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A Submicrowatt 1.1-Mhz Cmos Relaxation Oscillator With Temperature Compensation
A Submicrowatt 1.1-Mhz Cmos Relaxation Oscillator With Temperature Compensation
1-MHz CMOS
Relaxation Oscillator With
Temperature Compensation
Oscillator
Resistors
Results
Conclusion
References
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Introduction
On-chip oscillators are widely employed in
low-power and low-cost applications.
A low-power on-chip oscillator extends the
battery life of a portable device.
Relaxation oscillators are used for on-chip
oscillators.
However, in relaxation oscillators the delay
time between a voltage comparator and a clock
buffer is considered and is sensitive to
temperature variations.
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Circuit Description: Overview
The oscillation period Tro is given as:
(1)
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Circuit Description: Overview
Reduce the temperature
coefficient of the resistor:
Parallel/series composite resistors
with positive and negative
temperature coefficients.
Reduce the temperature
variations due to the clock
buffer:
Clock buffer biased by the
combined PTAT(proportional to
absolute temperature) and
CTAT(complementary to absolute
temperature) current sources.
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Circuit Description: PTAT
Transistors M1 and M2 work in the subthreshold
region. So,
(3) (4)
(5)
(6)
Thermal voltage
(7)
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Circuit Description: CTAT
When a NMOS transistor works in the subthreshold region,
the relation between Vgs and Vth as a function of
temperature is given as:
(8)
(9)
(10)
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Circuit Description: Oscillator
PTAT and CTAT current sources are combined to realize the temperature-
independent currents Iref and Ib.
The current-mode comparator and the clock buffer are biased by Iref and Ib.
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Circuit Description: Resistor
Resistor with a zero temperature
coefficient: serialize two resistors
with the positive and negative
temperature coefficients.
Temperature coefficient of this
series resistor is given as:
(11)
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Results
A low-power current-mode relaxation oscillator is fabricated in a
0.18-μm CMOS process.
The die photo of this oscillator is shown below, and the active
area is 250μm×300μm.
The power consumption of this oscillator is 0.859μW for a supply
voltage of 1.8 V.
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Results
The measured output frequency versus temperature for a supply voltage of
1.8 V is shown in figure 6.
The average temperature coefficient is 64.3 ppm/◦C from −20°C to 80 °C.
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Conclusion
The transistors in the subthreshold region are used to reduce
the power of the relaxation oscillator.
The clock buffer is biased by using the PTAT and CTAT
current sources to release the temperature variations.
The parallel/series composite resistor and the PTAT/CTAT
current sources are also used to further reduce the
temperature coefficient.
The experimental results demonstrate that the temperature
compensation techniques are useful for this relaxation
oscillator.
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References
Y. H. Chiang and S. I. Liu, "A Submicrowatt 1.1-MHz
CMOS Relaxation Oscillator With Temperature
Compensation," in IEEE Transactions on Circuits and
Systems II: Express Briefs, vol. 60, no. 12, pp. 837-841,
Dec. 2013.
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