l 2 2
sin θ cos2 (kh cos θ ) 0 < θ ≤ π/2
U= 2 λ
0 π/2 < θ ≤ π
ˆ 2 ˆ π/2
I0 l
Prad = UdΩ = πη sin3 θ cos2 (kh cos θ ) dθ
λ 0
2 ˆ 1
I0 l
1 − x 2 cos2 (khx) dx
= πη
λ 0
Vertical Innitesimal Dipole Above Ground Plane
η I0 l 2 4πUmax 2
Umax = =⇒ D0 = =h
2 λ
i
Prad 1 cos(2kh) sin(2kh)
3
− 2 + 3
(2kh) (2kh)
The radiation elds are identical in the upper half plane (z > 0). However
the total radiated for the monopole is half its value for the dipole.
1
Prad (m) = Prad (d)
2
1
Dm = 2Dd , Rr (m) = Rr (d)
2
Outline
1 Innitesimal Dipole
2 Small Dipole
6 Loop Antennas
λ
Circumference C <
10
ˆ
µ e −jkR
A (r , θ , φ ) = Ie dl 0
4π C R
Ix = −I0 sin φ 0 ,
Iy = I0 cos φ 0
= I0 sin θ sin φ − φ 0
Ir
= I0 cos θ sin φ − φ 0
Iθ
Iφ = I0 cos φ − φ 0
ar I0 sin θ sin φ − φ 0 + ^
Ie = ^ aθ I0 cos θ sin φ − φ 0 + ^
aφ I0 cos φ − φ 0
Small Circular Loop
√2 2 0
e −jk r +a −2ar sin θ cos(φ −φ )
f =p
r 2 + a2 − 2ar sin θ cos (φ − φ 0 )
f (a) w f (0) + f 0 (0) a
e −jkr e −jkr
f (0) = f 0 (0) = 2 (jkr + 1) sin θ cos φ − φ 0
,
r r
−jkr 1
e
1 + a + jk sin θ cos φ − φ 0
f =
r r
ˆ 2π
−jkr 1
µI0 a e
cos φ − φ 1 + a + jk sin θ cos φ − φ dφ 0
0 0
Aφ =
4π r 0 r
a2 jk µI0 e −jkr 1
Aφ = + 1 sin θ
4 r jkr
Small Circular Loop
A = Aφ ^
aφ ,
a2 jk µI0 e −jkr 1
Aφ = + 1 sin θ
4 r jkr
1
H= ∇ × A,
µ
1 η
E= ∇×H = ∇×H
jωε jk
2 2 1 1
" ! #
(ka)2 I0 e −jkr
H=− − cos θ ^
ar + − + + 1 sin θ ^
aθ
4r jkr (kr )2 (kr )2 jkr
(ka)2 I0 e −jkr 1
E=η + 1 sin θ ^
aφ
4r jkr
Tamer Abuelfadl (EEC, Cairo University) Topic 4 ELC405A, ELCN405 34 / 35
Small Circular Loop
Far Fields,
(ka)2 I0 e −jkr (ka)2 I0 e −jkr
H=− sin θ ^
aθ , E=η sin θ ^
aφ
4r 4r
Radiated Power and Radiation Resistance
ˆ
(ka)4 |I0 |2 π (ka)4 |I0 |2
U =η sin θ ,
2
Prad = UdΩ = η
32 12
π
Rr = η (ka)4
6
For N-turns loop, π
Rr = Rr = η (ka)4 N 2
6
Loss resistance RL ,
a
RL = N Rs ,
b
where b is the wire radius, and Rs is the conductor surface impedance.
Increasing the number of turns, increases the antenna radiation eciency.