LTE RRC/RRM

May 2012
Bong Youl (Brian) Cho, 조 봉 열
brian.cho@nsn.com
 Contents
• LTE RRC/RRM
• UE State Model
• Call Handling and Bearer Management
• Handover

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LTE RRC/RRM

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 Time Scale of RRM Functions

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 RRC Functions
• System Information Broadcast (eNB)
• Radio Resource Management (eNB)
• Connection Management (eNB)
• Measurement Configuration and Mobility Control (Handover)
(eNB)
• Paging (MT-Access, System Info Modification, ETWS) (eNB)
• AS Security (eNB)
• Transport NAS messaging (UE and eNB)
• System Selection (UE)
• Cell Reselection (UE)

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 System Information
• MIB defines the most essential physical layer information of the cell required
to receive further system information
– Cell bandwidth, SFN, etc

• SIB1 contains information relevant when evaluating if a UE is allowed to

access a cell and defines the scheduling of other system information blocks
– plmn-IdentityList, cellReservedForOperatorUse, trackingAreaCode, cellBarred, csg-Indication,
si-Periodicity, sib-MappingInfo, si-WindowLength, etc

• SIB2 contains common and shared channel information

– Lower layers (including RACH) configuration information: RACH parameters, preamble information, and UE timers

• SIB3 contains cell re-selection information, mainly related to the serving cell
• SIB4 contains information about the serving frequency and intra-frequency
neighbouring cells relevant for cell re-selection (including cell re-selection
parameters common for a frequency as well as cell specific re-selection
parameters)
• SIB5 contains information about other E-UTRA frequencies and inter-
frequency neighbouring cells relevant for cell re-selection (including cell re-
selection parameters common for a frequency as well as cell specific re-
selection parameters)

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 System Information – cont’d
• SIB6 contains information about UTRA frequencies and UTRA neighbouring
cells relevant for cell re-selection (including cell re-selection parameters
common for a frequency as well as cell specific re-selection parameters)
• SIB7 contains information about GERAN frequencies relevant for cell re-
selection (including cell re-selection parameters for each frequency)
• SIB8 contains information about CDMA2000 frequencies and CDMA2000
neighbouring cells relevant for cell re-selection (including cell re-selection
parameters common for a frequency as well as cell specific re-selection
parameters)
• SIB9 contains a home eNB identifier (HNBID)
• SIB10 contains an ETWS primary notification
• SIB11 contains an ETWS secondary notification
• SIB12 contains an CMAS notification
• SIB13 contains MBMS related information

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 System Selection/Registration
Information on USIM
HPLMN on RAT basis
CSG Identities list
Forbidden PLMN list
RPLMN
etc…

Information on ME
UE Category, RAT support
Frequency band
Information written to USIM Forbidden PLMNs/TAs/Las
Registered PLMN MRU Acquisition information
Forbidden PLMN list Barred Cells/Barred Frequencies
etc…

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 Overall UE Camping Procedure
(1) PLMN selection
NAS Read USIM (10) Service Obtained
Read stored info on ME (Camped)
Select Band, PLMN, etc

(6) Process SIB1

Check PLMN
(2) Trigger (4) Schedule Is Cell reserved?
System Broadcast Control (8) All SIBs
RRC Acquisition Channel read
Is CSG Id valid? obtained
Cell belong to Forbidden TA?
Cell barred?
AS If fail, go back to (3).
If ok, go to (7).

(3) Acquisition (5) Read MIB/SIB1 (7) SIB2 and (9) Cell is
PHY other SIBs selected and
Scan Band/Freq Using SI-RNTI UE camps

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 Cells and Services
Categories of Cell
• Acceptable*: May “camp” to obtain Limited service
• Suitable*: Can “camp” to obtain Normal service
• Reserved: UEs with AC 11 & 15 are allowed to “camp” in HPLMN
• Barred: Not available for “camping”
• CSG: Only UE of Closed Subscriber Group can “camp”
Requirements for cell selection on a “Suitable Cell”
• Part of Selected, Registered, or Equivalent PLMN
• Not barred
• Park of Tracking Area that is not Forbidden
• CSG ID mush be from the allowed CSG list
• Must satisfy the cell selection criteria
Types of Services
• Normal: Receive Paging and can transition to Connected state
• Limited**: Emergency calls and ETWS
• Operator: For operators only on reserved cell

* Cell that is “Acceptable” to one UE can be a “Suitable” for another UE and vice versa.
** UE in “Limited Service” periodically scans system to obtain “Normal Service”

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 Cell Selection Criteria
Srxlev > 0 AND Squal > 0
where: Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas – (Qrxlevmin + Qrxlevminoffset) – Pcompensation
Squal = Qqualmeas – (Qqualmin + Qqualminoffset)

Srxlev Cell selection RX level value (dB)

Squal Cell selection quality value (dB)
Qrxlevmeas Measured cell RX level value (RSRP)
Qqualmeas Measured cell quality value (RSRQ)
Qrxlevmin Minimum required RX level in the cell (dBm), obtained in SIB1
Qqualmin Minimum required quality level in the cell (dB), obtained in SIB1
Qrxlevminoffset Offset to the signalled Qrxlevmin taken into account in the Srxlev evaluation as a
result of a periodic search for a higher priority PLMN while camped normally in
a VPLMN, obtained in SIB1
Qqualminoffset Offset to the signalled Qqualmin taken into account in the Squal evaluation as a
result of a periodic search for a higher priority PLMN while camped normally in
a VPLMN, obtained in SIB1
Pcompensation max(PEMAX_H –PPowerClass, 0) (dB)
PEMAX_H Maximum TX power level an UE may use when transmitting on the uplink in
the cell (dBm) defined as PEMAX_H in [TS 36.101], obtained in SIB1
PPowerClass Maximum RF output power of the UE (dBm) according to the UE power class
as defined in [TS 36.101]

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UE State Model

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 EMM state model
• EPS mobility management state model
– The UE enters the EMM-REGISTERED state by a successful registration procedure
which is either an Attach procedure or a Tracking Area Update procedure

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 ECM state model
• EPS connection management state model
– For a UE in ECM-CONNECTED state, a signaling connection exists between the UE
and the MME. This signaling connection consists of two parts:
 RRC connection (in UE)

 UE-associated signaling connection across the S1_MME called UE-associated logical S1-
connection (in MME)

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 RRC Connection
RRC Connection established

RRC-Idle RRC-connected
RRC Connection released

RRC-Idle
• A UE specific DRX may be configured by upper layers.
• UE controlled mobility; (Cell selection/reselection, TA update)
• The UE:
– Monitors a Paging channel to detect incoming calls, system information change, for ETWS capable UEs, ETWS notification, and
for CMAS capable UEs, CMAS notification;
– Performs neighbouring cell measurements and cell (re-)selection;
– Acquires system information.
RRC-Connected
• Transfer of unicast data to/from UE.
• At lower layers, the UE may be configured with a UE specific DRX.
• Network controlled mobility, i.e. handover;
• The UE:
– Monitors a Paging channel and/ or System Information Block Type 1 contents to detect system information change, for ETWS
capable UEs, ETWS notification, and for CMAS capable UEs, CMAS notification;
– Monitors control channels associated with the shared data channel to determine if data is scheduled for it;
– Provides channel quality and feedback information;
– Performs neighbouring cell measurements and measurement reporting;
– Acquires system information.

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Call Handling and Bearer Mgmt

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 Connection Establish and Release Procedure

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 E-RAB Setup

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 E-RAB Release

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 UE Context Modification

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Handover

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 LTE Handover
• LTE uses UE-assisted network controlled handover
– UE reports measurements;
network decides when handover and to which Cell
– For search and measurement of inter-frequency neighboring cells only carrier
frequency need to be indicated

• X2 interface used for HO preparation and forwarding of user

data
– Target eNB prepares handover by sending required information to UE transparently
through source eNB as part of the Handover Request ACK message
– Buffered and new data is transferred from source to target eNB until path switch
 preventing data loss
– UE uses contention-free random access to accelerate handover

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 Mobility Measurement Metrics
• Metrics within Events tell UE what to measure
• E-UTRA metrics
– Reference signal received power (RSRP)
– Reference signal received quality (RSRQ)
• UTRA metrics
– UTRA FDD CPICH RSCP
– UTRA FDD carrier RSSI
– UTRA FDD CPICH Ec/No
• GSM metrics
– GSM carrier RSSI
• CDMA2000 metrics
– CDMA2000 1xRTT pilot strength
– CDMA2000 HRPD pilot strength

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 Mobility Measurement Reporting
Event Reporting
Event Purpose
A1 Serving becomes better than threshold
A2 Serving becomes worse than threshold
A3 Neighbor becomes offset better than serving cell + extra
margin
A4 Neighbor becomes better than threshold
A5 Serving becomes worse than threshold1 AND neighbor
becomes better than threshold2
B1 Inter RAT neighbor becomes better than threshold
B2 Serving becomes worse than threshold1 AND inter RAT
neighbor becomes better than threshold2

Periodical Reporting
• Report strong cells periodically regardless, if configured by network
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 Inter-eNB
Handover

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 Inter-eNB Handover (X2-based)
1. The source eNodeB makes the decision to handover the UE to the target eNodeB based on
the MEASUREMENT REPORT of the UE and RRM information.
2. The source eNodeB issues a HANDOVER REQUEST message via the X2 interface to the
target eNodeB which passes necessary information to prepare the handover at the target
side.
This message includes signalling references, transport layer addresses and tunnel endpoint
identifiers to enable the target eNodeB to communicate with the source eNodeB and the EPC
nodes, as well as QoS information for the UE's bearers and RRM information.
3. Admission Control is performed by the target eNodeB dependent on the received radio
bearer QoS information and S1 connectivity to increase the likelihood of a successful
handover.
If the resources can be granted by the target eNodeB, it configures the required resources
according to the received UE context information, and reserves a C-RNTI (cell radio network
temporary identifier) and a dedicated preamble for the UE.
4. The target eNodeB prepares the handover regarding layer 1 and layer 2 and sends a
HANDOVER REQUEST ACKNOWLEDGE message via X2 to the source eNodeB.
The HANDOVER REQUEST ACKNOWLEDGE message includes a transparent container to
be sent to the UE later as part of the CONNECTION RECONFIGURATION message. The
container includes the new C-RNTI and the value of the dedicated preamble to be used by
the UE to synchronise with the target cell as well as other parameters required by the UE.

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 Inter-eNB Handover (X2-based)
5. The source eNodeB sends a CONNECTION RECONFIGURATION message towards the
UE, which includes the transparent container (of the previous step) received from the target
eNodeB.
6. The SN STATUS TRANSFER message is sent from the source to the target eNodeB.
Thereby PDCP layer information is transferred to ensure uplink and downlink PDCP SN
continuity for every bearer that requires PDCP status preservation.
7. Some time after sending the CONNECTION RECONFIGURATION message to the UE (and
possibly before sending the SN STATUS TRANSFER message to the target eNodeB), the
source eNodeB begins forwarding user data in the form of PDCP SDUs using the resources
set up previously and continues as long as packets are received at the source eNB from the
EPC.
8. When the UE receives the CONNECTION RECONFIGURATION message with the
necessary parameters (i.e. new C-RNTI, dedicated preamble, target cell ID etc.) it is
commanded by the source eNodeB to perform the handover immediately to the target cell.
The UE then performs the non-contention based random access procedure.
9. The random access response conveys timing alignment information and initial uplink grant
for handover.
10. When the UE has successfully accessed the target cell, it sends the CONNECTION
RECONFIGURATION COMPLETE message (containing its new C-RNTI) to the target
eNodeB to indicate that the handover procedure is completed for the UE.

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 Inter-eNB Handover (X2-based)
11. If a new “Measurement Configuration” is to be sent to the UE, it is sent in a separate
CONNECTION RECONFIGURATION message.
12. The target eNodeB sends a PATH SWITCH REQUEST message to the MME to inform it
that the UE has been handed over to another eNodeB.
13. The MME sends a USER PLANE UPDATE REQUEST message to the S-GW, which
includes the target eNodeB's TEID(s) received before to enable the user data path to be
switched from the source to the target eNodeB.
14. The S-GW switches the downlink data path to the target eNodeB.
Before the S-GW can release any U-plane/TNL resources towards the source eNodeB, it
sends one or more “end marker” packet(s) to the source eNodeB as an indication that the
downlink data path has been switched.
15. The S-GW sends a USER PLANE UPDATE RESPONSE message to the MME to confirm
that it has switched the downlink data path.
16. The MME confirms the PATH SWITCH REQUEST message with the PATH SWITCH
REQUEST ACK message.
17. By sending a UE CONTEXT RELEASE message, the target eNodeB informs the source
eNodeB of the success of the handover and triggers the release of resources.
The target eNodeB does not release its data forwarding tunnels from the source eNodeB
until it has received an “end marker” packet.
18. Upon reception of the UE CONTEXT RELEASE message, the source eNodeB may forward
any remaining PDCP SDUs
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 Thank you !
www.nokiasiemensnetworks.com
Nokia Siemens Networks
20F, Meritz Tower, 825-2
Yeoksam-Dong, Kangnam-Gu
Seoul 135-080, Korea

Bong Youl (Brian) Cho

RAN Solutions Manager, Ph. D.
brian.cho@nsn.com
Mobile 010-4309-4129

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