Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Book 1
Book 1
MANAGEMENT
AND
INVESTIGATION
MANUAL
(2009)
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CHAPTER I
While the 1800s saw the era on inventions and introduction of motorized
carriage and locomotives, carabao and horse-drawn calesa was then the main
road transportation mode in the Philippines.
During the American occupation, The first law that was passed on
September 1900 by the Taft Commission after the issuance of the ‘Magna Carta
of the Philippines’ was an act appropriating P2,000,000 for the construction and
repair of roads and bridges which marked subsequent improvements on road
safety services. This was similarly seen as an anticipation of imminent changes
of transportation system in the country in the advent of gasoline operated
automobiles.
The following year, on July 31, 1901 the Taft commission enacted Act No.
183, chartering the City of Manila. The existing Metropolitan Police Force, then
manned by American soldiers, was reorganized as one of the departments of the
city and was called Manila Police Department (MPD) having exclusive
jurisdiction in the city and its suburbs up to 5 miles from its boundaries and up to
3 miles from its shores in the Manila Bay.
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A Manila traffic cop, sporting the London Bobby style of helmet while directing traffic along
Escolta (January 9, 2001: Manila’s Finest Centennial Book)
Months later, on August 8, 1901, the Taft Commission also established the
Philippine Constabulary (PC) - patterned after the National Guard in the U.S.
Under Brigadier General T. Allen, PC had police powers throughout the islands
except in Manila.
In 1922, police call and fire alarm boxes were installed and modern
forensic techniques as a means of criminal investigation was introduced.
Members of the Manila Police Department with Capt. Columbus Piatt (encircled)
(January 9, 2001: Manila’s Finest Centennial Book)
It was also during this time that Manila organized the first Traffic
Management Unit with Capt. Columbus Piatt as the city’s and the country’s first
traffic czar.
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A Manila traffic cop and automated traffic lights introduced by Chief Piatt in the 30s.
(January 9, 2001: Manila’s Finest Centennial Book)
In 1936, The Philippine Constabulary (PC) became the nucleus of the first
regular division of the Commonwealth's army in 1936. Its functions in maintaining
peace and order in the countryside remains.
Also on March 2, 1936, Col. Antonio C. Torres, the first Filipino Chief of
Police of MPD was installed. He established the first pedestrian lanes and traffic
control towers.
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CONTROL GROUP under the umbrella of the Philippine Constabulary. Its
concern was strengthened through the force and effect of Executive Order No
209 dated December 22, 1954 issued by President Ramon Magsaysay defining
the power, duties and responsibilities of the Traffic Control Group (TRAFCON) “to
include but is not limited to the enforcement of traffic safety laws, rules and
regulations, general supervision of local police forces as to Land Transportation
(now LTO) in the enforcement of driver’s license and motor vehicle registration
requirements and regulations of motor vehicle public carries.”
Promotion of Traffic Safety along the Highways was the unit’s mission
while traffic supervision and control in the implementation of Commonwealth Act
No. 3992 was the organization’s essential function. The unit hit the highways with
only 12 McArthur type jeeps, 12 Officers and 41 Enlisted Personnel mostly
coming from the 10th BCT. In three years time, it expanded its operational
jurisdiction into eight (8) Traffic Districts nationwide with the acquisition of 32
units of Ford Fairlane and the conduct of in-service training of new
members/recruits.
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Salient provisions of RA 4136, among others, prescribed the authority of
the Commissioner of the Land Transportation and his deputies “to make arrests
for violations of the provisions of this Act in so far as motor vehicles are
concerned”. On the other hand, not only that the same authority was extended to
the Philippine Constabulary, (now Philippine National Police or PNP) and
municipal police forces, but the prime responsibility and duty to enforce it and
carry out the police provisions indicated therein within their respective
jurisdiction.
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Meanwhile at the local level, the law enforcement functions of territorial
police forces remain with the establishment of Traffic Bureaus and units actively
implementing RA 4136 within their respective jurisdictions.
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Management Command (TMC) and the “Chocolate Boys” were absorbed
subsequently thereafter.
On a later period on the other hand, the PNP- TMC was earmarked for
dissolution but the move aborted primarily because of its historical importance
and its role in the promotion and maintenance of safety of life and property along
the Highways. It is likewise during where the TRAFFIC SAFETY ACT OF 1996
was drafted by the Assistant Director for Operations, TMC and was submitted to
Directorate for Plans, PNP for representation as a result of the tragic death of two
important local official and 15 others injured in a single car accident in Quezon
Province. The proposed bill was sent to the Office of Congressman Natividad by
DPL for sponsorship but apparently, it did not merit consideration.
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With the booming transportation industry and increased number of
privately owned vehicles (including motorcycles) and road users, the traffic
problem in the country swelled up. While MMDA is relentless in injecting reforms,
Local Government Units (LGUs) in Metro Manila and other urban areas are
similarly busy invoking their inherent functions under the Local Government Code
to ease out traffic congestions and to lessen increasing number of road accidents
within their respective political jurisdictions.
On the other hand, while police district offices in Metro Manila are
maintaining their respective Traffic Enforcement Groups/Units (TEG/ TEU) and
continue with their functions on road accident investigations, they are scarcely
seen performing traffic direction and control as MMDA and locally employed
traffic enforcers are already performing these tasks.
With these developments and pressing concerns on the need for a more
concentrated anti-crime operations particularly involving motor vehicles, the
Traffic Management Group was brought back to its old name Highway Patrol
Group (HPG) on May 5, 2008, pursuant to NAPOLCOM Resolution No. 2008-262
and PNP Memorandum Circular General Orders No. DPL 07-15, to assume an
even significant mandate against carnapping, hijacking / highway robbery and
related offenses involving motor vehicles.
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Nonetheless, the PNP-HPG remains in strong support to other road safety
functionaries and is presently spearheading the proposal to establish a Traffic
Law Enforcement Academy, among other recommendations to address traffic
related concerns particularly road accidents, through its Chairmanship of the
NALECC-Sub-Committee on Traffic Management, Enforcement and Anti-
Carnapping (SCTMEAC).
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CHAPTER II
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WHO ARE RESPONSIBLE?
Who is to blame? The road users? The traffic enforcer? The road infrastructure?
- Among others.
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Legislative Bodies (Congress and the Senate)
University of the Philippines National Center for Transportation
Studies (UP-NCTS)
Local Government Units (LGUs)
Non-Governmental Organizations NGOs
EDUCATION
The Department of Education (DEPed) has the prime role on the following:
1. Elementary Education:
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j. School, community and parents group.
2. Secondary Education:
a. The students are now reaching the age to drive and this is
the time to develop driving habits. Initiate driver education
programs.
b. Organized School safety patrol.
c. School Safety Organization.
d. Establish newspapers in the school systems.
e. Use pictorial and graphic aids.
f. School community and parents group.
C. Training:
Some agencies involved in the conduct of formal training are the following:
ENFORCEMENT
Land Transportation Office (LTO) – Laws, rules and regulations governing the
registration of motor vehicles, operation or motor vehicles and traffic rules and
regulations as provided for under Republic Act 4136 as amended and other
related laws.
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transport franchises; prescribe and/or adjust transport fares; issue injunction in
accordance with the Rule of Court; punish for contempt; issue subpoenas;
conduct investigations and hearing on violations of public utility laws and rules;
review motu propio decisions/actions of the regional offices; promulgate rules
governing proceeding before the Board and regional offices; fix, impose and
collect fees for services rendered; formulate and enforce rules and regulations for
transport operators for the promotion, safety and convenience of the public;
coordinate with other agencies towards improvement of the transport services
and to perform such duties and functions as may be provided by law and those
incident to the objective of Executive Order No. 125, 125-A and Executive Order
No. 202 dated June 19, 1987.
ENGINEERING
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1. Department of Public Works and Highways: They have the
responsibility for determining traffic flow patterns, through origin and destination
of person and things, planning, approving, funding constructions of:
o. Traffic Signs:
1. Regulatory 4. Informative
2. Warning 5. Place Identification
3. Mandatory 6. Bus and Jeep Stop
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p. Traffic signal lights:
Elimination of obstructions:
1. Squatters
2. Vendors
3. Debris and construction materials
4. Trash and garbage
5. Dwelling or construction of any kind
6. Junk cars, goods and commodities
7. Business places and persons from using streets for
personal use.
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CHAPTER III
2. To teach the abilities required for one to be eligible for a driver’s license.
SAFETY CAMPAIGN – Safety campaign are mass publicity aimed to make road
users behave more safely. These basically focus on public information attitudes,
and particular or specific behavior or combinations of these. Road propaganda
may be intended simply to inform or it may be felt that the public is already aware
of the recommended behavior needed to be persuaded into adopting it.
BIORHYTHM – is the theory which asserts that a man exhibits constant variation
of life, energy and mood states.
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Example:
The 23 days cycle is also known as our cycle of strength, endurance and
courage (the male component of a person). The 28 days cycle (equal to a girls’
28 day menstrual cycle) is also known as our cycle of sensitivity, love and
intuition (the female component of a person). All these cycles at the time we are
born. When the curve is above the center line, the biorhythm value is said to be
“high” or a person has more energy to spare.
Example:
When the curve is below the center line, the biorhythm is said to be below
in a recharged period.
Example:
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It should be borne in the mind that biorhythm do not predict what actually will
happen. All it does is to give us a hint on how we will tend to feel on a certain
day. The theory assert that people are accident prone if their biorhythm crosses
the center line on a certain day or is totally below the line on a certain day or is
totally below the line. So theoretically, if we know our biorhythm for a certain day,
we can psychologically cope up with any situation. If we can usually overcome
any ill effect by awareness and will power. These ideas have been put into use in
different countries in the world, and the result, help reduce accident rates until it
is totally refuted.
Driver’s License – is issued to the driver it is not right but only a privilege
granted by the state to its citizen who possess the statutory qualification as
provided therefore. This classificatory statement is made to put to rest a wrong
notion that the driver’s license is a right.
It is at this stage, where a novice driver learned the rudiment of driving, the
essential components of motor skill and control of vehicles. Under existing
provision of law, the life of student permit validity is 1 year, but after 4 months and
the holder’s competency is proven beyond question, he is now legible to apply for
non-professional driver’s license.
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driver, who shall be equally responsible and liable as the latter for any violation of
the provision of R.A. 4136 as amended by B.P. Blg. 398, May 18, 1983, and for
any damage done by the motor vehicle or account or as a result of its operation
by the student-driver under his direction.
The student applicant to avail the privilege must pass the oral and written
test given by the Land Transportation Office Licensing Center. The test includes
the examination of the applicants’ reflexes, the reaction, vision and other factors
to determine the applicants’ competence. Having passed the examination, the
applicants shall be advised to undergo the practical driving test under the
supervision of the Land Transportation Office Examiner to check his skill and
control of the motor vehicle. After having successfully passed all the
examinations, the applicant shall be photographed with the name and
corresponding control number, after which, a temporary driving license shall be
issued.
Restriction: a) The holder is allowed to drive his own Vehicle only and not
to earn livelihood.
b) The type of category of vehicle authorized to be driven is
indicated on the face of license.
Validity: The license is valid for 3 years from the date of issuance and renewable
every 3 birth months of succeeding years and automatically expires if not
renewed on due date.
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Restrictive : the type or category of authorized to drive is indicated on the face
of the license.
Validity – the license is valid for 3 years from the date of issuance and
renewable every 3 birth months of the succeeding year and automatically expires
if not renewed on due date.
4. Military Driver’s License – This is one of the two (2) special types of
license issued by the agency for limited and special purpose.
While the issuance is made by the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP),
however, the holder have to pass all the test and examination in compliance with
the rules and regulation thereof.
Validity – the license is valid for 3 years from date of issuance and renewable
every birth month of succeeding year and automatically expires if not renewed on
due date.
In general the use of the term “VEHICLE” in RC 2 & 3 refers to any motor vehicle
regardless of the transmission whether conventional or automatic. On the other hand,
the use of the term “AUTOMATIC CLUTCH” in RC 4 & 5 means that the licensee is
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limited to drive a vehicle with automatic clutch or transmission only. Restriction code are
further categorized according to the Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) of the as indicated in
the following:
A driver holding a driver’s license with Restriction Code No. 4 is only authorized
to drive a motor vehicle with automatic transmission with GVW of up to 4500 kg.
He is in violation of the rules if he drives a motor vehicle whose transmission is
conventional with the same GVW and
Similarly, the authority of a driver holding a driver’s license with Restriction Code
No. 5 is limited to a motor vehicle with automatic transmission (clutch) with GVW
above 4500 kg. He is not allowed to drive a conventional motor vehicle with the
same GVW. (LTO Memorandum dated 23 February 1998)
In case the license has been lost or cannot be produced, the licensee
shall apply for a duplicate of the original on file with the LTO by filing a sworn
statement that such license has been lost and that a thorough and diligent search
was futile. Sec. 26, R.A. 4136 as amended.
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FORM – NO. 1
AFFIDAVIT
3 – That quite by accident, on the………. day of ……………… more or less, my wallet fell
from my hip pocket while I was on my way to work; That I noted he loss only when, upon
reaching my destination, I saw that my wallet was gone, together with my driver’s License No.
…………………………. and a little money.
4 – That I took pains to look for the said wallet and license but to no avail.
5 – That I am executing this statement to attest to all the above facts, and to request the
proper authorities to grant me a new license.
IN TRUTH WHEREOF, I have hereunto signed my name below, this ………… day of
……………………… 200….. at …………………………………………………
……………………………
Affiant
SUBSCRIBED AND SWORN to before me, this ……. day of …………………… 200…..
by ………………………………………. Who exhibited to me his Community Tax Certificate No.
…………………………….. issued at ……………………………..
Notary Public
Until December 31, 200…..
PTR No. …………………..
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HUWARAN BLG. IKA – 2
REPUBLIKA NG PILIPINAS )
BAYAN NG ........................... ) SS.
LALAWIGAN NG ................. )
SALAYSAY
5 – Na ang Salaysay kong ito ay aking isinagawa bilang patotoo sa lahat ng nabanggit
na sa itaas nito, at upng hilingin sa Kgg. Na Lupon ng Pahatiran-Sasakyan na ako ay gawaran ng
panibagong lisensiya.
...........................................
Nagsalaysay
NotaryoPubliko
Hanggang ika 31 ng Disyembre, 200.....
PTR Blg........................
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DRIVER’S DUTIES
The Driver - any licensed operator of a motor vehicle. Section 3 (d), R.A. 4136
as amended. Thus, no person shall operate any motor vehicle without first
procuring a license to drive a motor vehicle for the current year, nor while such
license is delinquent, invalid, suspended or revoke. The license shall be carried
by the driver at all times when operating a motor vehicle, and shall be shown
and/or surrendered for cause and upon demand to any person with authority
under Section 19, R.A. 4136 as amended.
Duty of the driver in case of Accident – In the event that any accident should
occur as a result of the operation of a motor vehicle upon a highway, the driver
shall stop immediately, and if requested by any person present, shall show his
driver’s license, give his true name and address and also the true name and
address of the owner of the motor vehicle.
The Conductor – As mandated by law, the conductor must pass the statutory
qualification before a license is issued in his favor, a condition precedent to his
employment. He shall be exclusively held liable if he allow, more passengers or
more freight or cargo in his public utility trucks or buses. Section 32, R.A. 4136
as amended.
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9. Avoid stopping if arriving at the scene of the accident unless you can
render aid.
10. Avoid artificial stimulant to keep awake, top and sleep.
11. Drive as far as possible if meeting a one-eyed car.
12. Avoid overloading the car; distribute the weight evenly.
13. If you do smoke while driving, train yourself to do it without taking off your
eyes on the road.
14. Glance at your speed meter frequently, know at all time the exact speed
you are traveling.
15. Make you see and you are seen.
16. Saying “I didn’t know” is not an excuse.
17. Remember that 9 out of 20 accidents are cause by human error.
18. Obey traffic rules and be prepared to adjust for driving error made by
others.
19. Yield the right of way to a police car, ambulance or fire truck flashing a red
and blue light and stopped along side of the road or at the scene of the
accident.
3. Avoid blowing of horn to the pedestrian. You have no legal right to require
him to run or get out of your way.
4. Beware of children playing on the street. They are traffic hazards almost
impossible to control.
1. SAFETY INSPECTION:
Check Tire (spare too) before trip for sign of wear, damage or wrong
inflation.
Check break pedal for too much travel. Have mechanic check fluid
level and break adjustment.
Check lights (signals, head, tail, parking and break lights).
Check wind shield (wiper, washer, defrosters), for clear vision.
Check steering for excessive play.
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Check oil, battery and water before a trip.
Many motorists are seem to be taking the basic traffic principle for
granted. And they do so, causing monstrous traffic jams. These sets of rules are
to remind constantly our motorists to do their share in keeping orderly traffic.
1. KEEP RIGHT.
The driver of a motor vehicle shall always drive his vehicle to the right
except when overtaking another vehicle proceeding in the same direction and
shall pass at a safe distance to the left thereof, except that, on a highway, within
a business or residential district, having two or more lanes for the movement of
traffic in one direction, the driver of a vehicle may overtake and pass another
vehicle on the right. Section 39, R.A. 4136 as amended.
On a highway having two more lanes for the movement of traffic in one
direction the driver of a slow moving vehicle shall drive to the right, while the
driver of a fast moving motor vehicle to the left.
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these may be attributed to the driver’s uncertainty or failure to observe the rules
of the right of way.
Police and other Emergency Vehicle: The driver of a vehicle upon a highway
shall yield the right of way to police or fire department vehicles and ambulance
giving audible signal, the driver of every other vehicle shall immediately drive the
same to a position as near as possible and parallel to the right hand edge or curb
of the highway, clear of any intersection of highway and shall stop and remain in
such position, unless otherwise directed by a peace officer, until such vehicle
shall have passed. Section 49, R.A. 4136 as amended.
While the driver officially operating a motor vehicle of any fire department is
exempted to speed restriction, however, it shall not be construed to allow useless
or unnecessary fast driving of drivers .Section 35 (c) (7), R.A. 4136 as amended.
From Private Road to Highway: a vehicle from a private road must yield to that
on a highway and a vehicle from a street / highway must yield to one on a
“thorough street/highway”. Section 43 (a), R.A. 4136 as amended.
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hospitals, clinic and others; within 4 meters of a fire hydrant; in front of a private
driveway; double parking or on the road side of any vehicle stopped or parked;
on the sidewalks, path or alleys not intended for parking; at the foot of the bridge;
at any place where official signs are posted prohibited parking or to be declared
“NO PARKING” zone by MMDA-Toc. MMDA Ordinance No. 11 dated 24 May 91.
The vehicle being overtaken is the privilege vehicle. The driver keeps his
lane, reduces of maintain speed, and allows the overtaking vehicle to
pass.
He shall not increase the speed until completely passed by the overtaking
vehicle.
In an undivided two way-lane roadway, the overtaking vehicles passes at
a safe distance to the left of the overtaken vehicle and shall not again
drive to the right side of the highway until safely clear of the overtaken
vehicle.
In an expressway with a fast and slow lane or in any divided roadway, a
driver may overtake on either lane.
The vehicle being overtaken running at regulations sped on his lane is the
privilege vehicle. The driver keeps his lane reduces or maintain speed,
and allows overtaken vehicle to pass.
Overtaking is prohibited at crest of a grade, curve, railway, crossing,
intersection and between construction or caution.
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6. RULES TO PREVENT OR UNTANGLE TRAFFIC JAMS. Keep opposing
lanes and intersection open. In heavy, slow or stopped traffic, there shall be no
overtaking. In a construction, the vehicles should merge alternately.
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CHAPTER IV
Traffic laws, like other laws, reflect the belief, behavior, and standard
agreed on by society. They do not relate to behavior which is necessarily bad in
itself, as are laws against theft, assault, and indecency. They exist in order to
identify and encourage behavior in accord with the accepted pattern, and to deal
with those who will not conform and who thus aggravate the hazards of traffic
movement.
1. The words in the law book which state explicitly the kind of behavior
to be followed.
2. Judicial interpretation of how the laws are to be applied.
3. Administrative interpretation of how the laws are to be applied
usually reflected by policies, tolerance and assignments of enforcement
personnel.
4. How the individual officer feels about driving behavior which occurs
in his presence.
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obstruct and limit the peace and happiness of society. Since the ends of the law
are the promotion of justice and the protection of welfare, it must serve no
master.
ENFORCEMENT THEORY
Traffic Law Enforcement – is the action taken by the police and the court to
compel obedience to traffic laws and ordinances regulating the use and
movement of motor vehicles for the purpose of creating a deterrent to unlawful
behavior by all potential violators.
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The most visible symbol of lawman at its best, the man for all seasons
whether fair or foul weather. The man who is often brutalized, whether he is the
honest, the brightest of the best.
Thus, why then the traffic law enforcer is to be blamed when vehicles
move in snail-pace because of unpaved roads and not the Public Works and
Highway? Why then the traffic law enforcer becomes the villain if a 40-footer van
stalled on a highway and hinders the traffic flow and not the maintenance
mechanics? Why then he is crucified if flash floods cause traffic snarls due to
impassable roads and not the Mother Nature? Why then the traffic law enforcer
never escapes vilification even during earthquakes and fortuitous events when
the traffic is at a standstill?
The ordeal of the traffic law enforcer does not end with these incredulous
rages. Already battered by criticism, he had to face with unsympathetic media
men who portray the negative and ignore the positive. For in this was of words, it
is feared that the proverbial dice is loaded with hidden agenda. By these
machinations of the press, the traffic law enforcer’s integrity and profession have
practically lost their respectability and morality; his image abused and destroyed.
How can a traffic enforcer defend himself against this public perception of
guilt? Could there be a better approach to regain the lost prestige? How can the
battered image of the traffic law enforcer be refurbished? How will he reverse the
avalanche of these unfounded public perceptions?
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equipment, special assistance to court and prosecutors and incidental service to
highway users.
Court Traffic Law Enforcement – The part of traffic law enforcement performed
by the court by adjudication and penalization.
Police Court Enforcement Process – involves five (5) essential steps which the
police provides varying responsibilities and influence.
Detection – wholly police responsibility and entail looking for defects in the
behavior of motorist, pedestrians, vehicles, equipment and roadway condition.
Requires knowledge on law on the part of the police.
Penalization – the court imposes the penalty upon the accused. The penalty is
greatly influenced by previous records of conviction as provided by the police.
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Persuasive Activities – such as oral, written warning or visible patrols.
3. Traffic system – consist of the entire road and vehicle complex. The road
user exhibits certain behavioral patterns which lead to inefficiencies in the traffic
system. These inefficiencies can be measured in term of congested flow and
accidents.
What traffic laws are? All traffic law enforcement is based on the traffic
laws:
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1. The first laws concerning driving behavior which were developed mostly
from experience over the years resulted from custom and common usage.
2. Traffic laws, like all other laws, reflect the beliefs, behavior and standard
agreed on by society.
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4. Positive area of good citizenship, doing what is right and setting an
example.
How enforcement affect drivers – often subtle and far reaching. Understanding
these effect will help provide understanding of the objectives of enforcement
clearly.
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frequency of observation depends of course on how many police officers are
available.
The part of the police traffic law enforcement involving arrest, citation or
warning of any person believed to have violated a law, ordinance or rules and
regulations pertaining to the use of traffic ways, when the person has knowledge
of this action and it is to:
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Visual warning – are usually used when you have observed a
minor violation but are importantly occupied at a moment. You
indicate by gesture of the hand, and of the head, a toot of the horn
that you are aware of the violation. Such action reminds the
violators that he has committed the violation and that the police are
observant.
Verbal warning – are really a form of safety education. You tell the
violator that he has violated the law and explain the hazards of
such actions. They are frequently used when there is a new
preliminary phase calls for a period of public education.
TRAFFIC PATROL
That part of police traffic supervision which consist of driving and walking
here and there in an area or to and from on a road for the purpose of traffic law
enforcement and to provide traffic connected service to the public.
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2. Detecting and apprehending violators.
3. Observing and reporting of traffic condition.
4. Observing and reporting road condition.
5. Providing certain services to the public handling emergencies and keeping
traffic.
TRAFFIC OBSERVATION
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TRAFFIC ROAD CHECK
OFFICER-VIOLATOR RELATIONSHIP:
TRAFFIC SUPERVISION
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The following are definitely police work:
Traffic accident investigation.
Less serious traffic law offenses.
Serious traffic law offenses.
All traffic personnel should know how to direct traffic on the following:
Unsignalized intersection
Signalized intersection
Between intersection
SUPERVISED ROUTE:
That part of police traffic supervision that involves telling drivers and
pedestrians how and where they may or may not move or stand at a particular
place, especially during periods of congestion or emergencies; it generally
involves all police activity which is necessary to insure the smooth and orderly
flow of traffic.
That part of police traffic direction that involves mobile supervision of the
movement of one or more traffic units from one point to another; this may include
directing the movement of surrounding vehicles and pedestrians by means
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audible and visible signals in such a manner as to permit free and safe
movement of the vehicle or vehicles being escorted.
SIGNALLING
WHISTLE SIGNALS
OBJECTIVES
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1. Traffic Law Enforcer assigned to traffic control:
PRESENTATION
A. Command of traffic:
1. Stand where you can be seen: (Normally in the middle of the intersection)
2. Postures and stances:
a. Show that you mean business.
b. Weight should be the same on each foot.
c. When not signaling, hands hung at sides.
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Stand as though you mean
business not as though you had
been caught in traffic.
Recommend steps for halting traffic Hold hand in stop position, point at
in both Directions. First point then traffic in the other direction then halt
halt Traffic in one direction. this traffic stream. Do not lower either
arm until vehicles approaching from
both ways are stopped.
Stop traffic for a left turn with one Left: STOP signal
hand.
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Flashlight is an emergency Right: Go ahead.
substitute for baton. Top STOP car
by moving signal of light across
pavement; give hand signal after car
is stopped.
Halt opposing traffic with right hand. One long blast for STOP; Two short
snappy blast for GO.
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3. Moving vehicles to your left for right turn you may bend your left arm at
elbow and with thumb and forearm indicate movement.
To indicate right turn, point at driver Keep pointing until right turn has
with your arm. Hold opposing traffic been made.
point to turning direction.
Give turn signal and signal for traffic Halt opposing traffic with Right hand
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going straight. Starting pointing to and point where the other drivers
traffic to go ahead. should stop.
Raising your arm to indicate outright Using a baton at night. Motioning with
turn direction. Giver turn signal with baton for a left turn.
left hand.
Directing Traffic from traffic light Leave control box to direct traffic.
signals.
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1. Occasional need for two men:
a. If need, the first to command must be given by the team leader
followed up by the member.
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2. Keep in mind that in intersection or any traffic post the following factors
should be considered on the placement of the traffic policeman.
3. The officer shall not leave his post during his hour of duty without
permission, except when properly relieved by another policeman /
enforcer. In case of personal necessity or required by the situation in any
police emergency, he shall notify his station before leaving and upon
return to his post.
5. He must be calm and control his temper even under trying and provoking
circumstances, in warning or correcting a person for a slight infraction of
the traffic regulation, he shall do so in a firm but brief and civil manner and
without obstruction to the flow of traffic or creating congestion.
6. Shall be in proper uniform, equipment and must personify the best image
of the policeman / traffic enforcement institution.
2. The erring driver shall not be required to alight from his vehicle, instead,
the traffic law enforcer shall ask for the former driver’s license and shall
forthwith proceed to fill up the appropriate traffic citation on or near the
hood of the vehicle within full visual access of the vehicle passenger.
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3. A traffic law enforcer should be in the middle of the intersection to:
PEDESTRIAN CONTROL
Campaign
Guiding on the spot
Warning ticket
DRUNKEN DRIVER
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BEHAVIORAL LEVEL OF INTOXICATE DRIVER
1. Between 0.08 – 0.15% of blood alcohol level, the driver apparently lack of
mental control because the frontal lobes of the brain is somewhat
anesthetized. Scientific findings reveal that this level is the most
dangerous for the drover becomes reckless.
5. Level 0.50, the average person is seemingly dead, but others can still
drive but dangerous.
CHEMICAL TEST
1. Blood test
2. Urine test
3. Perspiration test
4. Breath test
5. Skin test
6. EENT test
7. Ultra-tech test
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5. Voice tape of drunken driver
6. Video tape of drunken driver
7. Officer’s testimony
2. Impound the vehicle. To determine the owner on record demand the latest
registration certificate of the vehicle. Search for any unlawful articles or chattels
inside the vehicle. The process should be made in the presence of authorities
and must be documented by photographs or video to forestall counter or
harassment accusations.
6. To be sued for any acts or omission punishable by law. Whether the driver
is positive or not for drunkenness is immaterial, the graven properties as the
consequences of his driving.
7. Effect of acquittal: if by the twist of events, the driver was acquitted despite
the overwhelming evidence, the traffic management, for good reasons, can
recommend to the Land Transportation Office the suspension or cancellation of
the driver’s license, depending upon the magnitude of the offense.
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CHAPTER V
RED is used as a background for STOP signs, as border color on GIVE WAY
signs, warning signs and prohibitive signs in the regulatory type.
BLACK is used as a legend color for signs having white, yellow, orange
fluorescent orange, fluorescent yellow green background and as chevron for
hazard markers.
WHITE is the background color for most signs and legends for some colored
background.
BROWN is reserved as a background color for all tourist facility directional and
information signs.
Regulatory Signs
Warning Signs
Guide Signs or Informative Signs
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REGULATIVE SIGNS
Regulatory signs tell the driver what they must do. Drivers must obey them in the
same manner as traffic laws.
Remember, a red slash form upper left to lower right means “NO”. The picture or
image within the circle shows what is prohibited.
Priority Signs
Direction Signs
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Speed Signs
Miscellaneous signs
Parking Signs
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WARNING SIGNS
Warning signs are triangular in shape (with one angle vertical), with a black
symbol, reflectorized red border on a retro-reflective white, or fluorescent yellow
green background. They alert you to conditions which are immediately ahead,
and tell you what to look for. They may be road hazards, changes in direction or
some other situation which will require action on your part.
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Road Width Signs:
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GUIDE SIGNS OR INFORMATION SIGNS
Guide Signs inform road users about the direction and distances of destinations
on the route they are following. They also supply information to identify points of
geographi8cal or historical interest and give directions to rest areas or parking
areas.
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PROPER USE OF INNERMOST LANES
Lane dividers
These are short broken white lines which are used on wide
expressways to divide them into lanes. You should keep
between them.
Chevron Markings
These are to separate traffic lanes or to protect traffic turning
right. With pavement studs constructed at every separation of the
mainline expressway and deceleration lane and to Toll Plaza
Entry.
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CHAPTER VI
PNPM-D-O-3-1-99 [TMG]
1. GENERAL
To know what question to ask and what to look for, you must have
some fundamentals bearing on accidents and their causes. When
you speak of a traffic accident, everybody knows what you mean –
something went WRONG on the highway, either a car wrecked,
somebody injured or possibly killed. In this relation, as traffic law
enforcer you should have knowledge of traffic accidents and their
investigation.
3. DEFINITION OF TERMS
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(e) Motor Vehicle Accident – Any event that results in unintended
injury or property damage attributed directly or indirectly to the
motion of a motor vehicle on the road.
Included are:
Excluded are:
(h) Traffic Unit – Is any person using a traffic way for travel parking or
other purpose as a pedestrian or driver, including any vehicle, or
animal which he is using it applies not only to motor vehicle but also
to:
1. Pedestrian
2. Cyclist
3. Street Car
4. Horse-drawn vehicles
5. Farm tractors
6. Other road users in almost any combination
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4. CLASSIFICATION OF MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS
1. Overturning
2. Other non collision
1. Pedestrian
2. Other motor vehicle in traffic
3. Parked motor vehicle
4. Railroad Train
5. Bicycle
6. Animal
7. Fixed objects
8. Other Objects
(a) Fatal Accident – is nay motor vehicle accident that results in death to one or
more persons.
(b) Non – Fatal Injury Accident – is any motor vehicle accident where there is
no fatal or injury to any person but only damage to the motor vehicle or to other
property including injury or animals.
1. Road conditions.
2. Driver’s attitude or behavior.
3. Weather conditions.
1. Road hazards
2. Driver’s non compliance to traffic laws, rules and regulations.
(d) Perception Factors
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1. Driver’s inability to react promptly to a situation.
2. Driver’s faulty action to escape collision course.
(a) STEP ONE – Upon arrival at the scene of the accident get the facts from
bystander or complainant:
1. WHAT happened?
2. WHEN did it happen?
3. WHERE (exactly where was it)?
4. WHO and WHAT was involved?
5. WHY did it happen?
6. HOW did it happen?
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(c) Verify ownership
(d) Account step-by-step what happened
a. Vehicle damage.
b. View obstruction.
c. Present condition.
d. Control devices.
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6. Complete factual data on investigation report if not completed at
scene.
7. Reconstruct the accident:
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3. Traffic Accident Investigation Report will be accomplished in five
(5) copies: one (1) for the Court of Fiscals Office; one (1) copy
for CHPRG; one (1) copy for the Investigator; one (1) copy for
Insurance Co. of Party – Involved #1; and another copy for
Insurance Co. of Party – Involved #2.
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3. WHEN THE EMERGENCY IS UNDER CONTROL
Preliminary question of drivers: Question driver more fully: Check
Who was driving each vehicles license and registration; record
and what was his travel plan? Note data from them, verify address and
unpremeditated statements. Look identity. Get step by step account
for signs of nervousness, of what driver saw and did.
confusion, intoxication. Observe vehicle condition. Note
Gather clues for hit-and-run cases. lights, light switches, gear position,
Question other witnesses, especially and tires.
bystanders who may be anxious to Photograph tire marks and location of
leave. If important, get signed Vehicles.
statement at once from any person Measure to locate marks on road and
who may be difficult to find later. vehicle final positions.
Examine driver condition. Record place to which injured persons
Look for signs of intoxication and and damaged vehicles were or are
Drugs; question about drinking, get to be taken. Have road cleared if
specimen for chemical test. traffic is obstructed.
Question about trip plan for possible
fatigue.
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REFERENCE: TRAFFIC INVESTIGATION by: LEVY MACASIANO
At the crime scene, the investigator stands majestically, which gives rise to
extravagant expectation by the aggrieved party that justice will prevail. However,
when he fails to solve the case, it would cause disenchantment not only to the
victim but to the organization as a whole. Like any mortal, the investigator is not
infallible. As a man of flesh he is susceptible to succumb to mental exhaustion
and physical fatigue.
Thus, the salient feature of the investigation is overlooked and the real
issue becomes obscured and sometimes wantonly sullied.
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c. Have you protected and preserved the evidence? Were you able to
control the media in their quest to gather facts? How about the
intruders and kibitzers?
d. How long will you cordon the crime scene? When will you uncordon the
area?
4. Note - Taking
a. Have you recorded all the material facts of the case at issue?
b. Did you record the personal date of the victim and the witness? Did yu
likewise record even circumstantial evidence?
c. Is your note-taking done in memo book?
d. Are you aware that this record could be used as material evidence in
court?
6. Sketching
a. If the crime scene is photographed, id there a need for sketching? How
do photography and sketching complement each other?
b. Do you have reference point in the sketch? Is it drawn to scale? Is the
vicinity sketch vividly marked showing the streets and location of the
crime incident?
c. Does the sketch reflect the ingress and egress of the suspect or other
data which the camera eye cannot capture?
d. Can the sketch substitute for a photograph of the scene?
e. Are you aware that many crimes were solved based on an accurate
sketch?
f. Is the sketch a good method of preserving the facts of the case?
g. Is the sketch not drawn to scale admissible in court?
h. Why was the police sketch in People Vs Barbarin disregarded by the
court
7. Searching
a. What method of search will you apply in case under investigation?
b. Where does the searching for evidence begin? End?
c. When does it begin? End?
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d. Is searching a standard procedure prior to collection of evidence?
e. Is the evidence you are seeking for is material to the case? If material,
is it relevant, is it admissible in court?
f. Do you have the necessary tools in your search for evidence?
8. Collection of Evidence
a. Did you bring with you the basic tools used in collecting the evidence?
b. When should you start collecting?
c. Do you know what evidence to collect that is material to the case?
d. Did you indicate in the sketch where the evidence where collected?
e. To whom should you turn the collected items?
f. Are all the evidence retrieved properly accounted for?
g. Did you collect comparison standards needed in the case under
investigation?
h. Did you collect adequate amount of evidences in the crime scene?
9. Preservation of Evidence
a. Did you handle the evidence at the crime scene with care?
b. Do you know the physical evidence that needed immediate
preservation?
c. Did you consult an expert in the preservation of your evidence?
d. Did you place your evidence in securely sealed containers?
e. Are the evidences marked for future reference?
f. Are they labeled properly in their respective containers?
g. Did you protect the evidence against friction with other surfaces? Are
the receptacles of small objects lined with cotton?
h. What is the importance of well preserved evidence in court?
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d. Did you take into account the mental attitude of the subject being
interrogated?
e. Where should statement-taking be conducted?
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16. Prosecution
a. Do you have conclusive evidence?
b. Do you have a prima facie case?
c. Has a preliminary investigation been conducted on your case?
d. is the offense bailable?
e. Is the quantum of proof presented beyond reasonable doubt?
SKIDMARKS
INTRODUCTION
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vehicular accident in the absence of eyewitness? What is the speed of the
vehicle before the collision? Why the car crisscrossed off-the-curve road? And
the answer to the why’s and wherefores that benefit both the beggar and the king
is what this chapter is.
The writer can not claim the monopoly of everything in writing this chapter,
but acknowledge the critics and contribution of traffic gurus from France,
Germany, U.S., Great Britain, Netherlands, Australia and other Asian countries,
while the author is serving the United Nation as ISO on “expert mission” in
Cambodia under UNTAC in May-June 1993.
ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTION
These are:
1. Lateral positions of both man and machine on roadways.
2. Travel route of parties.
3. Condition of man on the wheel and vehicles involved
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4. Weather condition and lightings
5. Road condition and range of speed
6. Laws violated by parties
7. Test validity of the collisions.
Settled is the rule, that the non-stopping of the driver after the accident
has the legal presumption of evading social and moral responsibilities as
mandated by law. In effect, several legal actions can be filed against the hit-and-
run driver.
Amongst are:
The penalty next higher in degree to those provided fir this Article
shall be imposed upon the offender who fails to lend on the spot to the
injured parties such help as may be in his hand to give. Article 365 par. 4,
Supra.
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Article 365 provides for the penalty next higher in degree upon the
offender who failed to lend assistance to the victims of his neglect act. The
failure constitutes a qualifying circumstance and must be alleged in the
information. People vs. Beduya, CA 60 2668-2669
The hit-and-run driver has the duty, by operation of the law to stop
immediately after the incident and submit himself to any police officer of
the law for investigation.
Every person criminally liable for a felony is also civilly liable. Article
101, RPC
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4. Proof of good faith and without malice.
A careful reading of this chapter will show that this writing is made
to stir the kind side and moral obligation of the hit-and-run driver toward
his hapless victims more than legalistic aspect. By the weak logic of this
vision, the writer still looks forward to the day when civic awareness of the
citizenry will developed into an accepted upright behavior. The emergence
of this social atmosphere is a fresh renewal of hope for road order.
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the author once said, “Unless by the act of God, behind every crime is
a perpetrator and in every crime the criminal always leaves indelible
traces of his felonious act.” Trichotomy of Investigation 1990 Ed. P.1,
Macasiano
2. The cadaver should be sent to police morgue for autopsy and other
laboratory test to determine the cause of death.
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offices that kept records of prints for immediate identification of the
victim.
5. Simultaneously, fax all the details of the above victim to print media
to maximize all avenues of exposure to hasten the identification of
the victim.
8. Likewise, the strand of hair if any should be collected, for hair has a
unique attributes that can reveal a hidden secret with impeccable
accuracy as to sex, race, age and peculiarities which could provide
a vital clue to the resolution of the case.
This may not be the whole solution, but, it is a tool solution of the
solution when all is said and done.
SPLINTERED GLASS
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c. The Who’s –
1. The headlamp can determine the type of the vehicle: a
truck, a van or car.
2. It can also disclose the make: American, Japanese,
European and others.
3. Most headlights were etched with Registered Patent
Number, therefore, model and make can be traced.
4. After the reconstruction of the headlights, the shape,
the size and other salient configuration can determine
the model and the make of the vehicle.
5. When the type of the vehicle, the make and the model
is established, the sphere of search is reduced from
present 2 million registered vehicles to probable within
the range of 1,000 only.
THE MARK
1. Its effect
a. The tire mark can determine the type of vehicle that run over
the victim: a truck, a van or a car.
b. If the car has established as the death vehicle, the state of
the damaged flesh, the tissue and the broken bones of the
victim can establish the classification of the car as to weight:
as bantam weight, light or heavy.
c. Although not conclusive, the lifted tire mark can also disclose
the make or the model of the car.
d. These findings further narrow the limit of investigation to its
final solution.
PAINT
The victim having been bumped by the car that resulted to his
instantaneous death, definitely left residues on the cloth or on the
pavement of car as a consequence of the collision.
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a. The bits and pieces on the pavement or attains on the
victim’s clothing should be collected and preserved for
laboratory examination.
b. Having established the type, the model, the make and the
color of the vehicle further narrow the area of search.
For what is needed is not a mere result but the quality of result that
occurred and will withstand the test of judicial scrutiny. That, indeed, is
the bright side of the dark limbo that to be pierced.
TWIST OF FATE
Having fed the media with the type of car, the make, the model, the
color, the busted headlights and dented hood, carries a wide array of
frontiers to seal the escape of the wanted vehicle.
At this crucial juncture, the erring driver will be bothered with his guilt
and fear of imminent capture due to the effective reconstruction of the
crime event.
All told, the recipes for the solution of hit-and-run cases consist of two
indispensable ingredients: test the skills and battle of wills.
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MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION
(Major Accidents)
Determine WHAT happened, WHO and WHAT were involved, HOW and
WHY the accident occurred, and WHERE it happened.
Any motor vehicle accident which occurs entirely at any place other than
a traffic way – an automobile accident on a farm or along a private
driveway or thoroughfare.
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7. Direct Causes of Vehicular Traffic Accidents:
a) Speed
b) Driver (attitude or behavior).
c) Vehicular malfunctions.
d) Road conditions.
e) Road hazards.
f) Perception factors
8. Preliminary Actions
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(iii) First things first. Location and position can be marked
off first and measurements taken later.
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(iii) Steps should be started to notify the relatives of all
injured persons.
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CHAPTER VII
The Traffic Violation Receipt is issued only in Metro Manila. It conforms with
RA 7524 creating MMDA and calls for a single ticketing system in Metro
Manila. It serves as a receipt for the driver’s license or plate confiscated.
Arrest
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f. The purpose of arrest is to bring a suspended violator before a court
to answer a charge of law violation.
a. Data/Time of Arrest
b. Place of Arrest
c. The common name of the offense for which the person is arrested.
d. The full name of the arrested person, his home address, his business
address and telephone number.
e. Physical Description of the arrestee, including his date of birth,
nationality and marital status.
f. Name of witness to the arrest.
g. Name and badge number of arresting officer.
a. Always consider the possibility that the person you are arresting may
attempt to injure or kill you.
b. Inform him that you are placing him under arrest.
c. Explain to him why you are placing him under arrest.
d. Reasonable search may be carried out in connection with the lawful
arrest.
a. If your unit equipped with radio, request for a transportation unit and
maintain custody of your prisoner until it arrives.
b. Give instruction to the transporting officer about the place where the
arrestee is to be delivered.
c. Have the necessary information and instructions written out so that
the transporting officer will not err in delivery.
d. In certain conditions, direct arrested person to drive his own vehicle
to your Headquarters an follow him with your police mobile, however,
if the driver is not in good condition or the vehicle is in bad shape; let
someone drive the vehicle to the Headquarters.
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Apprehension
Preparation of Information/Complaint
Filing of Information/Complaint
Within twenty-four (24) hours from the time of apprehension, file the
complaint, together with the confiscated items, with the Clerk of Court, City or
Provincial Fiscal or the court having appropriate jurisdiction. When the driver
is charge for violating the Land Transportation and Traffic Code or its rules
and regulation, the traffic enforcement unit forwards the confiscated
license/permit/certificate of registration plus the original copy of the TOP to
the Land Transportation Commission or to its nearest branch office within
twenty-four (24) hours from the time of apprehension.
Within seventy-two (72) hours or three (3) days from the filing of the case with
the respective traffic enforcement offices, the hearing authority shall make
immediate preliminary findings on the basis of police or complaining
witnesses’ reports as to whether or not there is an imperative necessity of
withholding the driver’s license confiscated. Should there be no such
necessity, he shall promptly order the return of the confiscated license to the
owner without prejudice to recalling said license, and it becomes necessary
for the prosecution of trial of the case, pursuant to Circular No. 44, dated July
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17, 1970 and Circular No. 53 dated August 11, 1970 of the Honorable
Secretary of Justice. Where the violator fails to appear before the court of the
investigating official concerned, his license/permit shall be forwarded to the
LTC for its suspension or revocation pursuant to Sec. 29, RA 4136.
When the violator appears in Court within fifteen (15) days and pleads guilty,
the Clerk shows the schedule and the violator pays the fine at the Treasurer’s
Office, receipt of which is shown to Clerk of Court who records the same on
the TOP, and his license, if cleared for release, is now returned to the driver. If
the violator appears after fifteen (15) days, his license is forwarded to the LTC
for suspension or revocation, he shows his TOP copy to the LTC for proper
disposition of his license. Clerk of Court, in every case, should inform the LTC
and/or the apprehending officer of the final disposition of the case. The
violator appears in Court and desires not to plead guilty to the charge, the
Clerk of Court sets the date of hearing and notifies the accused accordingly
and sends a corresponding subpoena to the apprehending officer for his
appearance. When the accused is found not guilty after the trial, his license, if
in the possession of the Court or of the LTC, shall immediately be returned to
him unless there is any other legal ground for its suspension.
When a violator has been overtaken by pursuit, the next problem is to halt
him and come to him on foot to take whatever action required. If carelessly
done this may be dangerous to you, to the violator and to other traffic.
Practices describe here apply to most situations and under most conditions.
However, there may be times when you must, on your own initiative adapt
these techniques to the situation. Close adherence to these practices will help
you form good working habits. Good habits are the key to safety in stopping
and approaching. Stops are always made under emergency conditions.
Stopping and approaching is complete when you have stopped the violator’s
vehicle and moved to the place where you will begin to talk to the driver.
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Select the Place
Select a place where it is possible to stop the violator promptly, efficiently and
safely. He must be able to pull of the traveled roadway or out of moving traffic.
An experienced driver will resist being forced to stop on the highway
pavement or in a dangerous spot. An inexperienced driver may become
confused or panicky and cause an accident. You are responsible for picking a
safe place to make the stop.
a. If the violator becomes confused and has an accident, you and your
department probably will be severely criticized.
b. If the spot for stopping is not carefully selected, the violator’s vehicle
(particularly if it is a heavy one) may bog down in soft ground. This
situation too could result in unfavorable criticism and loss of patrol
time. There may even be some questions as to the legal responsibility
for damages and towing charges incurred.
c. If you stop the violators in a hazardous spot, you will endanger both
the violators and yourself. Try to find a place where there is plenty of
room. In rural areas this would be the off traveled which has some
illumination. This will give you increased safety and make it easier to
write a citation or warning ticket.
If a person intentionally refuses to stop you may radio ahead for assistance
and give instructions for the roadblock or you may have to cut him off. Unless
the violation is continuing or of a serious nature, these tactics, especially
cutting him off, are not advisable. A full description of the vehicle, the
registration number, and an accurate description of the driver should gain a
conviction even the summon is delivered to the violator at a later date.
In most situations, the driver after noticing the signals from the office will pull
over to the shoulder of the road to stop. Here is where timing is important. Be
prepared to apply your brakes so you can stop your vehicle behind the
violator’s. don’t start to move behind the violator until after the sharp braking
has been complete. In all instances, when stopping automobiles, the major
safety factor is proper positioning of the patrol car behind the other vehicle.
Sometimes traffic, weather, and road conditions will make it necessary for you
to deviate from the procedures outlined here, but never move in front of the
violator. The only time you may do this is when you have overshoot the
vehicle while breaking and extremely heavy traffic you requires you to move
off the road immediately or when stopping certain special types of vehicles.
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This will seldom happen is you have waited until the road is clear in both
directions for a safe distance, before you begin your stopping procedure.
Highways with two or more travel lanes in each direction often require special
stopping procedures. If the violator is driving in any lane other than the right
lane you must make your approach from the right side. Your procedure for
stopping a violator in any lane other than the right-hand lanes is:
a. Indicate to traffic behind you that you are about to direct the violator
from his travel lane. This can be done by the use of your red light and
hand signals.
b. Move forward far enough to attract the violator’s attention in the usual
manner and indicate by hand signals that you want him to move to the
right. Be careful not to indicate any urgency.
c. Drop back to the rear and move to the right using your vehicle to clear
each Lane of Traffic so the violator can move in safely. Keep your red
light on to warn other traffic.
Approaching Violator
a. Normal with passenger in rear seats. Pause just to the rear window.
Then place yourself at the front edge of the driver’s door, facing the
rear. This will let you watch the driver, any person in the rear seat and
oncoming traffic.
b. Possible dangerous driver especially without rear seat passengers.
Stop just to the rear of the passenger’s window, facing the vehicle.
Stay back at the rear edge of the driver’s door. This will keep the driver
at a disadvantage and give you advantage if danger should arise.
c. On heavily traveled streets where approach from the left side would be
hazardous to you and other traffic, and under some conditions that
make a left-side approach inadvisable, approach from the right. Pause
to the rear of the right window. Then place yourself at the front edge of
the right door, facing the rear of the vehicle. This will tend to disconcert
the driver because most drivers expect you to approach from the left
side.
When patrolling with another officer your approach to the violator’s car is the
same except that your partner will assume a position where he can be of
assistance if the need arises. He may do either of the two things:
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Both positions permit your partner to observe the actions of the violator while
in a protected position. He will be able to undertake pursuit immediately in the
event the violator tries to flee and establish immediate radio contact if an
emergency arises.
Never lean against the violator’s car. Be especially alert for unusual
movements. Look at the floor and rear seat for anything that may be hidden.
Notice the violator and passenger. Stand at an angle so that you can look behind
the vehicle and inside it at the same time. Use left hand for accepting papers
from the motorist. (Unless you are left-handed).
Regardless of how innocent the situation may appear, never go in front of the
vehicle to write the citation or to look at the registration plate. There is always the
possibility of being run down by the motorist, either deliberately or through
nervousness.
If it is necessary to examine the front of the vehicle, go around the rear of the
vehicle and proceed to the front along the right side of the violator’s vehicle.
Stand to the right and slightly ahead of the vehicle while making the examination.
When examining the vehicle from the rear, writing a citation or talking to the
driver when he is out never allow the driver or anyone else, including yourself, to
stand between two stopped vehicles. In all cases you and anyone else should
stand off to the side away from the vehicles.
To the violator and passing motorist, you are the police and your actions
contribute importantly to how they feel towards you, your organization, and police
in general. Stand erect and be alert.
Stopping the violator who is approaching you from the opposite direction is a
special problem. For your own protection do not leave your vehicle and attempt
to stop the violator by hand signals. This exposes you to the maximum danger
from other traffic and violator himself.
When you want to stop an oncoming vehicle, drive onto the shoulder of the
road on your side and turn on your red blinker light. Do not attempt to turn around
until after the violator has passed your position, unless you are sure it can be
done with safety. Use your blinker light to reduce the speed of the violator and
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alert other traffic in the area that you are going to do something unusual. Many
times hand gestures directed to the approaching vehicle would bring him to a
stop. After he has come to a stop, turn about and place your vehicle that of the
violator in the manner described earlier. If the violator fails to heed your signal,
wait until he has passed, then turn about and stop in the usual manner.
Certain types of vehicles create special problems, for example trailer units,
very long or very wide, vehicles, house trailer and heavy equipment.
Usual procedures to reach a position where you can signal the driver to stop
are inadequate.
The length of the vehicle makes it difficult to get in position behind the unit
after it has stopped, stopping behind the unit requires you to expose yourself to
traffic while walking up to the front of the vehicle, usually a considerable distance.
The distance between you and your vehicle places you at a disadvantage if
you have to reach your radio quickly.
Fortunately most truck drivers are carefully selected, thus reducing danger
from the operator. When stopping large trucks don’t signal the operator until after
you have completely passed his unit and are once again in the right lane. After
determining where you plan to pull of the road, turn on your blinking red lights
and start your right turn signal. Then motion the driver with your hand. Point to
the side of the road and move your forearm back and forth.
Do not stop abruptly. Reduce your speed gradually, paying close attention to
the truck and lead the driver to the spot you have selected. Use this method
when stopping tractor-trailer units or other excessively long units. Pick – up and
panel trucks are best handled by using the usual stopping method.
DRUNKEN DRIVER
The agony of the victim can not be measured in any terms for the injury
and damage inflicted is beyond financial estimation.
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Self proclaimed traffic Messiah and their apostles said many times of the
solution to this malady, but regrettably, the cure is more of debacle than a victory.
We can not just sit by nor opt to be enigmatically silent about this rude monster
for nobody is safe and anybody can be innocent victim of prey. Silence may
mask for a time the truth, but will not bury the sense of grievance.
Indeed, it is a shocking fact that the hundred thousands killed and millions
injured worldwide from the road accidents, far outweighs the combine air and
water disaster in the same period. Studies further show that of these figures,
72% were attributed to driver’s error, 26% to mechanical malfunction and 2% to
freak accidents. Of the 72% attributed to driver’s error, 86% of which are caused
by driver’s drunkenness.
Said one writer, worth remembering, “Iron bars do not make a prison,
ignorance does.” The failure that is the system is fighting the effect and not the
cause of drunken driver. In one international forum, about 23% only worldwide
are convicted of driving under the influence of liquor. Even the percentage level
of intoxication is not the same in many countries. What is unfortunate, even in the
US, the percentage level intoxication varies from states, while majority of the
states and countries acknowledge the 0.10 percentage of level. Similarly, the
enforcers must be conversant of the effect of the field test and the new chemical
testing to ascertain the percentage of intoxication level, to end this road
indiscipline to grow.
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The anatomy of a driver under the influence of liquor is in the state of
emotional maladjustment, psychological abnormality or moral depravity,
nonetheless, he is also a human being and should be treated with respect and
understanding. There is still reason to hope the one day we will find the glory
which eluded to us: to create a better world.
(a) Get the exact time and date, and place of hold-up incident.
(b) Get the plate number, color, make, and other information of the get-away
car used and description of the occupants (hold-up team)
(c) For record purposes, interview the victims and list down the items stolen
or supposedly robbed from them.
(d) Flash report on the manner to the nearest TMG and police units via a two
way radio or telephone.
(e) Gather more facts and evidence that include statements of witnesses for
further reference.
In the case of the first category, verify and check on the ownership of the
vehicle and if possible advise the owner to relocate the vehicle to a much safer
place.
In case of the second category, get the plate number and other data or the
vehicle; make a report on the presence of the abandoned vehicle to the nearest
HPG or traffic police unit and make possible steps to inform the owner about his
vehicle; bring the vehicle to the CHPG or traffic police impounding area and
conduct Technical Inspection Report in the presence of alleged owner; advise the
owner to present all pertinent papers of the vehicle for identification of ownership;
if the vehicle is found to have violated any provision of RA 6539, note its violation
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and together with the Technical Inspection Report, submit it for investigation;
finally, submit a duly accomplished spot report.
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The workflow of applications for Alarm Certificate: Temporary Alarm
Certificate will be issued initially while investigation is being conducted to
determine the truthfulness of the statement of facts as well as to determine
authenticity of records submitted.
After the motor vehicle was - Shall require the applicant to present the following requirements:
discovered seized, the a. Original OR/CR of the subject MV.
b. Deed of Sale if the rightful owner of the vehicle has yet
rightful owner may already process the transfer of ownership with LTO.
report the incident c. Certificate of Encumbrance if the MV is encumbered and
photocopy of OR/CR authenticated by the financing
company.
d. Secretary Certificate/Board Resolution stating the
authorized user of the MV, if it is registered to a company.
e. Photocopy of MV Inspection Report, authenticated by LTO
and clearly showing the stencil of the engine and chassis
numbers.
f. Keys of motor vehicle.
Office of the Motor g. Insurance Policy.
Alarm h. Police Report from the local PNP unit who has territorial
Vehicle Concern Certificate jurisdiction on the area where the incident occurred.
Branch i. Valid identification cards of the rightful owner and the
person who has control of the MV when it was seized.
Center j. Two (2) pieces of 2”x3” picture of the rightful owner and
the person who has control of the motor vehicle when it
was seized.
- Shall compel the appearance of the rightful owner and the person
who has control of the MV when it was reportedly seized for
interview purposes, to check the veracity of his complaint and to
know further the details relative to the loss of the said MV
- If convinced of the veracity of the complaint and all documentary
Complainants outside Metro Manila requirements were satisfied, the complainant/applicant will then be
allowed to accomplish the HPG Alarm and Complaint Sheets.
may also file their application - If there were doubts in the truthfulness of the complaint or if the
directly on HPG Regional Offices. documentary requirements were not met, said MV will only be placed
Hpg Regional Offices will forward under radio/voice alarm until the issue is resolved.
- If the circumstance of the complaint does not constitute a crime of
application to the OMVCC. carnapping, the MV will be merely recommended for inclusion in the
watchlist.
-After the complainant has duly accomplished the Alarm and
Complaint Sheets, it will be recommended to the section chief for
review and approval.
- If approved, the alarm will be issued with a control number and a
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3.2 Certificate of Non-Recovery
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The figure shows the workflow of the application for certificate of non-
recovery. This certificate is a requirement for insurance claims for motor vehicles
that are covered by insurance against loss.
Approve/Disapprove
Director, HPG
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The basis for the lifting of alarm of any wanted/recovered motor vehicle
shall be any of the following: recovery, court order, termination of investigation,
actual possession of the owner and other lawful grounds or as ordered by
competent authority.
3.4 Procedure in applying for re-stamping of motor and chassis
numbers.
- Prepares memorandum based on the
The applicant must first secure following requirements:
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F. IN CASE OF ROBBERY HOLD-UP, TAKE THE FOLLOWING IMMEDIATE
STEPS:
(f) Get the exact time and date, and place of hold-up incident.
(g) Get the plate number, color, make, and other information of the get-away
car used and description of the occupants (hold-up team)
(h) For record purposes, interview the victims and list down the items stolen
or supposedly robbed from them.
(i) Flash report on the manner to the nearest TMG and police units via a two
way radio or telephone.
(j) Gather more facts and evidence that include statements of witnesses for
further reference.
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