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====,e;j mj;jpahaj;ijf; fw;gjd; %yk;

Ø nrhy; Kiwtopgg ; Lj;jy; gw;wpa mwpKfk;


Ø nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUspd; ,ay;Gfs; kw;Wk;
mbg;gilr;; nra;gzpfs;
Ø nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUisg; gad;gLj;jp Gjpa
Mtznkhd;iwj; jahupj;jy;
Ø nrhy; Kiwtopg; gLj;j y; nkd;n ghUisg; gad;g Lj; j p
ml; l tizfis cl; N ru; j ; j y; > ml; l tizfis
tbtikg;G nra;jy;
Ø Nfhg;Gfisg; NgZjy;> mr;rply;
Ø mQ;ry; xd;wpizg;G trjp
Mfpad gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.

6.1 mwpKfk;
jw;fhy r%fj;jpy; epyTk; Ntiyg;gS fhuzkhf md;whl
fUkq;fis ,yFthfTk; tpidj;jpwdhfTk; Nkw;nfhs;sNtz;ba Njit
Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. fzpdpapd; fz;Lgpbg;G ,jw;fhd jPu;thf mike;Js;sJ.
,jidj; njhlu;eJ
; nrhy; Kiwtopgg ; Lj;jy; nkd;nghUSk; ,jw;fhd xU
jPut
; hFk;.
ifahy; vOjpj; jahupf;fg;gl;l Mtzq;fs;> jl;lr;Rg; nghwpapd;
fz;Lg;gpbg;gpd; gpd;du; jl;lr;Rr; nra;ag;gl;ld. fzpdp fz;Lg;gpbf;fg;gl;l
gpdd
; u; ,tw;iwf; fzpdpfspy; vOj;JUr;nra;J gjpgG ; r; nra;af;$ba trjp
Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;nfd nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUl;fs; gy
jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
md; w hlk; vkf; F j; Njitahd Mtzq; f is ,yFthfj;
jahupff
; $ba trjp nfhz;l nrhy; Kiwtopgg
; Lj;jy; nkd;nghUl;fs; gw;wp
mwpeJ
; nfhs;tJ vkf;Fg; gaDilajhf mikAk;.

118
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
6.2. nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUs;fs;

fzpdpiag; gad;gLj;jp ,yj;jpudpay;rhu; Mtzj;ij D , 


'
. E  jahupg; g jw; F g; gad; g Lj; J k; nkd; n ghUl; f s; nrhy;
Kiwtopgg ; Lj;jy; nkd;nghUl;fs; vdg;gLk;.,yj;jpudpay; Mtzq;fisj;
jahupfF; k; nkd;nghUshdJ gpdt ; Uk; trjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.
8 jpUj;jQ;; nra;jy; D 'E
8 vOj;JU tbtikg;Gr; nra;jy; D = 
.E
8 jahupff; g;gl;l Mtzq;fis kPs vLj;jy; =D& 
' E
8 Nrkpjj; y; D( E
8 gjpgG; r; nra;a Kd;gjhf mjd; jd;ikia Nehf;FjYk;
mjid gjpgg; pjj
; Yk D; #
'4=#
' E2
jw;rkak; ,t;thwhd trjpfs; nfhz;l nrhy;
Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;JNthupd; vz;zpf;if
mjpfupjJ; s;sikahy; mtw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;NthUf;fpilNa Nghl;bj;jd;ik
Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. jw;rkak; ntspaplg;gl;Ls;s ,t;tif nkd;nghUl;fspd;
gl;baiy : <..,"%"", .7 "%"." -- -   :vDk;
,izajsj;jpy; ghu;itapl KbAk;. ,jpYs;s nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy;
nkd;nghUl;fs; rpy ml;ltiz 6.1 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

nkd;nghUspd; ngau; cw;gj;jp nra;j epWtdk


epWtdk;

==
,=/
=#
"  =====
,=

'

==! =!""' =/
'
=====! =!""' =!
$' '

=='
 "=!""' /
=755> ====='
 "=
'

=='$ "=!'""' =/
'
====='$ "==!""'

ml;ltiz 6.1: gad;ghl;bYs;s rpy nrhy; Kiwtopgg


; Lj;jy; nkd;nghUl;fs;

119
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUl;fs; gy ,d;W ,izaj;jpDlhf
mwpKfQ;nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. cq;fsplk; ,iza trjp cs;snjdpd;
,t;thwhd nrhy; Kiwtopgg ; Lj;jy; nkd;nghUl;fis cq;fshy; gad;gLj;j
KbAk;. =B $, =B vDk; epWtdj;jpdhy; mwpKfQ;nra;ag;gl;Ls;s B $,
 B nkd;nghUs; ,jw;fhd cjhuzkhFk; .

 7) 7 gpuNahf nkd;nghUspd; ,ilKfk; >#7) 7 ?

,d;iwa cyfpy; nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUl;fs;


gytw;iwf; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ. vy;yhtw;wpYKs;s fUtpfs;
mNdfkhf xNu khjpupahditahFk;.

jiyg;Gg; gl;il gl;bg; gl;il


D*', =
E D =
E

tbtikg;Gg; gl;il juf; fUtpg; gl;il


D 
.'$=,
E D(
=,
E
RUs; gl;b
epiyfhl;b D(
,,=
E
D

E

tiujy; fUtpg; gl;il epiyikg; gl;il


D
'$=,
E D( =
E

cU 6.1 '
 "=!""' =/
=7559=,d; ,ilKfk;

120
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
6.3 Gjpa Mtznkhd;iwj; jahupj;jy;

nrhy; Kiwtopgg
; Lj;jy; nkd;nghUspYs;s fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jp
Mtzj; i j ,yFthfTk; tpidj; j pwdhfTk; jahupf; f trjp
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

nrhy; Kiwtopgg; Lj;jy; nkd;nghUspy; Nkw;nfhs;sj;jf;f fUkq;fs; rpy


tUkhW:
2= gf;f mikg;G D#$ =( E
8= ml;ltizia cl;Nru;jj ; y; D
=*, E
8= tbtikg;Gr; nra;jy; D 
.'$E

gf;f mikg;Gr; nra;jy; ^7#&&


jahupf;fg;gl;l MtzkhdJ ve;j mstpidf; nfhz;lnjd
mjhtJ mJ ePsj;jpy; $bajh mfyj;jpy; Fiwthdjh vdNth my;yJ
eP s j; j py; Fiwthdjh mfyj; j py; $bajh vdNth Kd; d Nu
jPu;khdpj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. Muk;gj;jpNyNa mJgw;wp KbTnra;a
,ayhJtpbd; Mtzj;ijj; jahupjj ; gpdd
; u; jahu;nra;jy;( ', =1#$ ( E
%ykhf mg;gf;fj;ijj; Njitf;Nfw;g khw;wpaikj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

gf;fj;jpd; msT

nghJthf vy;yh nrhy; Kiwtopgg ; Lj;jy; nkd;nghUs;fspYk; gjpgG


;
nra;Ak; fljhrpapd; msitj; njupT nra;af;$ba trjp cs;sJ.
ru;tNjr epakq;fSf;F mika jahu;nra;ag;gl;l gjpg;G nra;Ak; fljhrp
msTfshd :0=;0=:0= 
= vd;wthW njupT nra;af; $bajhf cs;sJ.
,t;thwhd fljhrp msTfSf;F Nkyjpfkhf Njitf;Nfw;w msTfspy;
gf;fq;fisj; jahu;nra;af;$ba trjpAk; ,tw;wpy; cs;sJ.

121
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
gf;fj;jpd; jpirKfk; > ""?

cU 6.3> 6.4 ,y; fhl; l g;


gl;Ls;sthW gf;fj;jpd; ePsk;> mfyk;
Mfpatw;iw ,U Kiwfspy; khw;wpf;
nfhs; s KbAk; . ,t; ,uz; L
jpirKfq;fSk; KiwNa cU 6.3
,y;==epiyf;Fj;jhd Njhw;wk;; D#

'E
MfTk; cU 6.4 ,y; fpilj;Njhw;wk;
D  E MfTk; khw;wpf; nfhs;s
KbAk;.

cU 6.2
nrhy; Kiw topgg; Lj;jy; nkd;nghUspy;
gf;fj;ij mikg;Gr; nra;jy;

cU 6.3 cU 6.4 fpilj; Njhw;wk; ^4&7 


epiyf;Fj;jhd Njhw;wk; ^4&7  "

gf;fj;jpd; Xuq;fis ^7 " ? nrg;gQ;nra;jy;


mr;rbf;fg;glTs;s gf;fj;jpd; Nky;> fPo>; ,lJ> tyJ Xuq;fspy;
vt;tsT ,ilntsp tplg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gij nrg;gQ; nra;jNy Xuq;fisr;
nrg;gQ; nra;jy; vdg;gLk;. Mtzj;ij vOj;JUg; gjpgG ; r; nra;jy;> gpdd
; u;
Njitf;Nfw;g Xuq;fisr; nrg;gQ;; nra;tjd; %yk; me;j Mtzj;ij
Neu;jj
; pahf jahupjJ
; f; nfhs;s KbAk;.

122
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
cU 6.5 nrhy; Kiwtopgg; Lj;jy; nkd;nghUspy;
Xuq;fisr; nrg;gQ;nra;Ak; tpjk;.

cU msit khw;wy;7>(?
cU msit khw;Wtjd;; %yk; MtzkhdJ njuptpg;gpapy;
fhl;rpaspfF
; k; tpjj;ij khw;wpaikf;fyhk;. ,jd; %yk; xNu jpiuia kl;LNkh
my;yJ xNu Neuj;jpy; gy;NtW gf;fq;fisNah fhl;rpgg; Lj;jTk; KbAk;. ,jd;
%yk; jpiuapd; ghfq;fis cUg;ngUg;gpjN ; jh my;yJ cUr;rpWg;gpjN
; jh ghu;ff
;
KbAk;. cU msitj; jahu;nra;tjd; %yk; Mtzq;fspd; vOj;Jf;fis
jpUj;Jk;NghJ jpiuapy; njd;gLk; Mtzj;ij cUg;ngUf;fp KOikahf
jpiuapy; mtjhdpff ; f; $bajhfTk; cs;sJ.

cU msT >;A cU msT 655A cU msT 755A

cU 6.6

123
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
tbtikj;jy; >  ("? Kiwfs;
Mtzj;ijg; gpdt
; UkhW ,uz;L Kiwfspy; tbtikf;f KbAk;.
1. cupa tbtikg;G Kiwiaj; njupT nra;J vOj;JUg; gjpgG
; r; nra;jy;
2. Njitahd vOj;J tbtg; gFjpfisj; njupT nra;J D( , E
tbtikg;Gf;fisr; nra;jy;

vOj;JU tbtikg;Gr; nra;jy; ^^ 7  ("&&


v vOj;JU msT ^ =(' &
vOj;JUf;fspd; msitf; $l;lNth Fiwf;fNth KbAk;.

v vOj;JUg; ghzp ^ =(, &


vOj; J f; f isj; jbg; g hf; f Nth D&?*= rha; t hf; f Nth D
 E0
jbg;ghf;fpr; rha;thf;fNth >
 ? my;yJ toikahd KiwapNy
cs;sthW khw;wpaikf;fNth KbAk;.

v vOj;JU tif ^ =* =&


jkpo>; rpqf
; s> Mq;fpy nkhopfspy; gy;NtW tifahd vOj;JUf;fs;
cs;sd. ,it gy;NtW ghzpfspy; cs;sthW mikf;fggl;Ls;sd.

v vOj;JUtpd; epwk; ^ =,


=&
vOj;JUf;fspd; epwj;ij khw;wpaikf;f KbAk;. vOj;JUf;fspy;
Nkw;nfhs;sj;jf;f tpjq;fis cU 6.7 ,y; fhl;bAs;sthW
Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.

cU 6.7 - '
 "=!""'
/
==7559=nkd;nghUspd;
vOj;JUr; rhsuk;

124
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
nraw;ghL
6.1

fPNo cU 6.8 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthwhd miog;gpjioj; jahupAq;fs;.


$ 7( 7#"
&77#"

    

 . . . ." 7,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

 7 7 "&7  % 7 
  

 <7715 7  71//;

$"( < ;,//7,(775,//7,(

' <  7!(7/4*7 &77#"

cU 6.8 - khjpup miog;gpjo;

125
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
ge;jp mikj;jy; ^^   7#"&&
ge;jpaikj;jypd;NghJ Mtzj;jpy; Neu;g;gLj;jy; D,'$. E0
cl;j
; s;sy; D 'E=tupirfSf;F ,ilapyhd ,ilntsp=D' =('$E
Mfpatw;iw Njitf;Nfw;g nrg;gQ; nra;af; $ba trjp cs;sJ.

cU 6.9 ge;jpaikj;jy; rhsuk;

Neu;gg
; Lj;jy; >&"(?
mr;RUg;gjpj;jy; %yk; jahu;nra;ag;gl;l Mtzj;jpYs;s nrhy;
my;yJ ge;jpia tyk;> ,lk;> kj;jp Mfpa ,lq;fspy; epiyg;gLj;jy;
Neu;gg
; Lj;jy; fl;lis %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. ,J jtpu ge;jpia ,Ugf;fKk;
rkdhfj; jahu;nra;a rPug; Lj;J D '"E vDk; fl;lis cjTk;.(cU 6.10 iag;
ghu;f;fTk;).

.= è #
$
%= è ,'$. 
,lJ gf;fkhf xOq;Fg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ kj;jpapy; xOq;Fg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ

126
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
tyJ gf;fkhf xOq;Fg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ rPu;g;gLj;jp ; xOq;Fg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ

cU 6.10 - Neu;gg
; Lj;jy;

cl;j
; s;sy;; >"?

,e;jf; fl;lis %ykhf Fwpgg


; pl
; l
; ge;jpia ,lg;gf;fj;jpwF
; my;yJ
tyg;gf;fj;jpw;F efu;jj
; KbAk;.
  "=(,lk;)
 &'$%=(tyk;)
 '
=' =(Kjy; tup)
 $'$=(njhq;ftply;)

tupfSf;fpilapyhd ,ilntsp >"7#?

tupfSf;F ,ilapy; ,ilntsp tplg;gl;lhy; Mtzk; mofhff;


fhl;rpaspf;Fk;. nghJthf nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUl;fspy;
tupfSf;F ,ilapyhd ,ilntspfis khw;wpaikf;ff;$ba trjpfs;
cs;sd.

nraw;ghL
6.2
1' nrhy; Kiwtopgg ; Lj;jy; nkd;nghUisg; gad;gLj;jp cU 6.11
,y; fhl;lg;gl;l Mtzj;ijj; jahupf;Ff.
2' cU 6.11 ,y; cs;s 1-7 tiuahd gFjpfisj; jahupf;fg;
gad;gLj;jpa fl;lisfs;> gbKiwfs; Mfpatw;iw xOq;F
Kiwapy; jUf.

127
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
*% =#
'',0 .
=(= 
0 6
 ,%'=22-0 %$= 
,=,, $ 0
/
+,2 $,,2
6525627565

 """""" 7

/ =
=,  =='"
.==%= =% =
$' == .'
="
=% ===!4
=   ='=
= %,==% =7;%=
=7565==?295=2.2==;255=2.2="

% =",,'$= )  ==% =.


=(= 
0=$,,2 9

8=/
=
 '$
8=(
 % 
8=#
' :
8=.
=


"" """ "" 


" " " ""
""""" "! "  "!  ;
*%+= <
=22222222222222222222222222
>  
=$

cU 6.11 - khjpupf; fbjnkhd;W

vOj;J> ,yf;fzg; gpiofisr;; nrt;itghu;jj


; Yk; rPun
; ra;jYk;

nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUspy; Mtzj;jpYs;s vOj;Jg;


gpiofs; > ,yf; f zg; gpiofs; (Mq; f py nkhop) Mfpatw; i wr;
nrt;itghu;f;ff; $ba trjp cs;sJ. ,k;nkd;nghUSld; ,izf;fg;
gl;Ls;s mfuKjypapd; cjtpAld; Rakhfr; nrt;it ghu;ff
; g;gLk;.

nraw;ghL
6.3
gpd;tUk; nrhw;fis cs;sthNw mr;RUg; gjpg;G nra;J mjpYs;s
vOj;Jg; gpiofis nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUspd;
cjtpAld; nrt;it ghu;ff ; .
8==#
$
.

8==/
=#


8====' =$'$==

128
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
nrhw;fisj; NjLjy; ^ "&&> nrhy;iy khw;wPL nra;J nfhs;sy;
^ !&&& trjpfs;

Xu; Mtzj;jpYs;s nrhy;iy mJ mlq;fpAs;s ,lj;ijf;


fz;lwptjw;fhf ' vDk; trjpiag; gad;gLj;jyhk;. fz;lwpa Ntz;ba
nrhy;iy '=% vDk; ,lj;jpy; mr;Rg; gjpjJ
; '=  Ir; nrhlf;Ff
(cU 6.12 Ig; ghu;ff
; ).

cU . 6.12

Mtzj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s nrhy;Yf;Fg; gjpyhf NtW nrhy;nyhd;iw


khw;wL
P nra;tjw;F & , = trjpiag; gad;gLj;jyhk;. mfw;wg;glNtz;ba
nrhy;iy '=% vDk; ,lj;jpy; mr;RUg; gjpjJ
; khw;wL
P nra;ag;gl Ntz;ba
nrhy;iy & , =='%= vDk; ,lj;jpy; mr;RUg; gjpj;J & , =
=& ,
,, vd;gijr; nrhlf;Ff.

6.4 ml;ltiz ^^$&&& jahupj;jy;

cq;fsJ tFg;gpd; Neu#rpia my;yJ mwpf;ifnahd;iwj;


jahupfF ; k;NghJ ml;ltiz jhahupff; Ntz;bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.; ,t;thwhd
re;ju;g;gj;jpy; nkd;nghUisg; gad;gLj;jp ml;ltizia ,yFthfj;
jahupj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;. rpy nkd;nghUl;fspy; tiujy; glTUitg;
gad;gLj;jp ml;ltizia mikj;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk;.

,e;j nkd;nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jpj; jahupff ; g;gl;l ml;ltizapy;


NkYk; epiufs;> epuy;fs;; Mfpatw;iwr; Nru;ff
; f;$ba trjp mopff ; f; $ba
trjp> epwg;gpdd
; zp mspff ; f;$ba trjp> vy;iyf; NfhLfis khw;wf;$ba
trjp Mfpad cs;sd.

129
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
nraw;ghL
6.4
vt;tifahd nrhy; Kiwtopg;gL;jy; nkd;nghUisNaDk;
gad; g Lj; j p gpd; t Uk; ml; l tiziaj; jahupf; f Tk; .
! ====( 
, =. ======

%

.,
 

,

 ,uz;lhk; epiuf;Ff; fPNo Gjpa epiunahd;iwr; Nru;f;fTk;.
 Kftup epuYld; ,d;DnkhU epuiyr; Nru;gg
; jw;F ePu; Nkw;nfhs;Sk;
gbg;gbahd nray;Kiwiaj; jUf.
 %d;whk; epiuia mopg; g jw; F eP u ; Nkw; n fhs; s Ntz; b a
eilKiwia jUf.
 ,Wjp epiuf;Ff; fPNo kw;WnkhU epiuiar; Nru;f;f.
 epiufSf;Fg; gy;NtW epwq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;
ml;ltizia ftu;r;rpfukhdjhf;Ff.
vt;tif nrhy;Kiw topg;gLj;Jjy; nkd;nghUisNaDk;
gad;gLj;jp gpd;tUk; ml;ltiziaj; jahupf;fTk;.
7 " 7 $ 77777) 777$  777777 "
0
1
3
4
5

 
6
8
9


 = vd vOjg;gl;Ls;s epuYf;F epwe;jl
P b
; f; fhl;Lf.

130
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
6.5 mQ;ry;; xd;wpizg;G ^"&7 &&
miog;gpjo;fs; my;yJ tho;j;J kly;fs; Mfpatw;iw gy;NtW
KftupfSf;F mDg;Gtjw;F mQ;ry; xd;wpizg;G D',=
$ E=vDk; trjp
gad;gLj;jg;gLk;. gpd;tUk; gbKiwfspy; ,J nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
gbKiw 1 mQ;rypid vOj;JUg; gjpj;Jf; nfhs;f.
gbKiw 2 cU 6.13 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;lthW *, =============
C 
=
','$= ===',==
C
$ vd njupTnra;f.

cU 6.13 mQ;ry; xd;wpizg;Gr; rhsuj;ijj; njupTnra;jy;

gbKiw 3 cU 6.14 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW cupa Mtzj;ijj; njupT


nra;f.
cjhuzk; -  

cU 6.14 mQ;ry; xd;wpizg;Gf;fhd fbjj;ijj; njupT nra;jy;


131
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
gbKiw 4 c U 6 . 1 5 , y ; f h l ; l g ; g l ; L s ; s t h W Muk;gpg;G
Mtzj; i jj; njupT nra; f .

cU 6.15 Muk;gpgG; Mtzj;ij; njupT nra;Ak; rhsuk;

gbKiw 5 cU 6.17 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW fbj xd;wpizg;igj; njupT


nra;a Ntz;Lk;. Vw;fdNt ,q;F fbjq;fisg; ngWgtu;fsJ
jfty;fs; cs;sLP nra;ag;gl;L ,Uf;fhtpbd; * == ='  Ij;
njupT nra;f.

cU 6.16
gbKiw 6 fbjq; f s; ngWgtu; f sJ
juTfisg; Gjpjhf cs;sL P
nra;tjhapd; cU 6.17 ,y;
fhl;lg;gl;lthW Njitahd
jiyg;Gfisj; njupT nra;f.

cU 6.17 mQ;ry; xd;wpizg;Gf;Fupa


Kftupfis cs;sL P nra;jy;

132
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
gbKiw 7: Njitahd Kftupfis vOj;JUg; gjpgG ; r; nra;J NrkpjJ
; f;
nfhs;f . (cU 6.18 Ig; ghu;ff
; Tk;)

cU 6.18

gbKiw 8   7 7"&7Ij; njupTnra;J epiygLj;jpf; nfhs;f.


gy;NtW jiyg;Gg; ngau;fs; ePqf ; s; njupT nra;j ,lj;jpy;
=
= fhl;rpaspf;Fk;.
gbKiw 9 cU 6.19 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;lJ Nghy; ePu; jahupjj
; fbjq;fis
fUtpfis (1)>(2)>(3)>(4 )gad;gLj;jp ghu;itapl KbAk;.
D6E D:E D
$ = 
D! =  D
=
D
= 
$
D-' =
$  D '
 D 
,+E ' , E #
'
E
(
 E E & 
E & 
E
=

=
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=

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/

=

D
=
'$ = D
$ = =  
D'= .  D',= 
$ =
D9E . E
E ' E D7E
& ''  E D 
D#
' = & 
E
cU 6.19 & 
E

gbKiw 10 : 7&7 :7,y; cs;s : 777(==


nghj;jhid nrhlf;Ftjd; %yk; Fwpg;gpl;l Kftupia
midj;J KftupfSld; my;yJ njupT nra;ag;gl;l
KftupAld; ,izj;J jpiuapy; mtjhdpf;f KbAk;.
: 777(:7I njupT nra;tjd; %yk; xOq;F
nra;ag;gl;l Kftup midj;ijAk; ghu;itaplKbAk;.

133
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
nraw;ghL
6.5
cU 6.11 ,y; cs;s fbjj;ij cq;fsJ gpuNjrj;jpYs;s 20
ghlrhiyfSf;F mDg;Gtjw;F ',=
$ =Ig; gad;gLj;Jf.

6.6 Nfhg;Gfisr; Nrkpj;jy


y; ^ #&&
fzpdpapd; %yk; jahupff; g;gl;l Nfhg;Gfisr; NrkpjJ
; itj;J ^( &
NjitahdNghJ jpwe;J ghu;itapl Ntz;b Vw;gLk;. Nfhg;Gfisr;
NrkpfF
; k;NghJ mf;Nfhg;gpd; ngau;> Nrkpff; g;gl Ntz;ba ,lk;> Nfhg;G tif
Mfpad ngauplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. rpy nkd;nghUl;fspy; Nfhg;GfSf;F ,ufrpaf;
flTr; nrhy;iy D# 
E toq;fp NrkpjJ ; itf;ff; $ba trjpfSk; cz;L.

'
 "=/
==7559= - nkd;nghUspy; ghJfhg;ghfr; Nrkpgg
; jw;fhf
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,ilKfk; fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

cU 6.20
'
 "=/
==7559 ,y; Nfhg;Gfisr; Nrkpgg
; jw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ,ilKfk;

134
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
6.9 Nfhg;gpidj; jpwj;jy; ^ "&7&&
Vw;fdNt ehk; Nrkpj;J itj;Js;s Nfhg;Gfisj; jpwe;J Nkyjpf
nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sf;$ba trjp nkd;nghUs;fspy; cs;sd. Nfhg;gpd;
ngau;> Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,lk; Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLtjd; %yk;
mf;Fwpgg; pll
; Nfhg;igj; jpwe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
rpy tif nkd;nghUl;fisg; gad;gLj;jpj; jahupf;fg;gl;l Mtzf;
Nfhg;Gf;fis Fwpgg
; pll
; nkd;nghUs; %ykhfNt jpwf;f KbAk; Mdhy;> rpy
Nfhg;Gfs; vk;KiwapYk; jpwf;fg;glf;$ba trjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;sd.

nraw;ghL
6.6

VjhtJ xU nrhy; Kiwtopg;gLj;jy; nkd;nghUisg; gad;gLj;jp


gpd;tUk; mwptpj;jiyj; jahupf;f.

WANTED

"7#7 (7 7  7


$

7(""((770///7 ,,
7"7 7" 7  " 7"(("&
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 7 %"7 "&
$7& 7 7   ,

7<
 
/95+0134568

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8 ,jid toikahd Nrkpg;G Kiwiaf; ifahz;L /* 
vDk; ngaupy; td;tl;by;^
=' +E Nrkpf;fTk;.
8 Vw;fdNt jahupj;j Mtzf;Nfhg;ig D ', E kPz;Lk; /* 
#((/!& vd; w ngaupy; flTr; n rhy; i yg; gad; g Lj; j p
td;tl;by; Nrkpf;fTk;.
8 NkNy Nrkpf;fg;gl;Ls;s Nfhg;Gfs; ,uz;ilAk; xt;nthd;whf
jpwf;Fk;NghJ ePqf
; s; mtjhdpj;j NtWghLfisf; Fwpg;gp; Lf.

y;; 7> ""?


6.10 mr;Rg;gb vLj;jy

 mr;rpL Kd;ghu;fi
; f ^#
'=#
' &
 mr;rply; ^#
'&

mr;rpL Kd;ghu;f;if ^  "7 "&&

rupahf Mtzj;ijj; jahu;nra;j gpd;du; mjpy; mlq;fpAs;s


tplaq;fis ehk; tpUk;gpaJNghy; efy;nra;Jnfhs;s Kd;du; mJ
vt;thwhdjhf mikAnkd;gij mtjhdpg;gJ rpwe;jjhFk;. ,jw;fhf
,k;nkd;nghUl;fspy; mr;rpL Kd;ghu;f;if D#
'=#
' E vDk; fl;lis
cs;sJ.

mr;rply; ^ "&&

mr;rpL Kd;ghu;f;ifapy; ghu;j;J cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l Mtzf;


Nfhg;ig vkJ Njitf;Nfw;g mr;rpl;Lf; nfhs;s KbAk;. Nfhg;gpYs;s
midj;J gf;fq;fisANkh my;yJ njupT nra;ag;gl;l rpy gf;fq;fisNah
my;yJ njupT nra;ag;gl;l gf;fj;jpidNah mr;rplf;$ba trjp cs;sJ.
Njitahd gf;f vz;fisj; njupT nra;J mr;rplL ; f; nfhs;sTk; KbAk;.

136
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
cU 6.21
'
 "=
=7559=,d; gjpg;G ,ilKfk;

nraw;ghL
6.7
nraw;ghL 6.6 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s mwptpjj
; ypd; ,uz;L efy;fis mr;rplL
; f;
nfhs;Sq;fs;.

Fwpg; G

nrhy; Kiwtopgg
; Lj;jy; nkd;nghUspy; cs;s rfy tplaq;fs;
gw;wpAk; ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; tpsf;fg;gltpy;iy. Fwpg;gpl;l
nkd;nghUspYs;s cjtpj; D ,E jpiuapd; %yNkh gpd;tUk;
,izaj;js Kftupfspd; %ykhfNth Nkyjpf tplaq;fisf; fw;Wf;
nfhs;Sq;fs;.

,izaj; js Kftupfs;.
%@442  '2.4* &4/4
3
 '$2%.,
%@44 2'+' '2
$4'+'4/
3
 

%@442$' ',, 
' 2.4(' .2%.,
%@442
275591
',2%.,

137
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf

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