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Nmce Theory
Nmce Theory
Explain Eigen value problem showing some of the civil engineering applications. Also elaborate
the basic method for solution of Eigen value problems.
Answer:-
Eigen Value:
In linear algebra, an eigenvector or characteristic vector of a linear transformation is a non-zero
vector that does not change its direction when that linear transformation is applied to it. More
formally, if T is a linear transformation from a vector space V over a field F into itself and v is a
vector in V that is not the zero vector, then v is an eigenvector of T if T(v) is a scalar multiple of
v. This condition can be written as the equation
T(v)=λv
where λ is a scalar in the field F, known as the eigenvalue, characteristic value, or characteristic
root associated with the eigenvector v.
If f(t) is defined over interval [0,1), the Laplace transform of f, denoted as f(s); Is
Question:-
Explain the Fourier Transform method.
Answer:-
The Fourier Transform is a tool that breaks a waveform (a function or signal) into an alternate
representation, characterized by sine and cosines. The Fourier Transform shows that any waveform
can be re-written as the sum of sinusoidal functions. Virtually everything in the world can be
described via a waveform - a function of time, space or some other variable. For instance, sound
waves, electromagnetic fields, the elevation of a hill versus location, a plot of VSWR versus
frequency, the price of your favorite stock versus time, etc. The Fourier Transform gives us a
unique and powerful way of viewing these waveforms.
Fourier transformation can be denoted as,
Question:-
How Euler’s equation is used in civil engineering perspective.
Answer:-
Use of Euler’s equation in civil engineering can be listed as follows
1. Can be use to solve ODE equations in structure mechanics
2. Useful to generate fluid viscosity lines, for solution of fluid problems
3. Buckling and bending of columns and beams respectively can be solved by Euler’s
equation.
4. Evaluation of damper vibration can be calculated by Euler’s equation
5. Also mode shapes can be calculated by eigen value also can calculated by Euler’s
Equation.
Question:-
Explain “Principle of Least Squares”. Write its application to civil engineering.
Answer:-
The principle of least squares is one of the popular methods for finding a curve fitting a given data.
Say (x1,y1), (x2,y2),....(xn,yn) be n observations from an experiment. We are interested in finding a
curve
y = f(x)
Closely fitting the given data of size 'n'. Now at x=x1 while the observed value of y is y1, the
expected value of y from the curve is f(x1). Let us define the residual by
e1 = y1 - f(x1)
The residuals at all other points are given by
e2 = y2 - f(x2)
……………..
……………..
en = yn - f(xn)
Use of Principals of least square method in civil engineering is,
Mostly least square method used in civil engineering for surveying purpose.