2015-16

PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

Himanshu
Soni

K V ORDNANCE
FACTORY KATNI

`
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO. 1

ORDNANCE FACTORY KATNI

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSiCS

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Himanshu Soni, a student of class XII-A has successfully completed the
research on the below mentioned project under the guidance of Mr. S.K Tiwari ( Subject
Teacher ) during the year 2015-16 in partial fulfillment of physics practical examination
conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi.

Signature of external examiner

Signature of physics teacher
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people

have best owned upon me their blessings and the heart pledged
support, this time I am utilizing to thank all the people who
have been concerned with project.

Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this

project with success. Then I would like to thank my principal
Ms. Chandralekha G.R and Chemistry teacher Ms. Seema
tamrakar , whose valuable guidance has been the ones that
helped me patch this project and make it full proof success his
suggestions and his instructions has served as the major
contributor towards the completion of the project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have
helped me with their valuable suggestions and guidance has
been helpful in various phases of the completion of the project.

Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates who
have helped me a lot.

INDEX
1. CERTIFICATE OF EXCELLENCE

2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

3. AIM OF PROJECT

4. INTRODUCTION

5. THEORY

6. APPARATUS REQUIRED

7. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED

8. OBSERVATION
 9. CONCLUSION
10. BIBLIOGRAPHY

AIM OF THE
EXPERIMENT
To construct a switch using a transistor and
to draw the graph between the input and
output voltage and mark the cut-off,
saturation and active region.

THEORY
In the common emitter circuit of a transistor, emitter base make
input section and is forward biased and emitter collector junction
make output section and is reverse biased .
Appling Kirchhoff’s law, for input circuit
VBB = IBRB + VBE
And for output circuit
VCE = VCC - ICRC
But VBB = Vi and VCC = Vo, Then

Vi = IBRB + VBE

Vo =VCC - ICRC
The variation in the output voltage with respect to the variation in
input voltage for a Si transistor are shown in figure.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
AIM :
To construct a switch using a transistor and to draw
the graph between the input and output voltage and
mark the cut-off, saturation and active region.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

An npn transistor (BC 108 or 2Tx300),a 3 volt battery ,two high

resistance (100kohm,10kohm),a six volt battery, a bulb(6V,0.06A),0-3
volt meter, one0-6 volt voltmeter, two one way keys, connection
wires.

PROCEDURE:

 Make a circuit diagram

 Make all connections neat, clean and tight
  Note least count and zero error of voltmeters

 Make the voltmeters reading zero in V i and Vo

 Increase the voltage from input battery Vbb from 0 to 0.6V

and read it in voltmeter Vi and record the reading in voltmeter
Vo.

 Further increase the input voltage (0.6<Vi <=1V) and record

the reading in both voltmeters. The reading in voltmeter V o,
decreases continuously.

 With further increase in V i (Vi>1V) and again record the

reading in both voltmeters. The reading in the output
voltmeter is found to decrease in further toward zero
through it may never be zero.

 Plot the reading of Vi and Vo by taking V i on x-axis and Vo the

y-axis. The graph will be similar to figure as shown in figure.

OBSERVATIONS
1. Least count of voltmeter V i =
2. Least count of voltmeter V o =
3. Zero error of voltmeter Vi =
4. Zero error of voltmeter Vo =
Inpur voltage Output voltage
Vi (v) Vo(V)

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

………..

1.3

1.4

1.5

CONCLUSION
 1. When the input voltage V i (0 to 0.6) then transistor is in
cut off region . The transistor do not act.
2. When the input voltage V i (0.6<Vi <=1.0) V then transistor
is in active region. The transistor act.
3. The transistor incut off region act as switch in off
positon and in saturation region. The transistor act.
4. The transistor in cut off region act as switch in off
position and in saturation region it actas switch in on
position .

PRECAUTIONS
1. All connection should be neat, clean and tight .
2. The input voltage should be increase gradually.

RESULT
The variation in the output voltage with respect to the variation in
input voltage for a Si transistor is observed.

Biblography
1. Website
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.google.com
 www.yahoo.com

2. BOOKS:

 Comprehensive Practical Manual

 NCERT Class XII