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Interdisciplinary Project Edu 360 Final Draft
Interdisciplinary Project Edu 360 Final Draft
Interdisciplinary Project:
A 5th Grade Curriculum
2018-2019
Rutherford B. Hayes Middle School
Cleveland, Ohio
Authors:
Kathleen Merriman, Mary Wester, Maddie Brown, Amelia Villa, and Jenna Kuebler
2
General Information:
Quarterly Dates:
Dates: August Content Area: Content Area The main forms of Formative Summative
14th- October 16th English Language Focus: Writing instructional strategies
Arts will include: direct The students The worksheets
Author: -Writing reflective instruction, group will be and written
Jenna Kuebler short and long essays discussion on past participating in reflections will
Fall Theme: “The experiences, rotating classroom be graded. In
World of Water” -Joining group “stations,” discussion, in addition 5 short
informational texts practice worksheets, which the quizzes will be
Standard: with personal and interactive online teacher will given out
“Link opinion and opinions through games. assess which throughout the
reasons using reflective writing students are unit for proper
words, phrases, and Students will read participating, feedback and
clauses...” -Reading texts, short stories, and relaying their consistent
(CCSS.ELA- comprehension with informational articles, own material, comprehension
LITERACY.W.5.1. reflections either in groups, with etc. The fluency
C) the class a whole, or teacher will throughout the
-Formatting proper by themselves. After also assess class.
Link: http://www.c punctuation and this is completed, the personal
orestandards.org/EL grammar students will write reflections
A-Literacy/W/5/1/c/ their personal response based on
in a short or long form prompts
essay. Students should written on the
use experienced whiteboard. If
examples, personal certain students
opinions, media they are having
have witnessed, etc. difficulty
comprehending
An exemplar class the material or
activity, based off of formulating his
the given standard and or her writing
Interdisciplinary theme skills, there
from this quarter’s will be time
unit, would include the available in the
implementation of classroom for
prompting via a group editing
worksheet. Students sessions, in
will delve into the which the
cross-curricular instructor can
activity incorporating offer
Earth Science by suggestions to
completing the the student one
creative writing on one.
worksheet, “Earth
4
Materials:
Worksheets:
http://www.k12reader.
com/worksheet/writing
-prompt-earth-day-
whats-your-idea/
Online Interactive
Games:
http://mrnussbaum.co
m/fifth-grade-
language-arts/
Dates: October Content Area: Content Area The second quarter of Formative Summative
17th- December English Language Focus: “The World of Water”
19th Arts Literacy/Reading will focus on the class’ The students There will be
Information Text movement from the will each write three short
Author: Jenna Fall Theme: “The intermediate form of source or argumentative
Kuebler World of Water” -Reading writing, the narrative research-based essays
Comprehension and reflective, to short essays in throughout the
Standard: writing with concrete which peers quarter that
“Read closely to -Argumentative evidence and cited will give will require the
determine what the Writing examples. As the feedback and use of
text says explicitly students progress, they gradings on. rationalized
and to make logical -Forming written will transition from Each student and cited
inferences from it; works out of sources writing with personal will give the sources. These
cite specific textual and study opinions and emotions reasons for the and the
evidence when to writing in a given grade formative
writing or speaking professional tone that and point out assessments
to support includes research- what was well will be
conclusions drawn based evidence and done and what involved in the
from the text” studies. This will could use student’s final
(CCSS.ELA- require the use of the work. The grade.
LITERACY.RI.5.1) students’ reasoning teacher will
5
misconceptions among
the students.
Materials:
Worksheet:
http://www.k12read
er.com/reading-
comprehension/Gr5
_Wk23_WaterWater
_Everywhere.pdf
Dates: August Content Area: - Research skills Inquiry based Formative Summative
14th- October 16th Social Studies (different regions of instruction
(Geography) the world, history of Students will Students will
Author: Native Americans) Students will research be divided into engage in a
Mary Wester Fall Theme: “The Online navigation current regions of the five groups to final debate
World of Water” Identify landforms world (West, Midwest, divide the and be
Collaboration East, South) and different assessed on
Standard: Compare and discover different regions of the their
Regions can be contrast water landforms US. Each few participation
determined using present. days groups and
various criteria (e.g., will rotate and knowledge.
landform, climate, Students will then research a
population, cultural transition to Native different A rubric will
or economic). P.19 American life and region. be given to
discover the different Students will grade the
Link: tribes scattered across create posters students to see
http://education.ohio the US. Questions with their if students are
.gov/getattachment/ prompted by the findings to well prepared
Topics/Ohio-s-New- teacher will be share/compare and can
Learning- provided such as “how and contrast articulate and
Standards/Social- do certain landforms with the class. defend their
Studies/SS- (bodies of water) decisions.
Standards.pdf.aspx affect the settlement of After a few
each tribe? weeks, teacher
will have
Teacher will split students stay in
students into different their groups
groups and assign and switch to
them a tribe to Native
research. Americans/trib
Once information is es.
obtained, students will
engage in debates to
determine which area
they would most likely
live in. What are the
pros and cons? Which
tribe’s location would
you most likely live
in? Why?
7
Materials:
Internet
Google Maps
http://geography.mrdo
nn.org/landforms.html
Materials:
http://www.socialstudi
esforkids.com/articles/
ushistory/triangulartra
de.htm
https://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=pYfCRR
NxX2o
https://upload.wikimed
ia.org/wikipedia/comm
ons/thumb/8/8e/Atlanti
c_Ocean%2C_Toscane
lli%2C_1474.jpg/800p
x-
Atlantic_Ocean%2C_
Toscanelli%2C_1474.j
pg
Map in 1474
https://layers-of-
learning.com/wp-
content/uploads/2013/
9
09/Columbus-First-
Voyage.pdf
First routes of
Christopher Colombus
Dates: August Content Area: The students will The students will work Formative Summative
14th-October 16th Science study Great Lakes, both independently Assessments: Assessments:
since Cleveland (the and in small groups to include:
Author: Fall Theme: home of Rutherford research the Great -Weekly At the end of
Kathleen “The World of B. Hayes Middle Lakes. Initial research quizzes on the quarter,
Merriman Water” School) borders Lake will be conducted by content each student
Erie. Students will use of texts, such as at studied will present
Standard: study similarities and the public library, and -Graphic on one species
“Organisms perform differences between online. To demonstrate organizers/ of organism
a variety of roles in each of these five learning, students will graphs that he or she
an ecosystem.” Great Lakes, make graphs and/or -A well, has selected
(Ohio’s New including but not graphic organizers organized during the
Learning Standards: limited to: features comparing and research and weeks prior
Science, pg. 142) that make each of contrasting field journal from any of
these lakes diverse, characteristics of the (teacher the Great
Link: locations, depth, Great Lakes. Types of checks Lakes.
http://education.ohio width, bordering graphs may include weekly) Students may
.gov/getattachment/ states/regions, and but are not limited to: -Lab notes choose
Topics/Ohios- organisms that live Bar Graphs, Pie -Worksheets between
Learning- within and around Charts, Line Charts, -Presentations giving an oral
Standards/Science/S the Great Lakes. Venn Diagrams, and on various report,
cienceStandards.pdf. During this first Area Charts. Students species creating a
aspx quarter, in alignment will learn how to PowerPoint,
with the Life Science conduct field research or writing a
standard that inspires and receive field report to
this quarter, students journals. Midway compile the
will focus on a study during this first findings of
of the organisms quarter, students will their research.
within the take a field trip to the Each student
ecosystems of the shores of Lake Erie, will create a
Great Lakes. This where they will detailed, tri-
will include an in- conduct field research fold poster to
depth, research-based to identify and present their
study into into native document any individual
species and the indigenous and findings on
invasive species that invasive species that each species.
are affecting them. they observe. Students These posters,
Furthermore, will take pictures and as well as the
10
https://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=6LbZz8v
yMqw
-Graph Creator:
https://nces.ed.gov/nce
skids/createagraph/
-General Information:
http://www.regions.no
aa.gov/great-
lakes/index.php/great_
lakes-restoration-
initiative/invasive-
species/
https://www.thoughtco
.com/the-great-lakes-
130310
Food Chain
Resources:
-Worksheets:
11
https://www.superteac
herworksheets.com/fo
od-chains/producer-
consumer-
decomposer_WQRQT.
pdf
http://mrtranscience.w
eebly.com/uploads/9/0
/1/4/9014797/__consu
mers_and_producers_a
ctivities.pdf
-Videos:
https://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=hLq2dat
Po5M
https://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=pasB5Fx
hVUk
-Foldables/Graphic
Organizers:
https://www.teachersp
ayteachers.com/Produc
t/Food-chains-
Interactive-Science-
Notebook-foldable-
2770215
Conducting
Research:
https://www.scholastic
.com/teachers/articles/t
eaching-content/6-
online-research-skills-
your-students-need/
Dates: October Content Area: For this quarter, the Important terms Formative: Summative:
17th-December Science students will explore discussed and explored Project-Based Students will
19th light and sound as this quarter will be Assessments: work in small
Fall Theme: forms of energy. written down and -Students will groups on an
Author: “The World of Students will observe paired with a visual create two end-of-the
Kathleen Water” how light and sound image to create a musical year
Merriman are affected by the classroom word wall. instruments presentation
Standard: matter through which The word wall will be from scrap on either
“Light and sound they move. In used and referenced materials sound or light
are forms of energy regards to light, throughout this (e.g., rubber (student
that behave in students will conduct quarter. Students will bands, choice)
predictable ways” science experiments begin this quarter with cardboard The group
(Ohio’s New to observe how light a study of the science boxes, etc.). will write,
can travel through behind light. During They will prepare,
12
Learning Standards: some materials, such the weeks involving a present their practice, and
Science, p. 153). as glass or water. In study of the science of creations to perform a skit
alignment with the light, students will use the class and to teachers,
Link: fall theme “The mirrors to investigate explain which parents, and
http://education.ohio World of Water,” the reflection of light. instrument peers,
.gov/getattachment/ particular attention Students will use has a higher explaining the
Topics/Ohios- will be given to the mirrors and lasers to pitch of how light or
Learning- ways in which water try to bounce light at sound. sound travels.
Standards/Science/S affects both light and different angles from Students will While the skit
cienceStandards.pdf. sound. one side of a room to also explain may be funny
aspx Students will study another. Students will the theory and
characteristics of also have the behind their props/costume
light, such as, when opportunity to build instruments. s may be
it reaches a new and test their own used(e.g., one
material, it is either periscopes to learn -Weekly tests student
absorbed, refracted, principles of light on the dresses up as
reflected, or can waves. Finally, material (esp. a light wave,
continue to travel. students will explore Scientific another
Students will also how light reflects and vocabulary) dresses up as
investigate how light refracts off of and in represented water), the
can cause water as a medium. on the word students will
temperature changes wall be assessed on
when an object The second half of this their
absorbs it quarter will involve an -Students will knowledge of
(particularly, water). in-depth study of the draw the material
Students will also science of sound. connections covered.
study how light is Students will learn between this Students
refracted through about pitch, frequency, quarter and should be able
such objects as a and vibration through the last to “teach”
prism and hands-on activities that quarter to their peers
magnifying glass. allow them to evaluate how about some
Students will also manipulate different light affects aspect of
make a study of objects and create the organisms either light or
sound, exploring different sound waves. they chose to sound. The
such concepts at The teacher may research and teacher will
pitch. Furthermore, collaborate with the present on in use a rubric to
students will evaluate Music department to the Science assess student
and explore how fast bring different musical Expo. knowledge of
light and sound instruments into the the material.
travel, and determine classroom to - Students
through inquiry if investigate various will work on
these speeds are pitches and sounds. small groups
affected by the Working in small to measure
medium through groups, the students and compare
which light and will also plan and shadows of
sound waves travel implement an different
(e.g., liquid, solids, investigation into how objects, and
and gases). the length of PVC write
tubing affects the pitch observations
of sound (e.g., longer in their
tubes create lower observation
pitches and shorter journals
tubes produce higher
13
Suggested Resources:
Light:
-How to Build a
Periscope:
http://pbskids.
org/zoom/activities/sci
/periscope. html
-Mirror Simulation:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/
bitesize/ks2/science/ph
ysical_processes/how_
we_see_things/play/
Sound:
-Sample Lesson Plan:
http://www.discoverye
ducation.com/teachers/
free-lesson-plans/the-
phenomenon-of-
sound-waves.cfm
-Making Instruments:
https://www.howweele
arn.com/spectacular-
homemade-musical-
instruments/
-Simulation
http://www.bbc.co.uk/
bitesize/ks2/science/ph
ysical_processes/chang
ing_sounds/play/
-Activities:
https://www.scholastic
.com/teachers/articles/t
eaching-
content/science-sound/
https://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=HMXoH
KwWmU8
Dates: January 3rd Content Area: Content Area Focus: The main forms of Formative: Summative
- March 6th English Language Reading Foundational instructional strategies
Arts Skills will include: direct Student A group play
Author: instruction, students’ Portfolios will be put on
Jenna Kuebler Spring Theme: -Poetry Exploration personal reading, large Throughout and each
“Spring into and small group the course of student will act
Sports!” -Literature discussion, role-play, the Spring, the out their
character analysis, and students will character. The
Standard: -Proper recitation of example real-world write their own proper
“Read grade-level prose or poetry with videos. chapter recitations of
prose and poetry oral fluency summaries, their given
orally with Students will read the create personal poetic verses
accuracy, poetic novel, The reflections, and character
appropriate rate, Crossover by Kwame score their own portrayal will
and expression on Alexander, about a and others’ be graded by
successive young basketball writings with a the instructor.
readings” player. In addition to given rubric,
(CCSS.ELA- poetic diversity, this
LITERACY.RF.5.4 piece of literature also All of these
.B) offers themes of works will be
“family and added to and
Link: brotherhood” kept within a
http://www.corestan (Goodreads). personal
dards.org/ELA- portfolio in the
Literacy/RF/5/4/b/ student’s file.
The
15
Materials: assessment
The Crossover by will be
Kwame Alexander ongoing and
conclude with
Internet a final project,
in which the
Goodreads Summary student can
of The Crossover and choose from
Purchase Options writing: a
https://www.goodread poem, song,
s.com/book/show/182 rap, narrative
63725-the-crossover essay, or
Letter Writer: incorporating
http://www.abcya.com some other art
/friendly_letter_maker. form and
htm English
Language Arts
together.
Dates: March 7th- Content Area: Content Area Focus: The main forms of Formative Summative
May 9th English Language Reading Literature instructional strategies
Arts will include: direct The group The students
Author: Jenna -Literacy instruction, students’ discussions will give a
Kuebler Spring Theme: personal reading, large and rotational book report that
“Spring into -Stanza/Scene and small group class reading outlines the top
Sports!” analysis discussion, role-play, will assess three most
character analysis, and which students important
Standard: -Comprehension example real-world comprehend chapters in the
“Explain how a fluency throughout an videos. the material on book. This will
series of chapters, artistic or poetic text a basic level be graded and
scenes, or stanzas Students will read and which turned in at the
fits together to Crossing Jordan by students are end. Weekly
provide the overall Adrian Fogelin. This falling behind short quizzes
structure of a novel offers the the typical on the book’s
particular story, students diversity with pace of reading material will be
drama, or poem” a female lead who and/or given every
(CCSS.ELA- befriends an African comprehension Friday.
LITERACY.RL.5.5 American neighbor,
) despite their families
harsh hostility. In
Link: addition, the two
http://www.corestan friends bond through
dards.org/ELA- reading Jane Austen.
Literacy/RL/5/5/
After reading this and
having daily group
discussions and taking
turns reading to each
other, the students will
write a pretend letter
to the main characters
discussing their
opinion of the book.
16
Materials:
A sufficient amount of
copies for the students
of Crossing Jordan by
Adrian Forgelin
Letter Writer:
http://www.abcya.com
/friendly_letter_maker.
htm
Dates: March 7th- History Social Studies: Direct Instruction Formative Summative
May 9th History
Spring Theme: Weekly At the end of
“Spring into In this quarter Forms of instructional quizzes/hando this unit
Author: Sports!” students will be strategies that will be uts on material students will
Amelia Villa learning, researching, taking place during covered be given a
Standard: “The and talking about the this quarter will be country within
Western history of the sports that of direct Various the Western
Hemisphere is found within the instruction, and graphic Hemisphere.
culturally diverse Western Hemisphere independent research. organizers They will be
due to American and how they differ covering asked to
Indian, European, from those countries Direct instruction will material present to the
Asian and African around them. happen for a majority presented class, using
influences and of this quarter. With any form (e.g.
interactions, as Students will study teacher lead google slides,
evidenced by the characteristics of instruction with the powerpoint,
artistic expression, each sports played teacher presenting the prezi).
language, religion within the countries. material the students Information
and food.” (Ohio’s need. And providing gathered from
New Learning The influences these worksheets and research,
Standards, p. 19). sports had on the quizzes including how
countries and how it Independent research the sport came
Link: impacted the country will occur when each about,
http://education.ohi in and of itself will student is given their influences and
o.gov/getattachment also be explored specific country to interactions it
/Topics/Ohio-s- work on. Independent had on the
New-Learning- Research Skills research will include country(will
Standards/Social- looking up make up this
Studies/SS- information about the presentation).
Standards.pdf.aspx history found within
such country. How A grading
such sport has rubric will be
influenced the country put into place
both positive and as well as a
negative. rubric of what
is expected.
18
Learning Activity
In February, students
will participate in the
“Jump Rope for Your
Heart” program in
gym class. This will
lead us into a group
discussion on the
energy used here.
Inquiry-Based
Learning
19
Group Work
Together students will
create a food pyramid
and learn about
healthy food choices
for energy. Then we
will investigate our
school/packed lunches
to determine if they’re
healthy.
Dates: March 7th- Science Science: Physics, Direct Instruction Formative Summative
May 9th Matter in Motion Students will learn -Worksheets In learning
Spring Theme: about the change of an -Weekly teams,
Author: Maddie “Spring into The motion of an object caused by quizzes students will
Brown Sports” object can change by motion. They will be - Completion complete a
speeding up, slowing expected to take notes of notes demonstration
Standard: “The down or changing on this matter. We will - Experiments on the effects
amount of change direction. Forces highlight the physics -Creating of force on an
in movement of an cause changes in of American Football charts object. This
object is based on motion. If a force is and the factors -Participation will be
the mass* of the applied in the same involved in the game in activities presented to
object and the direction of an (Delivery of a football parents at the
amount of force object’s motion, the through the air,runners end of the
exerted” (Ohio speed will increase. If on the field, stopping year. Students
Learning Standards, a force is applied in runners on the field) will
p. 149). the opposite direction Students will engage demonstrate
of an object’s motion, in independent and something that
Link: the speed will collaborative learning we covered in
http://education.ohi decrease. Generally, through worksheets, the quarter in
o.gov/getattachment the greater the force weekly quizzes, and a unique way.
/Topics/Ohios- acting on an object, note taking.
Learning- the greater the change
Standards/Science/S in motion. If no Videos
cienceStandards.pdf forces act on an Students will learn
.aspx object, the object about speed and
does not change its motion through
motion and moves at watching videos that
constant speed in a further explain these
given direction. If an concepts.
object is not moving https://www.youtube.c
and no force acts on om/watch?v=04HsuO
it, the object will 93Dz4
remain at rest.
Movement is Students will also
measured by speed watch a video
(how fast or slow the regarding Newton’s
movement is). Speed FIrst Law of Motion in
is measured by time football. This shows a
and distance traveled real life application of
(how long it took the matter in motion in
object to go a specific sports..
distance). https://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=08BFCZ
JDn9w
E-Learning
In teams, students will
take turns playing the
“Forces and
Movement” game on
Ipads. It shows
students what happens
to a car when you
21
push/pull it with
softer/harder force. It
also shows what
happens when the car
hits something to stop
its motion.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/
schools/scienceclips/a
ges/6_7/forces_move
ment.shtml
Experiments
Students will be timed
running 100m. We
will use this to
determine speed in
meters per second. If
the student chooses
not to participate they
can observe or be a
recorder for their
group. The numbers
will be graphically
represented in a chart.
Videos
This video shows the
fastest 100m dash
speeds of all time.
This will give students
something to compare
their 100m dash
speeds too.
https://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=NEuJ5b4
FDXA
Experiments:
Students will drop 3
different types of balls
(baseball, basketball,
golf ball) out the
window and make
observations on which
one hits the ground
22
Following this
students will complete
an experiment to
recognize that
increasing the force
acting on an object
will result in greater
changes in motion.
Recognize that objects
with greater mass will
change their motion
less than objects with
less mass. Students
will lightly toss a golf
ball, basketball,
baseball, ping pong
ball, and tennis ball.
Then students will do
this with greater force
to draw these
conclusions.
Field Trip:
Students will attend a
Lake County Captains
Minor League baseball
game on 05/02/18.
The purpose of this
will be to observe
force on an object.
Upon returning to
school, students will
be asked what they
observed at the game
that shows matter in
motion, speed, and
force on an object.
This will serve as a
wrap up for this
quarter, before the
presentations.
23
Interdisciplinary Project
EDU 360
November 9, 2017
Jenna Kuebler, Kathleen Merriman, Mary Wester, Madison Brown, and Amelia Villa
24
In this rapidly-evolving era of American society, students are maturing and absorbing
information faster than perhaps ever before. This movement presents a dire need for adequate
instruction within school systems across the United States. For educators who wish to radically
improve and propel their students’ desire for knowledge, an Interdisciplinary Curriculum is a
primarily on “student needs and interests, adult concerns, and curriculum standards” (George &
Alexander, 2003). This type of curriculum is highly desirable for use within classrooms because
it encourages learning advancements in a form that is both useful and memorable to the students.
Through meaningful lessons that are planned with the students’ ultimate interest in mind,
Interdisciplinary Curriculum focuses on the long-term effects on the students. Just as “a doctor
cannot be trained only in physiology and the biology of the body; a doctor treats the whole
human being” (Jacobs, 1989), so must a well-designed curriculum serve to serve the needs of
every student in a holistic manner. With the students of this modern age, there is an
overwhelming desideratum for connection between the content presented in the classroom with
the experiences witnessed in the pupil’s own world outside of his or her classroom. Truly, the
Middle School hopes to accomplish, can provide a harmonious blend of relevant material that
The concept of an Interdisciplinary Curriculum has a long history of being both relevant
and successful. According to Jones (2010), in the early 1930’s advocates began looking for a
curriculum in which they could integrate multiple content areas. Today, educators recognize the
proportions in all areas of study (Jones, 2010). With that growing knowledge, interdisciplinary
25
curriculum helps in aiding what material should be taught and what material can be eliminated.
There is a need to show students how different subject areas influence their lives, and how
critical it is for them to see the strength of each discipline (Jones, 2010). No matter the content,
there must be a design to have an active linkage between fields of knowledge to systematically
Building from this foundation of both the history and benefits of an Interdisciplinary
Curriculum, informed curriculum designers must advance the next step in the process: well-
Interdisciplinary Curriculum within a school wide system, educators must collaborate with one
another to ensure that learning is maximized for each student. It is essential that these educators
communicate with each other so that their professional skills are being utilized in order to fulfil a
goal that is targeted towards the common good of the students (Coffey, 2009). This can be done
by forming connections between each subject and by truly allowing students to see the relevance
between each topic being learned and how they relate. Once all school personnel are on the same
page, each subject should include the fusion of multiple skills that can be united under one broad
theme, along with learning goals that are established in order determine the outcome of the
thorough planning before the school year begins, but also frequent meetings of all personnel
involved, assess the activities and programs on an on-going basis, and make improvements as
Rutherford B. Hayes Middle School introduces the interdisciplinary approach across the
content areas of English Language Arts, Science, and Social Studies. Following the model of a
another exemplary middle in Cleveland, Ohio, Richmond Heights Middle School, Rutherford B.
Hayes Middle School seeks to seamlessly integrate multiple disciplines under the same broader
themes. The school year is divided into four, nine-week quarters. For the school year of 2018-
2019, the first two quarters in the fall of the school year revolve around the central theme: “The
World of Water.” The second two quarters explore various strands of learning inspired by the
broader topic “Spring into Sports.” Each teacher within their respective disciplines will align
Common Core Standards and Ohio’s New Learning Standards to these overarching themes for
fall and spring. Furthermore, educators will use a variety of assessment tools and strategies to
differentiate instruction and foster optimal learning, including projects, field trips, experiments,
and inquiry-based learning activities, as well as traditional assessment methods. Bearing in mind
the aforementioned rationale for an Interdisciplinary Curriculum, it is the ardent desire of all of
those involved in its design at Rutherford B. Hayes Middle School that this curriculum will serve
as a framework that can provide the scaffolding necessary for each student to achieve his or her
Bibliography
/5196.
George, P. S., & Alexander, W. M. (2003). The exemplary middle school. Belmont, CA:
Wadsworth Publishing.
ED316506. pdf.
Jones, C. (2009). Interdisciplinary approach: Advantages, disadvantages, and the future benefits
Principal