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WDM Basics - Volume 1.0 PDF
WDM Basics - Volume 1.0 PDF
WDM Basics - Volume 1.0 PDF
Contents
1 Optical-Related
1.1 Colored light & Grey Light /1
1.2 Fiber & Optical Module
1.2.1 Optical Module (eSFP SFP+ XFP CFP) /2
1.2.2 Fiber Connectors /3
1.2.3 MM Fiber & SM Fiber /4
1.2.4 Single-fiber Unidirectional & Single-fiber Bidirectional /5
1.3 Optical Module Specifications
1.3.1 Mean Launched Optical Power and Extinction Ratio /6
1.3.2 SMSR and Transmit Eye Pattern /7
1.3.3 Receiver Sensitivity /8
1.3.4 Overload Point /9
1.4 OSNR, BER and Q Value / 10
1.5 Disersion / 11
1.6 Optical Power Conversion / 12
2 OTN Basics
2.1 Encapsulation/Mapping
2.1.1 AMP, BMP, GMP / 13
2.1.2 ODUflex / 15
2.2 Protection
2.2.1 1+1 Protection and 1:1 Protection / 16
2.2.2 Unidirectional Switching and Bidirectional Switching / 17
3 MS-OTN Series
3.1 VPWS / 18
3.2 VPLS / 19
WDM Basics
Colored Light & Grey Light
About Light
Sunlight
Intermediate
Near infrared
Microwave
infrared
Industrial
Extreme
infrared
beam
X-ray
γ-ray
UV
WDM
The light in WDM systems is carried over different wavelengths compliant with specific
standards. To distinguish wavelengths in different systems, the wavelengths in WDM
systems are called colored light whereas the wavelengths in common optical systems
are called grey light.
Grey light is within a certain wavelength range and does not have a standard wavelength,
for example, light at client-side optical ports of WDM devices.
Colored light is WDM-side optical signals of the OTN or line boards in a WDM system.
The signals can be directly transmitted to multiplexer devices and have standard
wavelengths. Colored light is divided into CWDM and DWDM light, depending on
wavelength division standards.
Standards compliance
Colored light: ITU-T G.694.1 (DWDM) and ITU-T G694.2 (CWDM)
Grey light: ITU-T G.957, ITU-T G.959.1, and IEEE 802.3
Application Scenario
Typical scenario
Client-side optical modules provide grey optical ports while WDM-side optical modules
provide colored optical ports.
λ1
OTU OTU
λ1-λN
λ2 MUX/ MUX/
OTU DMUX
OA OA DMUX OTU
Client-side device Client-side device
λN
OTU OTU
Tributary board
Tributary board
Third-party Third-party
WDM device WDM device
line boards (grey light on the WDM side) of
Huawei WDM device can be used to receive GE GE FC
services, implementing service adding/dropping
or grooming on Huawei WDM device.
Therefore,
They can be distinguished by whether their specifications contain center wavelengths.
-1-
WDM Basics
Optical Module Types
The following are the major optical module types used by WDM equipment,
which are classified by module encapsulation types.
eSFP
The Enhanced Small Form Factor Pluggable (eSFP)
module is a type of low-speed optical module
that provides the supervisory function.
The rate of such modules is generally
less than 5 Gbit/s. The supervisory
function refers to the supervisory of
transmit and receive optical power. eSFP
Most SFP optical modules do not 125M-5G
support the supervisory function.
SFP+/XFP
In most cases, 10 G Small Form Factor
Pluggable (XFP) modules are preferentially
used to receive 10G services. Nevertheless,
the size of XFP modules is large. To resolve
XFP光模块 the density issue, Enhanced 8.5G and 10G
Small Form Factor Pluggable (SFP+) modules
are developed, which can be used to transmit
SFP+ XFP
8G-10G 8G-10G 8G fiber channel (FC) services and
10G Ethernet services.
CFP
The Centum Form Factor Pluggable (CFP) module is a type of 40G/100G pluggable
optical module that features high-rate and multi-wavelength transmission, and large
size. These modules are generally used to interconnect WDM equipment with Ethernet
switches. The commonly used interface types are 100GBASE-LR4/ER4/SR10.
CFP modules are currently driven to feature small size, low power consumption, and
high port density, for example, CFP2 and CFP4 modules that are being developed in
the industry.
CXP
The 120 Gb/s eXtended-capability Form Factor Pluggable
(CXP) module is a type of 12-channel pluggable optical module.
Such modules use MPO interfaces and parallel cables (each
containing multiple fibers), and feature short-distance
CXP transmission. The modules are mainly used for interconnecting
WDM equipment or interconnecting WDM equipment with
supercomputers. The commonly used interface type is
100GBASE-SR10.
SR10: S indicates short wavelength, which is generally 850 nm; R indicates the Ethernet 64B/66B codec
format; 10 indicates 10 optical channels.
LR4/10: L indicates long wavelength, which is generally 1310 nm; R indicates the Ethernet 64B/66B codec
format; 4 or 10 indicates 4 or 10 optical channels.
ER4/10: E indicates extra-long wavelength, which is generally 1550 nm; R indicates the Ethernet 64B/66B
codec format; 4 or 10 indicates 4 or 10 optical channels.
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WDM Basics
Optical Fiber Connectors
Optical fiber connectors are required when fibers need to be connected to optical
modules.
The model of an optical fiber connector is determined by structure type and endface
type. Using the FC/PC connector as an example, FC indicates the outer structure
type of the optical fiber connector and PC indicates the endface type of the pin inside
the optical fiber connector.
Optical fiber connectors are classified into FC, SC, ST, and LC connectors by structure.
ST Straight Connector It is a plug-in round fiber connector that is fixed using a screw.
Optical fiber connectors can also be classified into PC and APC connectors by inside pin
endface type.
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WDM Basics
Fiber Basics
Mode indicates the transmission path of optical signals that enter a fiber at a certain
angular velocity. A fiber supports as many transmission modes as its diameter allows.
Fibers are classified into single-mode (SM) and multi-mode (MM) fibers based on the
number of supported transmission modes.
MM Fiber
about 50um
A fiber that has a core diameter greatly exceeding
optical wavelengths and permits tens and even
hundreds of transmission modes is called MM fiber.
Because optical signals transmitted in different modes have different rates and
phases, after long-distance transmission, issues such as time delays, broadened
spectrums,and enlarged dispersion may happen. Therefore, MM fibers suit only
low-rate and short-distance transmission.
SM Fiber
A fiber that has a core diameter in the same order
5~10um
of magnitude as optical wavelengths and permits
only one transmission mode (basic mode) is called
SM fiber.
SM and MM optical modules must be used together with SM and MM fibers respectively.
The working bands are 850 nm for MM optical modules and 1310 nm and 1550 nm for
SM optical modules.
Do not connect SM and MM optical modules.
-4-
WDM Basics
Fiber Basics
Single-fiber Unidirectional
Feature
This mode is characterized by its simple design and low require-
ments, easy fault isolation and performance monitoring, conve-
nient O&M, and flexible networking that facilitating upgrading
and capacity expansion.
Single-fiber Bidirectional
Feature
This mode is characterized by a 50% savings in fiber resources compared with the
single-fiber unidirectional mode.
However, its design and O&M of the WDM system are more complicated. Protection
ranges must be configured for separating wavelengths to prevent signal interference in
two directions, which wastes spectrums.
-5-
WDM Basics
Optical Module Specifications
Extinction Ratio
Eye pattern Ratio of the average optical power level at the
centre of the logical "1" to the average optical
power level at the centre of the logical "0" under
A the worst reflection conditions.
B
Extinction ratio (dB) = 10lg A
B
Unit: dB
This means
The larger the extinction ratio, the better the logical discrimination at the receive end.
The smaller the extinction ratio, the greater the possibility of signal interference and
increased BER.
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WDM Basics
Optical Module Specifications
Unit: dBm
What is the side mode?
Under ideal conditions, all signals transmitted by
optical modules are optical signals of a specified
wavelength.
However, optical signals in practice are not only carried
on this wavelength. Some signals are carried on other
wavelengths. Such signals are called the side mode.
Y1 Mean level of
centre of
0 logic “0”
-Y1 Time(UI)
0 X1 X2 1-X2 1-X1
Rates X1 X2 Y1
This means
STM-1 0.15 0.35 0.20 A large eye aperture and regular eye
STM-4 0.25 0.40 0.20 pattern indicate less inter-bit crosstalk,
and vice versa.
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WDM Basics
Optical Module Specifications
Receiver Sensitivity
The minimum input optical power a receiver requires
to achieve the expected BER performance.
The larger the receiver sensitivity, the poorer the receiver
performance.
Unit: dBm
What is BER?
The bit error rate (BER) measures the data transmission
precision within a specified time period.
-10
The expected BER of a system is generally less than 10 .
• OSNR, the larger the OSNR, the less the noise on the receive circuit and the less
the impact on receiver sensitivity.
-8-
WDM Basics
Optical Module Specifications
Overload Point
The overload point is the overload optical power,
the maximum average input optical power at the receive end
that achieves the expected BER performance.
Unit: dBm
Overload point and receiver sensitivity are both critical facets of optical power.
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WDM Basics
OSNR, BER, and Q Value
OSNR
Optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) is used to quantify the degree of optical noise
interference on optical signals. It is the ratio of service signal power to noise power
within a valid bandwidth.
In the formula:
Pi: signal power on the i channel
Bm: equivalent noise bandwidth Br
Ni: noise power introduced within the Bm
Br: reference optical bandwidth, which is usually 0.1 nm
BER
Bit error rate (BER) is the ultimate indicator for measuring transmission quality. Due to
the impact of factors such as noise, non-linear effects, and dispersion (PMD/CD), the
waveforms of optical signals coupled into fibers will be distorted when the optical signals
arrive at the end of fiber links. Bit errors are therefore present when the receiver converts
the optical signals into electrical signals.
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
OSNR indirectly reflects BER and can provide a warning of potential BER deterioration.
Q Value
Q value:
I 1 and σ 1 are the mean value and variance output
I −I
Q= 1 0 by Gaussian pulse 1. I and σ are the mean value
σ1 + σ 0 0 0
and variance output by Gaussian pulse 0.
1 Q 1
exp −
2
BER = [erfc( )] ≈ Q
2 2 2π Q 2
Q (dB):
Q (dB) = 10log10 (Q2 ) = 20log10 (Q)
The Q value and BER have a one-to-one mapping. The Q value can represent the
system tolerance in dB, just like dBm substitutes for mW to represent optical power.
A smaller pre-FEC BER indicates a larger Q value and better link performance.
- 10 -
WDM Basics
Chromatic Dispersion and Polarization Mode Dispersion
Slow axis
The spreading of optical pulses in the time domain caused by CD and PMD will lead to
distortion of signals and inter-code crosstalk, thereby causing bit errors.
The dispersion is accumulated as the transmission distance is prolonged, and the impact
of dispersion on the system also increases. As a result, the transmission distance is limited.
As the transmission speed increases, the pulse width is reduced, the impact of dispersion
on the system becomes more serious. Therefore, for 100G and higher rate systems, the
coherent technology and optical signal processing technology must be used to reduce the
impact of dispersion on the system and improve the dispersion tolerance of the equipment.
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WDM Basics
Relationship Between dBm, mW, and dB
dBm and mW
Both dBm (decibel-milliwatts) and mW (milliwatts) are units of optical power.
They can be converted as follows:
dBm=10xlgP (P indicates optical power, in mW.)
For example, 1 mW can be converted into 0 dBm.
dBm and dB
dBm is the unit of optical power,
and dB is the unit of an optical power gain or attenuation.
They can be converted as follows:
dB=10xlg(P1/P2),
Here, both P1 and P2 indicate optical power, in mW.
That is, dB=10xlgP1-10xlgP2=dBm1-dBm2.
When optical power is expressed in dBm,
dB is the unit of optical power difference.
For example
Ptotal (mW)=P1(mW)+P2(mW)
Ptotal (dBm)=P
single
(dBm)+10lg2(dB)
N wavelengths
Ptotal (dBm)=Psingle(dBm)+10lgN(dB)
Overview
AMP
This mode adjusts NJO and PJO bytes so that the signal rates match on both
server and client sides.
• At the transmit end, values of the NJO, PJO, and JC bytes are determined
by the client-side signal rate.
• At the receive end, justification bytes are classified as stuff bytes or
client-side signals depending on the value of the JC bytes.
Example
TN52TOM: STM-1 <—> OPU1 (AMP) <—> ODU1
15 16 17 18 3824
1 RES JC
2 RES JC
3 RES JC
JC: justification control NJO: negative justification opportunity PJO: positive justification opportunity
Note
The two signals are distinguished as client-side and server-side by encapsulation direction.
When A is encapsulated into B, A would be the client-side signal and B the server-side
signal. For example, when STM-16 is encapsulated into OPU1, STM-16 is the client-side
and OPU1 the server-side signal respectively.
- 13 -
BMP
This mode is used when the server-side signal rate matches the client-side signal
rate and the signal frequencies of both sides do not deviate.
In this mode:
• The value of JC bytes is 00.
• NJO bytes are used as justification bytes and their values are 0.
• PJO bytes are used as data bytes.
Example
TN52TDX: 10GE LAN <—> BMP <—> OPU2e <—> ODU2e
GMP
This mode only allows signal transmission when the server-side signal rate
exceeds the client-side signal rate.
Example
TN11LOA: CPRI Option3 <—> GMP <—> OPU1 <—> ODU1
In the GMP mode, the Sigma/Delta algorithm is used to stuff client-side signals
with bytes so that the two signal rates match.
Payload Area
The number of bits provided by the
server layer is a fixed value 3808 x 4 x 8.
Client data
Therefore, the transmit-end equipment
OH only needs to send a Cn(t)-specified
Stuff
number of bits to the receive-end
equipment. The receive end can then
separate client-side signals using the
Sigma/Delta algorithm.
Service frame or multi-frame
Sigma/Delta Algorithm
Assume that server-side signals provide eight bits and client-side signals
require six bits.
- 14 -
WDM Basics
ODUflex
1. Efficient transmission:
Flexible rate adaptation mechanisms ODU2
enable users to configure capacities for
containers based on service traffic volume. FC4G
Bandwidth use is now more efficient,
with reduced transmission cost per bit.
VS
2. Good compatibility:
ODUflex applies to various types of services, ODUflex
FC4G
including video, storage, and data services,
and works with transmission requirements
of future IP services.
At present, the two types of ODUflex as defined by ITU-T G.709 are ODUflex(CBR)
based on constant bit rate services, and ODUflex(GFP) based on packet services.
ODUflex (CBR)
Bit rate = 239/238 × client signal bit rate
Only client signals with a bit rate greater FC400/FC800… Pipe FC400/FC800…
than 2.488 Gbit/s can be encapsulated
into ODUflex signals in BMP mode.
ODUflex (GFP)
Application Example
- 15 -
WDM Basics
1+1 Protection and 1:1 Protection
1+1 Protection
Site A Site B
Each working channel has a dedi-
cated protection channel. At the Working channel
Site A Site B
If the working channel becomes Working channel
abnormal, the receive end selective-
Protected
ly receives services from the protec- service Protection channel
tion channel based on channel
status and external commands.
Dual feeding After Selective receiving
at the source switching at the sink
1:1 Protection
1:1 protection: Each working channel corresponds to a protection channel, and they
protect each other.
- 16 -
WDM Basics
Unidirectional Switching and Bidirectional Switching
Unidirectional switching
When the channel in one direction is faulty, only services in this direction are switched
and services in the other direction are still received from the original channel. Service
switching in each direction is independent and has no impact on service switching in
the other direction.
Bidirectional switching
When the channel in one direction is faulty, services in both directions are switched
regardless of whether the channel in the other direction is faulty.
Advantage:
In bidirectional switching mode, services in both directions pass through the same
devices and services are easy to manage.
Site A Site B
If a fault occurs on the network, services Working channel
will not be transmitted in the fault area
and the fault can be rectified without
triggering excessive service switching. Protection channel
- 17 -
WDM Basics
VPWS Basics
Overview
Virtual private wire service (VPWS) is a point-to-point Ethernet service model
defined by the IETF. When this model is used, service streams on the client side
can be divided by VLAN and carried using MPLS. In MS-OTN, the VPWS is used to
transmit VBR services.
• VPWS (Virtual Private Wire Service)
Service Model
Service
Typical Networking
Service1
Port1
CVLAN100
Service1 NE2
Branch1
Port1 PW1 Service2
CVLAN100 Port2
PW2 CVLAN200
Tunnel
HQ NE3 Branch2
Service2 NE1
PW3
Port2
CVLAN200 NE4
Service3 Service3
Port3 Port3 Branch3
CVLAN300
CVLAN300
- 18 -
WDM Basics
VPLS Basics
Overview
VPLS implements the isolation of transmission tunnels using the MPLS technology.
A virtual switching instance (VSI) is separately created on PE1 and PE2 and a
bidirectional PW is created between them. The bidirectional PW is used as the
virtual Ethernet interface of the VSIs. In addition, a V-UNI interface is also created
for each VSI on the client side.
Basic Concepts
Split Horizon
Here, a split horizon group is created on NE1 with all PWs as group members.
Such a group prevents packet forwarding between PWs to avoid the occurrence of
a network loop or broadcast storm.
Typical Networking
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