1

Muhammad Faizan Farooq, Talha Ikram, and Muhammad Imran Shaikh

Analysis of the effect of change in protection
coordination in case of added parallel lines at
some points in transmission network

Abstract -In parallel transmission circuits the effect of mutual coupling makes protection coordination an uphill task since
mutual coupling affects voltage and current profiles sensed by the protective relay. This can lead to incorrect tripping if this
effect is not properly studied. This mutual coupling affects both ground distance and directional relays due to impact on
apparent impedance and incorrect directional decisions respectively. In this paper we explore situations where this effect must
be considered and the revision of settings for IEEE 30 bus system with the addition of parallel lines.

reach. Therefore it is necessary to use current in the

I. INTRODUCTION1
Parallel transmission lines are common in urban areas
where right of way is limited and carrying two circuits on a
common lattice structure is feasible and economical
solution. Similarly for large capacity generating stations,
where several circuits originate, having parallel lines is a
common practice.
Figure.1. Different configurations of parallel lines
Figure 1(a) shows two parallel lines originating and
terminating at two same location. This configuration is
most common in research considerations. Figure 1(b)
parallel lines to cover the effect of mutual coupling which
makes relay settings more complex.
II. IMPEDANCES IN TRANSMISSION CIRCUIT
Normally positive- and zero- sequence impedances are
enough for distance relays to approximate the transmission
line however in reality transmission line have impedance
represented in form of impedance matrix which represents
mutual effect of other phases as well as other transmission
lines.
A. Self and mutual impedances:
For two conductors carrying current in parallel path in free
space, following equations define self and mutual
impedances:

Where,
rx = resistance of the conductor
GMR= Geometric Mean Radius

shows two lines originating at one station and run parallel

to each other for a distance‘d’ and the two terminates at
two different locations. Figure 1(c) and 1(d) show two
independent lines running parallel to each other for some
distance.
It is observed that the effect of mutual coupling in parallel
lines causes the distance relay to under reach and over Figure 2. Two conductor model of transmission line

1
 III. EFFECTS OF MUTUAL COUPLING
The primary difference between a single transmission line
and a transmission line in parallel with one or more other
lines along the same right of way, is that of mutual
coupling. In the following discussion we analyze the effect
of mutual coupling on different sequence systems since
relays’ behavior is expressed in terms of sequence
components.
Figure 3. Mutual Coupling on double circuit line
The mutual coupling between positive and negative
sequence components in parallel transmission circuits is
usually small and thus can be neglected.
Figure 4. Positive Sequence diagram
However, the zero sequence mutual coupling cannot be
neglected. It can be considerable, since it is up to 50 to
70% of the self-impedance ZLO of the line.
Figure 5. Zero sequence diagram
IV. IEEE 30 BUS SYSTEM
V. SIMULATIONS AND OBSERVATIONS:
VI. CONCLUSION
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxx
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the contribution of Ms.
Samiya Zafar, Assistant Professor, NEDUET, whose
preliminary lectures provided a sound basis for us to
research in this area.
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxx
REFERENCES
[1] Yofre Jacome, COES Peru, Charles F. Henville, Henville Consulting
Inc., “An Example Distance Protection Application with Complicating
Factors” Presented to Western Protective Relay Conference 2009
Spokane, Washington, USA
[2] Fernando Calero Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. “Mutual
Impedance in Parallel Lines – Protective Relaying and Fault Location
Considerations
[3] Craig Holt and Michael J. Thompson Schweitzer Engineering
Laboratories, Inc. “Practical Considerations When Protecting Mutually
Coupled Lines”
[4] Protection ofDouble Circuit Transmission Lines
[5] A. Apostolov (OMICRON electronics), D. Tholomier (AREVA T&D
Automation), S. Sambasivan (AREVA T&D Automation), S. Richards
(AREVA T&D Automation