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Torsion Technical Note
Torsion Technical Note
© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher.
APPENDIX
The following variables and constants are used throughout Case 2—Concentrated Torques with Fixed Ends
the appendix:
a = ECw T T
GJ
G = shear modulus of elasticity; 11,200 ksi for steel
E = modulus of elasticity; 29,000 ksi for steel L
Cw = warping constant, in.2
J = torsional constant, in.4
T = concentrated torque, kip-in.
z z z
t = running torque load, kip-in./ft θ = c1 c2 cosh − c2 + − sinh
L = span length, in. a a a
z = length from left support to cross-section ana- c1 z z
θ' = 1.0 − cosh + c2 sinh
lyzed, in. a a a
c1 z z
θ '' = 2
c 2 cosh − sinh
Case 1—Concentrated Torques with Free Ends a a a
c z z
θ ''' = 13 − cosh + c2 sinh
T T a a a
where
L Ta
c1 =
GJ
L
Tz c2 = tanh
θ= 2a
GJ
T
θ' =
GJ
θ '' = θ ''' = 0
© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher.
Case 3—Concentrated Torque with Pinned Ends Case 4—Uniformly Distributed Torque with Pinned Ends
t
T
L
αL L(1− α)
L z2
θ = c1a 2 2 z − + cosh z − tanh L sinh z − 1.0
2a L a 2a a
0 ≤ z ≤ αL
L 2z
θ ' = c1a 1.0 − + sinh z − tanh L cosh z
θ = c1 (1.0 − α ) z + c 2a sinh z 2a L a 2a a
a
z L z
θ ' = c1 (1.0 − α )+ c2 cosh z θ '' = c1 cosh − tanh
sinh −1.0
a a 2a a
c1c2 c1 z L z
θ '' = sinh z θ ''' = sinh − tanh cosh
a a a a 2a a
c1c2
θ ''' = 2 cosh z
a a
where
t
αL < z ≤ L c1 =
GJ
sinh αL
θ = c1 ( L − z )α + a a z
sinh − sinh α L cosh
z
Case 5—Linearly Varying Torque with Pinned Ends
L a a a
tanh
a t
sinh αL
θ ' = c1 a z
cosh − sinh α L sinh − α
z
tanh L a a a
a
L
αL
c sinh a
θ '' = 1 sinh z − sinh α L cosh z
a tanh L a a a
a
z
2 2 sinh z3
αL
θ = c1L − 2 + z za a a − 2
c1 sinh a 6 L L sinh L 6 L
θ ''' = 2 cosh z − sinh α L sinh z
a tanh L a a a a
a
2 cosh z z2
1
θ ' = c1 L − 2 + a a a −
6 L L sinh L 2 L2
where a
T
c1 = sinh z
GJ
θ '' = c1 a − z
sinh L L
sinh αL
c2 = a − cosh α L a
tanh L a cosh z
a a 1
θ ''' = c1 −
a sinh L L
a
where
c1 = t
GJ
© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher.
Case 6—Concentrated Torque with Fixed Ends
0 ≤ z ≤ αL
z z
θ = c1a c2 cosh − 1.0 − sinh z +
a a a
z z
θ ' = c1 c2 sinh − cosh + 1.0 T
a a
c1 z z
θ '' = c cosh − sinh
a 2 a a
c1 z z
αL L(1− α)
θ ''' = 2
c2 sinh − cosh
a a a
αL < z ≤ L
z z z
θ = Hc1a c3 + c4 cosh + c5 sinh −
a a a
z z
θ ' = Hc1 c4 sinh + c5 cosh − 1. 0
a a
Hc1 z z
θ '' = c4 cosh + c5 sinh
a a a
Hc1 z z
θ ''' = 2
c4 sinh + c5 cosh
a a a
where
αL αL
1.0 − cosh a cosh a −1.0
+ + sinh αL − αL
tanh L sinh L a a
a a
H=
L αL L αL
cosh a + cosh a cosh a − cosh a −1.0
+ L (α − 1.0) − sinh αL
sinh L a a
a
T
c1 =
( H + 1)GJ
cosh αL cosh α L
c2 = H 1
+ sinh αL − a + sinh α L − a + 1
sinh L a L
tanh a tanh L tanh L
a a a a
αL αL L L L
cosh a − 1.0 cosh a − cosh a + a sinh a
c3 = +
H sinh L sinh L
a a
αL αL L
1.0 − cosh a 1.0 − cosh a cosh a
c4 = +
H tanh L sinh L
a a
α L
cosh a − 1.0
c5 = + cosh αL
H a
© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher.
Case 7—Uniformly Distributed Torque with Fixed Ends Case 8—Linearly Varying Torque with Fixed Ends
t t
L
L
© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher.
Case 9—Concentrated Torque with Fixed and Free End Case 10—Partially Uniformly Distributed Torque with
Fixed and Free End
T t
αL L(1− α) αL L(1-α)
0 ≤ z ≤ αL 0 ≤ z ≤ αL
z z z αL z
θ = c1a c2 cosh − 1.0 − sinh z + θ = c1a c2 a cosh − 1.0 − α Lsinh z + z −
a a a a a a 2 a
z z z z
θ ' = c1 c2 sinh − cosh + 1.0 θ ' = c1 c2 a sinh − αL cosh + α L − z
a a a a
c1 z z c1 z z
θ '' = c cosh − sinh θ '' = c2 a cosh − α L sinh − a
a 2 a a a a a
c1 z z c1 z z
θ ''' = c2 sinh − cosh θ ''' = 2
c2 a sinh − αL cosh
2
a a a a a a
αL < z ≤ L αL < z ≤ L
L z z α L z z
θ = c1a c3 − c4 tanh cosh + c4 sinh + θ = c1a 2 c3 − c4 cosh + c5 sinh
a a a a a a
L z z z z
θ ' = c1c4 − tanh sinh + cosh θ ' = c1a − c4 sinh + c5 cosh
a a a a a
c1c4 L z z z z
θ '' = − tanh cosh + sinh θ '' = c1 − c4 cosh + c5 sinh
a a a a a a
c1c4 L z z c1 z z
θ ''' = − tanh a sinh a + cosh a θ ''' = − c4 sinh + c5 cosh
a2 a a a
where where
T t
c1 = c1 =
GJ GJ
c2 = sinh αL − tanh L cosh α L + tanh L αL αL
c2 = tanh L − sinh + cosh αL
a a a a a a a a
L
c3 = tanh cosh α L L
− tanh − sinh α L
c3 = tanh L sinh αL − cosh αL − α L tanh L +1.0 + α L2
2 2
a a a a
a a a a a 2a
c4 = cosh α L − 1.0
a αL αL
c4 = sinh − tanh L
a a a
c5 = sinh αL − αL
a a
© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher.
Case 11—Linearly Varying Torque with Free and Case 12—Uniformly Distributed Torque with Fixed
Fixed End and Pinned Ends
t t
L
L
5 L2 a L L 1 L L z L z z
1.0 − 2 − − tanh + z − + 2 H tanh − − tanh cosh + sinh
6a L 2a a L a
a a a a a
θ = c1 z
θ = c1 cosh z
a L sinh a z3 2
+ − − 2 a − 1 − z
+
L 2a cosh L 6a L cosh L cosh L 2a
2
a
a a
z
c1 a L a L cosh a z2 z
θ ' = − + + − − sinh
z z
L a L 2 a cosh L 2 aL
c L z a
a θ' = 1 H −1.0 − tanh sinh + cosh + −
a a a a a L a
cosh
z a
c1 a L sinh a z z
θ '' = 2 + −
a L 2a cosh L L
cosh
c1 L z z a −1 .0
a θ '' = 2 H − tanh cosh + sinh +
a a a a L
cosh
z a
c1 a L cosh a a
θ ''' = − − z
a3 L 2 a cosh L L c1 L z z
sinh
a θ ''' = 3 H − tanh sinh + cosh + a
a a a a L
cosh
a
where
ta 2
c1 = where
GJ
ta 2
c1 =
GJ
L2 1 1
H = 2 − 1.0 +
2 a L L L
cosh tanh −
a a a
© 2003 by American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. All rights reserved. This publication or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher.