HEAT TREATMENT

Methods

Name: damani lewin

Date: January 10 2017
Teacher: Mr Brown
Subject: mechanical engineer
score:
Laws of thermodynamics
The four laws of thermodynamics define fundamental physical quantities (temperature, energy,
and entropy) that characterize thermodynamic systems at thermal equilibrium. The laws describe
how these quantities behave under various circumstances, and forbid certain phenomena (such as
perpetual motion).
The four laws of thermodynamics are:
Zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system,
they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. This law helps define the notion of temperature.
First law of thermodynamics: When energy passes, as work, as heat, or with matter, into or out
from a system, the system's internal energy changes in accord with the law of conservation of
energy. Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the first kind are impossible.
Second law of thermodynamics: In a natural thermodynamic process, the sum of the entropies of
the interacting thermodynamic systems increases. Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of
the second kind are impossible.
Third law of thermodynamics: The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the
temperature approaches absolute zero. With the exception of non-crystalline solids (glasses) the
entropy of a system at absolute zero is typically close to zero, and is equal to the logarithm of the
product of the quantum ground states.
There have been suggestions of additional laws, but none of them achieves the generality of the
four accepted laws, and they are not mentioned in standard textbooks.
The laws of thermodynamics are important fundamental laws in physics and they are applicable
in other natural sciences.
 ZEROTH
The law is intended to allow the existence of an empirical parameter, the temperature, as a
property of a system such that systems in thermal equilibrium with each other have the same
temperature. The law as stated here is compatible with the use of a particular physical body, for
example a mass of gas, to match temperatures of other bodies, but does not justify regarding
temperature as a quantity that can be measured on a scale of real numbers.
Though this version of the law is one of the more commonly stated, it is only one of a diversity
of statements that are labelled as "the zeroth law" by competent writers. Some statements go
further so as to supply the important physical fact that temperature is one-dimensional, that one
can conceptually arrange bodies in real number sequence from colder to hotter.
Perhaps there exists no unique "best possible statement of the zeroth law, because there is in the
literature a range of formulations of the principles of thermodynamics, each of which call for
their respectively appropriate versions of the law.
Although these concepts of temperature and of thermal equilibrium are fundamental to
thermodynamics and were clearly stated in the nineteenth century, the desire to explicitly number
the above law was not widely felt until Fowler and Guggenheim did so in the 1930s, long after
the first, second, and third law were already widely understood and recognized. Hence it was
numbered the zeroth law. The importance of the law as a foundation to the earlier laws is that it
allows the definition of temperature in a non-circular way without reference to entropy, its
conjugate variable. Such a temperature definition is said to be 'empirical'.
 1 LAW ST

The first law of thermodynamics is the application of the conservation of energy principle to heat
and thermodynamic processes:

The first law makes use of the key concepts of internal energy, heat, and system work. It is used
extensively in the discussion of heat engines. The standard unit for all these quantities would be
the joule, although they are sometimes expressed in calories or BTU.
It is typical for chemistry texts to write the first law as ΔU=Q+W. It is the same law, of course -
the thermodynamic expression of the conservation of energy principle. It is just that W is defined
as the work done on the system instead of work done by the system. In the context of physics,
the common scenario is one of adding heat to a volume of gas and using the expansion of that
gas to do work, as in the pushing down of a piston in an internal combustion engine. In the
context of chemical reactions and process, it may be more common to deal with situations where
work is done on the system rather than by it.

Enthalpy
Four quantities called "thermodynamic potentials" are useful in the chemical thermodynamics of
reactions and non-cyclic processes. They are internal energy, the enthalpy, the Helmholtz free
energy and the Gibbs free energy. Enthalpy is defined by

H = U + PV
Where P and V are the pressure and volume, and U is internal energy. Enthalpy is then a
precisely measurable state variable, since it is defined in terms of three other precisely definable
state variables. It is somewhat parallel to the first law of thermodynamics for a constant pressure
system

Q = ΔU + PΔV since in this case Q=ΔH

It is a useful quantity for tracking chemical reactions. If as a result of an exothermic reaction
some energy is released to a system, it has to show up in some measurable form in terms of the
state variables. An increase in the enthalpy H = U + PV might be associated with an increase in
internal energy which could be measured by calorimetry, or with work done by the system, or a
combination of the two.
The internal energy U might be thought of as the energy required to create a system in the
absence of changes in temperature or volume. But if the process changes the volume, as in a
chemical reaction which produces a gaseous product, then work must be done to produce the
change in volume. For a constant pressure process the work you must do to produce a volume
change ΔV is PΔV. Then the term PV can be interpreted as the work you must do to "create
room" for the system if you presume it started at zero volume.

System Work
When work is done by a thermodynamic system, it is usually a gas that is doing the work. The
work done by a gas at constant pressure is:

For non-constant pressure, the work can be visualized as the area under the pressure-volume
curve which represents the process taking place. The more general expression for work done is:

Work done by a system decreases the internal energy of the system, as indicated in the First Law
of Thermodynamics. System work is a major focus in the discussion of heat engines.
 Conduction
Conduction is the transfer of energy in the form of heat or electricity from one atom to another
within an object by direct contact. Conduction occurs in solids, liquids, and gases. However,
solids transfer energy most efficiently since the molecules in solids are most tightly packed, and
the molecules are closer together, as shown in this figure. For liquids and gases, the density of
the particles are generally lower than those of solids and the particles are farther apart, so the
energy transfer is less efficient.

There are two main types of conduction:

Conduction of heat occurs when molecules increase in temperature; they vibrate, and this
vibration and movement passes the heat energy to the surrounding molecules. Some examples of
conduction of heat are accidentally touching a hot pot, or when a heating pad is applied to you
directly and warms your muscles.
 Convection
Convection is heat transfer by mass motion of a fluid such as air or water when the heated fluid
is caused to move away from the source of heat, carrying energy with it. Convection above a hot
surface occurs because hot air expands, becomes less dense, and rises. Hot water is likewise less
dense than cold water and rises, causing convection currents which transport energy.
 Heat Treatment Processes
Annealing- Annealing heat treatment process is heating the material above the critical
temperature, holding long enough for transformation to occur and slow cooling. Full annealing
heat treatment differs from normalizing heat treatment in that the annealing temperature is
typically 150-200F lower than the normalizing temperature and the cooling rate is slower. This
establishes a soft microstructure and thus a soft product.

Normalizing Heat Treatment process is heating a steel above the critical temperature,
holding for a period of time long enough for transformation to occur, and air cooling.
Normalized heat treatment establishes a more uniform carbide size and distribution which
facilitates later heat treatment operations and produces a more uniform final product.

Case Hardening or surface hardening is the process of hardening the surface of a

metal object while allowing the metal deeper underneath to remain soft, thus forming a thin layer
of harder metal (called the "case") at the surface. For iron or steel with low carbon content,
which has poor to no hardenability of its own, the case-hardening process involves infusing
additional carbon into the surface layer. Case-hardening is usually done after the part has been
formed into its final shape, but can also be done to increase the hardening element content of
bars to be used in a pattern welding or similar process

Tempering is a heat treatment technique applied to ferrous alloys, such as steel or cast iron, to
achieve greater toughness by decreasing the hardness of the alloy. The reduction in hardness is
usually accompanied by an increase in ductility, thereby decreasing the brittleness of the metal.
 Sources of heat
 Oven
 Naked flame
 Sun
 Burning coal
 Bulb
 Match
 Iron
 Nail become hot while begin pounded into an object
 Toaster
 Lawn mower
 DVD
 Computer
 Drill bit

Cooling methods
 Water
 Coolant
Acknowledgement