Qualitative analysis and Ksp

History
• Analytical chemistry has been important since the early days of
chemistry
• It providing methods for determining which elements and
chemicals are present in the object.
• Most of the major developments in analytical chemistry take place
after 1900
Qualitative analysis
• A qualitative analysis determines the presence or absence of a particular
compound, but not the mass or concentration
• It is not related to quantity
Solubility equilibria
• Precipitation reactions are important in industry, medicine and
everyday life
Solubility rules
Discussion
• Classify the following ionic compounds as soluble or insoluble
• Lead sulfate
• Barium carbonate
• Lithium phosphate
Task!
• Predict the solubility of each of the following compounds
• CdCO3
• Mg(OH)2
• Na2S
• PbSO4
• (NH4)3PO4
• HgCl2
• Predict wheter a precipitation reaction will occur in each of the following situations. Write
the reaction
• NiCl2(aq) + (NH4)2S(aq) 
• Na2CrO4(aq) + Pb(NO3)2 (aq) 
• AgClO4(aq) + CaBr2(aq) 
• ZnCl2(aq) + K2CO3(aq) 
• How might you use a precipitation reaction to prepare a sample of calcium phosphate? Write
the reaction!
Qualitative analysis for metallic elements
• Qualitative analysis may determine the presence or absence of a metal ion
• Wet chemical method
• Three step method
• Ions separated into broad groups based on solubility properties
• The individual ions within each group are then separated by means of specific tests
• The ions are then identified by means of specific tests
Ksp
• The solubility constant, Ksp
• The equilibrium constant for a solid substance dissolving in an aqueous
solution
• It represents the level at which a solute dissolves in solution
• A more substances dissolves, the higher the Ksp value it has
Example
• Express Ksp of :
• AgCl
• MgF2
• Ag2CO3
• Ca3(PO4)2
Example
• Using the data in Table 17.2, calculate the solubility of copper(II) hydroxide in
g/L!

• Calculate the solubility of silver chloride in g/L!

Precipitation
• It is a formation if an insoluble product during a chemical reaction
• Ksp can used to know wheter a precipitate forms or not
• Q : the product of the initial ion concentrations
• If Q > Ksp  a precipitate will form
• If Q = Ksp  equilibrium exists
• If Q < Ksp  no precipitate form
Discussion
• Predict wheter a precipitation reaction will occur when aqueous solutions of
cadmium chloride and ammonium sulphide are mixed. Write the reaction!
• How might you use a precipitation reaction to prepare a sample of CuCO3?
Write the reaction
Example
• Exactly 200 mL of 0.0040 M BaCl2 are added to exactly 600 mL of 0.0080 M
K2SO4. Will a precipitate form?

• If 2.00 L of 0.2 M NaOH are added to 1.00 L of 0.1 M CaCl2, will precipitate
occur?
The common ion effect and solubility
• As we have noted, the solubility product is an equilibrium constant
• Precipitation of an ionic compound from solution occurs whenever the ion
product excess Ksp for that substance
• In a saturated solution of AgCl, for example, the ion product [Ag+][Cl-] is, of
course equal to Ksp
• Simple stoichiometry tells us that [Ag+] = [Cl-]
• The effect of adding a common ion will decrease in the solubility of the salt in
solution
Principle
• Solubility product principle is used in qualitative analysis to determine composistion
of a compound by separation of ions in a solution
• The solubility product equals the product of the concentration of the ions involved in
the equilibrium, each raised to the power of its coefficient in the equilibrium
equation
• The solubility of a slightly soluble salt is decreased by the presence of a second
solute that furnishes a common ion. For example, the solubility of CaF2 decreses as
NaF is added to the solution
Task!
• Calculate the solubility of silver chloride in g/L in a 8.3.10-3 M silver nitrate solution
Review
• A white solid could either be Pb(NO3)2 or Mg(NO3)2. What one reagent could be
added to an aqueous solution of the solid to determine its identity?