,e;j mj;jpahaj;ijf; fw;gjd; %yk;

Ø jftw; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gk; gw;wpa mwpKfk;

Ø gy; N tW Jiwfspy; jfty; kw; W k; njhlu; g hly; njhopDl; g k;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjk;

Ø juTfs;> jfty;fs; Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fhzy;

Ø fzpdpapd; tuyhW

Ø fzpdpfis tifg;gLj;jy;
Mfpad gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;.

1.1 jftw; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gtpay;

mwpKfk;

kdpjd; fy;yhAj Afk; njhl;L gy;NtW Afq;fisj; jhz;bg; gazk;

nra; j NghJ jfty; f sp d ; Njit gbg; g bahf mjp f up j ; j J. jP u ; k hdq; f is
Nkw; n fhs; s y; > jp l ; l kp l y; > vjp u ; T $wy; Mfp a gy; N tW NjitfSf; f hfj;
jfty;fs; mtrpakhfpd.

gz;ilf; fhyk; Kjy;> kdpjd; jdJ ehshe;j Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf;

nfhs; S k; nghUl; L njhopDl; g j; i jg; gad; g Lj; j pf; fUtpfs; kw; W k;
,ae;jpuq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;F Kaw;rp nra;J tUfpd;whd;. ,d;iwa jfty;
Afj; j p y ; jfty; f isg; ngWjy; > Nrkp j ; j y; > ifahSjy; > njhlu; g hLjy; >
gpuNahfpj; j y; > Kfhkpj; j y; Mfpa nraw; g hLfSf; F j; njhopDl; g k;
mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

,t;thwhd midj;Jj; NjitfisAk; epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf

cUthf; f g; g l; l njhop D l; g khdJ jftw; njhlu; g hly; njhop D l; g tp a y
y;
vdg;gLfpd;wJ.
1
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
gy;NtW Jiwfspy; jfty; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghlw ; njhopDl;gj;jpd; gad;ghL
hlw

jw;NghJ fzpdp vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nghJthdnjhU

cgfuzkhf khwpAs;sJ. fzpdpAld; njhlu;ghd jfty; kw;Wk; njhlu;ghly;
njhopDl;gk; @
+$::++$$:&")!A: kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahj
mk;rkhf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. md;whl kdpj tho;f;ifapy; ,J gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
tpjq;fs; gw;wp Kjypy; mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.

fy;tpj; Jiw ^ $   &

fzpdpahdJ fy; t pj; Jiwapy; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; xU Kf; f pa

cgfuzkhf jw;NghJ khwpAs;sJ. Vw;fdNt jahupf;fg;gl;l fy;tp epfo;r;rpfis
kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; ghu;f;ff; $bajhf ,Ug;gJ ,jw;fhd Kf;fpa fhuzkhf
mike;Js;sJ.

,d;W> Muk;gf; fy;tp njhlf;fk; ,ilepiyf; fy;tp tiuahd mNdf

ghlq;fs; fzpdp kag;g Lj;jg;g l;L s;sd. ,f;fy;tp epfo;r;r pj ; jpl;lq;fis
rpukkpd;wp kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; nraw;gLj;jf; $bajhf ,Ug;gJk; ,e;epfo;r;rpj;
jpl;lq;fs; gy;Y}lfj; njhopDl;gj;ijg; ^)$+$: &")!& gad;gLj;jpj;
jahupf;fg;gl;bUg;gJk; rpwg;gk;rkhf mike;Js;sJ.

njhiyf; fy;tpahdJ ^$: $& gpugy;akhd fy;tp Kiwahf

mike;Js;s ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; mjw;F fzpdp kw;Wk; njhlu;ghlw;; njhopDl;gk;
Mfpatw;why; ghupa gq;fspg;G toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. kuGuPjpahd tFg;giwf; fy;tp
kpfTk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l vz;zpf;ifAila khztu;fSf;F kl;LNk fy;tpia
toq;ff; $bajhf cs;sJ. Mdhy;> fzpdp kw;Wk; njhlu;ghlw; njhopDl;gk;
Mfpatw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; ,yj;jpudpay; fy;tp Kiwik
^. $& %ykhf xNu jlitapy; Vuhskhd khztu;fSf;Ff; fy;tpia
mspf;ff; $bajhf cs;sik rpwg;ghd mk;rkhFk;.

jw;NghJ ,yj;j pudpay; fw;if Kiwik @: .: 

$!A: njhlu;g hd
cl;fl;likg;G trjp gw;wp ,yq;ifapy; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; ,jw;F Kd;Ndhbahfr; nraw;gLfpd;wd. vjpu;fhyj;jpy;
,k;Kiwik ghlrhiyj; njhFjp tiu tpuptilaf; $ba tha;g;G cs;sJ.

2
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 nraw; g hL
1.1
,yj;jpudpay; fw;wy; Kiwik @:.
$!A njhlu;ghd Nkyjpf tpguq;fisg;
ngw /")/)' vDk; ,izaj; j sj; j py; ghlrhiy
tiyaikg;gpD}lhf ePq;fSk; ,ize;J nfhs;s KbAk;.

fzpdpapd; cjtpAld; fy; t p fw; w iy fzpdpj; JizAldhd fw; w y;

^
.:+
:
$:
$!& vdTk; fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;jpf; fw;gpj;jiy
Nkw;nfhs;sy; fzpdpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fw;gpj;jy; ^&.+

: &"$!& vdTk; ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp fy;tp eltbf;iffis

Nkw;nfhs;sy; tiyj; JizAldhd fw;gpj;jy; ^,&.,::&"$!& vdTk;
miof;fg;gLk;. ,t;thwhd fy;tp Kiwfs; cq;fSf;F XusT gup;r;rakhdnjd
ek;Gfpd;Nwhk;.

ghlrhiy eltbf;iffisj; jtpu ghlrhiy epUthf eltbf;iffSf;Fk;

fzpdp gad; g Lj; j g; g Lfpd; w J. ,jd; %ykhff; fy; t pj; Jiwapd;
tpidj;jpwid mjpfupf;f KbAk;.

Rfhjhuj; Jiw ^^ $   &

jw;NghJ Rfhjhuj; JiwapYk; fzpdp mjpfstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

gy;NtW tifg;gl;l gFg;gha;T ,ae;jpuq;fs; tpNrl gupNrhjidfSf;nfdg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; : &: %
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-:  -: ,ae;jpuq;fs; Mfpad
itj; j p a rhiyfsp y ; ,d; w p a ikahj rhjdq; f shf khwp t p l ; l d. ,it
fzpdpapd; JizAld; njhopw;gLfpd;w rhjdq;fshFk;. ,t;thW fzpdpapd;
JizAld; njhopw;gLfpd;w fUtpfs; nghUj;jg;gl;bUg;gjdhy; ,tw;iwg;
gad;gLj;jp Jy;ypakhf Neha; epUzaj;ijr; nra;a Kbtjdhy; Rfhjhuj;
Jiwapduhy; jukhdJk; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;fJkhd Nritia kf;fSf;F toq;f
Kbfpd;wJ. itj;jpa epGzu;fisj; njhlu;G nfhs;sf; $ba: .: ")$!
trjpfs; kl;Lkd;wp njhiy mWitr; rpfpr;ir Kiwf;Fk; ,d;W fzpdp ghupa
gq;fspg;igr; nra;fpd;wJ.

3
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 tq;fp kw;Wk; epjpj; Jiwfs; ^ $ $
$   &&

jw; N ghJ epjpj; J iwapy; ghupastpy; fzpdp kw; W k; njhlu; g hlw;

njhopDl; g k; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lfpd; w ikiaf; fhzf; $ bajhf cs; s J.
tp N rlkhf tq; f p f s; kw; W k; Vida ep j p ep W tdq; f sp d ; fp i sfs; gp u jk
mYtyfj;Jld; tiy Kiwikapd; Clhfj; njhlu;GgLj;jg;gl;bUg;gjdhy;
ve;jnthU tq;fpf; fpisapypUe;Jk; vkJ nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fisr; nra;af;
$ba trjp Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. jd;dpaf;f fhrspg;G ,ae;jpuk; ^
&.
+$:&))

"$& %yk; tq; f p thbf; i fahsu; f s; gy; N tW tq; f pfspy; jkJ

elbtf;iffis ,yFtpy; g+u;j;jp nra;Jnfhs;sf; $bajhf cs;sJ.

tq;fpf;Fr; nry;yhJ jdJ tq;fpf; fzf;Fr; rhu;e;j elbf;iffis

Nkw; n fhs; t jw; F g; gy; N tW tifg; g l; l trjp f s; thbf; i fahsu; f Sf; F
tq; f p f shy; nra; J jug; g l; L s; s d. ,jw; F vLj; J f; f hl; l hf &)'$!-
"'$!-:'$! Mfpa Nritfisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,r;Nritfs; %ykhf
jdJ fzf; f pw; N fh my; y J gpwuJ fzf; f pw; N fh gzg; gupkhw; w j; i j
Nkw;nfhs;sf; $bajhf ,Ug;gJld; njupTnra;ag;gl;l rpy NritfSf;fhd
fl;lzq;fisr; nrYj;Jjy; Nghd;w eltbf;iffisAk; tPl;bypUe;jthNw
fzpdp %yk; Nkw;nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ.

NkYk; ,izaj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpr; ru;tNjr epjp epWtdq;fSlDk;

,yFthf nfhLf; f y; thq; f y; eltbf; i ffis Nkw; n fhs; s f; $ ba trjp
Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

nraw;
raw;ghL
1.2
,yq;ifapYs;s gpugy;akhd mur> tu;j;jf tq;fpfs; rpytw;wpd; tiyf;
flg;gplq;fis @,$A: mtjhdpj;J mtu;fshy; toq;fg;gLk; fzpdp
kag;gLj;jg;gl;l Nritfs; gw;wpa RUf;fkhd mwpfi
; fnahd;iwj; jahupfF
; f.

4
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 njhlu;ghlw; Jiw ^ !!    &

fzpdpj; njhopDl;gk; @+

: ")!A-: njhlu;ghlw; njhopDl;gk;
@++$$: ")!A Mfpa ,uz; L k; : kpf neUq; f pa njhlu; G
nfhz;litahFk;. MfNt> jw;NghJ fzpdp ,d;wp njhlu;ghlw; Jiw gw;wp
fijf;fNt ,ayhj epiyik Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ,izak; ^
& %ykhf g+Nfhsf;
fpuhkk; @ )): *$))!A vDk; vz;zf;fU %ykhf ehLfSf;fpilapyhd
njhiyitf; Fiwf;ff; $ba epiy Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. nry;yplj; njhiyNgrp ,d;W
midtuhYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU nghJthd cgfuzkhf khwpAs;sJ. ,jdhy;
clDf;Fld; gpwUld; njhlu;Gnfhs;sf; $ba trjp Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
njhiyf;fhl;rp> thndhyp Nghd;w nghJrd Clfq;fs; jkJ njhlu;ghly;
eltbf; i ffSf; f hff; fzpdpiaNa ngupJk; ek; g pAs; s d. mr; r ply;
eltbf; i ffspY k; fzpdp kp f ,d;w pa ikahj rhjdkhf tp sq;F fpd ; w J.
mz;ikf;fhyk; tiu Gj;jfq;fs;> rQ;rpiffis tbtikf;f gy khjq;fs;
Njitg;gl;l NghJk; jw;NghJ rpy ehl;fspy; mtw;iw tbtikj;Jf; nfhs;sf;
$ba trjp Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. jw;NghJ xypgug;gg;gLk; gy thndhyp epfo;;r;rpfSk;
xspgug; g g; g Lk; njhiyf; f hl; r p epfo; r ; r pfSk; fzpdpapd; JizAld;
jahupf;fg;gl;litahFk;.

nraw; g hL
1.3
,yq;ifapYs;s gpugy mur kw;Wk; jdpahu; Clf epWtdq;fs; rpytw;wpy;
njhlu;ghly; elbf;iffSf;fhff; fzpdp gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ij mwpe;J
rpW mwpf;ifnahd;iwj; jahu; nra;f.

Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiw ^    $   &

FbtuT> Fbafy;Tj; jpizf;fsk;> Nkhl;lhu; thfdq;fisg; gjpT nra;Ak;

jpizf;fsk;> rhujp mDkjpg; gj;jpuq;fis toq;Fk; jpizf;fsk; Nghd;wit
jkJ md;whl eltbf;iffisf; fzpdp kag;gLj;jpAs;sd.

5
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J eltbf;iffspy; fzpdpfs; ,d;wp vJTNk nra;a Kbahj
epiy Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. tpkhdg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fl;Lg;ghL ^
$
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tpkhdg; gaz mDkjpf;fhd ,yj;jpudpay;; rPl;L ^ )
$:&$'& tpepNahfk>;
Mrd xJf;fPL> @#
$: : %A: Mfpa eltbf;iffSf;nfd ,d;W
fzpdpfs; mjpfk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

fl;bl epUkhzpg;Gj; Jiw ^   $   $ &

fl;ll epUkhzpg;Gj; Jiwapy; fzpdp gad;gLj;jg;gLtjdhy;> rpwe;j

Njhw;wk; nfhz;lJk; cWjpahdJkhd fl;llq;fis mikf;ff;$ba trjp
jw;NghJ Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. fl;llf; fl;likg;gpid tbtikj;jJ njhlf;fk;
fl; l lj; j pd; ,Wjpj; Njhw; w k; tiuahd rfy re; j u; g ; g q; f spYk; fzpdp
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
fzpdpapd; cjtpAld; #oy; Neak; kpf;f fl;ll epUkhzg; nghUl;fs;
,g;NghJ mjpfstpy; jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Fiwe;j nrytpy; fl;ll mikg;igg;
g+u;j;jp nra;af; $bajhf cs;sik fzpdpapd; kw;nwhU gadhFk;.
mt;thNw efu epUkhz eltbf;iffSf;Fk; fzpdp gad;gLj;jg;gL
fpd;wJ. ,d;W fzpdpapd; cjtpAld; #oYf;Fg; ghjpg;Ngw;glhj tifapyhd
xOq; f ikf; f g; g l; l efuq; f is mikf; f $ba epiy
Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
nraw; g hL
1.4

fl;ll epUkhzpg;Gj; Jiwapy; fzpdp gad;gLj;jg;gLtjdhy; fpilf;fg;

ngWk; mD$yq;fs; kw;Wk; mit njhlu;ghfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fzpdp nkd;
nghUl;fs; mlq;fpa gl;baiyj; jahupf;fTk;.

ghJfhg;Gj; Jiw %  $ $ $   &

ghJfhg;Gj; Jiwapy; jftw; njhlu;ghlw; njhopDl;gj;jpd; gad;ghL

cau; k l; l j; j p y ; cs; s J. VTfiz top g ; g Lj; j y; njhlf; f k; mZf; f U
ciyfis ,af; F jy; Nghd; w kpfr; rpf; f yhdJk; > Mgj; j hdJkhd
eltbf;iffSf;fhfTk; ,d;W fzpdpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
Gydha; T j; jfty; f isr; Nrfupj; j y; kw; W k; jftw; gFg; g ha; T
Mfpatw;wpw;Ff; fzpdp kpf ,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.

6
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 fzpdp tpisahl;Lf;fs; ^^!  $ !&&
nghJthf kdpj tho; f ; i fapy; tpisahl; L f; f s; Kf; f pa ,lk;
tfp f ; f p d ; w d. ,it nghOJNghf; f hf miktJld; mwp i tg; ngUf; f f;
$bajhfTk; cs;sd. ,d;W fzpdpAld; ,ize;j gy;NtW Jizr;rhjdq;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gLtjdhy; mJ xU tpisahl;Lr; rhjdkhfTk; khwpAs;sJ.
,f; f zpdp tpisahl; L f; f s; gy; N tW taJj; njhFjpapdUf; F k;
nghUe;jf;$ba tpjkhfTk; gy;NtW mwpT kw;Wk; Mw;wy; kl;lq;fSf;F Vw;wjhfTk;
mikf; f g; g l; L s; s jhy; jj; j k; tp U g; g j; j p w ; f ika ,tw; i wg; gad; g Lj; j f;
$bajhf ,Ug;gJk; ,jd; rpwg;gk;rkhFk;. ,t; tpisahl;Lf;fSs; rJuq;fk;
@"A:gpujhdkhdjhFk;.
,t;thwhd tpisahl;Lf;fs; %ykhf Ez;zwpT tpUj;jp Vw;gLtJld;
tpiuthf jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba Mw;wYk; tsu;fpd;wJ. NkYk;>
Mf;fj;jpwd; Nkk;ghl;bw;Fk; ,it cjTfpdw ; d.
fzpjk;> tpQ;Qhdk;> njhopDl;gk; kl;Lkd;wp rpj;jpuk;> nkhop> rq;fPjk;
Mfp a it njhlu; g hd mwp i tg; ngUfp f ; nfhs; s f; $baJk; Mf; f j; j p w d;
tpUj;jpfF
; cjTtJkhd tpisahl;Lf;fs; ngUkstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpdw ; d.
NkYk;> clw;fisg;G> csj;jifg;G Mfpatw;iwf; Fiwg;gjw;fhd ClfkhfTk;
,J tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

NkYk;> gps;isfs; fzpdp tpisahl;LfSf;F mbikahjy;> #jhl;lk;

Nghd;wtw;wpw;Fg; gof;fg;gly; Mfpad ,jd; jPa tpisTfshFk;.

NkNy fzpdp gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rpy Jiwfs; gw;wp kl;LNk Muhag;gl;Ls;sJ.

jw;NghJ jftw; njhlu;ghlw; njhopDl;gk; vy;yhj; JiwfspYk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L
tUfpdw; J.
1. NkNy tpsf; f g; g l; l juTfs; jtpu; e ; j jftw;
njhopDl;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Vida Jiwfs; kw;Wk;
mjd; gad;ghLfs; Mfpad gw;wpa tptuq;fis mwpe;J
xg; g il 1.1 rpwpa mwpf;ifnahd;iwj; jahupf;fTk;.

2. tFg;gpYs;s khztu;fs; ,uz;L FOf;fshfg; gpupe;J kuGtopf; fw;wy;>

fzp d p a p d ; cjtp A +lhd ,yj; j p u dp a y; fw; w y; vDk; jiyg; G f; f sp y ;
tpthjk; xd;iw elhj;Jf.
3. NkNy $wg;gl;l xt;nthU JiwapYk; fzpdp gad;gLj;jg;gLtjdhy;
fpilf;Fk; mD$yq;fs;> gpujp$yq;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.

7
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 1.2 juTfisAk; jfty;fisAk; ,dq;fhzy;

juTfs; % &$ gw;wpa mwpKfk;

md;whl tho;tpy;> vkf;F mbg;gil tpsf;fj;ij mspf;Fk; vt;tifapYk;

Kiwtopg;gLj;jg;glhj vz;fs;> cUf;fs;> vOj;Jf;fs;> gbkq;fs; @$+!A
mstPLfs; Mfpad nfhz;l njhFjpNa vspikahf juT vdg;gLk;.

juTfis tpsq; f pf; nfhs; t jw; F g; gpd; t Uk; cjhuzj; i j

mtjhdpAq;fs;.

cjhuzk; :- fgpyd; 95> 85> jhuzp 75> 80> Rgh]; 60> 55> ,k;uhd; 70> 78>
`k;rh 68> 65> ghj;jpkh 64> 70> thzp 51> 71> fPu;j;jdd; 80> 71

NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s cjhuzj;jpy; xU Njitf;nfd juTfs;

my;yJ vz;fs; Nfhitg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.

vdpDk;> rupahd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s> mj;juTfis xU Fwpj;j

tpjj;jpy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ cq;fSf;F tpsq;fpapUf;Fk;.

jfty; % ! &$ gw;wpa mwpKfk;

Fwp g ; g p l ; l fUj; i jj; juf; $ bajhf rup a hf Kiwtop g ; g Lj; j g; g l; l

juTfs; jfty;fs; vdg;gLk;.

jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy; jPu; khdq;fSf;F my;yJ KbTfSf;F tu

KbAk; . mt; t hW KbTfSf; F tUtjw; F juTfs; Kiwtop g ; g Lj; j g; g l
Ntz;Lk;. Kiwtopg;gLj;jg;glhj juTfspd; JizAld; rupahd KbTfis
Nkw;nfhs;tJ ,yFthd tplakd;W.

NkNy jug;gl;l cjhuzj;jpy; tFg;nghd;wpYs;s khztu;fs; ,uz;L

ghlq;fspy; ngw;w Gs;spfs; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

8
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 ngau; KjyhtJ ghlj;jpy; ,uz;lhtJ ghlj;jpy; ngw;w
ngw;w Gs;spfs; Gs;spfs;
fgpyd; =8 <8
jhuzp ;8 <2
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`k;rh 9< 98
ghj;jpkh 97 ;2
thzp 83 ;3
fPu;j;jdd; <2 ;3
ml;ltiz 1.1
,uz;L ghlq;fs; njhlu;ghf khztu;fs; ngw;w Gs;sp;fs;
Kd;du; jug;gl;l cjhuzj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;l jfty;fis tpl mjpf
jfty;fs; NkNyAs;s ml;ltizapypUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;sKbfpd;wJ.
,e;j ml;ltiizia Nkyjpf tpguq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba
ml;ltizahf ,yFthf khw;wpaikf;f KbAk;.

nraw; g hL
1.5

fPo;tUk; ml;ltiziag; g+uzg;gLj;Jf.

ngau; Kjw; ghlj;jpy; ngw;w ,uz;lhk; ghlj;jpy;

nkhj;jk;
Gs;spfs; ngw;w Gs;spfs;
fgpyd; =8 <8
jhuzp ;8 <2
Rgh]; 92 88
,k;uhd; ;2 ;<
`k;rh 9< 98
ghj;jpkh 97 ;2
thzp 83 ;3
fPu;j;jdd; <2 ;3
ruhrupg; Gs;spfs;
ml;ltiz 1.2
,uz;L ghlq;fspy; khztu;fs; rpyu; ngw;w Gs;spfSk; mtw;wpd; nkhj;jKk;

9
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 ml;ltiz 1.2 ,y; cs;s jfty;fisg; gad;gLj;jp ehk; gy KbTfis
Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. xt;nthU khztUk; vt;ntg; ghlj;jpy; mjp$ba Gs;spiaAk;
mjpFiwe;j Gs;spiaAk; ngw;Ws;sdu;; vd mwpa KbAk;. mt;thNw ml;ltiz
1.2 ,y; cs;s ruhrupg; Gs;spfs; vDk; epiuia mtjhdpj;J kpff; fbdkhd ghlk;
vJ vdTk; mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.

NkNy jug;gl;l ml;ltiz 1.2 I gad;gLj;jp khztu;fs; ngw;w nkhj;jg;

Gs;spfs;> ghlq;fspd; ruhrupg; Gs;spfs; Mfpatw;Wf;F Nkyjpfkhf NtW gy
jfty;fisAk; fzpj;J mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;. cjhuzkhf ,il> ,ilak;
Nghd;w ngWkhdq;fs; fzpf;fg;gLtijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

jfty; f sp d ; tp N rl Fztp a y; G fs; (gz; G fs; )

jfty; f s; gw; w pf; fw; F k; N ghJ mtw; w pd; Kf; f paj; J tj; i jj;
jPu;khdpg;gjw;Fg; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

jfty;fs; vg;NghJk:;
5 Nehf;fj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jf; $bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5 Nehf;fj;jpw;Fg; Nghjpajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5 Nehf;fj;jpw;Fg; nghUe;jf;$ba nrk;ikAilajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5 gadu; njspthf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sj;jf;fjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;
5 gadUf;F ek;gfk; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5 rupahd egupw;F njhlu;ghlgl;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5 nghUj;jkhd Neuj;jpy; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5 jpl;lkhd ngWkhdj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

1.3 fzpdpapd; tuyhW %  $$ $!  &

fzpdp ,g;NghJ midtuhYk; mjpfstpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rhjdkhf

khwpAs;sJ. fzpdpia cq;fshy; ,yFthf ,dq;fhz KbAk;. vdpDk;> ehk;
jw;NghJ fhZk; fzpdpfs; cUthf;fg;gl ePz;l fhyk; nrd;Ws;sJ. ,jw;nfd
gyu; jkJ gq;fspg;gpid toq;fpAs;sdu;.
fhLfspy; tho;e;j kdpjd; gbg;gbahf r%f tho;f;iff;F ,irthfp
jdJ md;whl fUkq;fis ,yFthf epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;s gy;NtW tifg;gl;l
,ae;jpuq;fis cUthf;fj; njhlq;fpdhd;.

10
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
jdJ fzpjr; nra;iffSf;fhf kdpjdhy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l vspa cgfuzNk
vz;rl;lk; @
A:MFk;. ,JNt ehk; gad;gLj;Jk; fzpdp fz;Lgpbf;fg;gL
tjw; F mbg; g ilahf mike; j J vd vy; N yhuhYk; ,d; W Vw; W f;
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ.
,t;thwhd vz;rl;lk; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd Mz;Lfshfg; gy;NtW
ehLfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;Js;sJ. rPdh> [g;ghd; kw;Wk; Mrpa ehLfspYk;
tl mnkupf;fhtpYk; fzpjr; nra;iffSf;fhf vz;rl;lk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

jdJ eltbf; i ffis tpidj; j pwdhfTk; > Jy; y pakhfTk;

Nkw; n fhs; s Nt kdpjdhy; vz; r l; l k; fz; L gp; b f; f g; g l; l J. ,d; W
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; vz; rl;lk; fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

cU 1.1 vz; rl;lk;

1617 ,y; ];nfhl;yhe;J ehl;ltuhd N[hd; Neg;gpau; ^":$

& vd;gtuhy;
klf;iff; Nfhl;ghL ^!
$"+& cyFf;F mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;lJ. klf;if
tha;g;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp ,yFthfg; nghUj;jkhd $l;ly;fisr; nra;J
nfhs; s KbAk; . klf; i ff; fzpj; j y; f is Nkw; n fhs; s j; Njitahd
ngWkhdq; f is klf; i f tha; g ; g hl; b
yp U e; J ngw; W f; n fhs; s KbAk; . N[hd;
Neg; g paupdhy; Njitahd ngWkhdq;
fisg; ngw; W f; n fhs; s f; $bathwhd
fP y q; f spy; mtw; i wf; Fwpf; F k;
Kiwnahd; W mwp K fQ; nra; a g; g l; l J.
,t; t hW klf; i fg; ngWkhdq; f s;
Fwpf; f g; g l; l rl; l fq; f s; Neg; g paupd;
rl; l fq; f s; : @$
>: A vd
miof;fg;gl;ld. cU 1.2 Neg;gpaupd; rl;lfq;fs;

11
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
N[hd; Neg;gpaupd; klf;iff; Nfhl;ghl;ilg; gad;gLj;jp 1632 Mk; Mz;lstpy;
tOf;Fr; rl;;lk; @%)$:#)A::fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

cU 1.3: tOf;Fr; rl;lk; :@%)$:#)A

1642 Mk; Mz;by; gpuhd;]; ehl;L fzpjtpayhsuhd gpNsap]; g];fy;

vd;gtuhy; ^)$: )& fzpjr; nra;iffis NkYk; ,yFgLj;j cjTk;
$l;lw; nghwp @
$!:"$A vd;Dk; cgfuzk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j
cgfuzj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp ,yFthff; $l;ly;> fopj;jy; Mfpatw;iwr; nra;a
Kbe;jJ. ,e;j cgfuzk; g];fypd; :@ )$A vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.

cU 1.4: g];fy; ( )?); ,d; $l;lw; nghwp

1674 Mk; Mz;by; N[u;kd; ehl;L fzpjtpayhsuhd nfhl;gpul; tpy;ypak;

^ 
$:,$)")+& vd;gtuhy; g];fypd; cgfuzk; NkYk; Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,jd; f huzkhff; $l; l y; > fopj; j y; > rkdhfg; gpupj; j y; > ngUf; F jy;
Mfpatw;Wf;Fr; re;ju;gg
; k; Vw;gl;lJ. ,t;tpae;jpuk; gbf; fzf;fplyp @%:#'
A
vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.

1822 Mk; Mz;by; gpuhd;]; ehl;Lf; fzpjtpayhsuhd rhu;y;]; gNg[;

^"
): !& vd; g tuhy; Kjd; Kjyp y ; nghwp K iwf; fzp j ; j Yf; F
mtrpakhd khjpupAUnthd; W mikf; f g; g l; l J. mJ tpj; j pahrg; nghwp
@$
: !$A vd ngauplg;gl;lJ. mjd; khjpupAU gpd;tUk; cUtpy;
fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

12
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 cU 1.5 rhu;y;]; ghNg[pd;
tpj;jpahrg; nghwp

ifj; n jhopy; k akhf; f y; fhuzkhf gy; N tW ,ae; j puq; f s;

epUkhzpf;fg;gl;ld. gpuhd;rpauhd N[hrg; [f;Fthl; @":
A:vd;gtuhy;
mtuJ Jzp nerTj; njhopiy ,yFgLj;Jk; Nehf;fpy; 1801 Mk; Mz;lstpy;
nghwp nerT fUtp @"$): +A vd; D k; nerT ,ae; j puk;
fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jd;%yk; Jisaplg;gl;l ml;iliag; gad;gLj;jp
Jzpapy; gy;NtW tifg;gl;l NfhyTUf;fis mikg;gjpy; N[hrg; [f;Fthl;
ntw;wp ngw;whu;.

cU 1.6 Jisal;ilapd; khjpupAU

@ ":
A

,j;Jisal;il %yk; Vw;gl;l cw;rhfNk 1833 Mk; Mz;by; gFg;Gg; nghwp

@
)$): !$A:xd;iw cUthf;f rhu;y;]; ghNg[; mtu;fis J}z;baJ.
vdpDk; mf;fhyg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gl;l njhopDl;g mwptpd; Clhf mtu; epidj;j
tpjkhd xU gFg;Gg; nghwpia mtuhy; cUthf;f Kbatpy;iy.

rhu; y ; ] ; gNg[; cUthf; f Kad; w gFg; G g; nghwp a p d ; tup g ; g lkhdJ

cU 1.7 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

13
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 cU 1.7 gFg;Gg; nghwp

cs;sPL @A-: Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; @

$!A-: tUtpisT: : @A-
Nrkpj;jy; (%
$!A:Mfpa nraw;ghLfisr; nra;tjw;F cupa Jizg;ghfq;fs;
mt; vd;[pdpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUe;jik tpNrl mk;rkhFk;. gpw;fhyj;jpy;
cUthf; f g; g l; l fzp d p f ; F rhu; y ; ] ; ghNg[p d ; ,t; vz; z f; f U ngup J k;
cjtpahf mike;jJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf rhu;y;]; ghNg[; fzpdpapd; je;ij vdf;
fUjg;gLfpd;whu;.

cU 1.8 rhu;y;]; ghNg[;

rhu;y;]; ghNg[pd; ez;gpahd mlh xf];uh yt;Ny]; @
:
!:)A

vd;gtu; ghNg[pd; ,ae;jpuj;jpw;fhd nra;epuy;fis jahupg;gjw;F Kaw;rpj;jhu;.
,t;thW jahupf;fg;g l;l nra;epuy;fs; gpw;fhyj;j py; fzpdp nra;epuy;fisj;
jahupg;gjw;fhd Kjy; Kaw;rpahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. mlh xf];uh yt;Ny];
vd;gtNu Kjd; Kjy; fzpdpr; nray;epuyu; @:$
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:
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++
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fUjg;gLfpd;whu;.
,jd; f huzkhf gpw; f hyj; j py; ,uhZt eltbf; i ff; n fdg;
gad; g Lj; j g; g l; l fzp d p nkhop f ; F 1
? vdg; ngau; itf; f g; g l; L mtu;
nfsutpf;fg;gl;lhu;.

14
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 cU. 1.9
mlh xf];uh nyt;Ny];

N[hrg; [f;Fthl;bd; Jisal;il @ ": 

A: vz;zf;fUitg;
gad;gLj;jp 1890 ,y; mnkupf;fr; rdj;njhiff; fzf;nfLg;ig ntw;wpfukhf
elj;Jtjpy; N`u;kd; n`hnyupj; ^
+:))
$"& ntw;wp ngw;whu;. kpfr; rupahf
,j;Jis ml;il vz;zf;fU njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpaikahNyNa
,tuhy; kpff; Fiwe;j fhyj;jpy; ,f;fzf;nfLg;ig Nkw;nfhz;L KbTfis
ntspaplf;$bajhapUe;jJ.

,d;iwa gpugy fzpdp cw;gj;jp epWtdk; 1?: @

$): $
"$A cUthf N`u;kd; n`hnyupj;Nj tpj;jpl;ltuhthu;.

cU 1.10 N`u;kd; n`hnyupj;

1937 ,y; `hthu;l; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; n`hthu;l; mapf;fd; ^

:
$'&
vd;gtuhy; rhu;y;]; gNg[pd; vz;zf;fUf;fs; Kaw;rp nra;ag;gl;lJ. mjd;
gpd;du; 1944 ,y; `hthl;bYs;s 1?:epWtdj;jpy; gzpahw;wpa mtupd; ez;gu;

+$:%:
)):))
vDk; cgfuzj;ijf; fz;Lgpbj;jhu;. ,e;j
jd;dpaf;ff; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l tupirg;gLj;jpa fzpdp @
+$:%:.

)):))
A vd;Dk; cgfuzj;Jf;F khu;f; 1 ^
':& vdg; ngauplg;gl;lJ.

15
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 cU 1.11 : khu;f; -1 vDk; ,ae;jpuj;Jld; `thu;l;

khu;f; 1 vDk; ,ae;jpuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpf; $l;ly;> fopj;jy;> ngUf;fy;>

tFj; j y; Mfp a tw; i w ,yFthf Nkw; n fhs; s f; $bajhf ,Ue; j J. juT
cs;sPl;il @:& Nkw;nfhs;s tpirg;gyif ,izf;fg;gl;bUe;jJld;
juT tUtpisTf; ^:& nfd Jisal;il gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. khu;f;- 
vDk; kpd;nghwpapay; ghfKk; ^ )
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,jd; nkhj;j epiw Ie;J njhd;dhf ,Ue;jJ. ,f; fzpdp 15 tUlq;fSf;F
Nky; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

1937 - 1942 Mk; Mz;LfSf;F ,ilg;gl;l fhyg;gFjpapy; gy;Nfhpa

Nguhrpupauhd N[hd; tpd;nrd;w; mw;wdnrht;; @": *$:
A: vd;gtu;
fpspnghu; l ; ngup @)$
: 

A vd; g tupd; cjtpAld; gFjpahfg;

g+uzg;gLj;jg;gl;l fzpdpnahd;iw cUthf;fpdhu;. mjw;F >
::


+
> ^
:fzpdp& vdg; ngauplg;gl;lJ.

cU 1. 12 N[hd; tpd;nrd;w; cU 1.13 mw;wdnrht; ngup fzpdp

mw;wd nrht; (
 fzpdp)

16
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 vt;thwhapDk;> ,d;dKk; Kjy; kpd;dpay; ,yf;f fzpdp njhlu;ghd
thjg; gpujpthjq;fs; cs;sd. rpyu;
:Na Kjy; kpd;dpay; ,yf;f fzpdp vd
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;. vdpDk;> ,f; fzpdp KOikahf epUkhzpf;fg;glhikahy;
,jw;fhd Mf;fTupikg; @ A gj;jpuj;ijg; ngw Kbatpy;iy. ,jd;
fhuzkhf 
 fzpdpNa ^ )
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$):!

::+
& Kjy;
kpd;dpay; ,yf;f fzpdpahff; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

1945 ,y; fzpjtpayhsuhd N[hd; nthd; epAkd; @": *: +A

vd; g tuhy; fzp d p f ; n fdg; gad; g Lj; j f; $ ba Gjp a vz; z f; f Unthd; W
mwpK fQ; nra; a g; g l;l J. fzp d p g ; nghwp a py ; ngsjpf uP j pa hd khw; w q;f is
Nkw;nfhs;tJ mjpy; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nra;epuiyg; ^%
.
!
+&
gad;gLj;jp xU fzpdpapypUe;J gy;NtW tifg;gl;l Ntiyfisr; nra;a
KbAnkd;gNj mtuJ Gjpa vz;zf; fUthFk;. ,tuhy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l
,t; vz; z f; f UNt jw; N ghJ ehk; gad; g Lj; J k; fzpdpfspy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfp;d;wJ.

1946 ,y; ngd;rpy;Ntdpa gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; ^

:%"):: )
$): !$.

$!::":($
$:: )$& Kjd; Kjypy; kpd;dpay; ,yf;f Kiwik
nfhz;l fzpdp ^$
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& cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ 

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,jpy; 18 000 tiuahd ntw;wplf; Foha;fs; @*+:&A gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
fPNo ntw;wplf; Fohapd; tupg;glnkhd;W fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

cU 1.14 ntw;wplf; Foha;

17
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 1 
? : fzpdp xU nrf; f dpy; 5000 fzpjr; nra; i ffis
nra;af;$bajhf ,Ue;jNghjpYk; ,J mstpy; ngupjhff; fhzg;gl;lik gpujhd
gpujp$ykhf mike;jpUe;jJ. NkYk; : mjpf ntg;gk; fhuzkhf cUFk;
ntw;wplf; Foha;fis mbf;fb khw;w Ntz;ba NjitAk; fhzg;gl;lJ. mjpfsT
kpd;tY Njitg;gl;lik ,jd; ,d;Ndhu; FiwghlhFk;.

ntw;wplf; Foha;fisg; gad;gLj;jp cUthf;fg;gl;l fzpdpfs; Kjw;

re;jjpf; fzpdpfs; ^$
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cU 1.15 
:fzpdp

gy tUlq;fspd; gpd; 1950 ,y; nwkpq;ud; uhz;l; ^#+$!:#& vDk;

epWtdj;jpdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l (*
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):
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:.:A
vDk; fzpdp xU nrf;fDf;F 10 000 fzpj;jy;fisr; nra;af;$ba Mw;wy;
nfhz;bUe;jJ.

cU 1'16 (*
.::fzpdp

gp d ; d u; 1957 ,y; : 1

$): $: "$: 

$? ^&
epWtdj;jpdhy; epUkhzpf;fg;gl;l  704 vDk; fzpdp nrf;fDf;F 100 000
fzpj;jy;fisr; nra;af;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ.

18
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 jpupjilak; ^&
$
& fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l gpd;du; ,uz;lhk; re;jjpf;
fzpdp Afk; Muk;gkhfpaJ. ngy; Ma;T$lj;jpy; tpy;ypak; nrhf;Ny ^,$))$+
%"')& " N[hd; Ngu;Bd; ^": 
A- Nthy;uu; gpuw;wd; ^,)
: 

$&
MfpNahUf;Nf jpupjilaj;jpidf; fz;Lgpbj;j ngUik rhUk;. ,tu;fSf;F 1956
,y; ngsjpftpaYf;fhd Nehgy; gupR fpilj;jJ.

kpfr; rpwpa jpupjilaj;jpid gad;gLj;jp jw;fhyr; re;jjpf; fzpdpfs;

cUthf;fg;gl;; ld. ,it nrf;fDf;F 200 000 - 250 000 tiuahd fzpjr;
nra;ifisr; nra;af;$ba Mw;wy; nfhz;litahFk;.

:cU 1.17 jpupjilak;;

Fiwe; j kpd; t Yitg; gad; g Lj; j Yk; mstpw; rpwpajhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wikAk; ,uz;lhk; re;jjpf; fzpdpfspy; ^%: 
$: +.

& fhzg;gLk; rpwg;gpay;GfshFk;.

%d;whk; re;jjpf; fzpdpfspy; ^&"$

: 
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Rw;Wf;fs; ^!
:$
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xd;wpize;j Rw;W : @A: gad;gLj;jg;gl;ljd; fhuzkhf fzpdpapd;

gUkd; Fiwe; j J. NkYk; > rpy tiff; fzpdpfs; mjpf tpidj; j pwd;
nfhz; l jhfTk; fhzg; g l; l d. Muk; g f; fhyq; f spy; gad; g Lj; j g; g l; l
xd; w pize; j Rw; W f; f spy; Fiwe; j vz; z pf; i fahd jpupjilaq; f s;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJld; ,it rpwpastpyhd xd;wpizg;Gfs; (%%A ^%+)):%)
!
$&> eLj;ju mstpshd xd;wpizg;Gfs; @%A::@$+:%):!
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ngupastpyhd xd;wpizg;Gf;fs;:@%A:@
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xd;wpizg;Gf;fs;: @*%A:@*
:
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@(%A: :vd miof;fg;gl;ld.

njhopDl;g Kd;Ndw;wj;Jldhd Ez;rpy;Yfs; ^$

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fzpdpfisg; ^
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19
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 ,r;rpy;Yfs; Ez;Kiw topahf;fpfs; ^$


& vdg;gLk;.

cU 1.18
fzpdpfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; 0 Ez;Kiw topahf;fpfs;

fzpdpfis tifg;gLj;jy; %!  $   &&

fzp d p f is gythW tifg; g Lj; j yhk; . ,q; F ehk; mbg; g ilahd

tifgLj;jy; gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;Nthk;.

re; j jp mbg; g ilap y ; fzp d p f is tifg; g Lj; j y;

$$$$%  $ $ $ $  &
cw; g j; j p nra; a g; g l; l fhyk; kw; W k; gad; g Lj; j g; g Lk; njhop D l; g r;
rhjdq; f s; Mfpatw; w pd; mbg; g ilapy; fzpdpfs; Ie; J re; j jpfisr;
@ 
$& Nru;e;jitahf tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
1' Kjyhk; re;jjpf; fzpdpfs; @$
: 
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A:- ,t; tiff;
fzpdpfspy; ntw;wplf; Foha;fs; @*+:A:gad;gL;j;jg;gl;;ld.

2' ,uz;lhk; re;jjpf; fzpdpfs; @%: 

$:+
A - ,t;tiff;
fzpdpfis mikf;f jpupjilaq;fs; @&
$
A:gad;gL;j;jggl;;ld.

3' %d;whk; re;jjpf; fzpdpfs; @&"$

: 
$:+
A:.: ,r;re;jjpf;Fupa
fzpdpfisj; jahupf;f xd;wpize;j Rw;Wf;fs; ^!
:$
$:& gad;
gLj;jg;gl;ld.

4' ehd;fhk; re;jjpf; fzpdpfs; @

": 
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A:.::,r; re;jpf;Fupa
fzpdpfisj; jahupf;f kpfr; rpwpa mikg;igf; nfhz;l Ez;rpy;Yfs;
kw;Wk; Ez;Kiw topahf;fpfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

20
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 5' Ie;jhk; re;jjpf; fzpdpfs; @$": 
$:+
A:.:rpe;jpf;Fk; Mw;wy;
nfhz;l fzpdpfs; Ie;jhk; re;jjpfF ; upa fzpdpfs; vdg;gLk;. nraw;ifahd
Ez;zwpitg; @

$$$): ))$!A gad;gLj;jp Ie;jhk; re;jjpf;
fzpdpfisj; jahupj;J tpQ;Qhdpfs; ngUkpjk; nfhs;fpd;wdu;.
mstp d ; mbg; g ilap y ; fzp d p f is tifg; g Lj; j y;
mstpd; mbg;gilapy; gythwhff; fzpdpfis tifg;gLj;jyhk;. ,q;F fzpdp
gpujhdkhf ehd;F tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
3/ kPf; fzpdp (%
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A
4/ jiyikf; fzpdpfs; : @$
+: +
A: . ,it mstpw; ngupa
fzpdpfs; MFk;.
6/ rpW fzpdpfs;:@$$:+
A:.:,it eLj;ju mstpyhd fzpdpfshFk;.
7/ Ez; fzpdpfs; :@$
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A:.:,it mstpy; kpfr; rpwpadthFk;
vt; t hwhap D k; > kp f tp i uthf Vw; g l; L tUk; njhop D l; g Nkk; g hLf;
fhuzkhf ,d;W fzpdpfis kPf; fzpdp > jiyikf;fzpdp> rpWfzpdp>
Ez;fzpdp vd tifg;gLj;JtJ rpwg;ghdjhf mikahJ. vdNt> mstpd;
mbg;gilapy; fzpdpfis gpd;tUkhW tifg;gLj;jyhk;.
1. jdpe gu;f ; fzpdpfs; %  $ !  &

jdpeguhy; gad;gLj;jf; $ba rpwpa fzpdpfs; jdpegu;f; fzpdpfs; @ 

.
): +
A vdg; g Lk; . jw; N ghJ ,t; t hwhd fzp d p f s; kp f Tk;
tpUj;jpaile;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Nkirf; fzpdpfs;
@':+
A:: jdpahs; fzpdp vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
2. kbf;fzpdpfs; % $ !  &

kbf; fzpdpfs; ,lj; j pw; f plk; vLj; J r; nry; y f; $ ba tifapy; ;

tbtikf; f g; g l; L s; s d. ,t; t hwhd fzp d p f s; gy; N tW ngau; f sp y ;
miof;fg;gl;l NghjpYk; >':+
>-:>: 
):+
>: vd;Dk;
ngau;fspy; nghJthf miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
3. cs;sq;iff; fzpdpfs; % ! $ !  &

cs;sq;ifapy; itj;J nraw;gLj;jf;$ba kpfr; rpwpa tiff; fzpdpfNs

,t; t hW miof; f g; g Lk; . cs; s q; i ff; fzp d p f s; jdp e gu; ,yf; f
cjtpahsu; @ 
:.: 
):$!$):
$A vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.

21
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
4. gzpepiyaf; fzpdpfs; %"   $ !  &

mjpf Mw;wy;fSld; mikf;fg;gl;l Nkiraff; fzpdpfs; @': A

gzpepiyaf; fzpdpfs; @,
'$A vdg;gLk;.Kg;gupkhz tiufiy
tbtikg;gpy; @6:
"$: $!$!A ,t;tiff; fzpdpfs; mjpfstpy;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

gad;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jy y;;

$$$$$%  $ $ $ $ &

gad;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; fzpdpfis ,uz;lhf tifg;gLj;jyhk;.

1' nghJthd el elttbf;iffSf;nfdg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fzpdpfs;$ $ $ $ $ %#

  $ $!  & - md;whl fUkq;fSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
fzpdpfs; ,t;tifapy; mlq;Fk;.

2' tpNrl eltbf;iffSf;fhd fzpdp d pf s; ^  $  $ !  &&

- tpupthd Muha;r;rp> Aj;j eltbf;iffs;> vz;nza; Ma;T Nghd;w tpNrl
fUkq;fSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fzpdpfs; ,t;tiff;Fs; mlq;Fk;.

tbtikg; G j; njhop D l; g j; j p d ; mbg; g ilap y ; tifg; g Lj; j y; .

$$$%$ &

fzpdp tbtikg;Gf;nfdg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s njhopDl;g .: @$!

&")!A:mbg;gilapy; fzpdpfs; %d;W tifahfg; gpupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

— ,yf; f Kiwf; fzpdpfs; ^   $ !  && - ,it ,Uk

vz;fisg; gad;gLj;jp tbtikf;fg;gl;l fzpdpfshFk;.
— xj;jpirf; fzpdpfs; ^
 $ $ !  && - ntg;gepiy> mKf;fk; >
<ug;gjd; Nghd;w ngsjpf juTfisg; gad;gLj;jp tbtikf;fg;gl;l
fzpdpfs; ,t; tifiar; rhu;e;jjhFk;.
— fyg; G f; fzp d p f s; ^  $ !  && - ,it NkNy $wg; g l; l
,Utiff; fzpdpfspdJk; xU Nru;khdj;jpy; jahupff ; g;gl;l fzpdpfs;
MFk;.

22
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf