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Assortative Mating in The Jewel Wasp! 2. Sequential Canonical Analysis As An Exploratory Form of Path Analysis
Assortative Mating in The Jewel Wasp! 2. Sequential Canonical Analysis As An Exploratory Form of Path Analysis
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assortative mating in the jewel wasp! 2. sequential
Canonical Analysis as an
Exploratory Form of Path Analysis
Aurelio Jose Figueredo, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721; and
Richard L. Gorsuch, Graduate School of Psychology, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, CA
91182
Abstract
This paper discusses the conceptual and mathematical relationships between three statistical models: 1)
traditional, or "Simultaneous", Canonical Analysis, 2) hierarchical, or "Sequential", Canonical Analysis, and 3)
Structural Equations Modeling, or confirmatory path analysis. The advantages of Sequential over Simultaneous
Canonical Analysis are reviewed. The relationships between Sequential Canonical Analysis and Path Analysis are
explored. The need for a legitimate exploratory form of path analysis, analogous to existing exploratory forms of both
multiple regression and factor analysis, is discussed. A logical extension of Sequential Canonical Analysis is proposed
as adequately serving the function of an exploratory path analysis. Empirical data from psychological research is used
to illustrate and qualitatively compare and contrast the results of these three approaches.
FIGUEREDO, A. J., AND R. GORSUCH. 2007. ASSORTATIVE MATING IN THE JEWEL WASP: 2.
SEQUENTIAL CANONICAL ANALYSIS AS AN EXPLORATORY FORM OF PATH ANALYSIS.
JOURNAL OF THE ARIZONA-NEVADA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE 39(2):59-64.
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ASSORTATIVE MATING In THE JEWEL WASP 2 f FlGUEREDO AND GORSUCH 60
accurately determine the female choice of male wasps as sired by red-eyed, rather than white-eyed, males
offspring
sires for their offspring, genetically marked wasps were
(TRFO), and the total number of female offspring sired
used. Two recessive mutant genotypes were used, one
by blowfly-reared, rather than housefly-reared, males
for white eyes and one for red eyes, which, when crossed,
(TBFO). In the interests of brevity, these female off-
produce hybrids with brown eyes. Each female
springwas
were, respectively, referred to as "red-sired female
given a choice of two males, one of each eye-color
offspring", "white-sired female offspring", "blowfly-
genotype (which were counterbalanced for the particular
sired female offspring", and "housefly-sired female off-
prey species, either housefly or blowfly, that spring".
they hadOf course, the specified eye colors and juvenile
been fed on as larvae). Females of independently crossed
hosts referred to are those of the fathers, rather than those
eye-color genotype and juvenile feeding experience were
of the daughters, because all genetic hybrids had brown
also used. Because these different genotypes might them-
eyes, and all posttest offspring were reared on the larger
selves influence mate choice, the experimentblowfly
was de- hosts for convenience. Because paternal geno-
signed to test the relative influence of two factors, 1) juvenile hosts were also slightly correlated, by
types and
inherited eye-color genotype, and 2) conditioned forag-
the postoperative mortality noted above, eye color was
ing phenotype, on assortative mating in the Jewel wasp. as causally prior to juvenile host in these two
modeled
We wound up with a slight, though nonsignificant,
dependent variables, for the same reasons that they were
negative correlation between the independent in
variables,
the two corresponding independent variables.
female genotype (FG) and female juvenile host (FJ), due
to postoperative differential subject mortality. Such cor-
Alternative
related independent variables are easily modeled by Methods of Analysis
hierarchical partitioning of variance. To be conservative
The question then becomes, precisely how do we
in our testing of the effects of female host, weaccomplish
assigned the requisite feats of multivariate statistical
causal priority to female genotype. Moreover, we did not
control? To expedite our discussion, we report the results
hypothesize an interaction between these two of
factors.
the most uninformative statistical model first, namely,
The dependent variables, however, presented prob-
simultaneous canonical analysis (SIMCA). This analysis
lems that could not be handled by unaidedwas
multiple
performed using PROC CANCORR in SAS (SAS
regression. First, female Jewel wasps that feed Institute
on house- 1989). SIMCA constructed two pairs of canoni-
fly hosts are significantly less fertile than thosecal
that feed V 1 and W 1 , and V2 and W2, to represent our
variates,
on blowfly hosts (Figueredo 1987, 1989). Thismanifest
meansvariables. Pillai's Trace for the whole model
that we could expect significantly different total num-
was .21, F(10,158)= 1.856,/?= .055. Furthermore, VI
bers of offspring (TOT), regardless of paternity, from
was correlated to Wl by a canonical correlation of .42,
subjects reared on different juvenile hosts. Second,
which wasa statistically significant (F(10,156)= 1.89,/?=
variable number of Jewel wasp offspring remain
.05);imma-
V2, however, was correlated to W2 by a canonical
ture in a dormant condition, called diapause, forcorrelation
up to sixof . 17, which was statistically nonsignificant
months past the normal fourteen days (and, thus, the end
(F(4,79)= 0.61,/?= .66). Presumably, we could therefore
of our experiment). The total number of suchproceed
dormant
to interpret V 1 and W 1 , and forget about V2 and
immature offspring (TIO) is known to vary with
W2.certain
Fortunately, V 1 and W 1 were defined by the follow-
environmental factors, such as ambient temperatures andequations, using the standardized canonical
ing linear
photoperiods, but might also be affected in some un-
coefficients, as seen in Table 1 above.
known way by the local mating conditions experienced
Using SIMCA, we were also helpfully provided
by the mother. Because these dormant larvae had not
with yet
the resulting indirect correlations between W 1 and
developed eyes of either color, it was not possible to
the independent manifest variables (FG and FJ) and
determine their paternity, perhaps producingbetween nonran- VI and the dependent manifest variables (TOT
dom missing data. Third, male Jewel wasps are alwaysTBFO), as well as all the corresponding esti-
through
produced asexually by the mother and, therefore, mates have
for the nonsignificant pair of canonical variates,
no biological father at all. Thus, a female Jewel V2
waspandthat
W2, in both their raw and standardized forms.
does not mate with either of the males provided might
Unfortunately, in spite of this apparent wealth of infor-
produce a clutch of all male offspring. The totalmation,
number we still had some trouble understanding what any
of male offspring (TMO) could not be simply ignored in
of this meant for the results of our experiment. How did
this study because it might have indicated female rejec-
some linear combination of female genotype and female
tion of both males, and perhaps constituted more nonran-
juvenile host somehow produce some other linear com-
dom missing data. bination of the total numbers of various types of off-
Finally, the critical information in this study was
spring?
provided by the paternity of the female offspring, but had
A more informative approach was structural equa-
to be controlled for all of the above causally prior
tions modeling (SEM), or confirmatory path analysis.
offspring outcomes. Thus, the two dependent variables
This analysis was done using EQS (Bentler 1989). Be-
of principal interest were the total number of female
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61 ASSORTATIVE MATING In THE JEWEL WASP 2 4 FlGUEREDO AND GORSUCH
VI = 0.864*FG - 0.413*FJ
TOT = 4-.230*FJ
TIO - .595*TOT
TMO - .756*TOT
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ASSORTATIVE MATING In THE JEWEL WASP 2 4 FlGUEREDO AND GORSUCH 62
The third multivariate method used on this data was FJ r=-.O9 0.01 1.12 0.3
sequential canonical analysis (SEQCA). This analysis
was performed using UNIMULT (Gorsuch 1991). All Dependent variable: TBFO
that was required for running this model was the speci- FG r=.12 0.02 1.44 0.2
fication of two hierarchies of causal priority, one for the
FJ r=.01 0 0.02 as.
two independent variables and another for the five de-
pendent variables. The Pillai-Bartlett V for the whole
model was .21, F(10,158)= 1.86,/?= .05, which was the
same, within rounding error, as the corresponding SIMCA
results. In addition, we also obtained overall tests of the
Note that the two statis
proportions of the variance of each of the five dependent
the independent variabl
variables accounted for by the linear combinations of the
were the same as those i
two independent variables, which are shown in Table 4.
for all the prior depend
SEQCA also provided the following hierarchical
regression coefficients
significance tests for the separate effects of each of the
very similar to those pr
two independent variables on each of the five dependent
variables and these are shown in Table 5. become somewhat highe
down the causal hierarch
slightly higher paramet
Table 4. Multiple Correlations and Associated Tests property of the curren
of Significance for Each Dependent Variable in the SEQCA, not an artifact o
Multivariate Model.
algorithms. Recall that w
gressions for the struct
triable Efflect Size PBV F(2,158) p
formed by UNIMULT,
TOT R = .25 0.06 2.68 0.07 estimates were obtaine
systematically higher be
TIO R=.14 0.03 1.31 0.3 what Cohen and Cohen ( 1
rather than the "semipa
TMO R=.08 0.02 0.65 us.
by SEM. In the current
residualized the denomin
TRFO R=.32 0.15 7.06 < 0.005
explained (including the e
TBFO R=.12 0.02 0.73 us. or portion of variance ac
sequential dependent var
affected significance tes
mation, by increasing th
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63 ASSORTATIVE MATING In THE JEWEL WASP 2 4 FlGUEREDO AND GORSUCH
criterion
Table 6. Standardized Regression Coefficients for variables are analyzed sequ
Each Independent Variable in the Multivariate
to a hypothesized causal order. These
Model rion variables can be entered sequenti
of multiple regression equations with e
TOT - -.105*FG +.217*FJ
prior criterion variable entered as the
TIO - -.144*FG + .004*FJ the next, as we did in the SEM cascad
above. Each successive dependent var
TMO = -.080*FG + .016*FJ
dicted from an initial set of ordered p
TRFO = .300*FG - .092*FJ each time entering the immediately pr
variable hierarchically as the first pred
TBFO = J21*FG + .012*FJ ing all the ordered predictors from th
sion equation. Thus, each successive
all of the preceding dependent variable
order to statistically control for any in
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ASSORTATIVE MATING In THE JEWEL WASP 2 4 FlGUEREDO AND GORSUCH 64
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