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Com Studies Notes
Com Studies Notes
Com Studies Notes
Experimental
Survey
Descriptive
Correlational
Case study
Advantages
Disadvantages
Artificial environment
Cannot control variable outside the experimental environment
Impossible to repeat the same conditions (field research )
“Hawthorne effect “ / observer effect – behaviour changes as the result of the researcher's
presence or the knowledge of being the subject an experiment .
Results generalizable to the real world
Can cover time spans over a year
Rea
Survey quantitative research that use contemporary survey methodology to answer questions
about a population
Advantages
Disadvantages
The cost
Time consuming
Respondents willingness to participate
Response accuracy
Qualitative research
Collect a subjective data such as information about people’s emotions , feelings and values .
The researcher usually interacts directly with respondents (i.e face to face ) or by actually joining
in their everyday life
Best for
Advantages
Close to reality
More personal
In depth feelings and meanings
Rich description
Disadvantages
Subjective
Unreliable
Not measurable
Not scientific
Lacks credibility
Misinterpretation
Interview
Face to face
Non-numerival data collected
Stricter or unstructured
Structured – precisely formulated questions
Unstructured – participants allowed to speak for as long as they want to question , use of
follow -up questions.
Advantages
Participant observation
Researcher studies people in their natural environ. By joining their daily activities
The researcher must remain as objective – overly involved - as possible
Researcher can be overt – letting the group members know that they are being studied
Or covert – choose to keep his identity secret
Unlike interviews , trust must be gained from the start.
First – hand information gathered
Advantages
Disadvantages
Questionnaires
Weakness of questionnaire
Questionnaire
Closed ended fixed choice is given between two or more response eh. Yes, no
Scale questions (strongly agree, disagree)
Open-ended questions
Respondents express opinions without being influenced by research
Focus groups
A qualitative method of research where a group of 6 – 12 persons are brought together in a guided
discussion on the topic
Advantages
Flexible
Little to no cost
Quick result
Captures real life data
Quicker than survey
Participants feed off each other
Disadvantages
Less control
Group dynamics can prove troublesome
Groups can be difficult to bring about
Can be affected by bias
One member may be dominant speakers , wont get enough info
Might not get the full feedback of the population because not everyone might be able to
come.
LISTENING
Objectives:
Devices Used
Oxymoron
Simile
Metaphor
Onomatopoeia
Personification
Irony (situational and verbal irony)
Questions Asked
Step 1
Read the questions that you are given. Identify the key terms and expressions.
Step 2
Listen for the gist of the extract. Don’t write anything for the first reading. Just scribble.
Step 3
Look out for specific info and details to help you to understand the passage. Look out for devices and
key words and answer the questions.
Purposes of language
Reflective, communicative - , phatic - able to exchange pleasances /small talk ( hey), expressive and
ritualistic- allows us to participate in sermons eg. Weddings and church
Language – is a system of human communication has to do with mofology, phonology, syntax, etc.
A language – is one recognizable entity used by one or more communities of speakers eh. Spanish,
Latin ,English etc.
Social factors:-
Environmental factors:-
Gender factors:-
Economic factors:-