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Afcat Formula 01
Afcat Formula 01
Afcat Formula 01
Conversion of a Decimal into Common Fraction: Put 1 in the denominator under the
decimal point and annex with it as many zeros as is the number of digits after the decimal
point. Now, remove the decimal point and reduce the fraction to its lowest terms.
Simplification:
Rule of ‗BODMAS‘: This BODMAS rule depicts the correct sequence in which the
operations are to be executed, so as to find out the value of given expression. Full form of
BODMAS is B – Bracket, O – of, D – Division, M – Multiplication, A – Addition and S
– Subtraction. Thus, while solving or simplifying a problem, first remove all brackets,
strictly in the order (), {} and ||. After removing the brackets, we will use the following
operations strictly in the following order: (i) of (ii) Division (iii) Multiplication (iv)
Addition (v) Subtraction.
Average:
Percentage:
Ratio:
The ratio of two quantities a and b in the same units, is the fraction and we write it as a :
b. In the ratio a : b, we call a as the first term or antecedent and b, the second term or
consequent. Eg. The ratio 5 : 9 represents 5/9 with antecedent = 5, consequent = 9.
Rule: The multiplication or division of each term of a ratio by the same non-zero number
does not affect the ratio. Eg. 4 : 5 = 8 : 10 = 12 : 15. Also, 4 : 6 = 2 : 3.
Proportion:
Simple Interest:
Principal: The money borrowed or lent out for a certain period is called the principal or
the sum.
Interest: Extra money paid for using other‘s money is called interest.
Simple Interest (S.I.): If the interest on a sum borrowed for certain period is reckoned
uniformly, then it is called simple interest.
Let Principal = P, Rate = R% per annum (p.a.) and Time = T years. Then Simple Interest
= (P x R x T)/100
Cost Price: The price, at which an article is purchased, is called its cost price, abbreviated
as C.P.
Selling Price: The price, at which an article is sold, is called its selling prices, abbreviated
as S.P.
Profit or Gain: If S.P. is greater than C.P., the seller is said to have a profit or gain.
Loss: If S.P. is less than C.P., the seller is said to have incurred a loss.
Gain = (S.P.) – (C.P.)
Loss = (C.P.) – (S.P.)
Loss or gain is always reckoned on C.P.
Gain Percentage: (Gain %) = (Gain x 100) / C.P.
Loss Percentage: (Loss %) = (Loss x 100) / C.P.
Selling Price: (S.P.) = [ ((100 + Gain %)/100) x C.P.]
Selling Price: (S.P.) = [ ((100 – Loss %)/100) x C.P.]
Cost Price: (C.P.) = [ (100/(100 + Gain %)) x S.P.]
Cost Price: (C.P.) = [ (100/(100 – Loss %)) x S.P.]
If an article is sold at a gain of say 10%, then S.P. = 110% of C.P.
If an article is sold at a loss of say, 20% then S.P. = 80% of C.P.
When a person sells two similar items, one at a gain of say x%, and the other at a loss of
x%, then the seller always incurs a loss given by: Loss % = (x/10) 2
If a trader professes to sell his goods at cost price, but uses false weights, then Gain % =
[(Error/(True Wight – Error)) x 100 ]%
To find the percent gain or loss, divide the amount gained or lost by the cost price and
multiply it by 100.
Example: A toy that cost 80 rupees is sold at a profit of 20 rupees. Find the percent or rate of
profit.
Answer:
Gain/cost × 100 = % profit.
To find the loss and the selling price when the cost and the percent loss are given, multiply
the cost by the percent and subtract the product from the cost.
Example: A damaged chair that cost Rs.110 was sold at a loss of 10%. Find the loss and the
selling price.
Answer:
To find the profit and the cost when the selling price and the percent profit are given,
multiply the selling price by the percent profit and subtract the result from the selling
price.
Example: A toy is sold for Rs. 6.00 at a profit of 25% of the selling price. Separate this selling
price into cost and profit.
Answer :
To find the loss and the cost when the selling price and the percent loss are given, multiply
the selling price by the percent loss and subtract the result from the selling price.
Example: At a sale, neckties selling at Rs. 50.00 are sold at a loss of 60% of selling price. What
is the loss and the original cost?
Selling price x % loss = loss.
To find the selling price when the cost and the percent loss are given, add the percent loss
to 100% and divide the cost by this sum.
Example: Socks that cost 7.00 per pair were sold at a loss of 25% of selling price. What was the
selling price?
To find the selling price when the profit and the percent profit are given, or to find the
selling price when the loss and the percent loss are given, divide the profit or loss by the
percent profit or loss.
Note: This rule should be compared with the one under Profit and Loss Based on Cost. The two
rules are exactly similar except that in one case 100% represents cost while in the other case
100% represents selling price.
Example: A kind of tape is selling at a profit of 12% of selling price, equal to 18 per yard. What
is the selling price of the tape?
To find the percent profit or loss, divide the amount gained or lost by the selling price.
Example: A candy bar sells for 1.30 at a profit of 65. What percent of profit on selling price
does this represent?
Mark-up Price
Generally the SP is less than the marked price (MP) the difference MP – SP is known as
discount, D.
Discount = M P – S P
To reduce percent loss on cost to percent loss on selling price, divide percent loss on cost by
100% minus percent loss on cost.
Answer:
To reduce percent loss on selling price to percent loss on cost, divide percent loss on selling
price by 100% plus percent loss on selling price.
Answer:
To reduce percent mark-up (percent profit on cost) to percent profit on selling price, divide
percent mark-up by 100% plus percent mark-up.
Example: A coat marked up 60% carries what percent of profit on selling price?
Here we are providing you all the types of questions that have been asked in SSC
Exams and How to solve it in an Easy way with Grade Stack methods:-
Type 1:
The cost price of 40 articles is the same as the selling price of 25 articles. Find the gain per
cent. (CGL-2012)
(a) 65%
(b) 60%
(c) 15%
(d) 75%
=(40-25)/25×100
=15/25×100=60%
Type2:
Bananas are bought at the rate of 6 for Rs. 5 and sold at the rate of 5 for Rs. 6. Profit per
cent is: (CGL-2004)
(a) 36%
(b) 42%
(c) 44%
(d) 48%
LCM of 5 and 6 = 30
CP of 30 bananas
= 5 x 5 = Rs. 25
SP of 30 Bananas = 6 x 6
= Rs. 36
Profit %
= 11/25×100=44%
Grade Stack Method
Type 3:
A man bought oranges at the rate of 8 for Rs 34 and sold them at the rate of 12 for Rs. 27.
How many oranges should be sold to earn a net profit of Rs 45? (CGL-2011)
(a) 90
(b) 100
(c) 135
(d) 150
Answers: (a) Let the man buy 24 (LCM of 8 and 12) oranges.
Rs. 12 = 24 oranges
Type 4:
A shopkeeper earns a profit of 12% on selling a book at 10% discount on printed price.
The ratio of the cost price to printed price of the book is ? (CGL-2013)
(a) 45 : 56
(b) 50 : 61
(c) 90 : 97
(d) 99 : 125
x/y=90/112=45/56
Type 5:
A dealer sold two types of goods for Rs 10,000 each. On one of them, he lost 20% and on
the other he gained 20%. His gain or loss per cent in the entire transaction was (CGL-2012)
(a) 2% loss
(b) 2% gain
(c) 4% gain
(d) 4% loss
Answers: (d) Here, S.P. is same, Hence there is always a loss. Loss per cent =(20×20)/100=4%
Gradestack Trick
Where n= 20
Type 6:
On selling an article for Rs170, a shopkeeper loses 15%. In order to gain 20%, he must sell
that article at rupees: (CGL-2013)
(a) 215.50
(b) 212.50
(c) 240
(d) 210
Type 7:
An article is sold at a loss of 10%. Had it been sold for Rs. 9 more, there would have been a
gain of 12 1/2% on it. The cost price of the article is (CGL – 2002)
(a) Rs. 40
(b) Rs. 45
(c) Rs. 50
(d) Rs. 35
1. P. at 12 1/2 % gain
9x/10 + 9 = 225x/200
x = Rs. 40
Type 8:
A sells a suitcase to B at 10% profit. B sells it to C at 30% profit. If C pays Rs 2860 for it,
then the price at which a bought it is (CGL-2013)
(a) 1000
(b) 1600
(c) 2000
(d) 2500
x ×110/100×130/100=2860
Type 9:
Arun marks up the computer he is selling by 20% profit and sells them at a discount of
15%. Arun’s net gain percent is
(CGL-2013)
(a) 4
(b) 2
(c) 3.5
(d) 2.5
Answer (b)
Gradestack method:
r1 = 20 , r2 = 15
(20-15-(20×15)/100)
= 20 -18 = 2%
Type10:
A tradesman sold an article at a loss of 20%. If the selling price had been increased by Rs.
100, there would have been a gain of 5%. The cost price of the article was: (CGL-2004)
(b) Rs. 25
x = Rs. (100×100)/25
= Rs. 400
Percentage
Percentage(%)
Example 1:- If we write 45% then its equal to 45/100 or in fraction 9/20 or in decimal 0.45
This table will help you solve questions very fast and easily. Try to remember these
fractions because it will save lot of time in your examination.
Types of Formulas and Short Tricks
3.If A is R% more than B, then B is less than A by= [R/ (100 + R)] x 100%
4.If A is R% less than B, then B is more than A by= [R/ (100 - R)] x 100%
Note: For two successive changes of x% and y%, net change = {x + y +xy/100}%
Observe carefully that the two quantities must be of the same kind. There can be a ratio between
Rs.20 and Rs 30, but there can be no ratio between Rs 20 and 30 mangoes.
The ratio 2 to 3 is written as 2 : 3 or 2/3. 2 and 3 are called the terms of the ratio. 2 is the first
term and 3 is the second term.
Consequent
Note:
(1) The word ‗consequent ‘ literally means ‗that which goes after‘.
(2) since the quotient obtained on dividing one concrete quantity by another of the same kind is
an abstract number, the ratio between two concrete quantities of the same kind is an abstract
number. Thus, the ratio between Rs 5 and 7 is 5:7.
Compound Ratio
Ratios are compound by multiplying together the antecedents for a new antecedent, and the
consequents for a new consequent.
Inverse Ratio
(1) If 2:3 be the given ratio, then 1/2: 1/3 or 3 :2 is called its inverse or reciprocal ratio.
(2) If the antecedent = the consequent, the ratio is called the ratio of equality, such as 3:3.
(3) If the antecedent >the consequent, the ratio is called the ratio of greater inequality, as 4 :3
(4) If the antecedent < the consequent, the ratio is called the ratio of less inequality, as 3 : 4.
Ex. Divide 1458 into two parts such that one may be to the other as 2: 7.
Solution:
Proportion:-
6 : 18 8 : 24
Since 6 is one-third of 18, and 8 is one –third of 24, the two ratios are equal. The equality of ratio
is called proportion.
6 : 18 :: 8 : 24 (6 is to 18 as 8 is to 24)
The numbers 6, 18, 8 and 24 are called the terms. 6 is the first terms, 18 the second, 8 thethird,
and 24 the fourth. The first and fourth terms, i.e. 6 and 24 are called the extremes (end terms),
and the second and the third terms, i.e., 18 and 8 are called the means (middle terms). 24 is
called the fourth proportional.
(A) If your quantities be in proportion, the product of the extremes is equal to the product
of the means.
(B) Three quantities of the same kind are said to be in continued proportion when the ratio
of the first to the second is equal to the ratio of the second the third.
The second quantity is called the mean proportional between the first and the third ; and
thethird quantity is called the third proportional to the first and second.
Hence, 6 is the mean proportional between 9 and 4, and 4 is the third proportional to 9 and 6.
Solution:
Solution:
Here, we have to find a fourth proportional to 15, 20 and 20. If x be the fourth proportional, we
have 15 :20 = 20:x
x = {(20*20)/15} = 80/3
Solution:
It will be seen at once that if the number of balls be increased 2, 3, 4,….times, the price will also
be increased 2, 3, 4… times.
Therefore, 5 balls is the same fraction of 15 balls that the cost of balls is of the cost of 15 balls.
This, example is an illustration of what is called direct proportion. In this case, the two given
quantities are so related to each other that if one of them is multiplied (or divided) by any
number, the other is also multiplied (or divided) by the same number.
Ex. 1: If 15 men can reap a filed in 28 days, in how many days will 10 men reap it?
Solution:
Here, it will be seen that if the number of men be increased 2, 3,4,….times, the number of days
will be decreased 2, 3, 4…times. Therefore, the inverse ratio of the number of men is equal to the
ratio of the corresponding number of days.
The above example is an illustration of what is called inverse proportion. In this case, the two
quantities are so related that if one of them is multiplied by any number, the other is divided by
the same number, and vice versa.
Ex 2: The employer decreases the number of his employees in the ratio 10 :9 and increase their
ways in the ratio 11:12. What is the ratio of his two expenditures?
Solution:
Ex3: A vessel contains liquid A and B in ratio 5 :3. If 16 liters of the mixture are removed and
the same quantity of liquid B is added, the ratio becomes 3 :5. What quantity does the vessel
hold?
Solution:
Quicker Method:
When the ratio is reversed (i.e., 5:3 becomes 3 :5), we can use the formula;
It defines the correct sequence in which operations are to be performed in a given mathematical
expression to find the correct value. This means that to simplify an expression, the following
order must be followed -
B = Bracket,
O = Order (Powers, Square Roots, etc.)
D = Division
M = Multiplication
A = Addition
S = Subtraction
1. Hence, to solve simplification questions correctly, you must apply the operations of brackets
first. Further, in solving for brackets, the order - (), {} and [] - should be stricly followed.
2. Next you should evaluate exponents (for instance powers, roots etc.)
3. Next, you should perform division and multiplication, working from left to right. (division
and multiplication rank equally and are done left to right).
4. Finally, you should perform addition and subtraction, working from left to right. (addition
and subtraction rank equally and are done left to right).
= 12 + 22 ÷ 11 × 6 ^2 - 10 (Brackets first)
= 12 + 22 ÷ 11 × 36 - 10 (Exponents)
= 12 + 2 × 36 - 10 = 12 + 72 - 10 (Division and multiplication, left to right)
= 84 - 10 = 74 (Addition and Subtraction, left to right)
EXAMPLE 2: Solve 4 + 10 - 3 × 6 / 3 + 4
The Modulus (or the absolute value) of x is always either positive or zero, but never negative. For any
real number x, the absolute value or modulus of x is denoted by |x| and is defined as
|x|= x {if x ≥ 0} and −x {if x < 0}
|8| = |-8| = 8
To solve such questions, first convert the decimal to nearest value. Then simplify the given
equation using the new values that you have obtained.
Here,
4433.764 = 4434
2211.993 = 2212
1133.667 = 1134
3377.442 = 3377
(3) If a factor appears twice, cross out both and write the factor one time to the left of the square
root sign. If the factor appears three times, cross out two of the factors and write the factor
outside the sign, and leave the third factor inside the sign. Note: If a factor appears 4, 6, 8, etc.
times, this counts as 2, 3, and 4 pairs, respectively.
(6) To simplify the square root of a fraction, simplify the numerator and simplify the
denominator.
NOTE: Check that the outside number squared times the inside number should equal the original
number inside the square root.
Antonyms
Zealot – Torrent
Synonym
GEOGRAPHY
1. The port in India established specifically for transporting iron to Japan is – Paradip
2. Largest number of salt lakes are found in which state of India – Rajasthan
3. ―Caldera‖ is associated with – Volcanoes
4. The highest plateau in the world is – Pamir plateau
5. Vivekananda rock memorial is situated in – Kanyakumari
6. Airplane fly in which layer of the atmosphere – the stratosphere
7. The strait separating North America from Asia is – Bering Strait
8. Vindhya belongs to which category of mountains – Block Mountains.
9. Which river originates from Amarkantak – Narmada
10. Oldest mountain range in the world is – Aravali mountain range
11. The most abundant element on earth crust is – Oxygen
12. Indian Research Station Himadri is situated in – Antarctica
13. Shipli la pass is located in which valley – Satluj Valley
14. The largest inland waterways in the world is – Mississippi river
15. The largest sea in the world is – South China sea
16. State having largest coastline in India is –Gujarat
17. Wardha, Wainganga, and Penganaga are the tributaries of – Godavari
18. Ankleshwar and Navagoan are the two oil field in – Gujarat
19. The largest volcano creator in the world is – Toba Indonesia
20. Highest calorific value and surface shining is found in which kind of coal – Anthracite
21. Which two regions are connected by Zozila pass – Leh and Srinagar
22. Which element is majorly found in the basalt rocks – Silicon
23. In India, Mangroves are extensively found in – Sunderbans
24. Mahatma Gandhi hydroelectric project is on which river – Sharavati
25. Network is situated on the bank of – Hudson river
26. Outer most layer of sun is – Corona
27. The highest mountain peak of India is – K2
28. The longest mountain range in the world is – Andes
29. Lakshadweep was produced by the – Reef Formation
30. Hot dry local winds blowing in eastern side of the Alps mountain is known as – Foehn
31. Summer solace in southern hemisphere occurs on – 22nd December
32. Soil best for tea plantation is – Acidic soil
33. Which river is known as river of sorrow – Kosi
34. Which atmosphere layer reflects radio waves – Ionosphere
35. The term used for soil free plantation is – Hydroponics
36. Coast of Norway is an example of which type of coast – Fjord coast
37. Imaginary lines connecting places of similar height on map are – Contour
38. The Morden name of ―Siam‖ – Thailand
39. ―Tin Bigha‖ corridor connects which two nations – India and Bangladesh
40. Peso is the currency of – Mexico
41. The type of soil best for cotton cultivation is – Black soil
42. Synchronous salutes moves in which direction – West to East
43. Turpentine oil is extracted from – Pine tree
44. BT is related to which plant – Cotton
45. Kanchenjunga National Park is located in – Sikkim
46. Talcahr is famous for – Heavy Water plant
47. The city known s the center of the manufacturing of penicillin – Pimpari
48. Which organization composes topographic map of India – Survey of India
49. Apatani tribal group is found in which state – Arunachal Pradesh
50. Panna, the famous place in Madhya Pradesh is known for – Diamonds
51. Duncan Passage is situated between – South Andaman and little Andaman
52. ‗Indian Standard Meridian‘ passes through the states of – UP, MP, Odisha, and AP
53. Which Indian States shares boundaries with the maximum number of other States – UP
54. The State with the largest area under wasteland is: – Jammu and Kashmir
55. Arakan Yoma is the extension of the Himalayas located in – Myanmar
56. What do you understand by the term ‗Doab‘ – Land between two tributaries of a river
57. Foothills of Himalayan ranges are – Siwalik Hills
58. Nanda Devi peak forms a part of – Kumaon Himalayas
59. What is the name of the highest summit of Nilgiri Hills – Doda-beta
60. The Eastern Coast of India is known as – Coromandel coast
61. The greatest biodiversity of plants and animals are found in which type of forest – Tropical
moist forest
62. In which ocean, the direction of the wind changes with the season – Indian Ocean
63. The river known as Vridha ganga is – Godavari
64. The largest island in Indian ocean is – Madagascar
65. Which state has largest coal reserves in India – Jharkhand
66. The Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats meet at – Nilgiri Hills
67. The main difference between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats is – Continuity
68. Which type of clouds are low-level clouds – Stratocumulus
69. Which type of waves of earthquake that can travel through solid, liquid and gas is –
Primary waves
70. Which rocks are known as stratified rocks – Sedimentary rocks
71. 10 Longitude is equal to – 4 minutes
72. The second train in India ran between – Howrah and Hooghly in 1854
73. Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport is in – Kolkata
74. Ludhiana is situated at the bank of – Satluj
75. In Bangladesh, Brahmaputra is called as – Jamuna
76. The percentage of plain area in India is – 43%
77. Earth is divided into how many longitudinal zones – 24 longitudinal zones
78. The hottest planet in our solar system is – Venus
79. The actual name of Dog Star, the brightest star outside our solar system is – Sirus
80. The hottest star in the universe will appear – Blue
81. Which state is the leading producer of silk – Karnataka
82. Ukai dam is constructed over – Tapi river
83. Rotational speed of moon is – 3680 kmph
84. Chinook is the local wind in – Hot dry winds in the Rockies
85. The movement of earth on its own axis is called – Rotation
86. Indravati is a tributary of – Godavari
87. India lies in ___________ part of the hemisphere – Northeastern
88. Jarawa tribe is a native of which state/ UT – Andaman and Nicobar
89. When a sheet of magma lies along the bedding plane is called – Sill
90. Water from which barrage is supplied to the Indira Gandhi canal – Harika
91. Which nation has largest livestock population in the world – India
92. Diluvial forests are found in which area of India? – Sunderban
93. The total approximate length of coastline of India is – 7600kms
94. What kind of rock is dolomite – Sedimentary rocks
95. The tropical grasslands are called – Savanah
96. What fraction of land surface of earth is desert – 1/3
97. Jania hills are in which state of India – Tamil Nadu
98. Kashmir valley lies between which 2 valleys – Zaskar and Pir panjal
99. Koyli oil refinery is located in – Gujarat
100. The part of equatorial region suitable for the rubber plantation is – Malaysia
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